Gabriella Ouellette

World History Midterm Review

Chapter 13
The Great Dying
o When Europeans settled in the New World, they had
diseases that the Natives werent immune to
o This caused 90% of the natives to die by smallpox and
hunger
The Colombian Exchange
o Europeans and Africans brought wheat, rice, sugarcane,
grapes, vegetables, fruits, and plants and diseases
o Spread communication, migration, trade, and slaves
(Globalization)
o Bullion went from colonies to Spain
Mercantilism
o View that European governments served country by
encouraging exports and accumulating bullion
o Social structures based on political structures
Peninsulares
o Top of social ranking
o Spanish settlers born in Spain
Creoles
o 2nd on social ranking
o Spanish born in the Americas
Mestizos
o Child of Spanish father and native mom
o 3rd on ranking
Mullatoes
o Child of Portuguese dad and African mom
o Mixed race
o Could pass as white in Brazil
Siberia
Qing dynasty
o Manchurians were leaders at this time
o Major popularity= Han
o Modern because population growth and expansion
o Imperial power
Manchuria
o Rulers during Qing dynasty
The Mughals
o Mughal empire is located in India
o Ruled by Akbar then Jahanjir, then Aurangzeb

Akbar
o Mughal India
o Accommodated the Hindu majority
o He tolerated Hinduism, restrained militantly Islami Ulama,
removed special tax, women rights, and married Hindus
without making them convert to Islam
Aurangzeb
o Supported the 20% of the people that were Muslims
o Outlawed sati, destroyed Hindu temples, and demanded
taxes
o Intolerant of 80% Hindus
The Ottomans
o A nomadic group of Turkish people from Central Asia who
emerged as the rulers of the Islamic world in the 13th
century. They conquered Constantinople in 1453
Suleiman the Magnificent
o Ruled 1520-1566
o Under him, ottoman empire reached golden age
o Expanded empire through Europe up to Vienna, the middle
east, and northern Africa
o Greatly looked up to
Devshirme
o Recruit Balkan Christian boys
o Required to learn Turkish
o Military service
o Allowed upward mobility within Ottoman Empire
Janissaries
o Elite military unit in ottoman empire
o Prestige
o Allows social mobility
Can we characterize 1450-1750 as an early modern era?
o Yes because when historians characterize something as
modern, they look for signs of a modern world. This was
the beginning of globalization. It was the beginning of a
growing European presence in world affairs. There was a
scientific revolution. Gunpowder was discovered,
Colombian exchange occurred, sea, discover America,
population growth.
What enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean
away from their homelands?
o The European countries were geologically closer to the
Americas which made it easier for he because they were
on the water. Europeans also learned mapmaking,
navigation, sailing techniques, and ship design. They also

had competition between Portugal, Spain, Britain, and

Dutch
What large-scale transformations did European empires
generate?
o Great dying was a large-scale death that transformed
population. Colombian exchange brought new products to
Americas and bullion back.
What distinguished British settler colonies with counterparts in
Latin America?
o North America:
Racial system strictly based on color
Less tolerant to mixed races
Slavery
Local self govt.
Settlers sought to escape
o Latin
Many mixed races
Flexibility to move up
Settlers sought to recreate
Spread Catholicism
What motivated Russian empire building?
o Russian state and officials
More power for Russian state
Bring Christianity to savages
o Private interests
Merchants
Hunters
Agricultural settlers
Exiles
Adventurers
o Security and opportunity
Went east for soft gold
Went south for security
How did Russian Empire transform the life of its conquered
people and of Russian homeland itself?
o Conquered people
Oath of allegiance
Pay yasak or tribute
Pressure to convert to Christianity
Overwhelmed by Russian settler influx
Lost hunting grounds and pasture lands
Depend on Russian markets
o Russian homeland

Became multiethnic empire

Great power of Europe due to empires wealth
Struggle with identity
Militarized
Reinforce autocratic nature
Was Qing dynasty an imperial power?
o No
Did not seek to assimilate local people into culture
Respect for other religions
Unification of central Eurasia within Chinese state
o Yes
Brought nig regions under Chinese control
Campaigns against Mongols mark evolution of china
into central Asia empire
How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change
from time to time of Akbar to Aurangzeb?
o Akbar tolerated Hindus and married them without making
them convert. He gave women rights and removed tax on
Hindus. Aurangzeb reversed Akbars policies. Banned sati,
destroyed Hindu temples, and demanded taxes. Intolerant
of Hindus.
Why did European empires in Americas have greater impact on
conquered people than Chinese, Ottomans, and Mughals?
o Forced to convert to Christianity (Russians are more
tolerant)
o Mixed race offspring absorbed as Russians
o Native Siberians were not pushed out like in America
o Diseases
o Economically America got rich and Chinese, Mughal, and
Ottomans didnt get more rich

Chapter 14
New World
o America
Trading post empire
o Control commerce (What goes in and out of Africa to
Europe)
o Blocked red sea route to Mediterranean
o Want to monopolize slave trade
o Portuguese bases
o Fuel stop
Cartaz
o Taxing cargos
o Make money

o 6-10% tax per ship

o Toll to pass Portuguese territory
Vasco de Gama
o Portuguese mariner who went on a voyage in which
Europeans sailed to India for the first time
Philippines
o Magellan conquers Philippines
o Named after Phillip the second
o Spanish rule
o Catholic missionaries
o Only Christian outpost in Asia
o Slavery
o Women lost role as healer and replaced by male priests
o People were forced to relocated into more concentrated
Christian communities
o Chinese dont want to convert revolts expulsions and
massacres
British/Dutch East India Companies
o Displaced Portuguese often by force
o Militarily and economically stronger than Portuguese
o Organized ventures through private trading companies
o Receive charters from respective govts.
o Dutch focus on Indonesia
o English focus on India
Daimyo
o Feudal lords that were not united
o Each daimyo had samurai
Samurai
o Japanese warriors
Shogun
o Supreme military leaders that united Japan
Tokugawa shogunate
o Close off Japan from European commerce
Christian missionaries
o Spanish have Christian missionaries in Philippines
o Only Christian outpost in Asia
Dutch merchants
o Militarily and economically stronger
Porcelain
o Glass from China
Silk
o From china
Silver

o Made in Potosi
o Demand for silver
Silver drain
o Growing demand for silver
o People pay tax in silver
o Ends up in China from all around the world
o Cause inflation
o People buy Chinese goods with silver
Potosi
o Silver went from Potosi to Acapulco then transpacific to
manila then distributed
o Largest silver mine
o Modern day Bolivia
o Bad conditions
o Portrait of hell
The Middle Passage
o Salves go from Africa to Europe and Brazil
o Horrible conditions
Olaudah Equiano
o Kidnapped as a boy and sold into slavery
o Separated from sister
o In Africa sold to many different people until sent on cargo
ship
o Awful trip
What drove European involvement in the world of Asian
commerce?
o Desire for tropical spices, Chinese silk, Indian cotton,
emeralds, rubies, sapphires, rhubarb. European population
recovery after Black Death and growth of better European
military. Circumventing Venetian and Muslim intermediaries
in Indian Ocean trade. They need precious metals to sell in
Eastern markets.
How successful were Portuguese in ultimately controlling spice
trade?
o They failed to dominate the Indian Ocean trade and
evolved to providing shipping services. Cant sell goods
because they arent attracted to rich Asian markets.
How did the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British initiatives in
Asia differ from one another?
o Portuguese: established military bases in key locations
through violence and created a trading post empire. They
aimed to control commerce not territory and ended up
selling shipping services, carrying Asian goods to Asian
ports. Spanish: They gained control over the Philippines

through gifts and favors to the local chiefs. They used

Catholicism as well to control subjects which led to a
bloodless takeover. They had total control over the territory
and silver production. Dutch: Controlled shipping and
production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, & mace. seized
control of a number of SE Asian spice producing islands like
Indonesia. Forced people to sell only to the Dutch and
destroyed crops if they refused. Well financed and
commercially sophisticated with private trading companies
through merchant investors. British: Excluded from Dutch
spice monopoly so they fell back in India. Could not take
over b/c the Mughal empire was so strong so they got
permission to secure trading bases w/ substantial
payments and bribes. Pepper and other spices were
important but they focused more on Indian cotton textiles,
a big demand in Europe.
To what extent did the British and Dutch trading companies
change the societies they encountered in Asia?
o Dutch controlled Indonesia. They controlled the shipping
and production of cloves, cinnamon, and maize. The seized
control of many spice islands and shattered economy of
the islands and impoverished people. The British had three
trading settlements= Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. They
focused on Indian cotton textiles and secured trading bases
with permission from Mughal authority.
What was the effect of silver trade in Spain, Japan, and China?
o Spain
No investment
Inflation
Support mercantilism
Produce 85% of silver
o China
Tax paid in silver
Growing demand
Silver drain
o Japan
Use silver generated profits to defeat rival feudal
lords and unify the country
Invested
What was distinctive about Atlantic slave trade? What did it
share with other patterns of slave owning and slave trade?
o The Atlantic slave trade had many distinctive features,
including the immense size of the traffic in slaves; the
centrality of slavery to the economies of colonial America;
and the prominence of slave labor in plantation agriculture.

o There was a distinctive racial dimension, as Atlantic slavery

came to be identified wholly with Africa and with
blackness.
o Also distinctive was the treatment of slaves as a form of
dehumanized property, lacking any rights in the society of
their owners; and the practice of slave status being inherited
across the generations, with little hope of eventual freedom
for the vast majority.
o Particularly ironic is the fact that American slaveholding
took place in the only society, with the possible exception
of ancient Greece, that affirmed values of human freedom
and equality while permitting widespread slavery.
o But the Atlantic slave trade did possess some similarities
with other patterns of slave owning, including the
acquisition of slaves from Africa; the enslavement of
outsiders and other vulnerable people; and the fact that
slavery was a common practice since the earliest
civilizations.

What explains the rise of slave trade?

o Demand for slaves to help produce sugar. The Slavic supply
of slaves was cut off when the ottoman empire seized
Constantinople. native Americans quickly perished from
European diseases, and marginal Europeans were
Christians and so exempt from slavery which left Africans
as the source of slaves. they had immunity to tropical and
European diseases as well as agricultural skills.
What role did Europeans and Africans play in the unfolding of the
Atlantic slave trade?
o European demand for slaves was clearly the chief cause of
the trade.
o From the point of sale on the African coast to the massive
use of slave labor on American plantations, the entire
enterprise was in European hands.
o Europeans tried to exploit African rivalries to obtain slaves
at the lowest possible cost, and the firearms that they
funneled into West Africa may well have increased the
warfare from which so many slaves were derived.
o From the point of initial capture to sale on the coast, the
slave trade was normally in African hands. African elites
and merchants secured slaves and brought them to the
coast for sale to Europeans waiting on ships or in fortified
settlements.
o Africans who were transported as slaves also played a
critical, if unwilling and tragic, role in the trade.

In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform

African societies? How did Benin and Dahomey differ in their
involvement in the slave trade?
o Africa became a permanent part of an interacting Atlantic
world. Slowed Africas growth, economic stagnation
resulted as well as political disruption. Only a few benefited
and did not invest in African societies. Benin was more
successful by expanding exports opportunities and
restricting slave trade. Race was also transformed in the
Americas with new 'races' forming from unions between
Africans and Native Americans or Spanish. Dahomey - govt
soon depended on slave trade.
What does globalization of the late 20th century have in common
with globalization of the 18th century? How does it differ?
o

Chapter 15 Part 1
The Protestant Reformation
o Shattered unity of the Roman Catholic Christianity
o Began in 1517
o Martin Luther nails 95 theses to door of a church in
Wittenburg
Martin Luther
o Founder of Protestantism
o Nailed 95 theses to door of a church in Wittenburg
95 Theses
o List of complaints against catholic church
Huguenots
o Reformation provokes conflict between Catholics and
Huguenots
o French protestants
Henry IV
o Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism.
Survived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
o Issued by Henry IV
o Proclaimed that Catholicism is official religion of France yet
granted religious toleration to French protestants/
Huguenots
30 years war
o 1618-1648
o Involved most of Europe
o Catholic- protestant struggle that began in the Holy Roman
Empire

Peace of Westphalia
o Ended the 30 years war
o 1648
o Allowed leaders of each state to control the religious affairs
of its own territory
Catholic Counter- Reformation
o Catholic church responding to reformation
Council of Trent
o 1548-1563
o Clarified and reaffirmed catholic doctrines and practices
o Upheld authority of pope, celibacy of priests, and
veneration of saints and priests
o Emphasized importance of church tradition and good works
o Correct corruption through education of priests
o Jesuit order to renew catholic church and expand
Jesuits
o Many learn Chinese
o Became familiar with Confucian texts
o Dress like Chinese scholars
Syncretic
o Combination of different beliefs and religions
o Neo-confucianism and Sikhism are syncretic
o Mix Christianity with west Africa traditions
Candomble
o Syncretic religion involving Christianity and west African
beliefs
o In Brazil
Santeria
o Syncretic religion involving Christianity and west African
beliefs
o In Cuba
Vodun
o Voodoo
o In Haiti
Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
o Starter of Wahhabism
Wahhabism
o Based on Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
o Form of Sunni islam
o In modern day Saudi Arabia
o Early 1700s
o Purpose: to renew Islam and restore pure monotheistic
worship

o Not syncretic
Neo-confucianism
o Confucianism enriched by Buddhism and Daoism
o Created by Wang Yang Ming
o Other Ming and Qing dynasties
o Used in China in Ming and Qing dynasties
o Purpose: to create more rational and secular form of
Confucianism
Sikhism
o Blend of Islam and Hinduism
o Made by Guru Nanak
o In Punjab region of northern India late 1400s
o Ignore caste system
o End seclusion of women
o Equality
In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European
society, culture, and politics?
o It created a permanent schism within Catholic
Christendom.
o It gave some kings and princes a justification for their own
independence from the Church and an opportunity to gain
the lands and taxes previously held by the Church.
o It was used by common people to express their opposition
to the whole social order.
o It fostered religious individualism

In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into the

Native American cultures of Spanish America?
o Native Americans frequently sought to reinterpret Christian
practices while incorporating local elements
o Throughout the colonial period and beyond, many Mexican
Christians also took part in rituals derived from the past,
with little sense that this was incompatible with Christian
practices. These practices sought spiritual assistance in
those areas of everyday life not directly addressed by
Christian rites, but they also showed signs of Christian
influence.

Why did Christianity take hold in some places more than others?
Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less
successful in China than in Spanish America?
o Spanish
People had been defeated and their societies were
disrupted. Their cultural confidence had been
shaken.

o China
Powerful/prosperous Ming and Qing dynasties. Strong
Independent confident China.
China already had Confucianism, Daoism, and
Buddhism.
Christianity was an all or nothing faith.
Many missionaries were expelled.
Why did Islam continue to spread in the early modern era?
o Islam continued to spread because conversion to Islam
generally did not mean a sudden abandonment of old
religious practices, but rather more often the assimilation
of the religions
Why did Islamic reform movements emerge?
o They emerged to stop syncretism. It criticized new
practices that depart from earlier patterns established by
Muhammad and Quran
o People want purification of such practices
To what extent is Neo-Confucianism similar to Protestantism?
o Both are individualized
To what extent is Neo-Confucianism similar to the Scientific
Revolution?
o

Chapter 15 Part 2

Madrassas
o Islamic schools that offered instruction from Quran and
Muhhamad
Quran
o Sacred text of Islam
Nicolaus Copernicus
o Polish clergyman that said that sun was the center of the
universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of
Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the
universe - heliocentric theory.
Francis Bacon
o English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method.
Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.
Rene Descartes
o French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st
principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter
were completly seperate; known as father of modern
rationalism

Sir Isaac Newton

o An English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and
philosopher; believed to be one of the greatest figures of
the Scientific Revolution; in 1687 he published his theory of
gravity and the three laws of motion, laying the
groundwork for classical mechanics
Immanuel Kant
o German philosopher who thought that the mind comes into
the world with certain inborn assumptions or predilections
with which it molds experience
John Locke
o 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine
Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural
right to life, liberty, and property
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
o Believed that human beings are naturally good & free &
can rely on their instinct and government should exist to
protect common good, and be a democracy
Social contract
o An agreement between the people and their government
signifying their consent to be governed
Voltaire
o French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech
was the best weapon against bad government. He also
spoke out against the corruption of the French government,
and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Deism
o A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but
that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing
truths to prophets
Atheism
o Belief that there is no God
Marquis de Condorcet
o Wrote in Progress of the Human Mind in which humans had
progressed through nine stages of development, last stage
would be perfection, put on trial during the French
Revolution and committed suicide
Adam Smith
o "wealth of nations" advocated the idea of laissez faire
Laissez-faire capitalism
o Government not involving themselves in the economy
Salons
o Gatherings where philosophers talked about enlightenment

Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in

China or the Islamic world?
o China did not have the revolution because it lacked
competition. Countries in Europe could not afford to reject
science. If one country did, another would accept the
science and use it to defeat the first country. China had no
competitors to endanger it in this way.
What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution?
o Its emphasis on the idea that the nature of reality could
only be determined through proof. Prior to the Scientific
Revolution, it was more common for people to accept ideas
about the universe simply because they had been passed
down based on authority. If the Church said something was
so, people accepted it on this basis. With the Scientific
Revolution came a new attitude. People came to believe
that things should be proven by actual observed facts. This
was a major intellectual change that served to undermine
reverence for authorities of all sorts.
What is Enlightenment?
o Reason and individualism rather than tradition. Daring to
know.
In what ways did the Enlightenment challenge older patterns of
European thinking?
o Enlightenment challenged older patterns of European
thinking for many reasons. It was also known for the "idea
of progress." Europeans thought that enlightenment was
scientific advance to science and also human affairs. It
challenged older patterns because it challenged society. It
also challenged older patterns by the attacking of religion.
Examples are that Voltaire attacked organized religion;
people became deists who believed in a remote deity who
created the world but doesn't intervene.

Chapter 16 Part 1
Declaration of Independence
o Stated that the Thirteen American Colonies were now
Thirteen Independent American States.
o It was adopted by Congress on July 4th, 1776
o America wanted to claim Independence from Britain
o They succeeded in claiming Independence

o Written by Thomas Jefferson with the help of John Adams

and Benjamin Franklin
o It was written from June 11 to June 26, 1776.
Federalist Papers
o Published in 1787 and 1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison, and John Jay
o Persuade New York voters to ratify new United States
Constitution
o The authors of the federalist papers argued that the
existing government under the Articles of Confederation,
was problematic and that the proposed Constitution would
help its weaknesses without ruining the liberties of the
people
o The 85 essays outlined plans for how the new government
would work and why the new government was beneficial
US Constitution
o A document made by the founding fathers to establish the
government and how it will function.
o The Constitution contains many sections
o The U.S. Constitution established Americas national
government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain
basic rights for its citizens.
o 27 constitutional amendments.
o Three branches:
1.Executive: The president enforces the laws that the
legislative branch makes
2.Legislative: Congress makes our laws and is made
up of two parts- the Senate and the House of
Representatives
a.Senate: Made up of 100 senators- two from
each state
b.House of Representatives: Discuss if
proposed bills should become laws- there are
435 representatives
Judicial: Has the Supreme Court and 9 justices. The
justices only work in cases involved with the
constitution
Divine right of kings
o Kings could legitimately claim sole and uncontested
authority in their realms
Theocracy
o Priests rule
Constitutional monarchy

o Form of government where monarch is legally restricted

within boundaries of constitution
Civil liberties
o Personal guarantees and freedoms that government cant
abridge
Absolutism
o Louis operated under absolutism which held that kings rule
with divine right
Louis XVI
o 1754-1793
o King of France 1774-1791
o Tried to reform France with enlightenment ideals
o Abolish serfdom
o Removed taille which was tax on religious minorities
o Increased religious tolerance toward minorities
o Aristocrats oppose his reforms
o General public has discontent
o Debt crisis
o Strengthened anger form aristocracy
o In 1789, the French revolution started
o His indecisive leadership led to distrust and he was
executed 4 years after the revolution started
The Estates General
o Public meeting held by Louis XVI to discuss ideas to help
financial crisis
o The three estates:
First estate: the clergy
Second estate: the nobles
Third estate: the common people
o Main discussion was whether to vote by estate or collective
vote
o The fist choice gives more power to higher class by
inflating their influence
o The second choice gave more power to the people by
numbers
o The third estate finally formed the national assembly
against the king that ended the meeting
o Signaled outbreak of the French revolution
The National Assembly
o Third estate takes the name National Assembly
o Believed they were acting in the kings interests so they
called their laws royally approved
o Louis XVI was outrages and forced the national assembly to
separate on June 19

o They met again the next day across the street a the kings
tennis courts
o They promised to remain sitting until they received a
constitution
o Constitution they got wasnt progressive enough
o This hurt the kings power because he was undermining
the National Assembly while heeding most of its demands.
o The Parisian people fight back by storming the prison
Bastille and taking weapons
o After many revolts around the country, the Declaration of
the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is issued.
o Louis XVI is executed on January 21, 1793
Maximillien Robespierre
o Took a public role defending the poorest of society, calling
on the French Monarchy to change
o He was elected to the Estates General of the French
legislature but left the government to push his agenda
o He was elected president of the Jacobin political faction
and the Committee of Public Safety with almost dictatorial
control
o In the next 11 months, 300,000 suspected enemies of the
Revolution were arrested and more than 17,000 were
executed
o He ran and tried to commit suicide but only hurt his jaw
and was later executed
Committee of Public Safety
o The new committee was to provide for the defense of the
nation against its enemies and to oversee the already
existing executive government
o Created in 1793
o Gained control during the reign of terror
o Included 12 people
Were elected by the national convention for one
month
Could be reelected
Napoleon Bonaparte
o Napoleon was born on August 19,1769 and died May 5,
1821 at the age of 52
o The first military emperor of France who's drive was the
expand France and change the world
o After 10 years of instability, the French people just wanted
someone to bring stability to their nation. Napoleon was
the rock that held the nation together. He ended the
revolution

o He reformed multiple dysfunctions in the government

known as Napoleons code
o Promoting and advancing people
The Napoleonic Wars
o Series of wars between Napoleon and opposing coalitions
o Conquered much of Europe
Saint Domingue
o Original name for Haiti; French colony during French
Revolution
o Richest colony in the world: 8,000 plantations, 500,000
slaves
o Produced 40% of worlds sugar and half of worlds coffee
o Colony was in revolutions for more than ten years because
of French Revolutions example
o Grands Blancs (rich white landowners) wanted greater
autonomy and fewer economic restrictions on trade
o Petits Blancs (poor whites) wanted equal citizenship for all
whites
o Power moved to the slaves in the revolution soon after
Toussaint Louverture began to lead
o Early nineteenth century- slaves won revolution, forced out
French colonial rule, and renamed colony Haiti meaning
mountainous or rugged
Touissant Louverture
o Toussaint L'Ouverture was the dominant figure in the
largest slave revolt in the Western hemisphere
o He was the only one to be fully successful
o He was the leader during the Haitians struggle to gain
independence from France
o During the French and Spanish war, Touissant fought with
the Spanish at first, but then switched to the French to help
abolish slavery
o After the war between the French and Spanish ended in
1795, Touissant became the leading figure on SaintDomingue in 1796
Creoles
o A person of European or African descent that was born in
America
o Most creoles were discriminated against
o They didnt have many opportunities in jobs and political
power
o However, in legal writing, Creoles and white Spaniards had
equal rights
o They led the revolution against the Peninsulares

Miguel Hidalgo
o Raised as a strong Jesuit and later became a Roman
Catholic priest
o Led many revolutions against white Spanish colonial rule
o He fought with other native South Americans and mestizos
for the abolition of Mexican slavery and equality
o Highly influenced by liberal Enlightenment philosophers
o On September 16, 1810, he rang the church bell, and gave
his highly influential speech, Grito de Dolores, or Cry of
Dolores, calling for revolution
o Over 20,000 peasants joined him in destroying Spanish
homes and landmarks. The number eventually swelled to
almost 80,000.
o He was captured and sentenced to execution. He died on
July 30, 1811, but successfully influenced countless others
Jose Morelos
o After Miguel Hidalgos death, Jose Morelos continued
leadership of the Spanish Revolution in Mexico
o Joined the revolution in 1811, and gained his highest point
of power in 1815
o Between these years he led the revolution in Southwestern
Mexico
o To lead rebellions he needed much support, so he classified
all born in the New World as natives and declared his
enemies as the Peninsulares This act helped give identity
to who were previously unsure.
o His success mainly came from guerrilla warfare surprise
attacks
o He ordered a council in 1813 to form independence from
Spain and create a government and constitution. It was
called the Congress of Chilpancingo.
o However, Spanish forces captured the members of the
council. He was executed on the basis of treason on
December 22, 1815
Simon Bolivar
o Simn Bolvar was a Nueva Granada (current day
Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador) general and
liberator of South America
o He often referred to George Washington of South America
o Simn Bolvar, was titled El Libertador meaning the
liberator
o He freed most of the Northern region of South America.
o He started his first revolution in present day Venezuela
causing a civil war

o He then went to the Caribbean to seek aid from other

nations
o He was greatly inspired by the English form of govt.
(democratic leadership)
o After receiving Haitis support, he went back to South
America and liberated the New Granada from Spain
o Uses the technique of appealing to native-borns
o Founded a nation called Gran Colombia composed of
present day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama
o Inspired many to revolt
Jose de San Martin
o San Martin started his career as a soldier in the Spanish
army
o He fought for Spain in European wars learning the art of
modern warfare and learning their unfair ways so he left to
Argentine rebels
o Jose de San Martin was an Argentine born military leader
who fought for the Argentine population against the
Spanish, liberating them
o He led the rebels with his military tactics and liberated
Argentina
o He then went on to liberating Chile and Peru from Spanish
rule
o After his many revolts, he died in the revolutionary nation
of France in 1850
Nativism
o Protecting interests of native born vs immigrants
What was revolutionary about the American Revolution, and
what was not?
o What was revolutionary?
People could voice their own opinions and be heard
This allowed for people to express their ideas
on womens rights, voting rights, and
democracy.
The revolutions most important idea was that
democracy was a good idea.
Made people embrace this new idea of people
choosing who they want to represent them and their
country.
o Not revolutionary?
People who had power before revolution still held
power
No change in social relations
Women still unequal to men

Slavery still continued to exist

There were still property requirements for voting or
holding certain offices
How did the French Revolution differ from the American
Revolution?
o French
Revolt of the lower classes within their own country
Very violent
Took place near the monarchy
Concluded in a dictatorship that lasted for decades
o American
Revolt of the colonies against an overseas king
Less violent
Took place away from the monarchy
Concluded with liberty, justice, and created the first
republic since Rome
What were the major consequences of the French revolution?
o The end of the monarchy
o The Church was exempt from some of its former privileges,
along with some of its lands being sold
o The end of nobility
o The end of the feudal system
o Nobles and aristocrats were no longer at the top of the
social ladder, instead there was a social shift from the
nobility to the citizens
o The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and his establishment of
the Napoleonic Code which brought a more fair legal
system despite class or religion
What was distinctive about the Haitian Revolution?
o The outcome was the formation of Haiti; first black
independent state
o Unlike the French they believed in the Declaration of Rights
of Men which states that all men are equal causing an end
to slavery
o First effective slave revolt in history
o Started twelve-year San Domingo revolution in 1791
How were the Spanish American revolutions shaped by the
American, French, and Haitian revolutions that happened earlier?
In other words, what did all of these revolutions have in
common?
o They saw if others can revolt, they could too.
o Most of the creoles who saw the American Revolution saw
it as a successful rebellion

o Also, one of the most famous books that instigated

revolution in America was also circulated in South America.
(Thomas Paines Common Sense)
o George Washington came to be a celebrity in Latin America
for being seen as a successful revolutionary
o The other big reason was that all of these revolutions were
born in part because of the enlightenment.
o The writings of John Locke thought of a Social Contract
which said that the contract between ruler and ruled only
lasts as long as it is beneficial between both groups
o This created the idea of popular sovereignty. (The power
comes from the people, not from any external sources such
as God)
Where do you see enlightenment ideas in each of these
revolutions?
o The writings of John Locke thought of a Social Contract
which said that the contract between ruler and ruled only
lasts as long as it is beneficial between both groups
o Also, one of the most famous books that instigated
revolution in America was also circulated in South America.
(Thomas Paines Common Sense)
o Miguel Hidalgo was highly influenced by liberal
Enlightenment philosophers
Why did Spanish American struggles for independence occur
decades later than those of British North America?
o

Chapter 16 Part 2
Abolition
o Opposed to slavery and work to abolish slavery
Nationalism
o Pride to ones country
Civic nationalism
o a sense of national unity and purpose based on a set of
commonly held political beliefs
Racial nationalism
o Membership in nation is matter of birth and geography
Liberal democracy
o A political system that promotes participation, competition,
and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil
rights
Feminism
o Female movement for gender equality
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

o Organized the first convention on women's rights, held in

Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of
Sentiments, which declared men and women to be equal
and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded
the National Women's Suffrage.
What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the 19th
century?
o Ideas of human equality from enlightenment. Christian
values and Quakers views on human equality.
How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves?
o Many slaves didnt have education and couldnt get jobs.
Most slaves didnt have money and didnt know how to live
on their own.
What were the consequences of the end of the slave trade?
o
What was ironic about colonialism at the end of the slave trade?
o
What is nationalism?
o Pride for ones country or region.
What accounts for the rise of nationalism?
o Napoleons conquests inspired national resistance in parts
of Europe
o People started to feel bound by blood, culture, or common
experience
o Books were printed in specific dialects
How did the Feminist movement begin?
o Ideas from the Enlightenment (Mary Wollstonecraft,
Olympe de Gouges)
o Growing middle class- these women sought educational
opportunities
o Women began to view themselves as individuals with
rights equal to those of men
What were the effects of the Feminist movement?
o By 1900- Upper and middle class women gained entrance
to universities (small numbers)
o Womens literacy rates grew steadily
o Some states allowed women to manage and control their
own property
o Divorce laws were liberalized in some places
o Teaching, medicine opened up
o Nursing, social work
o Did not make much progress in politics
Why is this first emergence of the feminist movement important?

o I didnt know if this was talking about the picture on the

power point but if it is: This picture inspires women to be
stronger. It shows a woman who isnt what was considered
stereotype for the time. This woman worked many jobs to
help the men who were off at war. The woman was a role
model for other women.
Were the revolutions necessary?
o Yes. (Take facts from chapter 16 part 1)