SEMINOR TOPIC ON

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
(4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION)

SRI VENKATESA PERUMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY PUTTUR

PREPARED BY
S.CHAKRAVARTHI
(08G01A0564)
CSE

ABSTRACT:
Today, mobile communications
play a central role in the voice/data network
arena. With the deployment of mass scale
3G just around the corner, new directions
are already being researched. In this paper
we address about the 4
G mobile
communications. The Fourth Generation
(4G) Mobile Communications should not
focus only on the data rate increase and new
air interface.4G Mobile should instead converge the advanced wireless mobile
communications and high-speed wireless
access systems into an Open Wireless
Architecture (OWA) platform which
becomes the core of this emerging next
generation mobile technology. Based on this
OWA model, 4G mobile will deliver the best
business cases to the wireless and
mobileindustries,i.e.cdma2000/WLAN/GPR
S 3in-1 product, WCDMA/OFDM/WLAN
3-in-1 product, etc. Asia-Pacific is the most
dynamic market of new generation mobile
communications with over $100 Billion
businesses in the next decade.
The 4G mobile technology
-convergence of wireless mobile and
wireless access, will definitely drive this
growth. Any single-architecture wireless
system, including 3G, HSDPA, WiMax, etc.,
is a transitional solution only, and will be
replaced by open wireless architecture
system very soon where various different
wireless standards can be integrated and
converged on this open platform.
The advent of 4G wireless systems
has created many research opportunities.
The expectations from 4G are high in terms
of data rates, spectral efficiency, mobility
and integration.
TH

Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) is proving to be a
possible multiple access technology to be
used in 4G. But OFDM comes with its own
challenges like high Peak to Average Ratio,
linearity concerns and phase noise. This
paper proposes a solution to reduce Peak to
Average Ratio by clipping method. ATLAB
as used to generate the OFDM signal to
prove that clipping does reduce Peak to
Average Ratio.

INTRODUCTION:
The first operational cellular
communication system was deployed in
the Norway in 1981 and was followed by
similar systems in the US and UK. These
first generation systems provided voice
transmissions by using frequencies around
900 MHz and analogue modulation.
The second generation (2G) of the
wireless mobile network was based on lowband digital data signaling. The most
popular 2G wireless technology is known as
Global Systems for Mobile Communications
(GSM). The first GSM systems used a
25MHz frequency spectrum in the 900MHz
band.
Planning for 3G started in the 1980s.
Initial plans focused on multimedia
applications such as videoconferencing for
mobile phones. When it became clear that
the real killer application was the Internet,
3G thinking had to evolve. As personal
wireless handsets become more common
than fixed telephones, it is clear that
personal wireless Internet access will follow
and users will want broadband Internet
access wherever they go.

2G 3G
4 G The

objective of the 3G was to develop

a new protocol and new technologies to
further enhance the\mobile experience. In
contrast, the new 4G framework to be
established will try to accomplish new levels
of user experience and multi-service
capacity by also integrating all the mobile
technologies that exist (e.g. GSM - Global
System for Mobile Communications, GPRS
- General Packet Radio Service, IMT-2000 International Mobile Communications, WiFi - Wireless Fidelity, Bluetooth).In spite of
different approaches, each resulting from
different visions of the future platform
currently under investigation, the main
objectives of 4G networks can be stated in
the following properties:
Ubiquity;
Multi-service platform;
Low bit cost
To achieve the proposed goals, a very
flexible network that aggregates various
radio access technologies, must be created.

This network must provide high bandwidth,

from 50-100 Mbps for high mobility users,
to 1Gbps for low mobility users,
technologies that permit fast handoffs, an
efficient delivery.

Migrating to 4G:
The fact that 4G mobile networks
intend to integrate almost every wireless
standard already In use, enabling its
simultaneous use and interconnection poses
many questions not yet answered. The
research areas that present key challenges to
migrate current systems to 4G are many but
can be summarized in the following: Mobile
Station, System and Service. [7] To be able
to use 4G mobile networks a new type of
mobile terminals must be conceived. The
terminals to be adopted must adapt seamless
to multiple wireless networks, each with
different protocols and technologies.

Auto reconfiguration will also be needed

so that terminals can adapt to the different
services available. This adaptation may
imply that it must download automatically
configuration software from networks in
range. Moreover terminals must be able to
choose from all the available wireless
networks the one to use with a specific
service. To do this it must be aware of
specifications of all the networks in terms of
bandwidth, QoS supported, costs and respect
to user preferences. Terminal mobility will
be a key factor to the success of 4G
networks. Terminals must be able to provide
wireless services anytime, everywhere. This
implies that roaming between different
networks must be automatic and transparent
to the user. There are two major issues in
terminal mobility, location management and
handoff
management
[7].
Location
management deals with tracking user
mobility, and handling information about
original, current and (if possible) future
cells. Moreover it must deal with
authentication issues and QoS assurances.
Handoff management primary objective is to
maintain the communications while the
terminal
crosses
wireless
network
boundaries.
In addition, 4G networks, in
opposition to the other mobile generations,
must deal with vertical and horizontal
handoffs, i.e., a 4G mobile client may move
between different types of wireless networks
(e.g. GSM and Wi-Fi) and between cells of
the same wireless network (e.g. moving
between adjacent GSM cells). Furthermore,
many of the Services available in this new
mobile generation like videoconference have

Restrict time constraints and QoS needs that

must not be perceptible affected by
handoffs. To avoid these problems new
algorithms must be researched and a
prevision of user mobility will be necessary,
so as to avoid broadcasting at the same time
to all adjacent antennas what would waste
unnecessary resources. Another major
problem relates to security, since 4G
pretends to join many different types of
mobile technologies. As each standard has
its own security scheme, the key to 4G
systems is to be highly flexible.
Services also pose many questions as
4G users may have different operators to
different services and, even if they have the
same operator, they can access data using
different network technologies. Actual
billing using flat rates, time or cost per bit
fares, may not be suitable to the new range
of services. At the same time it is necessary
that the bill is well understood by operator
and client. A broker system would be
advisable to facilitate the interaction
between the user and the different service
providers.
Another challenge is to know, at
each time, where the user is and how he can
be contacted. This is very important to
mobility management. A user must be able
to be reached wherever he is, no matter the
kind of terminal that is being used. This can
be achieved in various ways one of the most
popular being the use of a mobile-agent
infrastructure. In this framework, each user
has a unique identifier served by personal
mobile agents that make the link from users
to Internet.

Multi-technology Approach:
Orthogonal

Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
Open

wireless Architecture(OWA)

Multiple-input multiple-output

( MIMO )

GENERIC MIMO AND OFDM:

Increasing demand for high
performance 4G broadband wireless mobile
calls for use of multiple antennas at both
base station and subscriber ends. Multiple
antenna technologies enable high capacities
suited for Internet and multimedia services
and also dramatically increase range and
reliability. This design is motivated by the
growing demand for broadband wireless

Internet access. The challenge for wireless

broadband access lies in providing a
comparable quality of service for similar
cost as competing wire line technologies.
The target frequency band for this system is
2 to 5 GHz due to favorable propagation
characteristics and low radio-frequency (RF)
equipment cost. The broadband channel is
typically non LOS channel and includes
impairments such as time selective fading
and frequency-selective fading. Multiple
antennas at the transmitter and receiver
provide diversity in a fading environment.
By employing multiple antennas, multiple
spatial channels are created and it is unlikely
all the channels will fade simultaneously.
OFDM is chosen over a single carrier
solution due to lower complexity of
equalizers for high delay spread channels or
high data rates. A broadband signal is broken
down into multiple narrowband carriers
(tones), where each carrier is more robust to

multipath. In order to maintain orthogonality

amongst tones, a cyclic prefix is added
which has length greater than the expected
delay spread. With proper coding and
interleaving across frequencies, multipath
turns into an OFDM system advantage by
yielding frequency diversity. OFDM can be
implemented efficiently by using FFT's at
the transmitter and receiver .At the receiver,
FFT reduces the channel response into a
multiplicative constant on a tone-by-tone
basis .With MIMO, the channel response
becomes a matrix. Since each tone can be
equalized independently, the complexity of
space time equalizers is avoided.
Multipath remains an advantage for a
MIMO-OFDM system since frequency
selectivity caused by multipath improves the
rank distribution of the channel matrices
across frequency tones, thereby increasing
capacity.

OPEN WIRELESS
ARCHITECTE:
The 4G Mobile communications will be
based on the Open Wireless Architecture
(OWA)to ensure the single terminal can
seamlessly and automatically connect to the
local high-speed wireless access systems
when the users are in the offices, homes,
airports or shopping centers where the
wireless access networks (i.e. Wireless
LAN, Broadband Wireless Access, Wireless
Local Loop, HomeRF, Wireless ATM, etc)
are available. When the users move to the
mobile zone (i.e. Highway, Beach, Remote
area,
etc.),the
same
terminal
can
automatically switch to the wireless mobile
networks (i.e.GPRS,W-CDMA,cdma2000,
TD-SCDMA, etc.).This converged wireless
communications can provide the following
advantages.

Greatly increase the spectrum efficiency

Mostly ensure the highest data-rate to the
wireless terminal Best share the network
resources and channel utilization Optimally
manage the service quality and multimedia
applications Figure 1 shows the wireless
evolution to 4G mo bile communications
based on OWA platform, where 3G,Wireless
LAN and other wireless access technologies
will be converged into 4G mobile platform
to deliver the best infrastructure of mobile
communications with optimal spectrum
efficiency and resource management. In fact,
this OWA model had already been accepted
by most wireless industries, for example, the
W-CDMA/W-LAN/Bluetooth
3-in-1
terminal is being designed in many
companies. The global 4G Mobile R&D
focuses on the following Open Wireless
Architecture:

GOAL:
The goal of 4th Generation
(4G) mobile communications technologies is
to realize wireless communications at the
same high data rate as is made possible
through use of the fiber-optic transmission
systems that are available today. Realization
of 4G mobile communications is foreseen in

the early 2010s, but various precursor

technologies and services have been
appearing as of late. A scrutiny on the
market trends, along with a close watch on
carrier reaction as to the introduction of the
Mobile Number Portability (MNP) system
planned for October 24, 2006, is of vital
importance at this time for all those
interested in this business field.

5. Conclusion:
In this paper we present
the evolution of mobile communications
through all its generations. From the initial
speech vocation to an IP-based data
network, several steps were made. From the
analog voice centric first generation to the
digital second generation, the goal was to
enhance the voice experience of a user, by
improving the quality of the communication
while using more efficiently the installed
capacity. At the same time the enhanced
mobility provided by seamless handover and
the additional data communications capacity
(although very small) advanced and opened
the doors to future developments Some of
the developments was brought by generation
2.5 namely by GPRS, which improved data
communications by supporting IP in the
GSM infrastructure. With the third
generation the goal changed from voicecentric to data-centric. Moreover total
obility became an objective to pursuit. In
this generation it is possible to combine
voice, lnter media applications and mobility
in a never experienced manner. However,
the global mobility, while an important
objective, was never really reached. At the
same time new applications demand more
bandwidth and lower costs. The newcomer
fourth-generation tries to address this
problem by integrating all different wireless
technologies. In spite of all the evolving
technologies the final success of new mobile
generations will be dictated by the new
services and contents made available to
users. These new applications must meet
user expectations, and give added value over
existing offers.

6. References:
[1] Mobile cellular, subscribers per 100
people, International Telecommunication
Union Statistics, 2002 .
http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/statistics/at_glan
ce/cellular02.pdf
[2] Kim, Y., Jeong, B.J., Chung, J., Hwang,
C., Ryu, J.S., Kim, K., Kim, Y.K., Beyond
3G: Vision, Requirements, and Enabling
Technologies,
IEEE Communications
Magazine, March 2003, pp. 120-124
[3] ITU-R PDNR WP8F, Vision,
Framework and Overall Objectives of the
Future Development of IMT-2000 and
Systems beyond IMT-2000, 2002.
[4] 2G 3G Cellular Wireless data
transport terminology, Arc Electronics
www.arcelect.com/2G3G_Cellular_Wireless.htm
[5] Schiller, J., Mobile Communications,
slides
http://www.jochenschiller.de/
[6] Tachikawa, Keiji, A perspective on the
Evolution of Mobile Communications,
IEEE Communications Magazine, October
2003, pp. 66-73
[7] Hui, Suk Yu, and Yeung, Kai Hau,
Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile
Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine,
December 2003, pp. 54-59eamless handover
and the additional data communications