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SJKC KULAI ( 1 )

GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

(1) Articles
Indefinite Articles a & an
(a ) To show a Singular Noun eg: a book, a boy, a bat, an egg,
-

an apple, an elephant, etc


(i)

Vowel Sounds ( a, e, I, o, u ) use an


Silent h - -use an

(ii)

Consonant Sounds ( b, c, d, z) use a


Sounds like university , uniform a

(b) To show a General Statement eg: A cow gives us milk.


Definite Article the ( to show )
(a) A specific noun (usually when talking about the picture given)
eg: We change the idea of :- ( A boy ) to the idea of ( The boy )
(b) When repeating a same object
eg:- I have a car. The car is blue.
(c) When the object is of its one kind
eg : sun, earth, king, headmaster, .etc
(d) In superlative form
eg : tallest, most beautiful, best.etc
(e) For locations
eg: in the field, on the table, at the stall,..etc
We DO NOT use Articles:1. In front of an uncountable noun eg: flour, rice, water..
2. Before proper nouns for a person, place, countries eg: John, Johor.
But use the :- USA, Republic of China, Kuala Lumpur Tower, etc
3. Before any sports & games eg: badminton.
4. Before any meals eg: breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper.
5. Before a Plural Noun for General Statement eg: giraffes, postmen..
Fill in the blanks with Articles ( a, an, the ) or ( - )
1. ________________ postman delivers letters and parcels.
2. ________________ pilot flies aeroplanes.
3. ________________ engineers sometimes work at the construction sites.
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4. ________________ artist painted ________________ most beautiful art work to sell.


5. ________________ waitress serves ______________ food to _____________
customers in ____________________ restaurant.
6. _________________ electrician repairs ____________________ electrical appliances.
7. _________________

alligator

lays_____________

eggs.

After

laying

________________ eggs, it covers them with ________________mud and plants.


8. _______________toads and ___________frogs look alike. ____________ toads skin is
rough and damp but _______________ frogs skin in smooth and wet.
9. ______________ herd of cattle are grazing in _________________ field.
10. ______________ python killed __________goat by winding itself around ________ goat
and crushed it hard.
For each omission given ( / ), rewrite the sentences with Articles
1. He left / house / hour ago.
_____________________________________________________________
2. / Fishmonger sells / fish in / market.
____________________________________________________________
3. / Reporters write / news and / articles.
____________________________________________________________
4. Tina saw / burglar broke into / neighbours house last night.
______________________________________________________________
5. We watched / movie after having / delicious meal.

(2) Singular & Plural Nouns


Complete the table below with Plural Forms
1. boy

SINGULAR - PLURAL
-

SINGULAR - PLURAL
11. goose -

2. tiger

12. tooth

3. brush

13. ox

4. bus

14. child

15. buffalo

5. army

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6. cherry

16. mouse

7. knife

17. furniture -

8. wolf

18. deer

9. glass

19. sheep

10. watch

20. rice

Rewrite the sentences in Plural Forms


1. The girls put on a cap and carry an umbrella on a sunny day.
______________________________________________________________
2. The bird flew above the house just now.
______________________________________________________________
3. The ox and the sheep are grazing on the field.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The mouse came out to steal food at night.
_______________________________________________________________
5. My family enjoys picnicking during the weekend.
________________________________ _______________________________

(3) Verbs (Parts of Body)


NOUNS
1. elbow
2. finger
3. hand
4. arm
5. knee
6. leg
7. feet
8. toes
9. ear
10. eye
11. nose
12. tongue
13. teeth
14. mouth

VERBS
bend
snap, count, cross
carry, take, hold, write, draw, shake, play, hit, clap, slap, break
lift
kneel, bend
walk, run, jump, skip, stand
dance, step, kick
balance
listen, hear
see, look, read, tear, close, open
smell
taste
bite, chew, (brush, pull out )
eat, drink, speak, talk, tell, sing, cry, laugh, shout, blow, read

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15. head
16. neck

nod, shake
turn

Complete the chant with correct Verbs


I ________________________ with my eyes.
I ________________________ with my ears.
I ________________________ with my nose.
I ________________________ with my tongue.
I ________________________ with my teeth.
I ________________________ with my mouth.
I ________________________ with my head.
I ________________________ with my neck.
I ________________________ with my arm.
I ________________________ with my hands.
I ________________________ with my fingers.
I ________________________ with my legs.

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I ________________________ with my feet.


I ________________________ myself on my toes.
Now, you have learnt that;
Different parts of your body,
Can do different things.

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GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

Underline the correct answer for each question below


1. The pupils ( read, talk ) quietly in the library.
2. The children ( jump, play ) happily in the playground.
3. I ( eat, drink ) my soup with a spoon.
4. Peter and Jane ( catch, hold ) the butterflies with a net.
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5. Mei Lin and her friends always ( dance, skip ) at the school concert.
6. The boys ( kick, hit ) the balls with their feet.
7. Please ( carry, throw ) the books to the staffroom.
8. We ( stand, sit ) straight when we ( sing, shout ) the national anthem.
9. Do not ( take, touch ) the switch with your wet hand.
10. The fierce dogs ( chew, bite ) at the strangers.
11. The players ( hit, touch ) the ball over the net.
12. I ( blow, taste ) out the candles on the cake.
13. The spectators ( slap, clap ) loudly when the player has shot a goal.
14. The prayers ( bend, kneel ) and ( cross, snap ) their fingers in front of the god when
they pray.
15. We ( open, close ) our eyes when we sleep.
16. My twin sisters ( cry, laugh ) loudly upon hearing the jokes.
17. I ( cover, hold ) my ears when I ( hear, listen ) the thunder.
18. My English teacher likes to ( talk, tell ) stories to us.
19. The roses ( look, see ) beautiful and ( smell, taste ) fragrant.
20. Please ( take, open ) your book and ( turn, bend ) to page 50.

(4) Tenses
Study the table about different TENSES based on time phrase given
Simple Present
Verbs :
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Simple Past
Verbs :

Simple Future
Verbs : root words
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Singular : -s, -es, -ies


( He, She, It )
Plural : root words
( I, You, We, They)

often,

day,

Irregular

changed,
changed,

* will / shall ( verb )

vowels shall I , We
word will He, She, It, You,

remain

root

words
Time Phrase :

Time Phrase :
every

Regular : -d, -ed. - ied

They
Time Phrase :

always, just now, this morning, later,

sometimes, yesterday,

usually, never

last

soon,

tonight,

night, tomorrow, next week,

last week, a few days in future

ago
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
Singular: is + Verb ing Singular:
was+Verb will be + Verb ing
( He, She, It )

ing

( He, She, It, You, They

Plural: are + Verb ing

( He, She, It )

( I, You, We, They)

Plural: were + Verb ing

shall be + Verb ing

Time Phrase :

( I, You, We, They)


Time Phrase :

( I, We )
Time Phrase :

now, at the moment

~ when, ~ while, ~ as

later, tonight, etc

Simple Present Tense + Subject Verb Agreement


Subject Nouns / Pronouns
The boys, I, You, We, They
Plural Verbs
1. play, speak, listen
2. go, brush, catch
3. carry, fly, cry

+s
+ es
y ies

Subject Nouns / Pronouns


John, My mother, He, She, It
Singular Verbs
plays, speaks, listens
goes, brushes, catches
carries, flies, cries

Note :
(I)

Verbs end with o, sh, ch add es to the root form

eg: do + es does, wash + es washes, watch + es - watches


(II)

Verbs end with y :

(a) with a Vowel in front of y like in play, enjoy, buy


Just add s to the word plays, enjoys, buys
(b) with a Consonant in front of y like in fly, try, carry
Change the y to ies flies, tries, cries
( a) Simple Present Tense
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GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

We use Simple Present Tense when :


Habitual Actions things we do every day or often
Universal Truths facts that cannot be changed
Giving Instructions / Polite Orders

Habitual Actions
Universal Truths
1. The boys ( play ) football 1. An elephant (has) a long
every day.
2. My mother always
( cooks ) curry for us.

trunk.
2. The earth (moves) around
the sun.

Instructions / Directions
1.(Hand) in your books
during recess.
2. (Turn) left and (go) along
Jalan Bunga.

Note :
1. Verbs for Habitual Actions and Universal Truths; we take a consideration on the Subject
Verb Agreement.
2. Verbs for Imperative / Instructional Language are remain in their base forms.

Choose the correct answer for each question below


1. Mrs. Lee ( goes, go ) to market every day.
2. My father ( washes, wash ) his car every Sunday.
3. A postman ( deliver, delivers ) letters daily.
4. The pupils ( sweep, sweeps ) their classroom every day.
5. My baby brother always ( drink, drinks ) milk at night.
6. My dog often ( barks, bark ) at strangers.
7. My uncle sometimes ( takes, take ) us out for a picnic.
8. The children ( makes, make ) the kites themselves.
9. Kim Hock usually ( cycles, cycle ) to the grocery shop.
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10. We ( jog, jogs ) at the park every evening.


11. It ( snow, snows ) during winter.
12. The stars ( twinkle, twinkles ) at night.
13. Owls ( hoot, hoots ) and an eagle ( screams, scream ).
14. The roots of a tree ( absorbs, absorb ) water from the ground.
15. Water ( flows, flow ) from high to low.
16. ( Circle, Circles ) the correct answer for the question given.
17. ( Walk, Walks ) down the road and ( stops, stop ) at the traffic lights.
18. ( Beats, Beat ) three eggs in a big bowl and ( adds, add ) a little baking soda into it.
19. ( Reads, Read ) and ( spells, spell ) the words correctly.
20. ( Use, Uses ) the overhead bridge to ( cross, crosses ) the busy road.

(b) Simple Past Tense


We use Simple Past Tense when we talk about a past event / incident. For examples :
My father
My mother
The boys
We
You
She

washed
cooked
won
went
cycled
swept

his car
chicken curry
the football match
to the library
to school
the floor

a few days ago.


yesterday.
last Friday.
just now.
last week.
during recess time.

There are two types of Past Tense Verbs :1. Regular Verbs
+ d

+ ed

Baked

Cooked

y -----> ied
Carry carried

Cycled

Packed

Marry married

Played

Fry - fried

2. Irregular Verbs
Change partial of

Whole words changing

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No Past Tense Form


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GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

vowels

( ** spelling same sound

Sit sat

Go went

different )
Put put

Sing sang

Fly flew

Cut cut

Write - wrote

Hit hit

Swim - swam

** Read - read

Circle the correct Past Tense


1. Her mother ___________ to the market by car this morning.
A. go

B. goes

C. went

D. going

2. The fishermen _________ a lot of fish last Sunday.


A. catch

B. catches

C. caught

D. catching

3. The cat _________ under the table just now.


A. slept

B. sleeping

C. sleeps

D. sleep

4. Pak Long __________ the newspaper this morning.


A. reads

B. reading

C. read

5. My sister__________ to the radio a moment ago.


A. listens

B. listened

C. listening

D. listen

6. Khatijah did not ____________ to school yesterday.


A. cycling

B. cycles

C. cycled

D. cycle

7. The children ________the tables and chairs yesterday morning.


A. arrange

B. arranges

C. arranged

D. arranging

8. The stray dogs _________ loudly last night.


A. bark

B. barks

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C. barked

D. barking
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9. I _______ the television programme until very late last night.


A. watch

B. watching

C. watched

D. watches

10. Lily and her brother ________their grandparents two years ago.
A. visited

B. visit

C. visits

D. visiting

Find and circle the Verbs from the passage. Rewrite the paragraphs with Simple Past Tense
Every Sunday, I play skateboard with my friends in the playground. It is a fine day, there
are many children at there.
My friends and I bring along our skateboards. We usually play for two hours. As we
play, we joke and laugh happily.
It is fun to have an outdoor activity with friends during weekends.

Last Sunday, __________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
(c) Simple Future Tense

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(d) Present Continuous Tense


1. Tells about an action is going on at the time of speaking
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Eg : I am cycling to school now.


My mother is cooking at the moment.
2. The Verb changes to Verb + ing For eg : play + ing = playing
3. Subject Verb Agreement is on the Verb-to-Be ( is, am, are ); to indicate Singular or Plural
nouns.
Subject
I
We
He
Miss Lim
The boys

Verb-to-Be
am
are
is
is
are

Actual Verb
doing
singing
reading
trimming
playing

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Object/adverb/prepositional phrase
my homework
loudly at the concert
in the library
her plants carefully in the garden
football happily in the field

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Time
now.
now.
now.
now.
now.

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SJKC KULAI ( 1 )
GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

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The infinitive to functions as linking word to join 2 verbs in a sentence :


Subject

I
My aunt
Mr Wong
She
It
They
The cats

Verb 1

Infinitive
to

Verb 2

Object/adjective/adverb/Prepositional phrase

want

to

see

the pupils .

loves
likes
forgets
started
help
likes

to
to
to
to
to
to

cook
read
do
rain
wash
eat

chicken curry.
novels during her free time.
her homework.
heavily when we walked home.
their fathers car.
fish and meat.

6. Gerund
It is a verb which function as a noun in a sentence. So it is called a NounVerb too. For examples :
Interest / Hobby
Verb = action words
Bake
Cook
Read
Paint
Draw
Swim
Sing / dance
Sew / knit
Collect
Cycle
Play

Nouns ( Hobby )
Baking ( cakes / cookies )
Cooking ( curry, Indian food, etc )
Reading ( books, magazines, etc )
Painting ( scenery, portrait, etc )
Drawing
Swimming
Singing / dancing
Sewing / knitting
Collecting ( stamps, coins, etc )
Cycling
Playing ( football, badminton, ec )
( congkak, scrabble, etc )
( piano, violin, guitar, etc )
( computer games, games)

( A ) Read and match


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GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

Playing computer game


Reading and drawing
Stamps collecting
Fishing and swimming
Knitting and sewing
Watching television &
Listening to Radio
Baking and cooking
Gardening & Catching butterflies

( B ) Spelling Quiz ( Hobbies )


1. My mother enjoys preparing food for us.________________
2. My grandfather has many beautiful bonsai.______________
3. My aunt sews a pretty dress for my sister._______________
4. I enjoy watching the cartoon every Sunday._____________
5. Mei Lin goes to the library every weekend.______________
6. My father sometimes spends his free time at the nearby pond.
________________
6. Adjectives

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GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

Words which are used to describe objects, people, animals, plants and
others

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Underline the ADJECTIVES in these sentences


1. A berry is a small fruit with seeds.
2. A plum is a fleshy fruit.
3. A watermelon has red or yellow flesh.
4. A coconut tree produces hard shelled fruit.
5. The durian has a strong smell.
6. Cactus has thick stem.
7. A bamboo has smooth woody stems.
8. An ixora is a bushy plant.
9. A dragon fruit is juicy and fleshy..
10. The big broad leaves of a banana plant can be used to wrap nasi lemak.

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GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

Comparison of Adjectives
POSITIVE
1. No difference

COMPARATIVE
1.There is a

between two.
2.No changing in
Adjectives.

difference between

more than that

two.

2. Always talk

2. Add er / more about the ONLY one.

3.Using : ( as ~ as )

to Adjectives.

Eg:

Eg: taller /

Ali is as tall as I.

SUPERLATIVE
1. Compare three or

3. Add est /
most to

more hardworking

Adjectives. Eg:

3.Some irregular

tallest / most

Adjectives : better,
worse, less, etc

hardworking
4. Some irregular

4. Using : ( ~ than )

Adjectives : best,

Eg :

worst, least, etc.

Ali is taller than Siti.

5. Using : (the ~)
Eg:
Muthu is the tallest
in our class.

Circle the correct answers


1. The watermelon is ( heavier , heavy , heaviest ) than an orange.
2. The banana leaves are ( broad , broader , broadest ) than the canna leaves.
3. Long beans are ( long , longer , longest ) than the French beans.
4. The jackfruits is the ( large , larger , largest ) among the three fruits.
5. The oil palm is ( short , shorter , shortest ) than the coconut palm.
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6. Which is the ( small , smaller , smallest ) fruit among the three; pineapple,
orange and longan ?
7. Which is ( juicy , juicier , juiciest ), a watermelon or a honey dew melon?
8. May is the ( beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful ) girl in her family.
9. He promised to be ( careful , more careful , most careful ) in his work.
10. Jane got the ( few , less , least ) marks in her class.
11. If you need ( much , more , most ) money, ask me.
12. Jolene is ( good , better , best ) than her brother.
13. My house is the ( far , further , furthest ) from my school.
14. The fish curry tastes as ( bad , worse , worst ) as the mutton curry.
15. Who is ( important , more important , most important ), a farmer or a
teacher ?
16. This is the ( difficult , more difficult , most difficult ) test that I have ever
answered.

Rewrite the sentences with correct ADJECTIVES


1. Chong Beng is the tall boy in his class.
__________________________________________________
2. These apples are sweet than those.
___________________________________________________
3. Mei Feng can run as faster as her brother.
_____________________________________________________
4. Which story is interesting, this one or that one?
_____________________________________________________
5. Melissa is the pretty of the three girls.
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_____________________________________________________
6. My father is two year young than my mother.
___________________________________________________
7. Veloo is not as cleverest as his brother, Muthu.
___________________________________________________
8. This is the easy way to get to the top of the hill.
___________________________________________________
9. I can sing and dance good than my best friend.
___________________________________________________
10. The path in the park is broad than the lane behind my house.
___________________________________________________

7. SIMILES
( i ) Read some examples in the table below
1. as agile as a cat / monkey

2. as big as an elephant

3. as bitter as medicine

4. as blind as a bat

5. as black as coal

6. as brave as a lion

7. as clumsy as a bear

8. as busy as a bee

9. as cool as a cucumber

10. as faithful as a dog

11. as graceful as a swan

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12. as green as grass

13. as happy as a lark / a king

14. as hard as iron

15. as heavy as lead

16. as hot as an oven

17. as light as a feather

18. as hungry as a wolf

19. as proud as a peacock

20. as slippery as an eel

21. as slow as a snail / tortoise

22. as soft as silk / butter

23. as sour as vinegar

24. as stubborn as a mule

25. as smell as an ant

26. as sweet as honey / sugar

27. as timid as a mouse

(ii) Choose the SIMILES to complete the sentences below


1. The water in the pool is __________, so I dont want to swim in it.
A. as cool as a cucumber
B. as wet as a fish

C. as cold as ice
D. as clear as crystal

2. My mother is ___________a bee before the Chinese New Year .


A. as busy as
B. as graceful as

C. as happy as
D. as heavy as

3. The flag pole in front of my school is ____________________ .


A. as green as grass

C. as tall as a giant

B. as warm as wool

D. as proud as a peacock

4. He looked __________________ after sunbathing at the beach.


A. as sweet as honey

C. as soft as butter

B. as brown as a berry

D. as thin as a rake

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5. All the clothes outside became _________ after the rain poured.
A. as wet as a fish

C. as hot as fire

B. as black coal

D. as white as snow

6. The stick was ________________ an iron. He could not break it.


A. as easy as

C. as big as

B. as loud as

D. as hard as

7. The children were afraid of Mr. Muthu. He was ______________.


A. as fierce as a tiger

C. as strong as a bull

B. as quick as lightning

D. as wise as an owl

8. The woodcutters axe is ____________________ a razor.


A. as agile as

C. as new as

B. as blunt as

D. as sharp

9. Mr. Johns house was built many years ago. It is ____________ .


A. as quiet as a mouse

C. as slow as a snail

B. as old as the hill

D. as big as a giant

10. Leela is the best dancer in the troupe. She dances _________.
A. as graceful as a swan
B. as quick as a deer

C. as happy as a lark
D. as clumsy as a bear

8. Adverbs
Words which are used to describe actions
Frequency
Manner
Place
always
quickly
field

Time
every day

often

slowly

canteen

yesterday

usually

hungrily

market

just now

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sometime

beautifully

home

now

seldom

fast

school

last week

SJKC KULAI ( 1 )
GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

Types of Adverbs :
Sample Sentences :
1. I always play congkak with my best friend.
2. Mary sang beautifully / sweetly at the concert.
3. We play football in the field.
4. I cycle to school every morning. / every day

( A ) Match the Verbs to Adverbs to form Adverbial Phrases


ADVERBS
VERBS comfortably
neatly
1. write
angrily
2. sit
quietly
3. rain
brightly
4. shout
patiently
5. smile
heavily
6. read
broadly
7. shine
8. wait

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

( B ) Rewrite the sentences with correct ADVERBS


1. The pupils read quiet in the library.
____________________________________________________________
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2. The beggar ate the food hungry at the table.


____________________________________________________________
3. My pet cat lies lazy on the floor.
___________________________________________________________
4. The children jumped happy with joy when they heard the good news.
___________________________________________________________
5. Kok Liang was sad because he did bad in the examination.
____________________________________________________________
9. Prepositions
Prep.

Usage

Example

on

days of the week


date

on Monday
on 12 July 2012

in

months / seasons
time of day
year
after a certain period of time (when?)

in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour

for night / noon


for weekend
a certain point of time(when?)

at night / at noon
at the weekend
at half past nine

at

for

over a certain period of time (past till now)

-for 2 years

in

room, building, street, town, country


book, paper etc.
car, taxi
picture, world

-in the kitchen, in London


-in the book
-in the car, in a taxi
-in the picture, in the world

meaning next to, by an object


for table
for events
place where you are to do something
typical

-at the door, at the station


-at the table
-at a concert, at the party
-at the cinema, at school, at
work

at

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SJKC KULAI ( 1 )
GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

on

attached
for a place with a river
being on a surface
for a certain side (left, right)
for a floor in a house
for public transport
for television, radio

-the picture on the wall


-London lies on the Thames.
-on the table
-on the left
-on the first floor
-on the bus, on a plane
-on TV, on the radio

on

walking or riding
entering a public transport vehicle

-on foot, on horseback

in
by

-get on the bus

entering a car / Taxi

-get in the car

rise or fall of something

travelling (other than walking or horse


riding)

-prices have
percent
by car, by bus

risen

by

Choose the BEST preposition to match each picture shown


1.

buys a racquet ( at, in, from ) the shop


bought the racquet ( in , at, from ) the shopkeeper

2.

buy ducks ( in, at, from ) the stall


sells ducks ( at, to, for ) the customers

3.

sing ( in, on, at ) the stage


perform ( on, at, in ) the hall

4.

reads ( down, below, under ) the tree

5.

fell ( down, from, onto ) the chair

6.

get ( in, on, up ) the bus

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10

SJKC KULAI ( 1 )
GRAMMAR NOTES & PRACTICES

board ( -, up, on ) the bus

7.

barked ( to, at, on ) the stranger

8.

afraid ( with, of, to ) the dog


fly ( on, at, in ) the sky

9.

put ( off, out, away ) the fire


sprayed the water ( on, onto, at ) the building

10. Davids father works as a doctor _____________ .


A. in a bank
B. in an office
C. in a drug store
D. in the hospital
11. My mother prefers to exercise on __________ .
A. the jogging tracks
B. the lane
C. the road
D. her treadmill
12. Put the meat _______ and serve it hot.
A. in a glass
B. in the jar
C. on a plate
D. in a mug
10) Conjunctions

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