The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies

Vol 53, No 1, December

Journal o/lndwl1 alld 8uddhnt Stlldlel Vol

20044
200

(I)
(I)

Practice of Wakefulness
--AlokawlnJl1ii
--AlokawlnJl1ii

111
111

the

SriivakahhLlJnl-SriivakahhLlJnl--

Takako ABE
ABE
Takako
The fIrst
of the
the
The
fIrst Yoga'lthZina of

Sriivakahhul111
shows basIc
basIc attitudes
attitudes and
and acts
acts
S
riivakahhul111 ((=Sbh)
= S bh ) shows

of forest-dwellIng
forest-dwellIng renunclants
renunclants rather
rather than
than yogZicZira's methods
methods of
of medItatIon.
medItatIon. In
In thIS
thIS
of
of wakefulness
wakefulness (jaganJ..ayoga)
IS II1terpreted
II1terpreted 111
111 detaIl
detaIl Whereas
Whereas
chapter, the
the practIce
practIce of
chapter,
(jaganJ..ayoga) IS
the term
term j(igankZiyoga
j(igankZiyoga IS
IS commonly
commonly expressed
expressed 111
111 the
the Nlkayas
Nlkayas and
and the
the Agamas
Agamas as
as
the
"applylllg to
to belllg
belllg awake
awake (,ag(/! Iya-anuyutta,
"applylllg

f}]~1~1~Jj!fJlt~m:t)"',
the TIbetan
TIbetan trans
transf}]11Jj!fJltm:t)"', the

latIon of
of the
the Sbh
Sbh renders
renders "a
practIce of
of not
not sleeplllg
sleeplllg
latIon
"a practIce

nya/ ba
ba shyor
shyor ba)"',
and also
also
((1111
1111 nya/
ba)"', and

the MahZiyZinZibl1ldharma-wl11l1ccaya
MahZiyZinZibl1ldharma-wl11l1ccaya puts
puts "/FH"
"/F~H~" 111
111 thIs
thIs term
term
the

There are
are some
some
There

IIldlcatlllg aa practIce
practIce of
of forgoll1g
forgoll1g sleep
sleep for
for aa partIcular
partIcular perIod
perIod of
of tIme
tIme as
as an
an
siitras IIldlcatlllg
ascetic deed.
deed. Thus
Thus we
we tend
tend to
to gIve
gIve aa defll1ltlOn
defll1ltlOn of
of jiigankZiyoga as
as aa practIce
practIce of
of
ascetic
forgoll1g sleep
sleep
forgoll1g

The Sbh,
Sbh, however,
however, stresses
stresses taklllg
taklllg enough
enough sleep
sleep to
to mall1tall1
mall1tall1 their
their
The

and to
to practIce
practIce dUrIng
dUrIng sleep
sleep
health and
health

In the
the whole
process of
of practIce
practIce 111
111 sleep,
sleep, the
the
In
whole process

most essentIal
IS the
the Zilokasal11jiiZi
most
essentIal element
element IS

Though the
the NIkayas
NIkayas and
and the
the Agamas
Agamas
Though

refer It
It as
as aa concentratIon
concentratIon on
on an
an Image
Image of
of lIght
lIght to
to avoId
avoId the
the defIlement
defIlement of
of drowsll1ess
drowsll1ess
refer
(llllddha), the
the Sbh
Sbh gives
gives aa dIfferent
dIfferent vIew
on ItS
ItS functIOn
and character.
character. In
In thiS
thiS paper,
paper,
(llllddha),
vIew on
functIOn and

as aa part
part of
of my
my current
current research
research on
on the
the practItIOners'
practItIOners' behavIOur
behavIOur stated
stated 111
111 the
the Sbh,
Sbh, II
as
fIrst would
would lIke
lIke to
to demonstrate
that the
the }ZigankZiyoga IS
IS aa practIce
practIce that
that takes
takes place
place
fIrst
demonstrate that
dUrIng sleep
dUrIng
sleep and
and conSIder
conSIder the
the functIon
functIon of
of the
the Zilokawl11jnZi, and
and second
second dISCUSS
dISCUSS the
the

manner In
In whIch
whIch one
one performs
performs the
the Zilokasal11jI1Zi
manner
Way of
ofjiigarikiiyoga
jiigarikiiyoga
1. Way

The way
way of
of jiigankiiyoga
jiigankiiyoga 111
111 the
the Sbh,
Sbh, origll1aIly
from aa
The
origll1aIly from

passage of
of the
the RathakZira-vagga [AN],
the MahZi'lsapura-slitta [MN],
or the
the Loka
Loka[AN], the
[MN], or
passage
IS as
as lIsted
lIsted
hill1aglll1a-vagga [SN],
[SN], IS

111 order
order below:
below: ..
111

I Day tllne / The fIrst watch of

of the I1Ight
I1Ight --- Walkll1g and Slttll1g practIce
of the I1Ight
I1Ight --(I) Wash II1
II1gg feet outSIde and enterll1g II1to
II1to the resI
resI22 Thc Il1lddlc watch of
--- (I)
(2) lyl\1g In
In the lIon's
lIon's posture (1'll1lha';a.
(1'll1lha';a.I,ya),
(3) PercelvlIlg a lIght (aloka,<,amjllii),
(2)
I,ya), (3)
(aloka,<,amjllii),
(4) Havl\1g Il1l11dfulness
Il1l11dfulness ((\111111).
(5) HavlI1g full awareness (wmpr(lj17ana), (6)
(6) Thlllklllg of
of
(4)
\111111 ) . (5)
dence.

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The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies

(( ~ ))

of Wakefulness (T
(T ABE)
ABE)
Practice of

nsmg up
up (utfhanaml11jiia) (Sbh
(Sbh 4pp
4pp 10-1
10-11)
nsmg
1)
Although the term

(3) a/okasal11j11a does not occur

(3)

kayas and IS
IS Just mentioned
mentioned III
III the
kayas

111 the passage of

of the above NI
NI-

Agamas,
Sbh
It as follows'
A
gamas, the S
bh expla111s It

[The
practItIOner] grasps
grasps an
an Image
Image of
of aa lIght
lIght well,
well, thll1ks
thll1ks It
It well,
well, enJoys
enJoys It
It well,
well, and
and rec
rec[The practItIOner]
ogmzes It
It well
well (a/okanlllllttam
(a/okanlllllttam allena \'udgrhitam hhavatl m/1lwwslkrtam \uJustam mpra
mpraogmzes
The one
one who
who IS
IS examll1l11g
examll1l11g the
the lIght
lIght lIes
lIes dow
downn wIth
wIth the
the mll1d
mll1d bnghtened
Thus
bnghtened Thus
tlvlddham/) The
the mll1d
mll1d IS
IS never
never covered
covered wIth
wIth darkness
darkness even
even dunng
dunng sleep
sleep (Sbh
(Sbh p
p 106)
the

This passage IS explIcit about one's sleep with an awakened m111d By the followlllg
passage on
passage
ened

(4) '1m,.tl, we could suggest that the a/oka.sal11Jl1a makes

makes a m111d bnght
bnght(4)

111 order ,to

111 a dream The text says
to IIlvestlgate objects 111

111

Havmg heard,
heard, thought,
thought, and
and cultIvated
cultIvated the
the meanmgful
teachmgs, [the
practItIOner s]
s] mem
memHavmg
meanmgful teachmgs,
[the practItIOner
ory of
of the
the exact
exact [teachll1gs]
arIses dUrIng
dUrIng sleep
sleep
ory
[teachll1gs] arIses
111

Dependll1g
on the
the [memory],
even whIle
whIle
Dependll1g on
[memory], even

sleep, the
the teach
teach II1gs
II1gs are
are recorded
recorded (ahlll/apantl) as
as IIff he
he were
were awake
awake (\ vapn(IPI
vapn(IP I )),, and
and 11IS
11IS
sleep,

mmd observes
observes the
the teaehll1gs
teaehll1gs repeatedly
repeatedly In
In accordance
accordance wIth
wIth the
the recollectIOn,
recollectIOn, one
one lIes
lIes dow
down
mmd
n
wIth a'
a' good
good mInd
mInd or
or aa neutral
neutral I11l11d
I11l11d (Sbh
(Sbh pp
pp 106-1(7)
wIth

llap does not only express that past

It should be noted here that the term ab/ll
ab/llllap
objects are fixed, but also ImplIes that they appear with their dlst111ctlve marks,
111 a m111d
m111d See\l1g "'1vapl7a" as a dream, "ahlllllap"
languages 111
signs, forms, or languages
"ahlll llap" can

reflects
be descnbed as a function of a process of recollection which ref
lects past objects

Mahavlhclearly 111
111 a dream ThiS view would be accepted by Hsuan-tsang and the Mahavlh
hasa-~a'ltra Hsuan-tsang translates thiS "'1vapl7a" 'II1tO "a dream 111
111 sleep
sleepll!l=~",
ll!l=", and
hasa-a'ltra

"ablllllap"
memonze~Gt~"
c1early5J'SJjffl,-ru-"
The
"ablll llap" 111tO " to memonze
Gt " and "to appear c1early
5J' SJjffl,-ru- " as well T
he
of the mll1d 111
111 sleep and the three types
Mahavlhhasa offers a detailed descnptlon of
of actions performed 111
111 sleep,
sleep, 'good, bad, and neutral
neutral If
If one actually performs good
of
acts, good-karma occurs while sleep1l1g The good-karma leads him to do good acts
such as makll1g an offenng III
tue
III hiS dream, which then causes good vir
virtue

exAlthough the later Yogacara-VIJllanavadl\1's texts, as we know, strongly deny ex

Istences appeared 111
111 a dream, the

Sbh
of wakeS bh takes the traditIOnal ascetic deed of
wake

of observ1I1g the teachll1gs In a dream In the process of

of the Jagfulness as a way of
Jag
ankayoga, we could confidently say that the a/okawl11Jl1a IS a functIOn to keep
III order to project the teach II1gs III
III a dream
consciousness clan fled III

2, Manner
Manner of
of iilokasamjnii
iilokasamjnii

To conSider what I p0111ted out 111

111 the prevIous paper
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The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies

(( 33 ))

of Wakefulness (T ABE)
PractIce of

010ka5al11j110, we mIght
that the dlVII1e eye (devClcClf...\lI\)
(devClcClf...\lI\) can be obtaII1ed by means of 010ka5al11j110,
expect that the alokaml1l/lla
alokaml1l/lla means
means more than the concentratIon on an Image
Image of
of

lIght for the aVOIdance of

of sleepll1ess. Now a questIon arIses' how does one perceIve
lIght
lIght')
a lIght')
alokammjl1a IS
IS rather a serIes of
of VIsualIzatIons, because few
We can see that the alokammjl1a
ii/okawl11/llii as a VIsualIzatIon gIve SimIlar comments to the
texts regardll1g the ii/okawl11/llii

of the Samodhl-bhavano
Samodhl-bhavano
passage quoted above For example, the chapter of

Sbh's
Sbh's

(~)E) II1
II1
()E)

Dharmcnkanda-pCida-\ostra says that havlI1g taken an Image of

of lIght such as a
the Dharmcnkanda-pCida-\ostra

lIght of
of medlcll1e, mal1l-jewelry, heavenly palace, constellatIon, or a round frame
frame of
of
lIght
ImagII1es the lIght shlnII1g at a certaII1 place
the sun or the moon, the practItIOner ImagII1es
and Widens the Image to spread over the mII1d The slitra also expresses Its method

II1 kkII1g, comprehendll1g, observlI1g, concentratII1g, settlll1g, and dlscrI

dlscrI mll1at1l1g
as .. thII1

C'l!\1t.flr7tmJmm!?eff:fffi
C'l!\1t.f~lr7tm~Jmm!?eff:fffi7.J"'5JU)'"
7.J"'5JU)'" LIkeWIse, the Sanputrabllldharma-sostra
Sanputrabllldharma-sostra expla1l1s
Image of
of lIght, thll1ks It, recognIzes It, and enjoys It
that one grasps an Image

(!&~7tI3)H
(!&7tI3)H

B
J'l!7\*7tI3~~D7tI3~~7tI3~), and then fIll the mll1d WIth the lIght.
lIght.
B J'l!7\*7tI3D7tI37tI3),
3. Conclusion

have seen, the jagankayoga

jagankayoga 111
111 the
As we have

of forgoll1g sleep, but

but a medItatIon dUrIng sleep
of

Sbh
IS not a practIce
Sbh IS

alokasal11jila,
In thIS process, the alokasal11jila,

IS stated \11
\11 the Nlkayas to be a medItatIon to aVOId drows\l1ess, IS
IS a functIon
functIon
whIch IS
memoto awaken one"s conSCIousness, so that the mll1d reflects objects prevIously memo
In a dream W
WhIle
alokamlJ1/l1a IS simply conSIdered to be a concentratIon
rIzed In
hIle the alokamlJ1/l1a
of lIght, 111
111 the
on an Image of

It IS
IS a serIes of
of visualIzatIOns that begll1s WIth a
SSbh
bh It

Image of
of lIght
lIght and ends WIth a mll1d suffused with brIghtness
phYSIcal Image
SrZivahahhiiml of
of ACiil:J'{/
ACiil:J'{/ A wllga,
(1973) Sriivakahhiim"
Sriivakahhiim" Re
ReRefel ences SrZivahahhiiml
wllga, Shllk la, K cd (1973)

vised Sanskrit Text and Japanese TranslatIOn, S

bh StlldYll1g Group, Talsho Ul1lVerslty
Sbh

(1998) Notes al e omitted for want of

of space See my prevIOLIs paper ,7t0)",
,7t0)~~", In The
(1998)
JOllrnal
JOllrnal

Ewlell( BlIddJlII1 Sludle\,

Sludle\, No :36
(2004)
0/ Ewlell(
:36 (2004)

WOlds>>
Key WOlds
((Key

Sf{lva/\ahhiil1ll, Jiigartkiivoga,
Jiigartkiivoga, ii/okawII1Jllii,
ii/okawII1Jllii,
Sf{lva/\ahhiil1ll,

\l11rll, sleep, dream

\l11rll,

Chlsan-ha))
((Researcher,
Researcher, CI11San DenboulI1 I nstltute for Chlsan-ha

47B
-47B-

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