II.

Research Problem, Objectives, and Other Concepts

Perception of the Middle-aged residents on the Effectiveness of the
Management of Barangay Projects and Programs in selected Puroks
in Bakakeng Norte, Baguio City.
A. The Research Problem
Little is known about the political determinants of subjective well-being
across nations. The dominant theoretical approaches, comparison and
trait theory, suggest that cross-national differences will be either
nonexistent or largely independent of political conditions. We argue
instead that although culture does appear to play a significant role, the
results of democratic competition have even more dramatic effects upon
national levels of life satisfaction. Specifically, we demonstrate that
subjective appreciation of life is positively affected by the ideological
complexion of governments and by qualitative features of the welfare
state. The implications for social policy, electoral politics, and our
theoretical understanding of life satisfaction are discussed (Radcliff,
2001).
Government is the system of control by which a society compels the
obedience of all its members to laws, and to officers who administer the
laws. It is an act of the society as a whole; it speaks with authority to all;
it rests upon laws made for the obedience of all; and exists for the benefit
of all the members of society (Cabradillaet.al ,2008). The government is
divided into two major divisions in terms of the level of power or authority
it has, the National and the Local Government. In general, the National
Government focuses on funding for the general welfare of its people,
while the Local Government would be its breakdown. Local Government is
described as a political subdivision of a nation or state that is constituted
by law and has substantial control of local affairs. (Cabradillaet.al , 2008)
As the basic political unit, the 1991 Local Government Code provided
the Barangay an important role to play in the national efforts of achieving
significant improvement in the countrys economic, political, and social
conditions.It is tasked to constitute the base for citizens to participate in
government affairs since its collective views are the basis in the
formulation of national policies and programs (Cabradillaet.al , 2008).
According to Section 384 of the Local Government Code, the Barangay
serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government
policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community. It
also serves as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be
expressed, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be
amicably settled (Local Government Code of 1991).

The barangay is not principally a political unit. It is more of a socioeconomic community, a settlement among relatives by blood and affinity,
and a mutual help among barangay member called bayanihan. The
bayanihan spirit characterized by the people having similar goals,
interests, and aspirations, get together and barangays called themselves
confederation of barangays. (Almira,2008)
The Barangay government is also given considerable autonomy to
manage their affairs, explore any possibilities of raising their financial
resources and utilize them at their own discretion, as long as this will
result to the improvement of the welfare of their constituents. In order to
fulfill their mandates and functions as contained in the Local Government
Code, Barangays must be equipped with the necessary competencies,
not only in terms of administrative capabilities but also on financial
resources which are necessary for the provision of basic technical and
physical facilities.
Individuals assess or perceive things usually not in an absolute but in a
relative way in relation to the consumption norm. They often associate
satisfaction in terms of the fulfilment or non-fulfilment of their wants and
needs per se notwithstanding the level of utility they derive.
In the Philippine setting, when speaking of government projects,
people tend to be skeptical about how the said responsible party
implements, plans and budgets the public fund for specific projects and
even in the execution of such. This is due to the inclement and neverending issue of graft and corruption charged against many government
officials.
The Global Competitiveness Index Report for 2010-2011 listed
corruption and inefficient government bureaucracy as the top two most
problematic factors for doing business in the Philippines. The countrys
corruption problem is again highlighted in the 2010 Corruption Perception
Index where the Philippines ranked below 75 percent of all the countries
surveyed (134th out of 178 countries)and last among the ASEAN-6. The
countrys standing from all these measures signals the need for more
substantial actions to strengthen governance in the country. This only
shows that good governance cannot be achieved partially or piecemeal,
but must be attained decisively and systematically. (Dela Merced, 2011).
The study focuses on barangay since it plays a very important role in
national development. As they say, national development starts with the
simplest unit of the nation, the barangay. With the rapid change in the
scope of activities performed by the local government and in the
information, planning and decision making systems applied by thelocal

government unit should be made especially to the barangays. (Cabradilla

et.al , 2008)
This research lives for the purpose of obtaining information on how the
middle-aged residents of a sample size perceive the effectiveness of the
management of Barangay Projects and Programs especially when these
are implemented.
B. The Research Objectives
The objectives of this study are the following:
General Objective:
The primary objective of this study is to determine whether
or not the middle-aged residents of Bakakeng Norte, Baguio City
are satisfied by the management of the barangay projects and
programs implemented. It also aims to know how the
aforementioned residents perceive such projects and programs
to be beneficial or otherwise.
Specific Objectives:
This study seeks to find the following:
1. The perceived effectiveness of the management of Barangay
Projects and Programs to the following:
A. Residents according to:
a) Age
b) Gender
c) Occupation
d) Educational Attainment
e) Years of Residency in the area
B. The barangay portfolio in terms of its:
a) Barangay projects and programs implemented
b) Extent of projects and programs
c) Organizational structure
2. Significant difference of the perceived effectiveness of
management of barangay projects and programs according to
the profile of respondents.
3. The perceived reasons of respondents' participation and nonparticipation in the barangayprojects and programs.
4. Level of seriousness of the problems encountered on the
management of Barangay projects and programs.

5. Extent which the motivating factors influence management of

barangay projects and programs
C. The Research Paradigm
Conceptual Framework
Barangay Projects and Programs are designed to provide deep
sense of commitment in serving the residents in a particular
community. The welfare of the residents can be measured in terms of
livelihood programs initiated, health programs assisted, organizations
organized, garbage collection and disposal system, and road
monitoring.
On the other hand, barangay Ordinances are laws passed by the
municipal government. It is put into place in order to target
maintenance
of public safety, health, morals, and general
welfare.
Other ordinances deal with fire and safety regulations that residential,
commercial,
and industial property owners must follow.Ordinances may also deal wi
th public streets and sidewalks. (West's Encyclopedia of American
Law, 2008)
In evaluating the perception of residents on the effectiveness of
the management of the barangay projects and programs, the following
variables must be taken into light. Management of Barangay projects
and programs needs the application of knowledge, skills, tools and
techniques to a broad range of activities in order to meet the
requirements of a particular project. It includes (1) Planning an idea for
a project that will be carefully examined to meet the welfare of the
people in the community; (2) Organizing, where the barangay
determines the sources of funds to fund the project and programs; (3)
Directing people, wherein tasks are distributed and teams are informed
of responsibilities; and (4) Project/program performance and control,
where leaders will compare project status and progress to the actual
plan, as resources perform the scheduled work. (Project Insight, 1994)
The paper also draws from the literatures regarding perception of
residents to barangay performances. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) argued
that a person's beliefs, a representation of the information a person
has about an object or a situation, can determine attitude, which can
then have an effect on one's behavior towards an object or situation.

The understanding on how the projects and programs are being

carried out is critically important to the residents of the community
for they are the primary beneficiary of such. The Figure below depicts
the proposed flow of the study.

Figure 1. Flow of the Sudy

Independent Variable

Number of Projects
Number of households
Projects and Programs
Barangay Ordinances

Dependent Variable

Municipal Monitoring

Perception of residents on the level of effectiveness of

barangay projects and programs management

according to their profile

o Age
o Gender
o Occupation
o Educational Attainment
o Years of Residency in the area

Expected Output
Recommendation for the effectiveness of Management of Barangay projects and
programs.

D. The Hypothesis
Specifically, the study will be guided by the following hypothesis:
1. There is no significant difference in the perceived effectiveness of
management of barangay projects and programs according to the
profile of respondents.
2. There is no significant difference in the perceived effectiveness of
management of barangay projects and programs according to
barangay portfolio.
3. There is no significant difference in the perceived reasons of
respondents' participation and non-participation in the barangay
projects and programs when respondents are grouped according to
their profile.
4. There is no significant difference in the level of seriousness of the
problems encountered on the management of Barangay projects
and programs when respondents are grouped according to their
profile.
5. There is no significant difference in the extent to which the
motivating factors influence management of barangay projects and
programs when group according to their profile.

E. Assumptions
1. Respondents are residents at least for a barangay political
term.
2. The respondents have knowledge about the projects and
programs of the barangay.
3. That the middle-aged residents are of sane and sound mind;
and that they are socially concerned.
4. The barangay officials implement projects that cater the need
of their residents.
5. The projects affect the level of utility of the respondents.
F. Scope and Delimitations
This study is crafted as a measurement on the level of satisfaction
of the middle-aged residents of Bakakeng Norte, Baguio City on the
barangay projects and programs implemented and how they perceive the
barangay management related to the said projects and programs.
The study will be limited to the following aspects:

(1)Projects
a. Road
b. Alleys, Canals, and Drainage
(2)Programs
a. Health
b. Solid waste management
c. Sanitation
d. Livelihood programs

The issues and concerns of the study will be (a) Level of

seriousness of the problems encountered on the management of
barangay projects and programs, and (b) Extent to which the
motivating factors influence management of barangay projects and
programs

The study is limited to the perception of residents on the level of

effectiveness of barangay projects and programs when grouped
according to their profile (a) Age, (b) Gender, (c) Occupation, (d)
Educational Attainment, and (e) Years of Residency in the area

For the Area Coverage, the study will be confined in

Bakakeng Norte, Baguio City.
The respondents will be chosen on the basis of their active
involvement in the barangay community. They will either be
intended beneficiary of the programs. In case the resident is not
an active member in the barangay community (as in cases where
he or she does not want participate in barangay programs), the
people who engages themselves the most in the barangay
projects/programs will be the respondent of the study. Theses
respondents will be profiled in terms of their (a) Age, (b) gender
(c) occupation, (d) educational attainment, and (e) years of
residency.
G. Definition of Terms

Barangay
Section 384 of the Local Government Code of 1991 states that:
The basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning
and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs,
projects and activities in the community and as the forum wherein the
collective and the collective views of the people may be expressed,
crystallized and given due course and when contending claims may be
amicably settled.
Barangay officials
They are deemed persons in authority in their respective
jurisdiction, hence, they are mandated to maintain public order and
ensure the protection of life, liberty and property.
H. Variables

The independent variables are the variables that stand alone and cant
be change by other variables and they are the presumed cause of the
change in certain phenomena. The independent variables of this study are
the number of projects; the number of households; projects (road and
alleys, canals, and drainages) and Programs (health, solid waste
management, sanitation, and livelihood) and Barangay Ordinances.
The dependent variables are the conditions that are influenced by the
independent variables. Their status as influenced by the independent
variables will be the concern of the researchers. In this study, the
researchers will find out the perceived level of effectiveness Barangay
projects and programs management in terms of their profile.
The intervening variables are variables which may have
important impact on the outcome of evaluation although it cannot be
considered directly. They are the regulating variables for they
intervene between the independent and dependent variables. In this
study, the intervening factors would be the factors that monitor the
level of effectiveness of Barangay projects and programs.
I. Significance of the Study
Barangay Projects and Programs envision not only to cater the
needs of the people living in the community but also to find solutions
on how to uplift the lives of the citizens. For the past decades there are

barangay projects that were proposed by our barangay officials. Some

of the projects left a mark but some didnt have so much impact in the
lives of the people.
The research paper would serve as a guide to any government
(including Barangay Bakakeng Norte, Baguio City) and non-government
organization in the planning and decision as to which programs and
projects should be managed effectively.
The research paper would serve as a tool for the barangay
leaders to collect knowledge regarding the residents issues and
concerns on the barangay projects and programs and address such
issues and concerns in the future. It will be helpful for them as to how
will they be able to implement their present and future projects and
run their programs through the residents feedbacks.
It would serve as instrument of communication between the
barangay personnel responsible for the management of barangay
projects and programs and the residents. The barangay personnel
would be able to assess the effectiveness of management from the
residents feedbacks and the residents would be able to acquire
knowledge as to how the projects and programs are managed.
This study will also be beneficial to the researchers because they
will be informed about true system and situations of the barangays
through personal contact with the barangay officials and residents. The
researchers will also learn to assess the effectiveness of the barangay
projects and how these projects are planned and implemented which
can be used as a basis for their future projects.
This research may serve as reference tool for other barangays as
well as other researchers that have related studies.
III. Review on Related Literature
Effectiveness
Labawig, Melody (1999), Leadership Effectiveness of Barangay Captains: Its
Implication
to
Barangay
Development,
available
at
http://dspace.slu.edu.ph/handle/123456789/102
(2) Educational attainment and professional experience had little effect on
the leadership effectiveness of barangay captains along communication,
coordinating and support, decision making and evaluation of performance
and feedback.
Community Project

Makol, Badriya (2004), Women's Participation in Agrarian Reform Community

Project in a Filipino Barangay, available at
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/6000/1/FEM_2004_10%281-24%29.pdf
(5) The study concluded that the implementation of the ARC (Agrarian
Reform Community) projects not only resulted in the creation of incomegenerating activities in the barangay, but also it facilitated women's
participation in development efforts. Despite their limited resources, they
showed greater motivation to take part in the projects. They had
demonstrated that through a participatory form of development they could,
by acting collectively, achieve self-reliance.
Organizational Structure
Padilla, Cherry Beth etc (2010), Leadership Scale of Barangay Legislators in
Davao City: An Application of Structural Equation Model, available at
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/6000/1/FEM_2004_10%281-24%29.pdf

(4) A transformational leader focuses on transforming others to help each

other, to look out for each other, to be encouraging and harmonious, and to
look out for the organization as a whole.
Performance of Barangay
Cadorna, Edelyn A. Ph.D, etc (2008), Performance of Barangays in Vigan City,
available at
http://www.eisrjc.com/documents/Performance_Of_Barangays_in_Vigan_City_
1325664034.pdf
(1) This study assessed the performance of the barangays in Vigan City in
terms of livelihood programs initiated, economic enterprises, health
programs assisted, organizations organized, garbage collection and disposal
system, and revenue. The influence of input variables on the performance of
the barangays was likewise looked into in this study.
Good
Governance
DILG (2012), Good Governance and Anti-corruption, Best Practices on
Barangay Governance.
(1) The Barangay Council of Sto. Christo, Angeles City enacted and approved
a resolution on the establishment of a Community Purok-Based People

Organization in all of the eight puroks in the barangay named GRUPONG

KATUWANG. It aims on strengthen the peoples participation in charting and
planning their concerns and social opinions, comments and suggestions,
regarding the isuues and demands.
a
Projects

Satisfactory

Cabadilla, Ric B. et.al (2008). Project Implementstion and Fund Management

of Barangay Camp 4 Tuba, Benguet.
(23) Making more people aware of the projects of the barangay would let the
locals experience the benefits of this projectsand would enable them to
participate in terms of gender, whether it ma male of female as long as
proper fund management control is applied it would ressult to a better
implementation. In terms of educational attainment, barangay officials
should focus more on budgeting control to be able to implement a better
control system in terms of fund management. In creating projects, the
barangay should focus on the determination of the urgent and pressing
needs of the locals so as to be able to address these problems with more
than just satisfactory projects.

IV. Research Design and Methodology

The methods we will be using in our study would be the survey,
descriptive and inquiry method. We wil be able to establish facts about our
research with this methods. The survey method would be useful for obtaining
specific data about the background of the study and would provide additional
information the inqsuiry method will not be able to provide. The inquiry
method would be of use for some questions to be address and for
clarification of some topic and context. The result of the Inquiry and survey
method will be the basis of the rationale of the study.