Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete occupies a leading position modern construction along with pre
stressed concrete and steel construction. Proper construction depends upon through
knowledge of action of structure and on the knowledge of characteristics and limitations of
materials that are used in the construction. The care with work is executed in the site is also
important in construction industry.
Industrial training always helps to have practical exposure to the different methods of
analysis and design in reinforced concrete. it helps to understand theory along with the use of
structural engineering software. The entire spectrum of structural engineering field includes
analysis, design, detailing , and drafting , also site related problems are under stood.
The issue related to soil engineering and the study of soil investigation reports,
interpretation of data and foundation design is also understood. Understanding different
software tools in structural engineering, its limitations. The major project assigned during
training was a multi storied mosque building at Malappuram. Site visits are also conducted
during training.
CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE PROJECT
Industrial training was on modeling, analysis, designing and detailing of a
multistoried mosque building. The proposed site is at Malappuram. Here basement floor,
ground floor, first floor, second floor are intended for prayer. The height of building is about
16.7m.
The structural system consists of RCC conventional beam slab arrangement. Kerala is
considered in seismic zone III as per IS 1893- 2002. Analysis was carried out using a very
sophisticated software tool STAAD PRO v8i. Detailed analysis and design was carried out
based on architectural drawing available and the results are summarized in the report.
CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF STAAD Pro
3.1 GENERAL
STAAD Pro is comprehensive structural engineering software that addresses all
aspects of structural engineering model development, analysis, design, verification and
visualization. This uses finite element method for analysis. One can building model, verify it
graphically, perform analysis and design, review the results, and create report all within the
same graphical base environment.
Fig 3.1 THE PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE PRODUCED USING STAAD Pro
The graphical model generation mode and the command file are seamlessly
integrated. So, at any time, the graphical model generation mode can be temporarily exited
and access the commend file. When changes are made to the command file and saved, the
GUI immediately reflects the changes made to the structure through the command file. The
frame of the building after modeling is shown in Fig.
CHAPTER 4
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
4.1 OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The design of the structure must satisfy the following requirements
Stability : To prevent the overturning , sliding or buckling of the structures, or any
part of it under action of loads.
Strength : to resisit safely the stresses induced by the loads in the various structural
members
Serviceability : To ensure satisfactory performance under service load conditions
which implies providing adequate stiffness and reinforcement to contain deflections,
cracks widths and vibrations with in adequate limits and also providing
impermeability and durability.
There are other considerations that a sensible designer ought to bear in mind , viz..,
Economy and aesthetics. One can always design a massive structure , which has more
than adequate stability, strength and serviceability ,but the ensuing cost of the
structure may be exorbitant and the end product far from aesthetics.
4.2 SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT:
The building site is located at Malappuram. The proposed site consists of top layer of
very loose sand followed by soft to medium silty clay followed by Lateritic sandy clay with
pebbles followed by silty clay/clayey sand followed by very dense sand. From the site
observation, the soil condition of the site was medium soil of safe bearing capacity
200 kN/m2. Hence it is recommended foundation for this is isolated sloped footing
CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING STAAD Pro
5.1 GENERAL
Analysis is done using STAAD Pro, as it is widely used for structural analysis and
design from Design Engineers International. While doing analysis material and geometric
properties are assumed. Loading considered in analysis are dead load, live load, seismic load
and wind load. Finally on running program output values are obtained, M15 grade and Fe415
steel is used.
Imposed loads assumed for an assembly building shall be load that will be
produced by the intended used or occupancy, but shall not be less than the equivalent
minimum loads specified by table-1 IS 875 Part II. Live loads of all floors are assumed as
4 kN/m2.
10
the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above
and below. Percentage of imposed load as taken from table 8 of IS 1893 2002 is 50%.
= 1kN/m2
Total
= 4 kN/m2
= 4 kN/m2
= 4 kN/m2
11
k3 = Topography factor
Design wind pressure Pz = 0.6 x vz2
TABLE 5.1 WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS
FLOOR
K1
k2
PZ (kN/m )
40.95
1.00614515
1.05
40.95
1.00614515
1.0732
41.8548
1.05109457
1.1026
43.0014
1.10947224
m/s
GROUND
FLOOR
3.9
39
1.05
FIRST FLOOR
8.7
39
SECOND FLOOR
12.9
39
ROOF
17.1
39
VZ (m/s)
HEIGHT
m
k
3
12
The various load combinations that are adopted in the analysis are shown in
table
DL+LL
1.5
DL+WLX
1.5
1.5
DL+WLZ
1.5
1.5
DL+ELX
1.5
1.5
DL+ELZ
1.5
1.5
DL+WLX
0.9
1.5
DL+WL
0.9
1.5
DL+ELX
0.9
1.5
DL+ELZ
0.9
1.5
DL+LL+WLX
1.2
1.2
1.2
DL+LL+WLZ
1.2
1.2
1.2
DL+LL+ELX
1.2
1.2
1.2
DL+LL+ELZ
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
13
14
15
16
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF RCC BUILDING
6.1 DESIGN OF FOOTING
6.1.1 GENERAL
Footing is the type of foundation in which base of wall or column is sufficiently
enlarged to act as an individual support widened base not only provides stability but is
useful in distributing load on sufficient area of the soil. Foundation is the bottom most
important component of a structure which generally lies below the ground level. The
foundation provided for a RCC beam is called a column footing
The column footing is distributing the load over a large area so that the
intensity of pressure on soil, and not exceeded safe bearing capacity soil and settlement of
structure is kept permissible limit.
Types of footings:
Isolated footing
Combined footing
Pile foundation
Continuous footing for walls
Spread footing
Raft or Mat foundation
Strap footing
Cantilever footing
6.1.2 DESIGN OF ISOLATED SLOPED FOOTING
Design for:
Soil pressure, q = 200 kN/m2
M20, ie., fck = 20 N/mm2
Fe415, ie., fy = 415 N/mm2
Size of column = 600mm x 300mm
Design constants
For M20 Fe415 combination, we have:
17
= 11.825m2
= 972 mm
Let the effective depth at the column face bed and that at the edge be 0.2d
D = d + 0.2d = 1165
Using an effective cover of 60mm
Available depth of footing, d = 1165 60 = 1105 mm
Effective depth of footing at the edge shall be 0.2d = 195 mm
The overall thickness at the edge shall be 195+60 = 255 mm
= 304 kN
Vu = 1.5V = 456 kN
Effective depth d at that location = 195 +
)]
= 476 mm
18
= 2510 mm
= 2890 mm
Hence safe
v = 1.5
c = 0.25
v < c
= 1.118 N/mm2
Hence safe
Steel reinforcement
Ast =
Hence provide 12 numbers of 16mm diameter rods uniformly spaced in the width
3.5m in each direction
19
It should be realized that the failure of a column results in a collapse of the structure.
The column is defined as the compression member, the effective length of which
exceeds three times the least lateral dimension.
Column may be cost to any of the following shape square, circular, hexagonal,
octagonal.
Material constants
Use M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel bars of grade Fe415.
For M20 Concrete, fck
= 20 N/mm2
= 415 N/mm2
Preliminary dimensioning
Depth of column, D
= 600 mm
20
Breadth of column, B
= 300 mm
= 4.3 m
Type of column
Longitudinal reinforcement
(0.8% is minimum steel area of column as per IS 456:2000)
Assume
of steel
=
= 0.1
= 20 mm
Clear cover
= 40 mm
Taken
= 0.1
21
= 0.628
Assume , reinforcement is equally distributed on four sides
Refer chart 48 of SP 16:1980,for
=0.628,
and
,we
get
=0.06
= 129.6 kNm
=
taken
= 0.2
=0.628,
and
, we get
=0.06
= 64.8 kNm
22
Calculation of Puz
Refer chart 63 of SP 16:1980, for pt = 2%, fck= 20 N/mm2 and
Puz =
= 2700 kN
&
=0.9
of lateral ties as 6 mm
Pitch
According to IS 456:2000,clause 26.5.3.2(c)
The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following
distances:
23
= 466.67 mm
iii. 450 mm
Hence adopt lo as 600 mm
According to IS 13920:1993 clause 7.4.6 spacing of hoops used as special confining
reinforcement:
24
6.3.1 GENERAL
A beam is structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily
by resisting bending. The bending force induced in to the material of beam as result of
the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a
bending moment.
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to
carry horizontal loads (ie., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by
beam are transferred to columns, walls or girders, which then transfer the force to
adjacent structural compression members. In a light frame construction the joists the
joists rests on the beam.
Beams are characterized by their profile (the shape of the cross section),
their length and their material. In contemporary construction, beams are typically made
of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood. The common type is I-beam or wide flange
beam. This is commonly used in steel frame buildings and bridges. Other common
beams profiles are C-channel the hollow structural section beam, the pipe and the
angle.
6.3.1 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
25
= 15 N/mm2
= 415 N/mm2
Preliminary dimensioning
Width of the beam =230 mm
Depth of the beam =600 mm
Assume 25 mm clear cover and 20 mm bars
Effective depth =600-25-10 = 565 mm
Ultimate moments and shear force (Left end)
Ultimate bending moment, Mu = 177.18kNm
Ultimate shear force, Vu
=134.9 kN
= 0.138
= 0.138
= 151.98 kNm
Mu
26
2.413
pt
0.818
(from SP16:1980)
Pc
0.106
(from SP16:1980)
1062.99
(required),mm2
1256
(provided),mm2
(#4,20)
(required),mm2
137.75
226.08
(provided),mm2
(#2,12)
=14.021kN
= 0.138
= 0.138
= 151.98 kNm
Mu
pt
0.417
(from SP16:1980)
542
(required),mm2
628
(provided),mm2
(#2,20)
27
=109.171kN
= 0.138
= 0.138
= 151.98 kNm
Mu
pt
0.413
(from SP16:1980)
536.7
(required),mm2
628
(provided),mm2
(#2,20)
Left end
Mid span
Right end
Moment
177.18
101.53
96.91
134.9
14.021
109.17
2.413
1.33
1.32
0.818
0.72
0.72
0.106
0.003
0.003
1062.99
935.64
935.64
KNm
Shear
KN
pt
(from SP16:1980)
Pc
(from SP16:1980)
(required),mm2
28
942
1256
942
(provided),mm2
(#4,20,)
(#3,20)
(required),mm2
137.75
226.08
226.08
226.08
(#2,12)
(#2,12)
(#2,12)
(provided),mm2
(#3,20)
=
= 1.038 N/mm2
(
= 0.966
=0.59 N/mm 2
(c b d)
) (0.59
= (134,9
=58.23 KN
29
= 1.03 kN/cm
As per SP 16:1980, table 62
Provided
= 1.037 kN/cm
=423.75 mm
b) 300 mm
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement = 300 mm
Therefore provide 8 mm 2 legged stirrups @ 250 mm c/c up to a distance of 0.25 Lef from
the face of the support and provide 8 mm 2 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c in all other
places.
30
TYPES OF STAIRCASE
Dog legged staircase
Open well staircase
Spiral staircase
Quarter turn staircase
6.4.2 DESIGN OF DOGLEGGED STAIRCASE
Material Constants:Concrete, fck = 15 N/mm2
Steel,
fy = 415 N/mm2
Span, tread & rise of the stair are taken from the architectural drawings provided.
As per IS 456:2000 clause 33.1
Effective span leff
= 5465 mm
Thickness of slab
=
= 200 mm
31
= 25 mm
Effective depth, d
= 170 mm
Rise of stair
= 170 mm
Tread of stair
= 300 mm
= 200 mm
Load calculation
Dead load of waist slab
The self-weight of the steps is calculated by treating the step to be equivalent horizontal
slab of thickness equal to half the rise ( )
Self-weight of step
=0.5
=0.5
Floor finish
=1
=4
= 12.875
= wu =
32
=
= 71.85 kNm
Check for depth of waist slab
=
=
=186 mm
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the ultimate moment.
Reinforcements
From sp16, table 22
=1256 mm2
Maximum spacing
={
={
33
= 300 mm
)
=
= 240 mm2
Distribution Steel
Distribution reinforcement = 0.12
= 240 mm2
Use 8 mm
bars
=
= 210 mm
Provide 8 mm
Check
As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.3.3(b)
Maximum spacing = {
={
= 450 mm
34
=
= 52.68 kN
As per IS 456:2000 clause 40.1
=
= 0.301 N/mm2
( )
35
TYPES OF SLAB
Slabs are classified according to the system of support used as under.
Cantilever slabs
Material constants
Use M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel bars of grade Fe415.
For M20 Concrete, fck
= 15 N/mm2
= 415 N/mm2
36
Type of slab
Centre to Centre distance of longer span,
=6m
=4m
Load calculation
Dead load of waist slab
Floor finish
=1
=4
37
=8
=1.5
8 = 12
=0.075
=0.056
=0.047
=0.035
)=
= 15.092 kNm
)=
11.268 kNm
)=
9.45 kNm
)=
7.043 kNm
= 0.138
=
=
=85.38mm
(95 mm)
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate moment.
38
(required)
(provided)
1)short span
Edge section
2)long span
Edge section
Mid span section
Maximum spacing
= {
= {
= 285 mm
39
=
= 144 mm2
(
(
= 373 mm2
fs =
= 373 mm
= 356 mm
(
(
=
= 208.06
Pt =
= 0.39
= 26
=26
=
= 43
( )
40
=
= 24.57 kN
As per IS 456:2000 clause 40.1
= 0.388 N/mm2
=
= 0.41 N/mm2
= 0.53 N/mm 2
= 1.3
As per IS 456:2000, Table 20
Maximum shear stress,( )
( )
41
of the diameter with the values of 50 mm-100 mm for domes in the range of
25m-50m respectively. The reinforcement in the dome is made up of wire mesh and
concrete is placed in concentric rings over preformed framework or the dome can be
formed by gunniting using micro concrete.
6.6.2 DESIGN OF RCC DOME -central portion above the 2ND floor of Mosque
Data:
Span of dome,
D = 4.23 m
Thickness of dome,
t = 120 mm
Central rise,
r=2m
Load calculation:
The self-weight of the slab = (0.12*1*1)25 = 3.00 kN/m2
Floor finishes
= 1 kN/m2
= 4 kN/m2
Factored load
W= 6 kN/m2
Determination of stresses:
1) Meridianal thrust,
MT =
MT =
)(
(R=
42
= 2.118 m)
MT = 8.85 kN/m
(sin =
= 64.15 )
Meridianal stress,
MS =
=(
MS = 0.07375 N/mm2
cc
= 0.07375 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
Hence, it is safe
2) Hoop thrust,
HT = WR(cos
HT = 6*2.118*(cos64.15
HT = -3.308 kN/m
Hoop stress,
HS =
=(
= -0.027 N/mm2
HS = -0.003 N/mm2
cc
= 4 N/mm2
Hence, it is safe
But these stresses are very low. Therefore minimum of 0.30% of the dome area will be
Ast = 0.30%(bD)
Ast =
*(1000*120)
)*1000 = (
)*1000
(assume, diameter = 12
mm)
s = 314.16 mm 300mm c/c
Provide main reinforcement of 12 mm diameter @ 300 mm c/c spacing.
= 377 mm2
Ft = 20.14 kN
43
Ast =
Number of bars, n =
= 1.78
4 numbers
(assume 12 mm diameter
bars)
Provide 4 numbers of 12 mm diameter rods as ring beam reinforcement.
Therefore, actual area, Ast = 4*113.10 = 452.40 mm2
= 1.20
= 1.20
(m =
13.33)
Ac = 11205.36 mm2
(assume square
beam)
So, the size of ring beam is given as 150 mm*150 mm.
44
= 3.60m
Breadth
= 1.60m
Depth, H = 0.70m
Weight of soil, w = 20 kN/m3
M20, ie.,
fck = 20 N/mm2
Fe415, ie.,
fy = 415 N/mm2
45
ka =
=6 )
= 0.81
= 0.06 kNm
And the maximum bending moment away from the water surface
=
= 0.14 kNm
= 0.16 kNm
And the maximum bending moment away from the water surface
=
= 0.37 kNm
(assume 10 mm diameter)
d = 40 mm
46
for away,
Ast =
Spacing, s = (
)*1000 = (
= 93.53 mm2
)1000 = 840 mm
(assume 10 mm diameter)
for near,
Ast =
Spacing, s = (
)*1000 = (
= 40.44 mm2
)1000 = 1243 mm
(assume 8 mm diameter)
= 280 mm2
Horizontal reinforcement:
The horizontal reinforcement area, Ast = 0.30%(bD)
Ast =
*(1000*60)
)*1000 = (
)1000 = 558.55 mm
(assume 8 mm
diameter)
= 280 mm2
47
M=
= 116.28 mm2
)*1000 = (
)1000 = 675 mm
(assume 10 mm diameter)
Vertical reinforcement:
The horizontal reinforcement area, Ast = 0.30%(bD)
Ast =
*(1000*60)
)*1000 = (
)1000 = 280 mm
(assume 8 mm diameter)
= 280 mm2
Design of slab:
Assume, the overall depth of slab, D = 100 mm
Therefore, the effective depth, d = 100 (15) ( )
(assume 12 mm diameter)
d = 80 mm
48
= 1.50 kN/m2
= 0.60 kN/m2
W = 4.10 kN/m2
= 2.48 kNm
hence, it is safe
= 313.45 mm2
Spacing, s = (
)*1000 = (
)1000 = 360.82 mm
*(1000*100)
)*1000 = (
)1000 = 168 mm
(assume 8 mm diameter)
= 304.67 mm2
49
CHAPTER 7
SITE VISITS
17.1. SITE VISIT TO APOLLO BUILDERS MANJERI
As part of this training, a site visit was conducted to the construction site of apollo builders,
Manjeri. It is R.C.C framed structure having two towers. The tower 1 has G+15 floors and the
tower 2 has G+ 14 floors. The construction techniques adopted for boring and concreting of
Direct Mud Circulation (D.M.C) pile were observed. The hard rock available at the site was
at a depth of 10m.
The diameters of the piles are 600, 700 and 800 mm. The piles are driven up to a depth of 10
m were hard strata was available. The process of pile driving and concreting of piles were
clearly observed and understood.
D.M.C pile is Direct Mud Circulation pile where water jet is let through the piling chisel
which comes out from bottom with mud. In D.M.C pile foundation the bentonite suspension
is pumped into the bottom of the hole through the drill rods and it overflows at the top of the
casing. The mud pump should have the capacity to maintain a velocity of 0.41 to 0.76m/s to
float the cuttings.
50
51
52
In villas, foundation and reinforcement of roof slab construction was completed. For two way
slabs, the spacing for top and bottom reinforcement is different while for one way slab, the
top and bottom spacing are same. Framed section of beam columns were completed for villas.
53
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The industrial training, taken through a period of three months allowed me to gain
ample exposure to various field practices in the analysis and design of multi- storied
buildings and also in various construction techniques used in the industry. The analysis was
done using the software package STAAD Pro v8i and the drawing details in Auto CAD 2010.
All the structural components were designed manually. The use of the software offers saving
in time, It takes value on safer side than manual work. Hence manual design was adopted.
The analysis and design was done according to standard specifications to the possible extend.
The various difficulties encountered in the design process and the various constraints faced
by the structural engineer in designing up to the architectural drawing were also well
understood. This training helped to understand and analyse the structural problem faced by
the construction industry. Site visits also gave me an exposure to the industry.
54
REFERENCES
1. S.Unnikrishna Pillai & Devadas Menon Reinforced Concrete Design. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.
2. N Krishna Raju, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, C.B.S Publishers and
Distributers, New Delhi,2004
3. P.C. Varghese, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, Prentice-Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi, 2008.
4. Pankaj Agarwal & Manish Shrikhande Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures,
Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007.
5. IS: 456-2000, Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
6. IS: 875 (Part I)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads
(Other than earthquake) for Building and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
7. IS: 875 (Part II)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads
(Other than earthquake) for Building and Structures,
New Delhi.
8. IS: 875 (Part III)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads
(Other than earthquake) for Building and Structures,
New Delhi
9. IS: 1893 (Part I)-2002, Indian Standard Criteria for earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
10. IS: 3370 (Part II)-1965, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for
the Storage of Liquids, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
55
11. IS: 3370 (Part IV)-1967, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Concrete Structures
for the Storage of Liquids, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
12. SP 16: 1980, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS:456-1978, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
13. SP 34: 1987, Hand Book on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
14. IS 13920: 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of
Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
56