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What Were the Promises of Islam: Garaudys Notes on Economics after Thirty-Three Years.

Ismail Yurdakk
ismailyurdakok@gmail.com
French philosopher and communist author Roger Garaudys (1913-2012) famous study
Promesses de LIslam (Promises of Islam) first published in 1981. Garaudy touches the
problems of economics and Islamic solutions: zakat is not an ordinary charity but Zakat as a
dependence of social solidarity to the belief; non-stop individualism and non-human market
economy of the West; capitalist advertising and marketing industries that struggle to
convince the man the most superfluous needs as if real wants and temptations of luxuries as
a reason of violence of the youth. Garaudy calls into question the religion! of growth and
names it as blind growth western growth is a model of mass suicide and progress myth.
And Garaudy criticises imported modernization to Islamic lands as a source of imitator
consumption behaviors in last two centuries and gives examples from the brilliant
agricultural reforms of early Muslim administrations and brave business relations of early
Muslim merchants with non-Muslim tradesmen in India even China. As an old communist, he
mentiones that a revolutionist that can not change himself/herself, how he/she will change the
world and points harms of hedonist emotions of the capitalist culture and how man can resist
his/her animal spirits and emphasizes that economics and politics are non-integral parts of the
religion and the belief. Details will be studied in the paper.
Introduction. Columnist Akif Emre wrote an obituary on Garaudy in 16.06.2012 that Akif
Emre interviewed with Roger Garaudy in the middle of the 1990s. Emre said: Garaudy was a
giant plane tree that produced first class studies from arts, mosaics, frescos to philosophy,
from the nature of capitalism to the problem of zionism and the problems of civilizations
(Emre, 2012). Although some arrogancy may be felt in Garaudys some statements as a great
intellectual and an important figure of communist world after WWII to 1970, Garaudy no
doubt was a good-faith giant. His struggle against individualism, nationalism and scientism
and as a declared enemy of Western growth model lasted to his death. Cemal Aydn
emphasizes that Garaudy does not say Yes what his intelligence does not accept and he
says -at all costs- what he knows. His debates and conversations with Jean-Paul Sartre,
Jacques Monod, Stalin, Krushchef, Jamal Abdunnasir, Gaddafi, Saddam Huseyin, Fidel
Castro, Picasso, Yehudi Menuhin, Fadl b. Ashur, De Gaulle, Anwar brahim, Necmeddin
Erbakan, Hasan Turabi..gave him a vast cultural viewpoint. When he was a prominent Marxist
thinker and French communist partys member of politbureau and senator, Garaudy struggled
that Marxism must have a religious dimension. His books about Marxism were used as
reference books in a long period. Garaudy did not only investigate Judaism, Christianity and
Islam but also searched the other religions of Asia, Africa and Americas. He was a
philosopher in ancient and medieval philosophy and professor of aesthetic. (Garaudy, 2013,
8) As a versatile, polymath person, Garaudys altruistic soul endured a lot of troubles in his
long life for his ideals. He easily left his frozen thoughts and always followed fresh
perspectives. He listened to the great philosophers of 20th century (include his doctorate
supervisor Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), but also listened to the illiterate villagers of Africa
or South America. As a prolific author he produced 64 books and these studies were translated
more than forty languages.

Don Quixote of the 20th Century. As an European intellectual, Garaudys guide once was
Don Quixote. Even he wrote a book on him: La Posie vcue. Don Quichotte/ Experienced
Poetry: Don Quixote (ditions Vgapress, Paris, 1988) Because of his true discource, he was
dismissed from a lot of jobs and organizations. Absolutely, all of the statements and actions of
Don Quixote are not true/logical; the same Roger Garaudy also did some mistakes in his thirty
years of Islamic life. Garaudy also defended some mistake thoughts against some Islamic
principles (generally, in the paralel thoughts of Fadlurrahman (1919-1988), but in this paper,
Garaudys original and useful opinions on economics will be studied. Eclectic approach to the
statements of Garaudy will be useful; first because of his contraversial thoughts; secondly his
prolific writing life that he produced books in all of the social sciences; thirdly his opinions
belong to his long past: from communism to religious socialism and to Islam.
His father had returned from the war with the crutches when Garaudy was seven years old in
1920. Strikes and layoffs and mass poverty and when he reached ten years old, high inflation
in France and Europe, a lot of bankrupt old rich and new rich; the poor had clenched their fists
and the poverty was corroding the our meals and meals of millions but the new rich class were
going to entertainments and evening debaucheries (Garaudy, 2013, 25-26). Garaudys father
was an atheist but the other members of the family were Christians and Garaudy in his
teenage was very fond of reading that from Jules Vernes Captain Hatteras to Holy Books
Prophets and Victor Hugo, Racine.. he was reading even sometimes he used to bump his head
to the street lamps. But the national education in France (and Europe) were organized on the
theme of the superiority of white man and heavy burden of white man that Garaudy was
pointing at the sentences Rudyard Kipling:
Take up the White Man's burden
Send forth the best ye breed
Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child.
The White Mans Burden
Imperialist discource of Western world was discovered by Garaudy before his twenties, this
approach formed his future intellectual and political life. In a reality that (for example)
Rudyard Kiplings above book was published in 1899 and Kipling was awarded Nobel Prize
in literature in 1907. Early diagnosis of Garaudy helped him to identify Western worldly mind
and he was struggling to break the cage of the thoughts. Reading Kierkegaard (1813-55) to
reject every god that they are not real God and going to the center of communist party,
Garaudy affiliated Marseille Communist Youth Branch and his membership would last thirty
seven years. But he had said when he was registering the party: I was a Christian militant
and I am a student of philosophy and I read all of the books of Marx. The local officer of the
party said to him: Even a monk can enroll the party if he accepts the partys policy and
discipline. Garaudy would visit socialist pastor Dupont and Dupont had trained the legendary
communist leader Maurice Thorez (1900-64) that he was the longtime leader of the French
Communist Party from 1930 until his death. Thorez as a communist that had got moderate

opinions about religion, Maurice Thorez would give full support to young Garaudy and
Garaudy would rise in the party in the coming years and with Thorezs backing Garaudy
would become an international figure in communist world (summarized from, Garaudy, 2013,
25-43) . In a letter in September 1937, Garaudy was saying: I, today, support the
(Communist) party because this party serves these two most important matter: extreme
poverty and (non-said) realities. (ibid, 48)

In 1980s Garaudy would remember a sentence of the President of Association of Algerian


Muslim Ulama Shaykh brahim (that he undertook the presidency after death of
Abdulhamid ben Badis in 1940) in the summer of 1943 that Shaykh brahim said to Garaudy:
A Sufi leaves and goes away not from the world but the rotten and putrid aspects of the
world. (Garaudy, 2013, 80) Tasawwuf (sufism) does not invite to leave this world/to
seclude/sequester from this world, but calls for self-denial and canalizes to keep away from
ambition. That is, man acts not in the direction of his self-centered and greed, but to the way
of benafaction to everybody.(Garaudy, 2014a, 70) Garaudy would read Hayy bin Yakzan in
1980s and he looks to the life thorough Hayys window: ..each group is exulting (feel/show
great happiness) in what they have (Quran: 30:32); ..the person who made his desire his
god.. (Quran: 45:23). They idolize their desires, they destroy themselves for collecting trifles
of the world, they exhaust themselves for saving money, they suffer from avarice until they go
to their graves.(Garaudy, 2014b, 148)
Although he writes a book Contributions of Arab-Islam Civilization to the History
(Contribution historique de la civilisation arabo-islamique) in 1946, but especially beginning
from 1965, Garaudy looks for the Lost Soul of Humanity and he struggles to prevent
mass-suicide of the humanity And from July 2, 1982 he is now a Muslim, and he believes in
a global real renaissance may be born in near future if Muslims can realize a scientific and
intellectual jihad. Islam as a dynamic power, is not only a civilization of the past but
contains an energy that can contribute for building of the future.(Garaudy, 2014a, 19)
Garaudy was imprisoned with the other forty communists in Algerias Djelfa in September
1940 that that they were only permissed to read the Holy Book and Garaudy began to read his
friends passages from the Holy Book and especially statements of Amos (that is accepted as a
Minor Prophet by Jews and Christians) drew their attention that Amos was against the
oppression and corruptions of the rich. Amos was crying out that real prayer is to apply the
justice. (ibid, 70)
After the WWII, Garaudy would notice some realities but slowly. For example, a lot of
collaborationist monks with Nazi administration had been observed (that it was not a good
sign for the church) and when devastating poverty was going on but in a dinner in Htel
Lafayette, was organized for the leaders of Communist Party, champagne was being served to
the invited guests.(ibid, 83) In the spring of 1965, Garaudy defended in his article in a
weekly Tmoignage chrtien (Testimony of Christianity) that collaboration of socialism and

religion is possible. Some monks backed Garaudy but some of them did not. But communists
from France and Soviets Union did not approve and Politburo of French Communist Party
warned Garaudy with a lenient punishment. Official daily of French communists LHumanite
(Humanity) published the Krushchefs speech of 1964 that Krushchef emphasized that: It is
impossible to establish communism if the religion keeps its existing. Garaudy was the first
top leader in the world that criticizes Soviet administration in the public.(Garaudy, 2013,
199-200) (The heavier criticisms would come from Garaudy in 1968 after Prag was invaded
by Soviet tanks. And he was expelled from the communist party in 1970.) Garaudy criticizes
heavy bureaucratic behavior/delay in socialist countries that gives an example from China that
he visits Taiwan and narrates his coversation with a Chinese that at the early years of the
communist revolution he did not want to leave China, and with a great eagerness that he was
working and learning agriculture, administration and socialism. But as time goes, with a lot of
printed forms must have been filled, claim forms, inquiry forms..petitions must be given to
that departments..drafts and other orders must be waited and even for one rice piece a
document must be prepared..that Chinese man goes to Pekin to tell these problems but at once
a lawsuit against him begins in the court that he is in a action that prevent the efforts of the
revolution and he is sent to prison. After completing his sentence he also works in the
villages and one day he meets a fisher that after sometimes the fisher trusts him and informs
that they would escape to Taiwan with their sailing ship. After reaching Taiwan he begins to
work there but this time he complains capitalisms depravities in Taiwan that prostitution and
corruptions are dominant.(Garaudy, 2013, 263-65)
Criticisms to Western Economic System. The most liked definition of democracy that
Garaudy used to repeat frequently: Democracy is a regime that realizes economic, political
and spiritual atmosphere for all of the children the oppurtunity of displaying for their humane
potential abilities that God granted them.(ibid, 100) When he was a senator, he also sees nonethical dimensions of capitalism for example one day the director of Folies-Bergre (famous
night club of Paris is famous for erotic dancing and near nude performances) came to visit
Garaudy for a tax concession under the title of cultural show, Garaudy was surprised that the
director was saying: Dont kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. I am one of the
entrepreneurs that brings maximal money to the country.(ibid, 100) After he takes over the
chairmanship of the comittee of education in the Parliament he defends from the primary
school, entegrating of the children with economic system, the new generations should be
learned not only science and technology but to ponder humanitarian aims of these.(ibid, 115)
Garaudy supports strikes and he protests the starvation wages and says: strikers do not
recognize this economic system because in this system blind insects (poor workers) at the
end build a world that destroys them(ibid, 126) Ferocious Capitalism is to allow unfettered
fox can hunt the chicken. We should rejcet Darwinist great market policy that ex-convict
vultures (the North) want to eat the South. (Garaudy, 2013, 418-19) A new Bandung
Conference is necessary that the South should give importance barter each other. Three
problems of the World: unemployment, immigration and hungry are not solved unless the
West must leave the Westernization of the South and everybody must see this theatrical and

synthetic globalism. This growth depletes the sources of our planet and causes the death of
forty million men every year that fifteen million of them are children.(Garaudy, 2013, 420)
After twenty years that Garaudy wrote above sentences, we can ask what changed today
(2015): Hunger Statistics (WFP United Nations World Food Programme-Fighting Hunger
World) Some 805 million people in the world do not have enough food to lead a healthy
active life. That's about one in nine people on earth. The vast majority of the worlds hungry
people live in developing countries, where 13.5 percent of the population is undernourished.
Asia is the continent with the most hungry people - two thirds of the total. The percentage in
southern Asia has fallen in recent years but in western Asia it has increased slightly.
Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest prevalence (percentage of population) of
hunger. One person in four there is undernourished. Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of
deaths in children under five -3.1 million children each year. One out of six children -roughly
100 million -- in developing countries is underweight. One in four of the world's children are
stunted. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three. If women farmers had
the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by
up to 150 million. 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the
developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone. WFP calculates that US$3.2 billion is
needed per year to reach all 66 million hungry school-age children (hungerstats)
From 388 to 80 in Last Five Years. Richest 1% will own more than all the rest by 2016 A
news was released in January 2015 from Oxfam that: The combined wealth of the richest 1
percent will overtake that of the other 99 percent of people next year unless the current trend
of rising inequality is checked, Oxfam warned today ahead of the annual World Economic
Forum meeting in Davos. Wealth: Having It All and Wanting More: a research paper
published today by Oxfam, shows that the richest 1 percent have seen their share of global
wealth increase from 44 percent in 2009 to 48 percent in 2014 and at this rate will be more
than 50 percent in 2016. Members of this global elite had an average wealth of $2.7 million
per adult in 2014. Of the remaining 52 percent of global wealth, almost all (46 percent) is
owned by the rest of the richest fifth of the worlds population. The other 80 percent share just
5.5 percent and had an average wealth of $3,851 per adult thats 1/700th of the average
wealth of the 1 percent. Oxfam, the international agency, whose executive director Winnie
Byanyima will co-chair the Davos event, warned that the explosion in inequality is holding
back the fight against global poverty at a time when 1 in 9 people do not have enough to eat
and more than a billion people still live on less than $1.25-a-day. Oxfam made headlines at
Davos last year (2014) with the revelation that the 85 richest people on the planet have the
same wealth as the poorest 50 percent (3.5 billion people). That figure is now 80 (in 2015)
a dramatic fall from 388 people in 2010. The wealth of the richest 80 doubled in cash terms
between 2009-14.(Oxfam)
Widowmaker Disease. Garaudy says I did not see an Indians face that laughing and
writes travels notes that he visits fourteen Central and Latin America countries. He goes to
capital city of gold Eldorado of Brazil and sees that men of silicosis disease. Hundreds of
thousands men died from this disease in last three centuries for gold. Mass graves next the
mining area are seen clearly. (Garaudy, 2013, 128-29) Although Garaudy writes these

sentences in Summer 1949, but as a tragical reality that the problem lasts (as a sign of brutal
capitalism) in 21th century: ..Also, the mining establishment of Delamar Ghost Town,
Nevada was ruined by a dry-mining process that produced a silicosis-causing dust. After
hundreds of deaths from silicosis, the town was nicknamed The Widowmaker. The problem in
those days was somewhat resolved with an addition of a nozzle to the drill which sprayed a
mist of water, turning dust raised by drilling into mud, but this inhibited mining work.
Because of work-exposure to silica dust, silicosis is an occupational hazard to
mining, sandblasting, quarry, ceramics and foundry workers, as well as grinders, stone
cutters, refractory brick workers, tombstone workers, pottery workers, flint knappers and
others. Brief or casual exposure to low levels of crystalline silica dust are said to not produce
clinically significant lung disease. Protective measures such as respirators have brought a
steady decline in death rates due to silicosis in Western countries. However, this is not true of
less developed countries where work conditions are poor and respiratory equipment is seldom
used. For instance, life expectancy for silver miners in Potosi, Bolivia is around 40 years due
to silicosis. Patients with silicosis are particularly susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) infection
known as silicotuberclosis. The reason for the increased risk3 fold increased incidenceis
not well understood. It is thought that silica damages pulmonary macrophages, inhibiting their
ability to kill mycobacteria. Even workers with prolonged silica exposure, but without
silicosis, are at a similarly increased risk for TB) (Silicosis). Garaudy reminds also the
tragical scenes of mining industry of Frances in 19th century that after a code was codificated
in 1841 that small childs before their five years old were prohibited to work in the mine pits,
and not to work more than eight hours a day for childs their ages between eight to twelve and
not to work more than twelve hours their ages between twelve to sixteen, in his book Les
Sources franais du socialisme scientifique (Frances Sources of Scientific Socialism) in
1949 (and this study was translated into German, Poland and Japan languages). (ibid, 145)
Bloody Idolatries. As a first communist intellectual and politician that criticized Stalins
philosophical mistakes and their causes to Stalins political murders, Garaudy discovered that
cavalryman captain Ren Descartes and chief commander Stalin had got the same military
logic (ibid, 156). From this point Garaudy would walk on his way and would say: The
majority of the revolutionists want to change everyting except themselves.. Include the selfadministration of Yugoslavia(s socialism), men especially leading people could not change
themselves especially their personal lives.(ibid, 162) Todays revolutionists should take
lessons from the crusaders of Middle Ages or Latin crusaders in South America in 16th
century that to draw a line between the outer world and the inner world under the title of
Christianity or socialism causes to spread the bloody idolatries.(Garaudy, 2014a, 50)
Garaudy also criticizes political and economic discourses of liberalism: sociological
earthquake that liberalism gave birth it in last two centuries, the illusions of general will in
politics, and economic self-interest in economics; and claims of socialism that it alleged
that represents this general will and general benefit that (Socialist or Communist) Party
knows everything and does every useful deeds, this approach drove the societey to the
dead streets.(Garaudy, 2014a, 40)
Garaudy: As an Early Militant Environmentalist. Garaudy entered debates in 1979
against nuclear energy. General Directorate of Electricity of France was defending that
kilowatt-hour of nuclear energy was the cheapest. Garaudy drew the numbers on the
blackboard that had written the comparative numbers of crude oil, coal and nuclear energy
and questioned the executive board of the company in the famous debate in Grand Orient
Saloon. Expenses of stockpile of nuclear wastes was presented by Garaudy that he asked an

eight hundred years of these costs that they calculated or not? The officers had only calculated
for fifteen years.(Garaudy, 2013, 272-74) After thirty-five years from Garaudys struggle,
that shows his far-sightedness, today we know that: (Effects of Nuclear) Waste can last 200
500 thousand years. There are no operating long-term waste storage sites in the U.S. One is
in development, but its capacity is already oversubscribed. Yucca Mountain is in danger of
contaminating ground water to a large water basin, affecting millions of people. Its difficult,
if not impossible, for the U.S. to impose its will on the state of Nevada (or other places) if
they dont want to host long-term storage of waste. (triplepundit). Disposal of nuclear waste
is often said to be the Achilles' heel of the industry. Presently, waste is mainly stored at
individual reactor sites and there are over 430 locations around the world where radioactive
material continues to accumulate. Some experts suggest that centralized underground
repositories which are well-managed, guarded, and monitored, would be a vast improvement.
There is an "international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep
geological repositories, with the lack of movement of nuclear waste in the 2 billion year
old natural nuclear fission reactors in Oklo, Gabon being cited as "a source of essential
information todayAs of 2009 there were no commercial scale purpose built underground
repositories in operation. The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico has been taking
nuclear waste since 1999 from production reactors, but as the name suggests is a research and
development facility (nuclearpowerwastedisposal). Governments around the world are
considering a range of waste management and disposal options, usually involving deepgeologic placement, although there has been limited progress toward implementing long-term
waste management solutions. This is partly because the timeframes in question when dealing
with radioactive waste range from 10,000 to millions of years, according to studies based on
the effect of estimated radiation dosesHannes Alfvn, Nobel laureate in physics, described
the as yet unsolved dilemma of high-level radioactive waste management: "The problem is
how to keep radioactive waste in storage until it decays after hundreds of thousands of years.
The geologic deposit must be absolutely reliable as the quantities of poison are tremendous. It
is very difficult to satisfy these requirements for the simple reason that we have had no
practical experience with such a long term project. Moreover permanently guarded storage
requires a society with unprecedented stability(highlevelradioctivewastemanagement).
Crusade Against the god of Growth. Is industrialization possible unique way for humanly
prospering? Garaudy asks in the early years of 1950s and says: No one wants to enter this
topic. Nightmare of Western type growth model exceeds the boundaries of East and West.
(Gradudy, 2013, 164) Garaudy writes a book in 1978 Appel aux vivants/Message to the
Living His aim is to show the stalemate position of the West that it is in the pent road and
Message to the Living sales more than one million copies in a short time. Some people
estimated the book as the most important book of the age and a chance to change the balance
of the history. Garaudy earns one hundred and twenty thousand franks from the book and
spends all the money for the Association of the Message to the Living. The aim of the
association was to struggle against the growth ideology and (to combat against the) invasion
of minds and institutions with the way of numbing of souls Garaudy published three articles
in Le Monde on May 4, 5, 6 May 1979 against killer myth of growth and his eleven theses
about energy, inflation and employment. He disclosured the monarchy of nuclear energy
and extravagances of the state departments and he expressed the new and healthy growth that
is not the growth of GDP, but with the support of everyones participation, the solutions for
the growth of human kind as an individual. (Garaudy, 2013, 271-72) Today, Our essential
duty is to struggle against all of the idolatries and false gods that they present themselves as if
they are the real targets (of the humanity) that these idols transform our light to night and they

introduce nationalism, economic growth, sex and money as sub-targets.(Garaudy, 2014b,


188) Garaudy is invited to Zurich, Switzerland by The Federation of Migros Cooperatives for
debate with Aurelio Peccei founder of The Club of Rome. Garaudy praises Peccei and says:
Peccei frequently invites me for the gatherings of The Club of Rome that I appreciate his
greatness but also his disadvantages. Peccei also inspires confidence and has got a critical
mind. (Garaudy, 2013, 276) In this point, it will be useful to state some notes about Club of
Rome that some of Garaudys targets and The Clubs aims are in harmony (although Garaudy
puts some reservations) :
In April 1968, a small international group of professionals from the fields of diplomacy,
industry, academia and civil society met at a quiet villa in Rome. Invited by Italian
industrialist Aurelio Peccei and Scottish scientist Alexander King, they came together to
discuss the dilemma of prevailing short-term thinking in international affairs and, in
particular, the concerns regarding unlimited resource consumption in an increasingly
interdependent world. Each participant in the meeting agreed to spend the next year raising
the awareness of world leaders and major decision-makers on the crucial global issues of the
future. They would offer a new and original approach in doing this, focusing on the long-term
consequences of growing global interdependence and applying systems-thinking in order to
understand why and how it was happening. The Club of Rome was born. The originality of
their approach soon became clear. In 1972 the campaigning of this growing group of likeminded individuals gained a new worldwide reputation with the first report to the Club of
Rome: The Limits to Growth, commissioned by the Club from a group of systems scientists
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Report explored a number of scenarios and
stressed the choices open to society to reconcile sustainable progress within environmental
constraints. The international effects of this publication in the fields of politics, economics
and science are best described as a Big Bang: over night, the Club of Rome had
demonstrated the contradiction of unlimited and unrestrained growth in material consumption
in a world of clearly finite resources and had brought the issue to the top of the global agenda.
With its focus on long-term vision and provocative scenarios, the report sold more than 12
million copies in some 30 languages worldwide..The Club of Rome goes on her actions
today.(clubofRome website) (Works and influence of The Club of Rome indicates that how a
small initiative can produce useful thoughts for the globe. And it should be questioned that
why the principles of Islamic economics has not been disseminated to the world in last forty
years?)
Garaudy also praises Migros (of Switzerland) and says: Migros is an exceptional case: it is
one of the most powerful firm of the Europe that Migros is the biggest cooperative of the
West. In the direction of its founders will and and internal by-laws of the cooperative they
spend some of their profit to cultural studies.(Garaudy, 2013, 276) Indeed, Migros has got
very useful characteristics that Islamic economists may study them and Muslim countries can
take a sample the working rules and system of Migros cooperatives (especially for Muslim
rural regions) that first of all: Migros sells neither alcoholic beverages nor cigarettes in its
flagship supermarkets and Migros does not stock pornographic magazines of any level of
explicitness. In the below two paragraphs Migross other noteworthy characteristics will be
summarized:
Number of employees of Migros cooperative reached 86 393 in recent years. Cooperative
says: The world is changing and also is global trade. Borders are opening, custom duties
and trade restrictions are disappearing, and prices are plummeting. In the midst of this

upheaval, Migros is committed to local production and agriculture. The principle of the
Cooperative governance is an important element of the Migros culture. The proper and
diligent management of the cooperative is one of the core responsibilities of the Board of
Directors and Executive Board. As decision makers, they are aware of their economic, social
and environmental responsibility to all stakeholders. Migros is Switzerlands
largest retail company, its largest supermarket chain and largest employer. It is also one of the
forty largest retailers in the world. A large part of the products sell in the Migros
supermarkets are produced by its own companies (M-Industry), mostly in Switzerland. In
2013, M-Industry comprises 20 companies, 17 of which are in Switzerland, and produce more
than 20'000 products for the Migros supermarkets.

From the Region for the Region. Migross commitment to Switzerland is not just an empty
promise. The retailer, which was founded in 1925 by Gottlieb Duttweiler, sees itself as
an integral part of Swiss society in many ways. For eample, the goods that Migros
offers in its stores come mainly from Switzerland anda re produced at 15 plants and in
close cooperation with Swiss producers and farmers, who supply fruit, vegetables, meat
and cheese. Many of them ar efor the label From the region, For the region. However,
Migross commitment to Switzerland involves much more than producing and selling
food and non-food articles that originate from Switzerland. Migros plays an active role
in shaping the future of the country and its driving the process of finding a balance
between economic, ecological and social needs. To ensure that this remains the case in
the future, Migros is investing some CHF (Swiss Frank) 3,4 billion (US Dollar 3,8
billion) over the next three years in sales outlets, production plants and all the other
institutions that represent the promise From Switzerland, for Switzerland. Migros
differs from other companies. It is more versatile and differently organized, and its
activities traditionally extend beyond the realm of pure business management. With well
over two million Cooperative members and 10 regional Cooperatives, it is at home
throughout Switzerland and, as the biggest employer and one of the largest investors,
supports this country more than virtually any other company. TerraSuisse is part of
three-pronged approachMigros has adopted to conquer domestic and foreign markets.
The other elements are the Bio organic label and the product line From the region, For
the region. The latter stands for products from places close to our customers homes.
Such fresh products give Migros a decisive advantage compared with imports from
abroad. Migros and its food industry are continually investing in these and similar
innovations and quality products. At the same time, Migros also carries a responsibility
as Swiss agricultures largest buyer. The company regularly holds meetings with various
farmers organizations and is involved in the dairy industry body BOM to help solve the
milk markets problems. Even if trading barriers do come down, Migros wants to retain
its commitment to Swiss products. And this is not just lip service: Migros currently
invests around CHF 200 million ($ 203 million US Dolar) a year in its industrial plants,
plus a similar amount for their maintenance. The priority that Migros gives to Swiss
agriculture is also reflected in the range: unlike its competitors, Migros does not, for
example, import yogurts, but produces them itself exclusively from Swiss milk. Migros
opts for Swiss vegetables for its tinned goods too, even tough they are more expensive.
Just how the domestic food industry from farmers to processors and retailers will
fare once the barriers come down depends above all on whether consumers are prepared
to pay more for quality products. In this respect, Migros will play a decisive role. It
makes great efforts to communicate the value of Swiss foods to its customers for
example, through its labeling.(http://m09.migros.ch/en/cooperative) Garaudy says:

There a lot of topics that we should learn about cooperative organizations of socialist
(countries) and (non-socialist) Denmark and Sweden.(Garaudy, 2012, 183)
Funeral Costs is Included to GDP. In the Zurich meeting, Italian industrialist Peccei (190884) draws the boundaries of the growth that he says: In a world that global sources are
limited, it is impossible there an unlimited growth. Garaudy says: No doubt, Peccei wants to
work the system but according to me: wickedness is not from the running of the system but
principles and targets of the system are also evil. Garaudy applauses Pecceis sentence: If we
use the earth for (only) our desires and needs, no doubt we become entangled. With todays
growth model and new and huge material power we (will) become destroyed unless we walk
through a new wisdom. Garaudy begins his talk: The GDP includes our misfortunes/
calamities to asset account. For example, tomorrow, if one million Fiat (automobile) collide to
the other one million Fiat: expenses of carriage bodies, expenses of clinics, funeral costs,
expenses of debris removal..these expenses will raise the GDP, and even (your) Fiat (Peccei
was the top executive of Fiat) will gain new and unexpected potential market..It is not
sufficient to say: No Growth!. Because, even zero growth does not mean that we will not
do in the next year more extravagance than this year. (Garaudy, 2013, 278)
..But You Are Not Successful.. Garaudy asks Who killed Bernard? Garaudy clips out a
news of a daily that Bernards suicide jumping in front of a Paris train that he was twenty nine
years old and he was jobless that he applied a lot of jobs but the responses were negative.
Unemployed Bernards are ballasts of the growth and Growth throws out its ballasts.
Bernard(s) no chance enough to win and they are eliminated.(Garaudy, 2013, 281)
Cruel god of the Growth. The creed of this religion (of the growth) is: (Without saying
useful or non-useful or detrimental or deadly) Increasingly and faster production The
dogmas of this religion are: science and technology can response all of our problems and
desires and It is necessary and it is desired what is tecnically permissible. Sacraments of
this religion are advertisement and marketing. Clergy of this religion is media that their duty
is brainwashing of the peoples convincing them happiness and well-being are in this material
world..Yes I declare a crusade against this religion that its god is Growth, against its secret
god against its brutal god. This brutal god wants men as a sacrifice.(Garaudy, 2013, 279)
Man should rescue himself from external slavery like to be slave to a cruel leader, and
internal slavery that it is to break away from our egoist, self-centered involvements.
(Garaudy, 2014b, 193) Garaudy also draws attentions to the luxury of Andalusians and
collapse of Muslim Spain. He gives the poetries of Andalusian poets that they illustrate
fountains, pools in the gardens and palaces (ibid, 237); full of wealth (ibid, 248); music
centers of Sevilla (Ishbiliya), Cordoba and Granada (ibid, 268). But Garaudy praises the
advanced hydraulic engineering of Muslim Spain and improved agricultural techniques for
producing fruits, vegetables and flowers in Andalusia. He also mentiones alternative (and
cheap) medicine of Andalusia and says: Man is not a lorry that modern positivist medicine
looks to the human that a physician should not become an auto mechanic.(ibid, 290-91)
At the end of the period of Western type growth and cultural model, man was smashed and
the society was scattered. Man in the West was sentenced to loneness from the era of
Spaniard adventurers that they went to invade the Americas, to the lonely crowds (of today)
that the reason of this solitude is undisciplined individualism. The increasing of the savage
competition in the market economy, with the original techniques that desires and ambitions
are whipped in the advertisement and marketing and as a consequence, individualism is blown
up, and artificial needs of egoistic desires are presented to the man as if they are

real/obligatory needs and the destitutes are oppressed by upper classes that they have not got
any pangs of conscience. This system causes to violence. The youth see the situation that
upper class add new wealth every day to their wealth with speculation and tricks at all by
legal means or thorough legal loopholes without any punishment.(Garaudy, 2014a, 78) The
other growth and production models was stopped and blocked by the West that Western world
forced its growth model and culture thorough its business, unjust barters, missionaries,
schools. And this approach brought the globe to the bankruptcy and chaos. It is the right time
to scrutinize the other life styles and religions of the world that perhaps we are very
late.(ibid, 82)
False god of the Growth. Europe surrendered herself to the false gods of power and
growth beginning 15th century.(ibid, 245) Modernity was to be integrated to Western
markets. Western world avoided to share the technological know-how but pumped the
imitation of her consumption style..(before and after colonization periods) to instill
foreignerss needs to Muslims, caused alienation of chosen Muslim minoritys to its nation,
history and culture. This Muslim elite class saw foreigners past as their history.(ibid, 24748) Garaudy deeply diagnoses the crisis of Islamic world and puts the mistakes of modernists
and traditionalists. He says Copying the West, killed us. Whereas, all of the solutions that
produced by the West were gone bunkrupty. To change our attitude is only possible with
Islamic discourse..We have to meet with the Prophetic soul for crossing the obstructions that
Western growth model and positivism erected in front of us and after that we can reach
affection and belief.(ibid, 258-60)
Growth is the secret god of our society. Memorial services/sacraments of this god are
advertisements Garaudy has got original thoughts about the relation of ego and Western
mind.( Garaudy, 2012, 111) Its target an inhumane growth that this is a blind growth that
unique aim is to increase the consumption and production(ibid, 229; 2014a, 93)
Opiums of Today. Numbers games are the sign of collapses. The first lottery in France was
one of the solutions for recovering Louis XVI finance that established by (Charles Alexandre)
de Calonne (1734-1802) Celebrity Big Brother or Play Lotto, Formula racing to La Gazete
Automobile all of them undertake important roles as narcotics and convince the men to
chances and these opiums frequently wipe the nations memory.(Garaudy, 2013, 286-87)
Garaudy names Black Trinity that Western television bosses, communication bosses,
party bosses give shape to the world: advertisement sectors war is to the soul of the man.
Television is Tele-garbage. (Garaudy, 2010, 143-52)
The Third World Countries can contribute for changing of industrial societies, showing that
there is other and different satisfaction that it is possible to be happier with less
consumption.(Garaudy, 2012, 80)
The Satan of the Growth and Lamentation to a Collapse. Garaudy wrote The Fight of
Our Age in 1994 and the title of the one of the parts of this book is Lamentation to a
Collapse and first sentence of this part is Has the World got a soul? Garaudy names the
dominant economic system of the world as Metropolis Economy that the majority of the
peoples produce what the rich countries want. Only happiness is to visit a supermarket. The
Satan of the Growth reigns in the West and advises them non-stop and more rapidly
production. A production that killer or dangerous or not; it makes no difference. As if growth
is a cure for every chronic disease. But three great drams prevail in South but also North that:
hungry, unemployment, immigration. Even in industrialized countries, there are twenty five
million jobless men that los olvidados forgotten/lost men (in 1994). (Garaudy, 2010, 101-

3)
Socialism is an Imported Commodity. Garaudy was not at distant position to Islams
importance especially in Muslim countries, when even he was a prominent communist thinker
and politician. When he was invited by President Bin Bella of Algeria for consulting and
conferences on March 1965, Garaudy also defended his thoughts (to socialists of Algeria):
when Garaudy said socialism is a product of Europe, a lot of reactions rised in the saloon,
but Garaudy went on yes, it is an imported commodity and added: Islam is not in need of a
support from capitalism or socialism. Islam can do everything. A young man shouted to
Garaudy: You are a communist and you invite us to the religion. I say I want socialism and
Socialism is not realized in a place that Islam is dominant there. Islam is an opium. But the
other group in the saloon was very happy and they cried Allahu Akbar Between applauses
and protests Garaudy persists to talk: Yes, I am not a Muslim, but I say to you that if you
claim to establish a socialist system without Islam in a country that Muslims are the 85% of
her population, you should confess that you do not intend to realize socialism. On the
following day, the conference took great attention from the Algerian press and Ahmed bin
Bella (1918-2012) was very happy when talking with Garaudy. Bin Bela was saying: No
system is established here without Islam. In 1969 Egypt President Abdunnasir invited
Garaudy also for a conference and Garaudy also (before the conference) debated with
Abdunnasir about Abdunnasirs Arab Socialism in long hours and Garaudy says twenty
years later: My thesis was far from Andunnasirs Arab socialism. (Garaudy, 2013, 188-89)
Garaudy -before his entering to Islam- hopefully believed in the studies/works of Chinese,
Algerian and Tanzanian socialisms. Because Julius Nyerere of Tanzania was declaring:
Growth should be nourished from our roots, not with a foreign vaccination. Class conflicts of
Europe should not be imported to our country. Garaudy explains the statements of Nyerere
against Eurpean individualism in eleven pages.(Garaudy, 2012, 176-187)
But the realities notes Tanzania, (before Nyerere administration) which had been the
largest exporter of food in Africa and was always able to feed its people, became the largest
importer of food in the continent. Many sectors of the economy collapsed. There was a
virtual breakdown in transportation. Goods such as toothpaste became virtually
unobtainable. The deficit in cereal grains was more than 1 million tons between 1974 and
1977. Only loans and grants from the World Bank and the IMF in 1975 prevented Tanzania
from going bankrupt. By 1979, ujamaa villages contained 90% of the rural population but
only produced 5% of the national agricultural output. Nyerere left Tanzania as one of the
poorest, least developed, and most foreign aid-dependent countries in the world. The
private sector suffered from the multiplying cumbersome, bureaucratic procedures and
excessive tax rates. Enormous amounts of public funds were misappropriated and put to
unproductive use. Purchasing power declined at an unprecedented rate and even essential
commodities became unavailable. A system of permits (vibali) allowed officials to collect
huge bribes in exchange for the vibali. Nyerere's policies laid out a foundation for systemic
corruption for years to come. (wikipedia/ Julius Nyerere) Even in the Marxists.org web site,
the tragical end is confessed: The focus, given the nature of Tanzanian society, was on
rural development. People were encouraged (sometimes forced) to live and work on a co-

operative basis in organized villages or ujamaa (meaning familyhood in Kishwahili). The


idea was to extend traditional values and responsibilities around kinship to Tanzania as a
whole..The policy met with significant political resistance (especially when people were
forced into rural communes) and little economic success. Nearly 10 million peasants were
moved and many were effectively forced to give up their land. The idea of collective
farming was less than attractive to many peasants. A large number found themselves worse
off. Productivity went down. However, the focus on human development and self-reliance
did bring some success in other areas notably in health, education and in political identity.
(Marxists.org)
China also attracted Garaudy that he writes seven pages about cultural revolution of China
and he says China rejects Western living style and only socialist revolution does not depend
European bourgeous ideologies and it is not an individualist revolution. Garaudy mentiones
the announcements on the walls of Chinas cities like Lets Struggle Against Egoism
Forget Yourself Keep the hardest for you, easiest fort the others Do not behave like a
superpower. (Garaudy, 2012, 218-24) But after forty years, China became an ordinary
capitalist society.
The Same Fertile Soil Produced Capitalism and Socialism. Capitalism and Socialism
were born in the same fertile land of West. And from time to time they (both) transformed
each other either individualist jungle law or totalitarianist ant community. But before the
colonialism, eighty percent of the humanity did not know capitalism, socialism or feodalism.
It is necessary to think that if colonialism would not occur how these countries would
progress. And we should enrich our opinions, thinking on a society project that allows a
global harmonious system that it is not hegemonist and does not produce a growth that this
growth is not reason of the others backwardness.(Garaudy, 2013, 410-11) In the Islamic
viewpoint, there is only Allahs sovereignty in politics, economnics and laws. The statement
of Allah Akbar (Allah is the Greatest) attributes every richness to Allah, every power to Allah,
thats why a l oyal economic system to Islamic principles can not be identified to capitalism
or communism.(Garaudy, 2014a, 98)
Valets of the System: Studies of Garaudy on Econ Philosophy. In 1967, Garaudy and some
Christian monks released a declaration in a capital city of a communist country as Prag
Declaration that its title was Gaudium et spes (Happiness and Hope) The participiants
of the conference of Prag emphasized that Belivers and non-believers agreed that everything
on the earth from the top to the bottom shuld be organized for the human..Hope of the
Hereafter is not decreased the importance of the worldy duties on the contrary, this hope
contributes to this duty with new justifications. (Garaudy, 2013, 204) Garaudy was invited
to Sorbonne to give a conference in last days of May 1968. The tension was very high,
especialy from the early days of May and Garaudy entered Sorbonne through catcalls and
torrent of protests. In first twenty minutes Garaudy could not speak, and began his talk with a
sentence of (famous economist J. K.) Galbraith (1908-2006) that Our minds became indexed
that we began to think that we would be questioned before we go to the Paradise or Hell
What did you do for a Higher GDP in the World? Garaudy continues talking with striking
questions and conference lasts three hours and from time to time whistles and interventions
rise. Following days, faculty members come to Garaudy and bring papers prepared them for a
useful education against classical system. And an interesting statement is written on the wall

of Sorbonnes entrance: Faculty of Literature and Non-Human Sciences Garaudy says in


that days: The duty of the Departments of Sorbonne is to train the students as folowers of the
established system. The main aim is the transformation of the sociologist or economist to the
valets of the system.(Garaudy, 2013, 226) Garaudy touches the right chords about 1968
events that unemployment is very low, inflation also very low, and growth rate is relatively
high and at this point our youngs comprehend that the successes of the system are more
dangerous than failures. The other members of the central comittee of the Communist Party
ask What will change this? Garaudy answers: Everything. The interrogation of the current
model that that model has said economic growth is identical to happiness (Garaudy, 2013,
227) . Since 16th century, economics has seen religion as an obstacle to the desire of
earning of wealth that religion forbidden the interest and put the salvation of Hereafter was an
important target. Economic success was an indication for the chosen nation that Max Weber
insists and in 18th century economics disengaged her all of relation with ethics. And in 19th
claim of economics was to be pure science like physics. Western approach first killed God
but and then man was also killed by this mentality, and (Non-)Humanities appeared. These
humanities pushed all of the characteristics of humanitarian values.(Garaudy, 2014b, 329)
We have to gain victory against positivism and individualism and we should give support to
transcendent, humanitarian and Divine dimensions of Andalusian approach. The material and
spiritual needs and demands of all humanity are only realized in this way. (ibid, 334)
Idolatry of the Market. Western world is not only atheist but it was transformed to a
polytheist society that money, sex and power sit the thrones of old religions as absolute
and dominant values(Garaudy, 2013, 319) The West (today) firmly believes that it is the
teacher of the world and patron of the earth and West also believes that it is the only Creator
of values. Thats why it is necessary to challenge to the West, calling them: We do not want
the brutal methods and applications of your economics that God does not exist in this
economics. (Garaudy, 2013, 329) Allah is the only Owner of all of the poperties that this
reality of Islam is against the Roman law that according to Roman law the man uses his
property for useful aims but also he can use it for non-ethical behaviours.(Garaudy, 2013,
341) Property right in Roman law is the right of to use and to misuse jus utendi et
abutendi The property owner has got to estimate and discretionary use and consume that this
main principle is the basic principle of the Napolean codes and todays (Western) economic
systems. Without any fear of punishment, man can cease to exist and destroy what he has got;
even the society is in need of his goods. Man also can accumulate a wealth without any limit.
Islam unequivocally rejects this that in Islamic law property is from Allah, thats why
property is not the mans or a groups or the States. Property has got a social function.
(Garaudy, 2014a, 86)
Balance Not Growth (On the other hand) The Church Fathers had prohibited a
behaviour that later it has been forgotten that that principle was: Theft is not what a man
takes what he needs but he acumulates what he is not in need of it. This is the requirement of
a societys religious understanding. Quran already mentiones even damns always this
situation: Who gathers wealth and counts it(104:2); But as for him who is miserly and
thinks himself self-sufficient(92:8); And amassed riches and covetously hoarded
them(70:18); And you love wealth with an exceeding love(89:20)..Islamic economics, at
least in principle, does not agree with the liberal form of this capitalist market and
monopolistic style. Market is accepted legal, but (todays) market (especially commodity
markets) is not a unique target. Market should meet a need. Thus, (todays) market -from its
targets and instruments- should depend on accurate target and administration and should fit

the Islamic principles. To realize this target, the monopolies should be rejected that because
they prevents to reflect the real costs to the prices and just distribution of the incomes. Targets
are the most important is in the Islamic society. Whereas markets are only means to reach
the targets that Quran points to this target and men: Men whom neither merchandise nor sale
beguile from the remembrance of Allah, and from the observance of prayer, and paying to the
poor their due..(24:37). Zakat as a compulsary charge of Islam, is not only taken from profit
or incomes but from the (all of the) capital; zakat is an instrument that provides regularly
social transfers and social functions..Briefly, an economy that is born from the principles of
Islam is obviously against to Western growth model. According to Western production and
consumption model the key objective is to produce and consume more quickly, much more
and without thinking useful or needless or harmful or even killer. But Islamic economics,
following to the Quranic principles, takes aim balance, not growth. (Garaudy, 2014a, 8689)
Who Are the Biggest Thieves? Sassanian and Byzantium Empires were in corruption,
depravity and millions exploitees and, in that point, emerging of Islam is one of the biggest
revolutions of the world history (Garaudy, 2013, 344). Today GDP per capita does not
reflect the real affluence of every individual and we have to draw a line between freedom and
anarchy of the markets and also we should distinguish economic growth and progress.
Idolatry of Market that is to worship to the Money made forgotten our individual lives and our
joint history.(Garaudy, 2013, 358) Struggle to unitarianism of the market and idolatry
of money should last that Western culture wants to make accepted the money is the end of
history. (Garaudy, 2013, 361) Garaudy was in study-group in Malaysia with Sudanian
scholar Mahmoud Abu Suud. Mahmoud Abu-Saud (1911-93) (a Sudanese born famous
scholar that he was one of the pioners of Islamic economics studies) Garaudy studied with
Mahmoud Abu Saud one month in Sarawak University in the middle of 1980s on ethical
economy that he praises Abu Sauds thoughts (Garaudy, 2013, 364-65) and gives details about
his opinions. A news from that days reminds us Mahmoud Abu Sauds Malaysia studies:
American Professor Mahmoud Abu Saud told a seminar Feb. 28 that the tradition of MalayMuslim landowners to rent rice-growing land to landless farmers violates the Islamic
principle that there is no reward without work and there is no work without a reward. He said
a landowner who wants benefits should enter into a joint venture with another farmer and
accept a just portion for his share in production costs. The Malay tradition is to lease land to
landless farmers in return for a share of the harvest to the owner. The practice varies in each
state. (Mahmoud Abu Saud, ucanews.com) In 1994, in his second visit to Malaysia, Garaudy
warns the Malaysian government members that an independent international news agency
should be established because there is an economic world that speculative balloons lead that
world and a lot of thefts occur in this world with the influence of these bubbles. International
(Western) media gives the news of crimes with economic and political and military news
mixing each other and confuse mans mind and always some men earn the money (from
these bubbles.) (Garaudy, 2013, 366) He adds the biggest thieves are speculators of stockexchange.(Garaudy, 2013, 370)
Zakat is not only a charity. On the contrary, it is a compulsary institutionalised inner justice
that concretizes mutual assistance of that persons that they are believers and know to defeat
their egoism and stinginess.(Garaudy, 2014a, 37) Zakat is taken from all of the property
that in this way hoarding is prevented. Fasting (sawm) breaks biological rhythm and in this
way man controls his desires amd instincts (Garaudy, 2013, 376) Salat (performing daily
prayers five times a day) provides to override our daily ambitions and every things that they

make stumbled us. (ibid, 395) We live in a world that social solidarity was destroyed by
individualism. Western type revolutions are no longer is possible and for a future with a
human face, the most important contribution of Islam is to believe in Allah and social
solidarity.(Garaudy, 2014a, 39) Salat to reach the consciousness of dependence to Allah
that is against the claim of self-sufficient/satisfied(mustagni). Fasting is to harden firmness
of pressure against the animal spirits. Zakat integrates economic life into spiritual life and
social solidarity into belief.(ibid, 71)
Garaudy also a pioneer that (with support of Najmuddin Bammat from Unesco and Hugues de
Varine Bohan) realized the gathering of Dialogue of Civilizations on May 21-23, 1973 in
Switzerland and after that he established The Institute of Dialogue of Civilizations in
Cordoba/Spain and her branches in Paris, Cenevre and Tahran.(Garaudy, 2013, 212) These
works made become closer him to Islam. He wrote Dialogue of Civilizations (Pour un
dialogue des civilisations) in 1977, five years ago before converting to Islam. In the first
sentence of this book, he says: Occident is an accident (LOccident est un accident)
The West is a small exception in long world history. Thats why, it is necessary to re-discover
all of the dimensions of man that improved by non-Western civilizations, to build a real
future. Walking from a collectivist and joint viewpoint -not from individualist- to a Project of
Hope, a humanely growth.(Garaudy, 2012, 9-11) Garaudy uses harder words in the following
pages: wretched accident(ibid, 24); the gravest accident of the humanity(ibid, 81)
Monologue of the West has lasted, enough; as if only unique orbit was Wests orbit.(ibid,
110) Non-Western civilizations teach that man is not the center of everything. The biggest
value of them, is Allah.(ibid, 168)
Conclusion. As an ardent enemy to Western growth model, Garaudy desired to make occured
a tsunami against capitalism. But he could not establish a team to study for this aim. In his last
sentences in the Mon tour du sicle en solitaire ( My Lonely Journey In Our Century)
(Jawlati Wahiden Hawla Hazal-Qarn) he was saying: This project is to exit from the
savage of prehistory period and to establish an order/system that sovereignty of Allahs
promise and to fulfill the duty of the caliphate of Allah.(Garaudy, 2013, 453) He quotes a
sentence from Gazzali: A community is exposed to dissolution and destroyed because of the
hegemonistic, utilitarian and growth desires of its individuals and groups that this situation
begins when they do not pay attention Divine Laws and absolute values.(Garaudy, 2014b,
53) After a five centuries of hibernation period, Islam is ready to relieve the historical guard
(Garaudy, 2014a, 245)

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