Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion

Dr. Firman Hartono

Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion

Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat:
-

Menjelaskan sejarah pengembangan mesin propulsi

Menyebutkan jenis-jenis mesin propulsi dan daerah

kerjanya

Menjelaskan inovasi yang telah dilakukan

Menyebutkan pemanfaatan mesin turbin gas nonaeronautics

Referensi:
Saeed Farokhi, Aircraft Propulsion, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009
Jack D Mattingly, Element of Propulsion: Gas Turbine and
Rockets, AIAA Inc., Virginia, 2006

Aircraft Propulsion - The action or process of

imparting motion to an aircraft by means of a force
such as a thrust of air or energy released by
burning fuel.

Thrust

To Fly

Flapping wing is mechanically

difficult to achieved
How ??
George Cayley (1773 1857),
Father of Aviation
Leonardo Da Vincis
ornithopter, 1480

The Lift, Drag, Weight and

Thrust forces should be
separated.

How to control
the speed and
direction?
The first manned
flight, 21-11-1783

To Fly
George Cayley

Glider

Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)

Samuel P Langley (18341906)

Wright Brothers

Powered Flight

First Powered Flight

Early Development 1903 (Wright Brothers) Piston engine 12 hp with propeller.

The Propeller

Higher Speed: Jet Engine

Sir Frank Whittle

Whittle engine was patented in

1932, developed in 1936, tested in
April 1937 and used as aircraft
engine in May 1941 (Gloster
E28/39)

Ohain engine was developed in

1935, tested in February 1937 and
used as aircraft engine in August
1939 (Heinkel 178)

Dr. Hans von Ohain

He 178 (1939): The 1st Jet Powered A/C

Engine HeS 3
Dimension

: 1.48 m long
0.93 m dia
Weight
: 360 kg
Thrust
: 4.4 kN @
13000 rpm, 800 km/h
Pressure Ratio: 2.8 : 1
Sfc
: 18.0 L/(kg.h)

MTOW
Dimension
Max Speed
Range

: 1998 kg
: 7.48 m long
7.20 m span
: 598 km/h
: 200 km

Gloster E28/39 (1941)

W.2/700
Max Thrust : 1127 kgf @ 16500 rpm
CPR
: 4:1
SFC
: 0.4 lb/hr/lb
T/W
: 2.6 : 1
Compressor: 1 stage 2 sided cent
Combustor : reverse flow, 10
Turbine
: 1 stage axial

Me 262 (1942): 1st Production Jet A/C

Jumo 004B Turbojet
Length : 3860 mm
Diam : 810 mm
Compressor: 8 stage axial
Combustor : 6
Turbine
: 1 stage

Jumo 004B Turbojet

Max Thrust : 8.8 kN @ 8700 rpm
CPR
: 3.14:1
SFC
: 1.39 kg/(h.daN)
T/W
: 12.2 N/kg

Innovations in A/C GTE

Transonic
Compressor

Variable
Stator

Multispool Configuration
Turbine Cooling

Low-Emission
Combustor

Modern Materials and

Manufacturing Techniques

A/C GTE Development

A/C GTE Development

Development of High-Pressure Ratio Engines
Year

Compressor Pressure
Ratio

1939 - 1945

3:1 to 5:1

1946 1950

5:1 to 6:1

1951-1952

10:1

1965 - 1969

20:1 to 25:1

Up to 2000

30:1 to 40:1

2001 - ..

more than 40:1

CFM56 7 Turbofan Engine

A/C GTE: Turbojet

A/C GTE: Turbofan

Turbofan = Gas Generator + Fan
Total Thrust:

T Tc Th

Bypass Ratio

m c
B
m h
Aft-Fan

Low

B<2

Medium 2 < B < 3

High

B>3

Turbine blade extension

Bolted to the compressor

Forward-Fan
cruise speed capability similar to turbojet
higher propulsive efficiency than turbojet at low speed
better noise characteristic than turbojet

Driven by free turbine

Connected to reduction gear

A/C GTE: Turbofan

GE-90B engine used by Boeing-777

Latest GE-90 jet engine derivatives, which are used by Boeing-777

aircraft family have127,900 pound of thrust during final testing for
engine certification

A/C GTE: Turboprop

Turboprop = Gas Generator + Prop
Total Thrust:

total thrust of a turboprop engine is

the summation of propeller thrust
(about 75 - 90 %) and jet thrust
(about 10 25 %)

T Tprop Th

Propeller Propulsion
Propeller Propulsion

Piston Engine

Operational alt: 15000 ft

Speed : 100 -200 kts

Turbo Prop

Operational alt : 25000 ft

Speed : 300Moelyadi
-500 kts- 19.02.2008

Prop Fan

Operational alt : 35000 ft

Speed : 600 -800 kts
Page 19

Ram Powered A/C Engine: Ramjet

Invented by Rene Lorin in 1913

Leduc 0.10, 1st Ramjet Powered A/C

(1949)

Ram Powered A/C Engine: ScRamjet

Boeing X-51 UAV under B-52

wing, 200 s Scramjet burn at
Mach 5 (May 2010)

Non Continuous Combustion Engine

Type

Description

Advantage

Disadvantage

Motorjet

Obsolete type that worked

like a turbojet but instead of a
turbine driving the
compressor a piston engine
drives it.

Higher exhaust
velocity than a
propeller, offering
better thrust at
high speed.

Heavy, inefficient and

underpowered. Example:
Caproni Campini N.1.

Pulsejet

Air is compressed and

combusted intermittently
instead of continuously. Some
designs use valves.

Very simple
design, commonly
used on model
aircraft.

Noisy, inefficient (low

compression ratio), works
poorly on a large scale,
valves on valved designs
wear out quickly.

Pulse
Detonation
Engine

Similar to a pulsejet, but

combustion occurs as a
detonation instead of a
deflagration, may or may not
need valves.

Maximum
theoretical engine
efficiency.

Extremely noisy, parts

subject to extreme
mechanical fatigue, hard
to start detonation, not
practical for current use.

The Pulsejet

valve-less
pulsejet

V-1 with Pulse Jet Engine

Hybrid Engine: Turbo Ram Jet

Summary: Propulsion Systems

Vehicles Propulsion

Atmospheric Vehicles

Propeller
Piston Engine
Turbo Prop
Ducted Propfan
Unducted Propfan

Air Breathing

Space Vehicles

Rocket

Pulse jet
Solid propellant rocket
Ram jet
Liquid propellant rocket
Turbo jet
Turbo rocket
Turbo Fan
Turbo Ram jet
Scram jet

Solar Sailer
Helio Gyro
Astro Ramjet

Use of GT Based Engine

TUGAS I
1. Carilah masing-masing 1 contoh wahana terbang bermesin:
- Piston Propeller
- Turboprop
- Turboshaft
- Pulsejet
- Ramjet
- Turbojet
- Low Bypass Turbofan
- High Bypass Turbofan
2. Jelaskan perbedaan antara pulsejet dengan pulse detonation
engine.

Questions?