Resolved

United State federal

government
The United States federal government is three branches and
has sovereignty over the states
US legal.com No Date
(United States Federal Government Law & Legal Definition,
http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)
The United States Federal Government is established by the US Constitution. The Federal
Government shares sovereignty over the United Sates with the individual
governments of the States of US. The Federal government has three branches: i) the
legislature, which is the US Congress, ii) Executive, comprised of the President and
Vice president of the US and iii) Judiciary . The US Constitution prescribes a system of separation of
powers and checks and balances for the smooth functioning of all the three branches of the Federal Government.
The US Constitution limits the powers of the Federal Government to the powers assigned to it; all powers not
expressly assigned to the Federal Government are reserved to the States or to the people.

Should
Should in the resolution means the policy is desirable
Freeley and Steinberg 9 (Austin J. Freeley, former prof. of communication, John Carroll Univ,
and David L. Steinberg, prof of communication, Univ of Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for
Reasoned Decision Making, 2009, 12th edition, pp 68-9 googlebooks, accessed: 7/5/14 GA)
Most propositions on matters of policy contain the word "should" for example, "Resolved: That such-and-such

In a debate on a policy proposition, "should" means that intelligent

self-interest, social welfare, or national interest prompts this action, and that it is
both desirable and workable. When the affirmative claims a policy "should" be adopted, it must
should be done."

show that the policy is practical but it is under no obligation to show it will be adopted. The affirmative must
give enough detail to show it would work. It may be impossible, within the time limitations of the debate, for
the affirmative to give al the details, but it must at least show the outline of its policy and indicate how the
details could be worked out. For example, in a debate on federal aid to education, the affirmative could not
reasonably be expected to indicate how much money each state would receive under its plan, but it would be
obliged to indicate the method by which the amount of the grants would be determined. It is pointless for the
negative to seek to show that the affirmative's plan could not be adopted by demonstrating that public opinion
is against it or that the supporters of the plan lack sufficient voting strength in Congress.

Should means a condition, obligation, future event, prediction,

or request
Merriam-Webster (Merriam-Webster dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/should,
accessed: 7/5/14 GA)
1 used in auxiliary function

to express condition <if he should leave his father, his father would die

Genesis 44:22(Revised Standard Version)> 2 used in auxiliary function to express obligation, propriety, or
expediency <'tis commanded I should do so Shakespeare> <this is as it should be H. L. Savage> <you should
brush your teeth after each meal> 3 used in auxiliary function to express futurity from a point of view in
the past <realized that she should have to do most of her farm work before sunrise Ellen Glasgow> 4 used in

to express what is probable or expected <with an early start, they should be here
by noon> 5 used in auxiliary function to express a request in a polite manner or to soften direct
auxiliary function

statement <I should suggest that a guideis the first essential L. D. Reddick>

substantially

Qualitative

Real
Substantially defines as being real, or able to satisfy
Merriam-Webster (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/substantially, accessed: 7/5/14 GA)

or relating to substance b : not imaginary or illusory : real, true c :

important, essential 2 : ample to satisfy and nourish : full <a substantial meal> 3 a : possessed of
means : well-to-do b : considerable in quantity : significantly great <earned a substantial wage> 4 : firmly
constructed : sturdy <a substantial house> 5 : being largely but not wholly that which is
specified <a substantial lie>
a : consisting of

Contextual
Substantially should be judged by its field context
Devinsky 2 (Paul, Is Claim "Substantially" Definite? Ask Person of Skill in the Art, IP Update, 5(11),
November, http://www.mwe.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/publications.nldetail/object_id/c2c73bdb-9b1a-42bf-a2b7075812dc0e2d.cfm, accessed: 7/5/14 GA)
In reversing a summary judgment of invalidity,

the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit found

that the district court, by failing to look beyond the intrinsic claim construction evidence to consider
what a person of skill in the art would understand in a "technologic context ," erroneously concluded
the term "substantially" made a claim fatally indefinite . Verve, LLC v. Crane Cams, Inc.,
Case No. 01-1417 (Fed. Cir. November 14, 2002). The patent in suit related to an improved push rod for an
internal combustion engine. The patent claims a hollow push rod whose overall diameter is larger at the middle
than at the ends and has "substantially constant wall thickness" throughout the rod and rounded seats at the
tips. The district court found that the expression "substantially constant wall thickness" was not supported in
the specification and prosecution history by a sufficiently clear definition of "substantially" and was, therefore,
indefinite. The district court recognized that the use of the term "substantially" may be definite in some cases
but ruled that in this case it was indefinite because it was not further defined. The Federal Circuit reversed,
concluding that the district court erred in requiring that the meaning of the term "substantially" in a particular
"technologic context" be found solely in intrinsic evidence: "While reference to intrinsic evidence is primary in
interpreting claims, the criterion is the meaning of words as they would be understood by persons in the field of

the Federal Circuit instructed that "resolution of any ambiguity

arising from the claims and specification may be aided by extrinsic evidence of usage and
the invention." Thus,

meaning of a term in the context of the invention." The Federal Circuit remanded the case to the district court

"[t]he question is not whether the word 'substantially' has a fixed

meaning as applied to 'constant wall thickness,' but how the phrase would be understood by
persons experienced in this field of mechanics, upon reading the patent documents."
with instruction that

Quantifiable

30%
In the context of science policy, Substantially means at least
thirty percent.
Kammen 10 (Dan, founding director, Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory), 2010 (President
Obama's Science Spending. February 5, 2010. Online., accessed: 7/5/14 GA)

solar gets
a pretty substantial increase, about a 30 percent increase right now . I am most concerned
Prof. KAMMEN: Well, I think that in my particular area, everyone is kind of focused on their own, is that

on both opening of new frontiers and really competing on the global stage, that there is a suite of renewables: solar,
wind, energy storage. These are critical areas, and I like the increases Ive seen. I also like the fact that a number of
these got profiled in the ARPA budget.

A substantial increase is at least 30%

FOLEY & LARDNER 04 (James, David, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060057593.html,
accessed: 7/5/14 GA)
A substantial increase in the amount of a CFTR target segment identified means that the segment has been
duplicated while a substantial decrease in the amount of a CFTR target segment identified means that the

The term "substantial decrease" or "substantial

increase" means a decrease or increase of at least about 30-50%. Thus, deletion of a
target segment has been deleted.

single CFTR exon would appear in the assay as a signal representing for example of about 50% of the same
exon signal from an identically processed sample from an individual with a wildtype CFTR gene. Conversely,
amplification of a single exon would appear in the assay as a signal representing for example about 150% of the
same exon signal from an identically processed sample from an individual with a wildtype CFTR gene.

Monetary value
A substantial development is worth at least $6400
Washington Department of Ecology 13 (Department of Ecology, State of
Washington 2013 What is "substantial development?"
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/sma/st_guide/administration/substantial_development.html Substantial
development is defined in RCW 90.58.030(3), accessed: 7/5/14 GA)

"Substantial development" shall mean any development of which the total cost
or fair market value exceeds five thousand dollars, or any development which
materially interferes with the normal public use of the water or shorelines of the
state. The dollar threshold established in this subsection (3)(e) must be adjusted for
inflation by the office of financial management every five years, beginning July 1, 2007, based upon changes
in the consumer price index during that time period. "Consumer price index" means, for any calendar year, that
year's annual average consumer price index, Seattle, Washington area, for urban wage earners and clerical
workers, all items, compiled by the bureau of labor and statistics, United States department of labor. The office
of financial management must calculate the new dollar threshold and transmit it to the office of the code reviser
for publication in the Washington State Register at least one month before the new dollar threshold is to take

On
September 1, 2007 the substantial development threshold was increased to
$5,718. On September 15, 2012 it was increased to $6,416 .
effect. The following shall not be considered substantial developments for the purpose of this chapter:

Increase

Greater
Increase means to make greater
Merriam-Webster (Merriam-Webster dictionary, http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/increase?show=0&t=1404584317, accessed: 7/5/14 GA)

to become larger or greater in size, amount, number, etc. : to make (something) larger or
greater in size, amount, number, etc.
:

Increase is distinct from create

WORDS AND PHRASES 1960, 381. (Increased, as used in Wests Ann.Cal. Const. art. 12,
11 GA)

providing that the stock and bonded indebtedness of corporations shall not be increased
does not include or apply to
the first creation of bonded indebtedness. To give it such meaning would be to inject
into the provision the word create.
without the consent of the person holding the larger amount of the stock,

Increase doesnt require pre-existence

Reinhardt 5 (Stephen .S. Judge for the UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT, lexis,
accessed: 7/5/14 GA)
Specifically, we must decide whether charging a higher price for initial insurance than the insured would
otherwise have been charged because of information in a consumer credit report constitutes an "increase in any
charge" within the meaning of FCRA. First, we examine the definitions of "increase" and "charge." Hartford Fire
contends that, limited to their ordinary definitions, these words apply only when a consumer has previously
been charged for insurance and that charge has thereafter been increased by the insurer. The phrase, "has
previously been charged," as used by Hartford, refers not only to a rate that the consumer has previously paid
for insurance but also to a rate that the consumer has previously been quoted, even if that rate was increased

under [*1091] the

ordinary definition of the term, an increase in a charge also occurs whenever an
insurer charges a higher rate than it would otherwise have charged because of any
factor--such as adverse credit information, age, or driving record 8 -- regardless of whether the
customer was previously charged some other rate. According to Reynolds, he was charged
[**23] before the consumer made any payment. Reynolds disagrees, asserting that,

an increased rate because of his credit rating when he was compelled to pay a rate higher than the premium
rate because he failed to obtain a high insurance score. Thus, he argues, the definitions of "increase" and
"charge" encompass the insurance companies' practice. Reynolds is correct. Increase" means to make
something greater. See, e.g., OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (2d ed. 1989) ("The action, process, or fact of
becoming or making greater; augmentation, growth, enlargement, extension."); WEBSTER'S NEW WORLD
DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (3d college ed. 1988) (defining "increase" as "growth, enlargement, etc[.]").
"Charge" means the price demanded for goods or services. See, e.g., OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (2d ed.
1989) ("The price required or demanded for service rendered, or (less usually) for goods supplied."); WEBSTER'S
NEW WORLD DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (3d college ed. 1988) ("The cost or price of an article, service,

Nothing in the definition of these words implies that the term "increase in any charge for"
should be limited to cases in which a company raises the rate that an individual
has previously been charged.
etc.").

Create
Increase includes creation
Words and Phrases '8 vol 20B p 267 GA
The granting of compensation to any officer after he has commenced to serve the term for
which he has been chosen, when no compensation was provided by law before he assumed the
duties of his office, is an increase in salary or compensation within the constitutional provision prohibiting
Wash. 1942.

an increase of the compensation of a public officer during his term of office. Const. art, 2, 25; art. 11, 8. --State ex
rel. Jaspers v. West 125 P.2d 694, 13 Wash.2d 514.-- Offic 100(1).

Increase includes change from zero

Words and Phrases 8 Vol. 20B, p 265 GA
Ga. 1978.

Salary change of from zero to $12,000 and $1,200 annually for mayor and councilmen
respectively was an increase in salary, and not merely the "fixing" of salary; thus, in absence of
compliance with Home Rule Act provisions concerning increase in compensation of elected members of
governing authority, mayor and councilmen were properly enjoined from receiving further compensation. Code,
69-1019; Laws 1967, p. 3323 -- King v. Herron, 243 S.E.2d36, 241 Ga. 5. Mun Corp 164.

Other
Increase is calculated by comparison to immediately before
action
Rogers 5 Judge Rogers, June 24, 2005, US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit,
State of New York, et al., Petitioners v. US Environmental Protection Agency, 367
U.S. App. D.C. 3; 413 F.3d 3, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, **; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, p.
Lexis GA
[**48] Statutory Interpretation. HN16Go to the description of this Headnote.While the CAA defines a
"modification" as any physical or operational change that "increases" emissions, it is silent on how to calculate
such "increases" in emissions. 42 U.S.C. 7411(a)(4). According to government petitioners, the lack of a
statutory definition does not render the term "increases" ambiguous, but merely compels the court to give the
term its "ordinary meaning." See Engine Mfrs.Ass'nv.S.Coast AirQualityMgmt.Dist., 541 U.S. 246, 124 S. Ct.
1756, 1761, 158 L. Ed. 2d 529(2004); Bluewater Network, 370 F.3d at 13; Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v.
Glickman, 342 U.S. App. D.C. 7, 215 F.3d 7, 10 [*23] (D.C. Cir. 2000). Relying on two "real world" analogies,

the ordinary meaning of "increases" requires the

baseline to be calculated from a period immediately preceding the change. They
government petitioners contend that

maintain, for example, that in determining whether a high-pressure weather system "increases" the local
temperature, the relevant baseline is the temperature immediately preceding the arrival of the weather system,

in determining whether a new engine

"increases" the value of a car, the relevant baseline is the value of the car
immediately preceding the replacement of the engine, not the value of the car five or ten years
not the temperature five or ten years ago. Similarly, [**49]

ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

Its
Its is possessive; the United States Federal Governments
exploration/development
Merriam Webster 2014 (Merriam Webster Dictionary, definition of its,
2014, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/its)
Relating to or belonging to a certain thing, animal, etc. : made or done by a certain
thing, animal, etc.

The exploration/development must belong to the USFG

Dictionary.com 2014 (Dictionary.com, definition of its, 2014,
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/its?s=t)
Belonging to or associated with a thing previously mentioned or easily identified.

The plan cannot be controlled or supported by the military

Merriam Webster 2014 (Merriam Webster Dictionary, definition of its,
2014, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/military)
Of or relating to soldiers or the armed forces (such as the army, navy, marines, and
air force): of or relating to the army: controlled or supported by armed forces

nonmilitary
The affirmative plan cannot involve the military in any way
Oxford Dictionary 2014 (Oxford Dictionary, Definition of non-military,
2014, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/nonmilitary)
Not belonging to, characteristic of, or involving the armed forces; civilian

The plan cannot include the department of defense, army, air

force, navy, marine corps or coast guard
Rod Powers 2014 (Rod Powers, Retired First Air Force Sargent, Military 101,
2014, http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/generalinfo/a/military101.htm)
The Department of Defense is headed by a civilian; the Secretary of Defense, who is
appointed by the President of the United States. Under the Secretary of Defense,
there are three military departments: The Department of the Army, the Department
of the Air Force, and the Department of the Navy. Each of these military
departments are also headed up by civilians; the Secretary of the Army, the
Secretary of the Air Force, and the Secretary of the Navy. These "service
secretaries" are also appointed by the President. There are five military branches:
The Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. The Army is commanded
by a four-star general, known as the Army Chief of Staff. The Army Chief of Staff
reports to the Secretary of the Army (for most matters). The top military member in
the Air Force is the Air Force Chief of Staff. This four-star general reports (for most
matters) to the Secretary of the Air Force. The Navy is commanded by a four-star
admiral, called the Chief of Naval Operations. The Marines are commanded by a 4star general called the Commandant of the Marine Corps. Both the Chief of Naval
Operations and the Marine Corps Commandant report (for most matters) to the
Secretary of the Navy.

exploration

Living and nonliving

Exploration covers both living and non-living resources and
ocean characteristics
NOAA 9
(DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), [Docket No. 0908101223-91223-01; I.D. GF001] Applications for the FY
2010 Ocean Exploration (OE) Program [Federal Register Volume 74, Number 165
(Thursday, August 27, 2009), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2009-08-27/html/E920740.htm)
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Ocean exploration was defined by the 2000
President's Panel on Ocean Exploration, as ``discovery through disciplined
diverse observations and the recording of the finding .'' NOAA's Office of Ocean
Exploration and Research seeks to catalyze ocean discovery and understanding at our ocean and Great [[Page

These explorations should

revolutionize our knowledge baselines by exploring, characterizing and
mapping, at new and/or higher scales, the oceans living and nonliving
resources and its physical, chemical and biological characteristics . Data
43672]] Lakes frontiers through bold and innovative explorations.

and observations resulting from OE expeditions will result in new discoveries, new insight, new knowledge and
new frontiers and will likely lead to the revision of existing paradigms or the formulation of new paradigms in
the oceans poorly known and unknown regions. The purpose of this announcement is to invite the submission
of pre-proposals and full proposals that address ocean exploration and advanced technology development.
Through discovery and the systematic exploration of unknown ocean areas and phenomena, OER serves to
ensure NOAA can meet its goal to, ``Protect, Restore, and Manage the Use of Coastal and Ocean Resources
Through an Ecosystem Approach to Management'' (New Priorities for the 21st Century, NOAA's Strategic
Vision). The results of OER activities are cornerstones upon which ecosystems will be discovered, defined and
understood thus enabling them to be protected, restored, and managed. The interdisciplinary and
multidisciplinary nature of OER activities also serves NOAA's current strategic plan (New Priorities for the 21st
Century--NOAA's Strategic Plan) goal to ``Understand Climate Variability and Change to Enhance Society's
Ability to Plan and Respond.'' The discovery and characterization of new ocean phenomena and dynamic
processes provide essential information for understanding ocean--atmosphere connections and their influence
on climate. The discovery of new habitats and species also provides essential information for understanding
the effects of a changing climate on the marine resources upon which we depend.

Travel
Explore is travel to unknown or unfamiliar regions
Collins 9
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition 2009 William
Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 accessed 6/29/14 at
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/explore

explore (kspl) vb
1.

( tr ) to examine or investigate, esp systematically

2.
to travel to or into (unfamiliar or unknown regions), esp for organized
scientific purposes
3.

( tr ) med to examine (an organ or part) for diagnostic purposes

4.

obsolete ( tr ) to search for or out

Observation/learning

Data collection
Ocean exploration can be facilitated by coordination of data
and information management systems
Cornell Law, no date (U.S. Code Title 33 Chapter 47 Subchapter I
3402, by Cornell Law, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/3402)
To the extent appropriate, the Administrator shall seek to facilitate coordination of
data and information management systems, outreach and education programs to
improve public understanding of ocean and coastal resources, and development and
transfer of technologies to facilitate ocean and undersea research and exploration.

Monitoring
Ocean exploration includes monitoring the ocean in several
different aspects
NOAA, 13 (What Is Ocean Exploration and Why Is It Important? NOAA, January
17, 2013 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/backmatter/whatisexploration.html)
Ocean exploration is about making new discoveries, searching for things that are
unusual and unexpected. Although it involves the search for things yet unknown,
ocean exploration is disciplined and systematic. It includes rigorous observations
and documentation of biological, chemical, physical, geological, and archaeological
aspects of the ocean. Findings made through ocean exploration expand our
fundamental scientific knowledge and understanding, helping to lay the foundation
for more detailed, hypothesis-based scientific investigations.

Observation
Different types of observation are considered ocean
exploration
Aquarium of the Pacific, NOAA 13 (The report of ocean exploration 2020,
Aquarium of the Pacific, and NOAA, September 2013,
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)
There is a critical need for new ships and other platforms. The need for autonomous
underwater vehicles and remotely operated vehicles is greater than for human
occupied vehicles. A national program requires a mix of dedicated and shared ocean
exploration assets. Participants agreed that ocean exploration should take
advantage of all sources of available and relevant data. For example, cabled
observatories, recoverable observatories, the various ocean observation networks,
and satellites are all important in a national program of ocean exploration.

Exploration is discovery through observations and recordings,

especially in the context of oceans
National Academies 9 National Academies 2009 Ocean Exploration
Highlights of National Academies Reports accessed 6/29/14 at
http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/osb/miscellaneous/exploration_final.pdf
As defined by the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2000), ocean exploration is discovery through
disciplined, diverse observations and recordings of findings. It includes
rigorous, systematic observations and documentation of biological,
chemical, physical, geological, and archeological aspects of the ocean in
the three dimensions of space and in time.

Learn
To explore must have intent to familiarize or learn
Oxford Dictionary No Date
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/explore
explore Syllabification: explore Pronunciation: /iksplr verb [with object] 1Travel
in or through (an unfamiliar country or area) in order to learn about or
familiarize oneself with it: the best way to explore Icelands northwest
figurative the project encourages children to explore the world of photography More
example sentencesSynonyms 1.1 [no object] (explore for) Search for resources such
as mineral deposits: the company explored for oil More example sentences
1.2Inquire into or discuss (a subject or issue) in detail: he sets out to explore
fundamental questions More example sentences 1.3Examine or evaluate (an
option or possibility): you continue to explore new ways to generate income

Ocean exploration is collecting and analyzing ocean data

NASA, no date (NASA Oceanography, http://science.nasa.gov/earthscience/oceanography/)
Part of NASA's mission is to develop an understanding of the total Earth system and
the effects of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment. Our
oceans play a major role in influencing changes in the world's climate and weather.
Collecting and analyzing long-term ocean data from satellites is a relatively new
field of exploration. The analysis of remotely-sensed ocean data makes it possible to
understand the ocean in new and exciting ways.

Search for natural resources

Exploration is the search for natural resources
Oxford Dictionary no date
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/exploration
exploration Line breaks: explor|ation Pronunciation: /ksplre()n / NOUN [MASS
NOUN] 1The action of exploring an unfamiliar area: space exploration an
exploration of the African interior 1.1The action of searching an area for
natural resources: onshore oil and gas exploration
2Thorough examination of a subject: some changes in the care-giving
situation may need exploration [COUNT NOUN]: an exploration of society and
human nature

and/or

development

Use
Ocean Development is utilization of the ocean and its
resources
JIN No Date, Japan Institute of Navigation, The Japanease Institute of Navigation
(JIN) is the world's premier non-profit professional society dedicated to the
advancement of the art and science of positioning, navigation and timing (PNT). "
/ENGLISH/Ocean Engineering Research Committee."
/ENGLISH/Ocean Engineering Research Committee. Japan Institute of Navigation,
n.d. http://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm, Web. 30 June 2014.
CS
The Ocean Engineering Committee made its debut when its establishment was authorized at the Council Meeting of
the Japan Institute of Navigation in October 1970, with 13 committee members led by Professor Torao Mozai, the
Chairman. The term "Ocean Development" has come to the surface since 1967 or thereabouts. In Japan, the No. 3
Report of Kaiyo Kagaku Gijyutsu Shingi Kai, established in 1961, contained a science and technology plan for ocean
development, which was submitted to the Government in 1968. Since then national policy has been supported by
budgetary appropriations setting the bearing on such a course. For Japan, an Industrialized nation, " Ocean

Development" was synonymous with "Development of Ocean Science and

Technology," then emphasis was placed on ocean engineering and destined to development of an "Ocean
Industry." During the 1960's when the nation achieved sustained economic growth, awareness grows of the serious
impacts of marine pollution. As a result, new moves emerged to review oceans not as indefinite expanses of water,
but as something requiring an interdisciplinary approach. It was, therefore, quite timely that the Ocean Engineering
Committee was formed in the 1970's when the oceans were becoming a highly controversial topic around the globe.
2. Aim of Ocean Engineering Committee Discussions of "Ocean Engineering" are inseparable from "Ocean
Development." What is ocean development? Professor Kiyomitsu Fujii of the University of Tokyo defines ocean
development in his book as using oceans for mankind, while preserving the beauty of nature. In the light of its

Ocean
development is broadly classified into three aspects : (1) Utilization of ocean
resources, (2) Utilization of ocean spaces, and (3) Utilization of ocean energy. Among
these, development of marine resources has long been established as fishery science
and technology, and shipping, naval architecture and port/harbour construction are
covered by the category of using ocean spaces , which have grown into industries in Japan. When
significance and meaning, the term "Ocean Development" is not necessarily a new term.

the Committee initiated its activities, however, the real concept that caught attention was a new type of ocean
development, which was outside the coverage that conventional terms had implied.

Development is synonymous with use in terms of the

ocean
Washington State Legislature 11, Washington State Legislature. "Ocean
Management." WAC 173-26-360:. Washington State Legislature, 11 Feb. 2011.
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=173-26-360 Web. 30 June 2014. CS
Ocean uses are activities or developments involving renewable and/or
nonrenewable resources that occur on Washington's coastal waters and includes their
associated off shore, near shore, inland marine, shoreland, and upland facilities and the
supply, service, and distribution activities, such as crew ships, circulating to and between the
activities and developments. Ocean uses involving nonrenewable resources include such activities as
extraction of oil, gas and minerals, energy production, disposal of waste products,
and salvage. Ocean uses which generally involve sustainable use of renewable resources
include commercial, recreational, and tribal fishing, aquaculture, recreation,
shellfish harvesting, and pleasure craft activity.
Ocean uses defined.

Off Shore Wind

Offshore Wind is ocean development
Markham 2/18, Markham, Derrick, Reporter. "Interview With CEO Of Ocean
Energy Crowdfunding Platform." CleanTechnica. Ecopreneurist, 18 Feb. 2014.
http://cleantechnica.com/2014/02/18/interview-ceo-ocean-energy-crowdfundingplatform/ Web. 30 June 2014. CS
tidal energy technologies are advancing quickly through the development
process. Some of these technologies can be applied in streams and in oceans. That
versatility has tremendous potential. Although some people do not consider offshore
wind part of the ocean energy industry, Clean Reach does. Offshore wind leverages
the knowledge and lessons learned from land-based wind development. Those
takeaways apply to the ocean, but key challenges for ocean development.
Several

Not sorted yet

There are five main areas to ocean development
CIDA 98. The Canadian International Development Agency "CIDA's Strategy for Ocean
Management and Development." - Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada
(DFATD). Government of Canada, Nov. 1998. http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdicida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/nat-329142438-qrx Web. 30 June 2014. CS
five main areas of intervention in ocean management and
development when considering ODA initiatives: (1) establishing a framework for sustainable
ocean development, policy and law; (2) developing knowledge bases in fisheries
and marine sciences; (3) management of the uses of the ocean and co-ordination
and management of coastal zones, shipping and the environment; (4) fisheries
management and development; and (5) aquaculture/mariculture development.
This strategy recommends

Development must be sustainable

Maier 10, Maier, Nina, Director of Project Management. "Coordination and
Cooperation in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the US
National Ocean Policy." Ocean & Coastal Management 92 (2014): 1-8. Newfoundland
Labrador. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2010,
http://www.fishaq.gov.nl.ca/publications/OceansDiscussionPaper.pdf Web. 30 June
2014. CS
Sustainable development strives for a balance between social needs, economic
opportunities and 7 environmental stewardship without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs. The use and development of Newfoundland
and Labradors coastal and ocean areas must be sustainable .
i.

Ocean development includes the management of fisheries and

ports as well as ocean planning
Davis et al. 06, Davis, Braxton C., Kathleen E. Serman, and Melissa S. Rada.
"State Ocean Management Plans and Policies: Synthesis Report." Ocean Coastal and
Resource Management (n.d.): n. pag. E South Carolina Dept. of Health and
Environmental Control, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management and
Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences University of South
Carolina, Sept. 2006. Web. 30 June 2014. CS
developments on the West Coast, Hershman (1999) described a
shift in policies related to fisheries
management and ports (dredging, intermodal coordination, and environmental
policy), and an increased involvement of local governments in ocean planning. The following
Following a review of

ocean

policy

broadening scope of state involvement in ocean issues, a

subsections provide a detailed and updated summary of the governance frameworks, policies, and experiences of
U.S. coastal states in ocean management

Development is exploitation, sustainable development is

management
Payoyo 94, Payoyo, Peter B. "Ocean Governance: Sustainable Development of
the Seas."World Environmental Energy. United Nations University Press, 1994.

http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-800&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH015e0d6a44dfd69a2ad9fcdc.1&gt=2 Web. 30 June 2014.

CS
The word "development," in its international setting too readily associated with "economic development," refers
here to the use or exploitation of a natural resource . The word "sustainable," which
conveys the idea of holding up or support, in this context means development that is conservative,
and is conducive to continued viability of a resource . The term "sustainable
development" which appeared in the World Conservation Strategy published in 1980 by the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and was adopted by the World Commission on Environment and Development, is used to describe
management (i.e. regulation of use and exploitation, and conservation) of a given
resource in such a manner that the benefits of the resource are optimized, that is, made
available on an equitable basis to the largest number over the longest term. It requires the sparing and economical use of
non-renewable resources, and maintenance of the productivity of renewable
resources, as well as avoidance of or compensation for, irreversible effects caused
to the resource through use or exploitation that does not meet these standards.

of

Earth

Generic planet def

Earth is a planet with oceans
Oxford Dictionary no date
(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/earth, accessed
7/5/14)
earth Syllabification: earth Pronunciation: /rTH / NOUN 1 (also Earth) The planet on which we live; the
world: the diversity of life on earth MORE EXAMPLE SENTENCES SYNONYMS 1.1The surface of the world as distinct
from the sky or the sea: it plummeted back to earth at 60 mph MORE EXAMPLE SENTENCES SYNONYMS 1.2The

the third
planet from the sun in the solar system, orbiting between Venus and Mars at an average distance of 90
present abode of humankind, as distinct from heaven or hell. MORE EXAMPLE SENTENCES The earth is

million miles (149.6 million km) from the sun, and has one natural satellite, the moon. It has an equatorial diameter
of 7,654 miles (12,756 km), an average density 5.5 times that of water, and is believed to have formed about 4,600

which is three-quarters covered by oceans and has a dense

atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen, is the only planet known to support life
million years ago. The earth,

Earth is the third planet from the sun

Dictionary.com
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/earth, accessed 7/5/14)
earth Use Earth in a sentence earth [urth] Show IPA noun 1. ( often initial capital
letter ) the planet third in order from the sun, having an equatorial diameter of7926
miles (12,755 km) and a polar diameter of 7900 miles (12,714 km), a mean
distance from the sunof 92.9 million miles (149.6 million km), and a period of
revolution of 365.26 days, and having onesatellite. See table under planet.

Ocean limit
Earths Oceans are the High Seas and governed by the 1958
Geneva convention and the United Nation Convention.
JOHNSON 2011
(DAVID ,J.D. Candidate, May 2012, American University, Washington College of Law;
B.A. Government and History, 2009, The College of William & Mary, 2011, American
University International Law Review, 26 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1477
If space is the final frontier, then an analysis of its legal regime could draw from lessons derived from the
penultimate frontier: the high seas. n52 Earth's oceans and seas were once the domain of conquering
armadas and privateers, when good legal title required as little as arbitrary lines drawn on a map. n53 By the 17thcentury, arguments emerged for recognition of a " free sea," where states equally shared access and none was
allowed to obstruct the use of that privilege. n54 Hundreds of years and many naval conflicts later, the idea of a

Two modern maritime treaties are relevant to a

discussion of extraterrestrial property rights: the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas and
free sea is generally a reality. n55 [*1489]

the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS"). n56 Similarly, the international community has
formulated a treaty system to govern another barren region that was not traditionally subject to sovereign control:

1. 1958 Geneva Convention on

the High Seas This treaty was the first post-World War II declaration of states' rights on the
high seas. n58 It articulated rules governing the waters beyond those defined as
territorial seas and contiguous zones. n59 Four liberties emerged from this document:
navigation, fishing, laying submarine cables and pipelines, and overflight. n60 This list
Antarctica. Thus, the Antarctic Treaty is also relevant to this analysis. n57

was neither exhaustive nor a grant of absolute freedom as other treaties qualified [*1490] the freedoms to ensure
reasonable use of the seas. n61 Yet, the high seas convention remained an expansive document, granting
landlocked states the right to sail the oceans by requiring their coastal neighbors to grant free passage over land
and through territorial waters. n62
Conference on the Law of the Sea

2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

set out to resolve ambiguities in the 1958 Geneva

The Third

Conventions on the Law of the Sea. n63 The result was a comprehensive agreement that replaced the first
Conference's 1958 treaties, which, among other things, created a regime for territorial waters. n64 This system
starts with a full grant of sovereignty at the coast and is followed by a series of
zones that incrementally diminish such rights, until reaching the high seas where
sovereignty is forbidden. n65 In addition to the four freedoms recognized in the 1958 Convention,
UNCLOS articulates the additional freedoms to construct artificial islands and to
conduct scientific research. n66 UNCLOS qualifies the freedom to fish, however, as it
incorporates [*1491] several provisions that require states to respect other states' rights and conserve the living
resources of the high seas. n67 UNCLOS takes a different approach with respect to mineral resources. n68 Part XI
governs the use of seabed minerals, n69 and declares that this area is the common heritage of mankind. n70 It
further defines this provision by declaring that no state or person may appropriate the seabed's natural resources.
n71 Instead, UNCLOS calls for the establishment of an International Seabed Authority to regulate the exploitation of
these resources. n72 This body would promote the transfer of technology and scientific research among the State
Parties. n73 Many states chose not to ratify the treaty, fearful that UNCLOS would be harmful to their economic
interests. n74 Eventually, there was [*1492] a push to renegotiate the treaty so as to achieve broader consensus.
n75 The resulting treaty attracted "near-universal" support for UNCLOS. n76 This new treaty modified UNCLOS so
that provisions for limited seabed production and mandatory technology transfers would not be applied to the new
signatories. n77

Territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles and Exclusive

Economic zones extend 200 nautical miles
Roach 12

(Captain J. Ashley, JAGC and Retired USN, Base Points and Baselines in Maritime
Border Delimination, Maritime Border Diplomacy, In Center for Oceans Law and
Policy (Series).Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2012, EBSCO)
Islands, regardless of size, have the same status and enjoy the same maritime rights as other land territory.9
Islands arc defined as naturally formed areas of land surrounded by water which arc above water at high water.

the territorial sea may not exceed (NTE) 12 nm; the EEZ is
NTE 200 nautical miles (nm); the continental shelf is at least 200 nm. Rocks arc islands which
Breadth of maritime zones of islands:

cannot sustain human habitation, or have no economic life of their own. They are entitled only to a territorial sea.
They are not entitled to an EEZ or continental shelf.2 It is not clear how many features are rocks as the
international community has never agreed on an objective application of Article 121(3). Rocks have a territorial
sea and can be used as base point for territorial sea delimitation. But rocks cannot be used as base points for
maritime delimitation of the EEZ or the continental shelf.

Apostrophe
An apostrophe is used to show possessives
Merriam-Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/apostrophe, Date Accessed: 062914)
A mark ' used to indicate the omission of letters or figures, the possessive case, or the plural of
letters or figures.

Oceans

Oceans

Both whole body and divisions

The ocean is the vast body of water that covers much of the
earths surface, including all divisions of it.
Dictionary.com (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ocean, Date Accessed:
062914)
1. The vast body of salt water that covers almost three fourths of the earth's
surface.
2. Any of the geographical divisions of this body, commonly given as the Atlantic,
Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic oceans.

One ocean
The ocean is a large expanse of water
Oxford Dictionary
(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/ocean, Date
Accessed: 062914)
A very large expanse of sea, in particular, each of the main areas into which the sea
is divided geographically:
the Atlantic Ocean

There is one ocean divided into five regions.

National Ocean Service (NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration National Ocean Service, There is only one global ocean,
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/howmanyoceans.html)
there is only one global ocean, the vast body of water that covers 71 percent of
the Earth is geographically divided into distinct named regions. The boundaries between these
While

regions have evolved over time for a variety of historical, cultural, geographical, and scientific reasons. Historically,
there are four named oceans:

the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic. However, most countries

including the United Statesnow recognize the Southern (Antarctic) as the fifth ocean. The Pacific, Atlantic,
and Indian are known as the three major oceans. The Southern Ocean is the 'newest' named ocean. It is recognized
by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names as the body of water extending from the coast of Antarctica to the line of
latitude at 60 degrees South. The boundaries of this ocean were proposed to the International Hydrographic
Organization in 2000. However, not all countries agree on the proposed boundaries, so this has yet to be ratified by
members of the IHO. The U.S. is a member of the IHO, represented by the NOS Office of Coast Survey.

Naturally the Oceans are not divided, there is only one ocean
Castro 2012 (Peter Castro, PHD in marine biology, The History of the Ocean,
2012, http://marinebio.org/oceans/history/, SM)
The ocean is not just where the land happens to be covered by water. The sea floor
is geologically distinct from the continents. It is locked in a perpetual cycle of birth
and destruction that shapes the ocean and controls much of the geology and
geological history of the continents. Geological processes that occur beneath the
waters of the sea affect not only marine life, but dry land as well. The processes
that mold ocean basins occur slowly, over tens and hundreds of millions of years.
On this timescale, where a human lifetime is but the blink of an eye, solid rocks flow
like liquid, entire continents move across the face of the earth and mountains grow
from flat plains. To understand the sea floor, we must learn to adopt the unfamiliar
point of view of geological time. Geology is very important to marine biology.
Habitats, or the places where organisms live, are directly shaped by geological
processes. The form of coastlines; the depth of the water; whether the bottom is
muddy, sandy, or rocky; and many other features of a marine habitat are
determined by this geology. The geologic history of life is also called Paleontology.
The presence of large amounts of liquid water makes our planet unique. Most other
planets have very little water, and on those that do, the water exists only as

perpetually frozen ice or as vapor in the atmosphere. The earth, on the other hand,
is very much a water planet. The ocean covers most of the globe and plays a crucial
role in regulating our climate and atmosphere. Without water, life itself would be
impossible. Our ocean covers 72% of the earth's surface. It is not distributed
equally with respect to the Equator. About two-thirds of the earth's land area is
found in the Northern Hemisphere, which is only 61% ocean. About 80% of the
Southern Hemisphere is ocean. The ocean is traditionally classified into four large
basins. The Pacific is the deepest and largest, almost as large as all the others
combined. The Atlantic "Ocean" is a little larger than the Indian "Ocean", but the
two are similar in average depth. The Arctic is the smallest and shallowest.
Connected or marginal to the main ocean basins are various shallow seas, such as
the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the South China Sea. Though we
usually treat the oceans as four separate entities, they are actually interconnected.
This can be seen most easily by looking at a map of the world as seen from the
South Pole. From this view it is clear that the Pacific, the Atlantic and Indian oceans
are large branches of one vast ocean system. The connections among the major
basins allow seawater, materials, and some organisms to move from one "ocean" to
another. Because the "oceans" are actually one great interconnected system,
oceanographers often speak of a single world ocean. They also refer to the
continuous body of water that surrounds Antarctic as the Southern Ocean. The
earth and the rest of the solar system are thought to have originated about 4.5
billion years ago from a cloud or clouds of dust. This dust was debris remaining from
a huge cosmic explosion called the big bang, which astrophysicists estimate
occurred about 15 billion years ago. The dust particles collided with each other,
merging into larger particles. These larger particles collided in turn, joining into
pebble-sized rocks that collided to form larger rocks, and so on. The process
continued, eventually building up the earth and other planets. So much heat was
produced as the early earth formed that the planet was probably molten. This
allowed materials to settle within the planet according to their density. Density is
the weight, or more correctly, the mass, of a given volume of a substance.
Obviously, a pound of styrofoam weighs more than an ounce of lead, but most
people think of lead as "heavier" than styrofoam. This is because lead weighs more
than styrofoam if equal volumes of the two are compared. In other words, lead is
denser than styrofoam. The density of a substance is calculated by dividing its mass
by its volume. If two substances are mixed, the denser material will tend to sink and
the less dense will float.

Earth only has one ocean, they are all interconnected

OWOO Foundation 2014 (One World One Ocean Foundation, public charity,
2014, http://www.oneworldoneoceanfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are.html, SM)
If you started listing names like the North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South
Atlantic, Indian, and Arcticyoud be wrong! Because the truth is, there is only one
ocean with many ocean basins. The names above are actually the names of some of
these basins. This wonderful, life-giving blue planet of ours is blue because more

than 70% of Earths surface is waterocean water. One World One Ocean
Foundation works to protect the various interconnected and interdependent bodies
of water that form our one global ocean. Since the days of the supercontinent
Pangaea, 270 million years ago, our planet has been mostly covered with salty
waterand that water has remained connected by constantly moving currents.
Although we are all familiar with what we refer to as the Pacific, Atlantic, or Indian
oceans, the truth is that marine life has lived, evolved, and traveled through these
ocean basins without thought to the names or lines we have created on a map. Our
blue planet really does have just ONE ocean. We understand that to focus on any
one part of the global ocean without considering the interrelatedness of this
complex system is a mistake. We also realize that we have to start somewhere,
which is why we are simultaneously working to educate people and protect the
oceanour one interconnected global ocean. According to the U.S. Geological
Survey, there are over 1.3 billion cubic kilometers (over 300 million cubic miles) of
salt water on this planet! That's 36,614,237,300,000,000,000,000 gallons of water,
a great deal of ocean to protect, and all of it home to a huge and diverse spectrum
of life.

It is Eurocentric to consider the ocean as separate entitles, the

ocean is not naturally divided
Payne ND (Roger Payne, renowned biologist and environmentalist, One Ocean,
No Date, http://www.pbs.org/odyssey/voice/oneocean.html, SM)
Though we distinguish between the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian
Ocean, etc., there is really but one ocean. It is the home of all the fish, crabs,
seaweed and whales that exist (except, of course, the river and freshwater species).
No matter where you live along any seashore, a whale may pass along your coast,
or come into any harbor or bay deep enough to float it. And sometimes they do.
When that happens, it is always a thrill. It seems to send a message that speaks
directly to people one that sets up waves that somehow beat down any barrier of
disinterest. A humpback whale with dolphins. No matter where we live or what shore
we visit the air and the ocean bring all of the problems that anyone has created
elsewhere home to us, however far away those problems may have been at the
start. The consequences of not understanding that every ocean is one ocean, and
that all the air is one atmosphere is to fail to appreciate one of the most important
aspects of seawater and air: that they are liquids and gasses which move freely,
and because each is a single connected whole (with both mediums in intimate
contact), that together they act as the single most gigantic distribution system on
earth, carrying the substances we spill or vent into them from any point anywhere
to all points everywhere. No matter where we live or what shore we visit the air and
the ocean bring all of the problems that anyone has created elsewhere home to us,
however far away those problems may have been at the start. To fail to appreciate
this is to fail to realize that when we think we are confining our pollution to the
immediate vicinity of a single city smokestack, or our deadly synthetic

contaminants to just one sewage outfall what we are actually doing is making sure
that these substances get spread everywhere.

Multiple oceans
The Earth has five bodies of water, classified as an ocean
Merriam Webster 2014 (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2014,
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ocean SM)
1. The salt water that covers much of the Earth's surface
2. One of the five large areas of salt water that cover much of the Earth's surface

Fisheries
Fisheries are within 200 nautical miles
National Marine Fisheries Service. 2014. Fisheries Economics of the
United States, 2012. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-137,
175p. Available at: https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st5/publication/index.html.
The authority to manage federal fisheries in the United States was granted to the
Secretary of Commerce by the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and
Management Act, also known as the Magnuson-Stevens Act (P.L. 94-265 as
amended by P.L. 109-479). NOAA Fisheries is the federal agency with delegated
authority from the Secretary of Commerce to oversee fishing activities in federal
waters. Federal fisheries are generally defined as fishing activities that are
prosecuted between 3 and 200 nautical miles from the coastline. Generally,
individual states retain management authority over fishing activities within 3
nautical miles of their coasts.

Watersheds
In the context of government management watersheds should
be included with oceans
Malone 2006
(Professor Linda A., Marshall-Wythe Foundation Professor of Law and Director,
Human Rights and National Security Law Program, William and Mary Law School.
B.A., Vassar College; J.D., Duke University Law School; LL.M., University of Illinois
College of Law, URBAN RUNOFF, WATER QUALITY, AND THE ISSUE OF LEGAL,
AUTHORITY SYMPOSIUM: ARTICLE: What do Snowmobiles, Mercury Emissions,
Greenhouse Gases and Runoff Have in Common?: The Controversy over "Junk
Science", Chapman Law Review, Spring, 2006, 9 Chap. L. Rev. 365, Lexis Nexis)
the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), the Commission recommended the CZMA
strengthened "developing strong, specific, measurable goals and
performance standards" which reflect an ecosystem-based management approach .
n164 Specifically, mechanisms to effectively manage growth should be included, and
geographic boundaries expanded to include coastal watersheds (not just the coastal ocean
waters). n165 Federal funding should be considerably increased and additional incentives provided for states
With respect to
program be

who meet set national goals. n166 Finally, a "fallback mechanism is needed to ensure that national goals are
realized when a state does not adequately participate or perform."

US ocean policy should include watersheds

Nolon 2006
(John R., Professor of Law, Pace University School of Law, CHAMPIONS OF CHANGE:
REINVENTING DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAND LAW REFORM, The Harvard
Environmental Law Review, 2006, 30 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 1, Lexis Nexis)
n88 See CZMA 302(b),(h), 16 U.S.C. 1451(b),(h) (2005). The devastation wrought by hurricanes Katrina and Rita
demonstrates that the CZMA did not extend far enough to create disaster-resilient communities or clear plans for
rebuilding after major weather events. Such results, however, can be negotiated within the framework of the CZMA.
Perhaps the extraordinary losses suffered in the Gulf Coast in 2005 will encourage coastal leaders to consider

the U.S. Commission on

Ocean Policy recommended that: Congress should reauthorize the Coastal Zone Management Act
(CZMA) to strengthen the planning and coordination capabilities of coastal states and enable
them to incorporate a coastal watershed focus and more effectively manage growth. Amendments should
needed reforms within the structure of the CZMA. Even before the hurricanes,

include requirements for resource assessments, the development of measurable goals and performance standards,
improved program evaluations, incentives for good performance and disincentives for inaction, and

expanded

boundaries that include coastal watersheds. U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICY, supra note 13,
at 154. The Pew Oceans Commission has recommended the development of a new National Ocean Policy
Act "that, at a minimum . . . addresses geographic and institutional fragmentation by
providing a unifying set of principles and standards for governance . . . establishes processes to improve
coordination among governments, institutions, users of ocean resources, and the public . . . [and] provides
adequate funding to accomplish these goals." PEW OCEANS COMMISSION, AMERICA'S LIVING OCEANS: CHARTING A
COURSE FOR SEA CHANGE 102 (2003), available at http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/env_pew_oceans_final_report.pdf.
The Commission further recommended that "the consistency authority of the Coastal Zone Management Act should
be expanded to include regional ocean governance plans. This will allow states to hold federal actions to
consistency with regional ocean governance plans." Id. at 104.

Not oceans

Beach
A beach is land near the ocean, but is not part of it.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary, No Date (http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/beach, Date Accessed: 063014)
Beach: noun \bch\ : an area covered with sand or small rocks that is next to an ocean
or lake

Watershed
A watershed is land containing water that eventually drains
into an ocean.
EPA 2012 (Environmental Protection Agency, What is a Watershed?, 06 March
2012, http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm, Date Accessed: 063014)
A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of
it goes into the same place. John Wesley Powell, scientist geographer, put it best when he said that a
watershed is: "that area of land, a bounded hydrologic system, within which all living things are inextricably linked
by their common water course and where, as humans settled, simple logic demanded that they become part of a
community." Watersheds come in all shapes and sizes. They cross county, state, and national boundaries. In the
continental US, there are 2,110 watersheds; including Hawaii Alaska, and Puerto Rico, there are 2,267 watersheds.

A watershed is a piece of land from where separate bodies of

water flow to one location.
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2002 (What is a Watershed?,
http://www.mbgnet.net/fresh/rivers/shed.htm, Date Accessed: 063014)
A watershed describes an area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers
that all drain into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean.
For example, the Mississippi River watershed is an enormous watershed. All the tributaries to the Mississippi that
collect rainwater eventually drain into the Mississippi, which eventually drains into the Gulf of Mexico. Rainwater
that falls on more than half of the United States subsequently drains into the Mississippi .

A watershed can

cover a small or large land area. In the St. Louis vicinity, for instance, the Meramec River is a small river
draining a relatively small amount of land. Small watersheds are usually part of larger watersheds. The Meramec
River watershed, which is supplied by even smaller watersheds from dozens of streams, drains into the Mississippi
River. All the streams flowing into small rivers, larger rivers, and eventually into the ocean, form an interconnecting
network of waterways. Not only does water run into the streams and rivers from the surface of a watershed, but
water also filters through the soil, and some of this water eventually drains into the same streams and rivers. These
two processes, surface runoff and infiltration are important for a number of reasons. For one, they affect water
quality. Think about it... The water that runs off the surface of the Earth picks up water pollution and deposits the
pollution in streams and rivers as it drains the watershed. Along with many different types of pollution that are
carried by surface runoff, soil also becomes a water pollutant as it is eroded from farm lands. Water that filters
through the soil can also become contaminated with pollution that is left over from agricultural, industrial,

The network of streams and rivers that drain our

ultimately empty into larger bodies of water, such as lakes and

commercial, and other types of human activity.

watershed and carry water pollution

oceans. As the larger rivers carrying water pollution from the land flow into lakes and oceans, all of the pollution
that was in the rivers now is concentrated into these other bodies of water. The oceans of the world become the
final resting place for tons of pollution. Through our watersheds, pollution is distributed far away from its original
source. And obviously, polluted water affects water quality.

Not all watersheds flow into the ocean, so a plan involving

watershed is extra T
Oxford Dictionaries 2014 (Oxford Dictionary, Definition of Watershed, 2014,
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/watershed, SM)

An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or
seas.
An area or region drained by a river, river system, or other body of water.

Watersheds are defined as a piece of land; not apart of the

ocean
BBCD 2013 (Bedford County Conservation District, organization aimed to
preserve natural resources, What is a Watershed?, 2013,
http://www.bedfordcountyconservation.com/Watersheds/watersheds_page1.htm,
SM)
A watershed is an area of land where rain or snow melt flows downhill to a body of
surface water such as a stream, pond, lake, or river. Alternative terms for such an
area include drainage basin, catchment, catchment basin, or drainage area. The US
Environmental Protection Agency definition is "Watershed - An area of land that
drains water, sediment and dissolved materials to a common receiving body or
outlet. The term is not restricted to surface water runoff and includes interactions
with subsurface water. Watersheds vary from the largest river basins to just acres or
less in size. In urban watershed management, a watershed is seen as all the land
which contributes runoff to a particular water body." The watershed, or basin,
includes all the streams uphill from the point of definition as well as the landscapes
through which those stream flow.

Watersheds do not count as apart of the ocean, they are

separate entities
National Geographic ( National Geographic, educational institution, No Date,
Encyclopedic Entry: Watershed,
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/watershed/?
ar_a=1, SM)
A watershed is an entire river systeman area drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is sometimes called a drainage basin. Watersheds can cover wide areas. Runoff
water from a large watershed in the midcontinental United States drains into the
Gulf of Mexico through the Mississippi River system. The Amazon River watershed is
huge, draining over a third of the entire South American continent. Most freshwater
in the world flows through watersheds that eventually drain into the ocean.
However, sometimes a watershed will not drain into the ocean, but into an internal
body of water. Water can only leave these bodies of water, called endorheic basins,
by evaporating or seeping through the soil. The Aral Sea, bordering Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan, drains one such endorheic basin in Central Asia. Some watersheds are
sharply defined by the crest of a high ridge, or by a continental divide. When used
in this sense, the term watershed does not refer to the drainage basin of one river
system, but rather to the divide between two or more drainage basins. Precipitation
that falls on opposite sides of this type of watershed flows in different directions.

Watersheds in low or gently rolling areas may be poorly defined, but can be
identified by the flow of the rivers.

Coasts
The coast is not in the ocean, but is any land alongside it.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary, No Date (http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/coast, Date Accessed: 063014)
Coast noun \kst\ : the land along or near a sea or ocean ; the Coast : the area along or near the
Pacific Ocean

Coast is land not the ocean

Walker 2012
(George K. ,Definitions for the Law of the Sea : Terms Not Defined by the 1982
Convention, Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2012, EBSCO)
28. Coast Coast is the edge or margin of land next to the sea. In LOAC-governed situations under
the other rules of international law clauses in UNCLOS, a different definition may apply. The same may be the
situation if the UN Charter supersedes UNCLOS or if jus cogens norms apply.375 Consolidated Glossary 17 defines
coast as the edge or margin of land next to the sea. former Glossary 17 defined coast as The sea-shore.

The narrow strip of land in immediate contact with any body of water, including the
area between high- and low-water lines. Section 2 defines adjacent coasts; 31, coastal State;
32, coastal warning; 89, land territory or land domain; 93, line; 98, low water line or low water
mark; 126, ocean space or sea; 130, opposite coasts.

Continental Shelf
(Geographic definition) A continental shelf is under the ocean,
but is still considered part of the land.
National Geographic, No Date (Encyclopedic Entry: continental shelf,
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/continental-shelf/?
ar_a=1, Date Accessed: 063014)
A continental shelf is the edge of a continent that lies under the ocean. Continents
are the seven main divisions of land on Earth. A continental shelf extends from the coastline of a continent to
a drop-off point called the shelf break. From the break, the shelf descends toward the deep ocean floor in what is

Even though they are underwater, continental shelves are part

of the continent. The actual boundary of a continent is not its coastline, but the
edge of the continental shelf. The widths of the continental shelves vary. Along parts of the U.S. state of
called the continental slope.

California, for example, the continental shelf extends less than a kilometer (.62 miles). But along the northern coast
of Siberia, the shelf extends about 1,290 kilometers (800 miles). The average width of a continental shelf is 65
kilometers (40 miles). Most continental shelves are broad, gently sloping plains covered by relatively shallow water.
Water depth over the continental shelves averages about 60 meters (200 feet). Sunlight penetrates the shallow
waters, and many kinds of organisms flourishfrom microscopic shrimp to giant seaweed called kelp. Ocean
currents and runoff from rivers bring nutrients to organisms that live on continental shelves. Plants and algae make
continental shelves rich feeding grounds for sea creatures. The shelves make up less than 10 percent of the total
area of the oceans. Yet all of the oceans plants and many types of algae live in the sunny waters. In some places,
deep canyons and channels cut through the continental shelves. Little light penetrates these submarine canyons,
and they are sometimes the least-explored areas of continents. Often, submarine canyons are formed near the
mouths of rivers. Strong river currents cut deeply into the soft material of the continental shelf, just like they erode
rocks above ground. The Congo Canyon, extending from the mouth of the Congo River, is 800 kilometers (497
miles) long and 1,200 meters (3,900 feet) deep. The Congo Canyon is part of Africa.

(Legal definition) The continental shelf is the submerged edge

of a continent, up through the point of thin oceanic crust at
the continental margin or 200 NMs.
UN Office of Legal Affairs 2012 (Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of
the Sea, United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS),
The definition of the continental shelf and criteria for the establishment of its outer
limits, http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/continental_shelf_description.htm)
The definition of the continental shelf and the criteria by which a coastal State may establish the outer limits of its
continental shelf are set out in article 76 of the Convention. In addition, the Third United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea (the "Conference") adopted on 29 August 1980 a "Statement of Understanding" which is contained
in Annex II to the Final Act of the Conference. The term "continental shelf" is used by geologists generally to mean
that part of the continental margin which is between the shoreline and the shelf break or, where there is no
noticeable slope, between the shoreline and the point where the depth of the superjacent water is approximately
between 100 and 200 metres. However, this term is used in article 76 as a juridical term. According to the

the continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the submerged

prolongation of the land territory of the coastal State - the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that
extend beyond its territorial sea to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance
of 200 nautical miles where the outer edge of the continental margin does not
extend up to that distance. The continental margin consists of the seabed and subsoil of the shelf, the
Convention,

slope and the rise. It does not include the deep ocean floor with its oceanic ridges or the subsoil thereof . According
to article 76, the coastal State may establish the outer limits of its juridical continental shelf wherever the

continental margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles by establishing the foot of the continental slope, by meeting
the requirements of article 76, paragraphs 4 - 7, of the Convention (see also figure).