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Moment-curvature Relationships
Manish Kumar
Part 1: Develop moment-curvature relationships for the following cases using hand calculations
(a) flexure producing tension at the top of the beam, no strain-hardening in the longitudinal
rebar, #4 ties at 10 inches on center; and (b) per part (a) but with #4 ties at 3 inches on center.
List all assumptions. Plot the relationships in Excel or equivalent. Comment on the results.
1
Part 2: Develop moment-curvature relationships using Xtract for the two cases of Part 1; and (c)
including strain hardening in the longitudinal rebar. Plot the relationships in Excel or equivalent.
Show all of the relationships on one plot. Comment on the results.
Value
Part 1
Part 2
lc
1.615 1.615
dl
1.27
1.27
dh
s
s'
b
d
bc
0. 5
0. 5
10
9.5
20
24
16.27
3
2.5
20
24
16.27
dc
20.27 20.27
w'
Varies
Varies
Cracking
At first onset of cracking, stress in the extreme tension fiber reaches modulus of rupture of
concrete. Critical moment is then calculated using expression:
fr I g
M cr
(1)
yt
where f r is the modulus of rupture of concrete, I g is the moment of inertia of gross section
ignoring the contribution from reinforcements, and yt is the distance of extreme tension fiber
from neutral axis of the section. Ignoring the contribution of reinforcements to moment of inertia
and neutral axis of the section has negligible effects on moment calculations in elastic range of
behavior. Gross moment of inertia is given as:
bd 3
12
Ig
(2)
And neglecting contribution of reinforcements, neutral axis would at the centroid of the section
and given as yt
expression:
7.5 f c'
fr
(3)
Substituting these values back in Equation (1) gives us the cracking moment of the section. The
corresponding curvature is obtained using elastic theory:
M cr
Ec I g
cr
cr
(4)
Yielding
Following the cracking of concrete section in tension, crack propagates through the cross-section
on further application of moment and tensile force is taken by the tension reinforcements. The
moment-curvature behavior is still linear, however, only up to the point when tension
reinforcement yields. At yielding, strain in the tension reinforcement is
axis shifts towards compression area.
( f s / Es ) and neutral
The neutral axis at yielding is given as distance kd from extreme compression fiber, where the
ratio k is calculated using expression:
k
Where
( As / bd ) and
')2 n2 2(
'
d'
)n (
d
')n
(5)
is the modular ratio, and d and d ' are the distance of compression and tension steel from
extreme compression fiber.
Taking moment about compressive force due to concrete, yield moment is given by:
My
kd
3
As f y d
As' f y'
kd
3
d'
(6)
Since stress in the tension steel is f y , using similar triangles, stress in compression steel is
calculated as:
d d'
fy
d kd
f s'
(7)
Once stress in compression steel is obtained, yield moment is obtained substituting it back to
Equation (6). Curvature is then obtained as:
y
y
(8)
d kd
cu
at maximum stress
in concrete f c' . In order to address the nonlinearity in concrete at high strains, whitney-block is
used to approximate the parabolic stress distribution in concrete to an equivalent rectangular
stress-block representation.
4
The calculation of ultimate state requires iteration. For hand calculations, let us assume that
'
s
Equilibrium of tension and compressive force (C T ) gives the depth of neutral axis c as:
As' f s'
Ay f y
0.85 f c'b
(9)
Ultimate moment is then obtained by taking moment about tension steel as:
Mu
Cc d
c
2
1
Cs d d '
c
2
1
(10)
u
u
where
is ultimate strain in concrete at maximum stress, which is 0.003 as per ACI (2011).
ensuring:
'
s
c d'
c
cu
(12)
If the above condition is satisfied then assumption made is true and obtained value of ( M u , u )
defines the ultimate state on the moment-curvature curve. If the condition is not satisfied further
iteration is required with new trial strain value as
'
s
A Matlab program was written to calculate the moment-curvature values for three states as per
principles explained in above sections. Values obtained have been shown in Table 2.
Curvature-ductility
0.076
1
5.6
cc
wi'
7 1.27
16.27 20.27
2 62
(13)
0.027
2 17.272
668 in2
(14)
i 1
Note that only parabolic ineffectively areas between compression reinforcements and vertical
reinforcements have been considered in the above equation.
Confinement effective constant is calculated as:
1
ke
668
6 16.27 20.27
2.5
2 16.27
(1 0.027)
1
2.5
2 20.27
0.59
(15)
4
3 20.27
nAsy
y
0.52
nAsx
sdc
sdc
0.0066
(16)
0.0082
(17)
0.52
4
3 16.27
Using
flx'
f c'
0.23
4
flx'
ke
f yh
(18)
fly'
ke
f yh
(19)
0.06 and
fly'
f
0.29
4
'
c
we obtain:
K
f cc'
f c'
(20)
1.4
cu
The strain,
cc
0.004
1.4
cu
f yh
'
cc
sm
0.004
(21)
cc
So,
f cc'
1
f c'
0.002 1 5
4.
cc
0.006
(22)
In order to determine the equivalent stress block parameters, Figure 1 is referred from Paulay and
Priestley (1992).
Figure 1: Concrete compressive stress block parameters for rectangular sections with
rectangular hoops (from Paulay and Priestley (1992) as reported in Whittaker (2012))
Values of stress block parameters are obtained as:
0.85 and
So
the
fcc'
average
strength
to
use
for
equivalent
rectangular
stress
block
is
Similar procedure as used in part 1 of the problem can be used here, except for ultimate momentcurvature calculations. For ultimate moment-curvature calculations,
0.85 is replaced by
Other assumption is that at large curvatures, the unconfined cover concrete has spalled and
effective width and depth of the beam is reduced to: b 16.73 in, d 19.61 in .
Using the same Matlab code provided in Appendix A, moment-curvature values are obtained and
presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Moment-curvature values for given beam section
Moment (kip-in) Curvature ( 10 4 )
Cracking
911
0.11
8
Curvature-ductility
0.076
Yielding
Ultimate
1.4
5753
5380
1.43
96.23
1
67
Solution: Part 2
XTRACT was used and moment curvature graphs were obtained for cases described in Part 1
and with and without strain hardening of reinforcements. Obtained plots are presented in Figure
2.
Failure Mode
Failure of longitudinal bars
Failure of longitudinal bars
0.2 f c' Ag
0.4 f c' Ag
10
Figure 4: Moment-curvature plots obtained from XTRACT for different level of axial loads
( MC 0 0 kips, MC1 0.1 fc' Ag , MC 2 0.2 fc' Ag , MC 4 0.4 fc' Ag )
11