BRIEF NOTES

References

1 K . - T . Yang, "Possible Similarity Solutions for Laminar Free

Convection on Vertical Plates and Cylinders," J O U R N A L O P A P P L I E D
M E C H A N I C S , vol. 27, T R A N S . A S M E , vol. 82, Series E , 1960, pp. 230236. See also discussion of this paper in March, 1961, issue of the
J O U R N A L OP A P P L I E D M E C H A N I C S , pp. 153-154.
2 R. Eichhorn, " T h e Effect of Mass Transfer on Free Convection," Journal of Heat TransferTRANS. A S M E , vol. 82, Series C,
1960, pp. 260-263.
3 A . S. Gupta, "Steady and Transient Free Convection of an
Electrically Conducting Fluid From a Vertical Plate in the Presence
of a Magnetic Field," Applied Science Research, Section A, vol. 9,
1960, pp.319-333.

i/+(j/+)

(1)

has been c o n f i r m e d experimentally bj- N i k u r a d s e

quent^' b}' m a n y
The

other

experimental

various

ways,

of

Table
Prandtl

von

[18]"

Reichardt

been

are

described

listed

in

analytically

Table

of

O t

11.5

validity

<

[7]

u+

<

2/ t

2 . 5 In y

M+ =
M+ =
U+ =
u+ =

30

[15]

D. B. SPALDING 1
is

0 Z y+ < 26

well

Deissler

shown

fitted,

in

that
the

experimental
laminar

sublayer,

the turbulent core, b y the

y+

u+

the

Omission

of

the

corresponding
to total
quite

(0.4m )

term

expressions

shear stress

transition

m a y

region,

0.4+

for

agree

gives

an

good

the ratio

with

the

equally

of

turbulent

measurements of

fit.

Driest

7.8{l

[8]

time-mean

distance along the wall in the direction of

.'/ VVp//imolecular

velocity

of

fluid

in

x-direction

p / r

Mtotal//^moleculnr

Mmoiocuiar

absolute viscosity

/Utoti

ratio

^turb

Mtolal

density of

</)

density of

of

shear

fluid

stress

in l a m i n a r

to

gradient

flow

motion
of

ltannie

van

time-mean

[13|

Mmolccular
by

density of fluid

nhi

(1

0.124

u+

2 . 7 8 In i/ +

{1

<

0.64y

27.5

+ 2

M+

y+

[l

14.54 tan

2 . 5 In ? / +

[19],

adjacent

wall

have

found

e-"!"

3.8

exp

(-I/+/26)]

shear

in

fluid,

assumed

independent

of

the

whole

to

[15]

scribe the universal turbulent velocity profile, called b y

the " l a w of the wall."

T h e present note discloses a n e w

ex-

in o r d e r t o d e s c r i b e

the

single formula,

range

of

the

expressing

variables,

is

the M + ( J/+)

both

two-point

The

new

formula

analytical

has

determination

parameters,

of

several

important

permits

boundary-layer

boundary

layer.

the

theory

of

the

The u n i v e r s a l turbulent velocity profile.

that

the velocity

in t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d

provide

hand,

y+.3

following.

at

m a y

one

the

a wall

should

obey

the

formula

contain

velocity

would

preferably

sufficient adjustable

heat

distribution

transfer

Looked
formula

at

which

through

fit

the

experimental

constants

to permit

data

modifianalyti-

arise

turbulent

mathematically,

passes

through

(ii)

is t a n g e n t i a l

(iii)

is a s y m p t o t i c

at

the

for

example,

boundary

our

point:

this point

at large y
=

(iv)

in,

the

the

theory

of

establish

layer.

problem

is

to

which:

relation:
1 Professor of Heat Transfer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England.
Manuscript received by A S M E Applied Mechanics Division,
March 8, 1961.
2 Numbers in brackets indicate References at end of Note.
3 See Nomenclature at beginning of Note.

evalu-

cal f o r m p e r m i t t i n g easy integration of t h e various functions of

(i)

P r a n d t l ' s [12] p o s t u l a t e ,
of

easily

c a t i o n in t h e light of n e w e x p e r i m e n t a l data, a n d h a v e a n

turbulent

look

other,

the

for a simpler,

[1]

T h e s e m a t t e r s are o n l y t o u c h e d o n briefly in t h e

new

the

on

is n e e d

Coles

point

on

which,

There

formula.

closely,

vantage

for

and,

form

evaluation.

com-

requiring

de-

w h i c h is v a l i d o v e r t h e w h o l e r a n g e o f d i m e n s i o n l e s s d i s t a n c e

relation

H o w e v e r , R e i e h a r d t ' s f o r m u l a is r a t h e r

to

formula

and

use at least t w o

aesthetically and more convenient practically than the

Such
formulas have been proposed

}'/>

satisfying

numerical

Introduction
Numerous

more

ated

P u r p o s e of note.

adequately.

f o r m u l a s o f T a b l e 1.

stress

5.5

p l e x in f o r m , w h e r e a s v a n D r i e s t ' s i n v o l v e s a q u a d r a t u r e
T

"

7i(0.0688i/+)

except Reichardt

it necessary

p r e s s i o n s , v a l i d f o r d i f f e r e n t r a n g e s o f y+,

over
divided

27.5

The problem.

fluid
fluid

t h a t all t h e a u t h o r s m e n t i o n e d ,

Driest

profile

velocity

to

Jo

0
1

noted
of

e~+n<

(?/+/ll)e--33"+

" See also Hofmann [5], Reichardt [14], Rotta [16], Miles [9],
Elrod [3], and Frank-Kamenetsky [21].
6 These authors did not, at the dates in question, state the formulas
attributed to them in the table. However, they did introduce the
idea of a sharp division between a laminar sublayer and a fully turbulent core; when compared with experimental data, this idea leads
directly to the formulas given.

Nomenclature
=

O A y +)

r'

stress

Laufer

5.5

The

shear

u+

3.05
+

2 . 5 In ( 1

[19]

closely.

y<

o
van

be

dy*
1

and

(0.4m+)V4!}

in

will

5.5

2 . 5 In y +

[2|

(0.4m+)/2I

(0.4w+)3/3!

y+

5 In

M+ =

be

26

distributions

formula:

0.1108{e-4u+

velocity

It

y+

It

1.

Formulas

11-5

Summary

subse-

Formulas for the ' 'law of the w a l l " "

Karman

has

which

Range

[ll]

[10], and

authors.

relation

some

Author

Taylor

A Single Formula for the

"Law of the Wall"

fits

the experimental

y+

to:

0,
+

0;

to:1

2.5 In y

points

at

(2)

5.5
intermediate

values.

4 Here the most popular constants for the logarithmic velocity profile have been accepted.

Journal of Applied Mechanics

SEPTEMBER

Copyright 1961 by ASME

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1961

/ 4 5 5

BRIEF NOTES
The N e w " L a w of the W a l l "
The simplest y
formula
plicitly
this;
and

fitting
in

(u

terms

of

There

a relation giving y
indeed

m a y

Once

this

swiftly.

W e

even

better

possibility
n o w

seek

and
latter

T h e

is

being

which

however,

for

some

This

0:i/

u+:y+

derived

such

which

fits

Fig.

1 also

10 p e r

cent

contains,

pressions (2) and

as

can

be

m a d e

that

from

(4).

equation

Does

it

(5)

also

reference

Laufer

when

broken

(2).

is:

0.4m+)

b y

of

(4)

itself

judged

low

good,

(3)

suggests

and

be

is j u s t a s

ex-

demand

[8].

fit

the

to

Fig.

the

1,

which

lies b e t w e e n

curves,

ex-

Evidently,

the d a t a fairly well, b u t gives values of u

approximately

50.

(3)

can

to

O.llOSe0-4^

contains the experimental data

equation (5)
are

This

single

directly

immediately

satisfies r e q u i r e m e n t s
data?

need

progress

relation

= u+ - f ( U K ^ e 0 - 4 "

perimental

n o

sought

purposes.

recognized,

a T/+(M

at large

equation

equation

is,

find

has been

explicitly in t e r m s of u

be

near u

the

T h e previous efforts to

) relation.

the foregoing specification M

10

and

asymptotic

ex-

Fig. 1 Experimental data of Laufer [8] for velocity distribution near the
wall in turbulent pipe flow, compared with various analytical expressions

CORRESPONDS

(3).

MtoCa t/fJ-mo !ccu

by

Inr

(6)
O

the

tance
and

assumption

from
+

the

leads

that

wall,

to the

the shear

when

stress

combined

is i n d e p e n d e n t

with

the

of

definitions

of

AUFER

w+

du

e+

therefore implies
1 -f- 0 . 4

1 +

N o w
[4])

there

against

less

than

neither

if

of

(7)

0.1108(e-4"+

reasons

there

is n o

such

(8)

(Reichardt,

variation.

However,

[15];

Hinze,

a power

of y

Equation

it is e a s y

to

see

(8)

w h a t

and

satisfies
must

be

d o n e t o t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n if e i t h e r o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s

the distribution

0.1108

<e-4u+

formula becomes,

1 -

0.4M

1)

(0.4m

U T O T A L
O

in t h e w a l l r e g i o n w i t h

O 6

relation:

3, if t h e s h e a r stress v a r i e s a l o n g t h e w a l l ,

requirement.

to be satisfied:

(0.4m+)

is

Fig. 2 Experimental data of LauFer on turbulent-stress distribution near

the wall in turbulent pipe flow, compared with various analytical expressions

respectively:
_

(0.4m-1-)3|

2!

3!

f
(9)

Laufer

His

measurements

in

are

shown

are

0.4M

(0.4 m

2!
3

in

Fig.

ratio

4!

(10)

are,

Mtolal

flow,

bold

of

line;

/Uiurb//itotni is t h e

corresponding
These

a pipe
as

relations

of the ratio of the

Reynolds

number

500,000,

is

the

abscissa

and

Also

drawn

ordinate.
deduced

from

1/0.04432

<je.'+

Fig.

1,

equation
the

more

corresponding

T h e y

fit

(5),

but

precise

the

to

equations

experimental

it is n o t p o s s i b l e
fit.

Whether

(9)

data

and

(10)

rather

to say which

the

cluded or n o t will therefore p r o b a b l y

(0.4M +)4

are plotted

better
of

term

does

two

gives

should

have to be decided

on

be

SEPTEMBER

M total

196 1

the

Fig.

(9)

and

~j

f j

(9o)

in-

5 Nor, incidentally, do the expressions of Reichardt and van Driest

which appear in Table 1.

(0.4M*)

21

other

grounds.

456

equations

in

than

the

in

0.4M ^

_
Curves

turwall.

respectively:

Mtllrt,

(0.4w

31

the

(10).

(0.4 m+)2

0.1108

[8] h a s also m a d e m e a s u r e m e n t s

bulent shear stress d i v i d e d b y t h e total shear stress n e a r t h e

viscosity

5 0 0 , 0 0 0

^ TURB

e+(u+)

the

theoretical

a growth

w h i c h is less t h a n

0.04432

are

RE =

[8]

relation:
|

(5)

dis-

dy+

Equation

THE
MODEL

If we define a dimensionless " t o t a l "

Improved y ' ( u ' ) relations.

(i.e., " m o l e c u l a r p l u s t u r b u l e n t " v i s c o s i t y )

then

TO

PRANDTL-TAYLOR

1,

1/0.04432

j e 0.4u + _

(0.4m+)

2!

i _

o ,4M

(0.4m

31

(10a)

Transactions of the A S M E

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BRIEF NOTES
Comparison
shows

that

while the

of

the

these

relations

former

latter

with

equation

gives the

the

experimental

gives

the

fit

high

better

at

better
y

fit

probable that both curves can be regarded as equally

w h e n e x p e r i m e n t a l s c a t t e r is t a k e n i n t o
A l s o p l o t t e d in Fig. 2, as a b r o k e n

Htotal

low

However,

at

curves

function

is

profile

from

it

satisfactory

very

poor

representation

of

the

ment that e
close

to

Equation

wall.

reason w h y the
to

be

that

other

(10)

fits

the

i n c r e a s e s w i t h t h e f o u r t h p o w e r o f u+,

the

However,

first

which

words,

even

if

require-

and so of

this is c o r r e c t ,

t h e r e is

nonzero term of the expansion should

appears

it m a y

be

in

the

that

expansion

further

terms

of

canceling

expansion.

the

corresponding

Discussion

ferred to a later

of

such

which

can

ficulty.

should

appear

terms

in

the

and

heat

(13)

that, for example,

inside
only

de-

are

()

put

simple

the

portant

is s u f f i c i e n t l y f l e x i b l e t o

shows

to

be necessary.

Of

m u s t n o t b e regarded as

dy+;

for analytical

for

which

integral

can

be

evaluated

in

be

without

approximations
profiles).

"seventh-power"
elsewhere.

as

useful

any

postulated

less,

which

they

Does

usually

(10),

y+

certain

for

they

turbulent

questions

example,

appear

only

du
equation

elaborated

are

not

transport.

which

it m a y

satisfy

be

profitable

(5)

differential

equation

Q4 :I

'

satisfies

du

logarithmic
tached

to

and

velocity
these

von

the

differential

0.4 -

equation:

d2y+

(12)

du

Karman

profile.

Can

equations?

[7]
a

Could

as starting p o i n t s

physical
they

the

be

at-

derived

by

significance

have

been

(iii)

The von Karman

values

that
of

derived
for

p o s t u l a t i o n of a p h y s i c a l m o d e l f o l l o w e d bj' d i m e n s i o n a l

consideration

in

(11)

+ s

S u c h differential e q u a t i o n s a r e r e m i n i s c e n t of t h o s e
[12]

on

it is:

+ >

du+'

local

based

Neverthe-

as differentials?

d*y+

Prandtl

(e.g.,

S o m e of these will n o w b e listed.

:I
Similarly,

introduced

[17].)

formulas;

of

T h e a n s w e r is r e a d i l y s e e n ;

(ii)

are

example,

Equations ( 9 ) and ( 1 0 ) are presented

mechanism

provoke

which it+ and

by

T h e w a y is t h e r e -

of drag laws, for

T h e s e possibilities will b e

interpolation

to investigate further.
(i)

analysis?

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n is d e r i v e d f r o m

the local

"mixing

(du/dy), (b2u/dy2),

length"
and

so

must

forth.

the

be

related

Is

there

to
any

reason w h y u s h o u l d h a v e b e e n c h o s e n as d e p e n d e n t a n d y as
d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e in t h i s a n a l y s i s , o t h e r t h a n t h e i r r e l e v a n t
that w e happen
the Pitot tube
tion

of

equally

the

to perform
first

mixing

) relation.

form,

(M

very
J"u

since

as

(See, for example, Spalding

Theoretical i m p l i c a t i o n s .
solely

as

J,u+(dy+/du+)du+,
dy+/du+ i s e a s i l y

to the analytical derivation

the

such expressions

written

closed

experiments b y

and then
length

to

taking

Journal a! Applied Mechanics

fixing

the reading?

(by/d'i),

valid.

in

(d2y/bu2),

inone

the position
If not, a
and

so

of

relaon,

is

of

the

(11)?

rj> i s

velocity

This

would

dhi+

compressible

solely

been

(13)

without

dif-

boundary

layers.

If

starting point for analysis

[20], w h a t is t h e p h y s i c a l

answers

to

as

reason

to these questions

provoke

presented

adequately

the

thought

and

[equations

experimental

profile w h e n

here.

criticism.

of

constants

enough

in

cases of

in

the

form

light

to

boundary-layer

of

permit

the viscosity

and

for

(10)]

the

and

uni-

density

to permit further

new

experimental

analytical

adjust-

data,

integration

and

in

im-

interest.

T h e formulas represent y

of v i c e v e r s a .

(9)

data

uniform.

explicitly in

terms

of u

I t a p p e a r s possible that other aspects of

analysis

may

velocity as the independent

involving

obtained by differentiating the y

fore open

0.1108

t h a t t h e f o r m o f t h e e q u a t i o n s is

work

this

can

the constants 0.4 and

sacrosanct.

ft should also be noted

suitable

course,

(c)

accom-

experiment

calculate

quadrature

T h e f o r m u l a s are flexible e n o u g h

the

of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s

numerical

to suggest

have

represent

to represent the " l a w of t h e w a l l " within

m o d a t e a n y f u r t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s of c o n s t a n t s w h i c h

by

as suitable

forward

Formulas

which

ment

as just n o t e d ,

ratio

Conclusions

(9)

Moreover,

0:4<Kw+)-

of v a n D r i e s t

I t is n o t i n t e n d e d
They

that equations

1 shows

density

this?

()

a c c u r a c y of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .

to

version

transfer

is n o t

of t h e fluid a r e

form

modified

versal turbulent velocity

Fig.

that

is it r e a s o n a b l e

evaluated

for

In

will b e

be

y+,

exponential

further developments

Practical u s e of the n e w f o r m u l a .

such

T h i s t h o u g h t m i g h t lead t o m o r e 6 satisfactory theories of

equation

Discussion

general

suitably

no

publication.

or (10) can be used

du+'

happen

0.1108e-4uT.

the braces of equations (9) a n d ( 1 0 ) w h i c h h a v e the effect of

partially

varies

run:

friction

data.

Further p o s s i b l e i m p r o v e m e n t s .

of

/itrb/

outer

gives

density

account.

s t e p l i k e c u r v e , is t h e

b o u n d a r y between a laminar sublayer a n d a fully turbulent

this

the

known

sharp

Clearly

When

y+,

distribution which corresponds to the assumption of a

region.

(iv)

be

profitably

instead

turbulent

re-examined

with

variable.

Acknowledgment
The
Delft,
this

author
Holland,

expresses

his

gratitude

f o r his helpful

to

comments

Prof.
on

an

J.

O.

earlier

Hinze

of

draft

of

Note.

References
1 D. Coles, "The Law of the Wake in the Turbulent Boundary
Layer," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 1, 1956, pp. 191-226.
2 R. G. Deissler, "Analysis of Turbulent Heat Transfer, Mass
Transfer and Friction in Smooth Tubes at High Prandtl ajid Schmidt
Numbers," NACA Tech. Rep. 1210, 1955 (supersedes NACA Tech.
Note 3145, 1954).
3 H. G. Elrod, "Note on the Turbulent Shear Stress Near a
Wall," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 24, 1957, p. 468.
4 J. O. Hinze, "Turbulence," McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, N. Y 1959, p. 472.
5 E. Hofmann, Forschung a.d. Geb. Ing., vol. 11A, 1940, p. 159.
6 T. von Karman, "Mechanische Ahnlichkeit u. Turbulenz,"
Nachr. Ges. der IPiss. Giitlingen, Math. Phys. IClasse, vol. 58, 1930.
7 T. von Karman, "The Analogy Between Fluid Friction and
Heat Transfer," Trans. ASME, vol. 61, 1939, pp. 705-710.
8 J. Laufer, "The Structure of Turbulence in Fully Developed
Pipe Flow," NACA Tech. Rep. 1174, 1954.
9 J. W. Miles, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 24, 1957,
p. 704.
10 J. Nikuradse, "Gesetzmiissigkeiten der turbulenten Stromung
in glatten Rohren," Forschung a.d. Geb. Ing., No. 356, 1932.
11 L. Prandtl, "Eine Beziehung zwischen Wiirmeaustausch und
Stromungswiderstand der Fliissigkeit," Z. Physik, vol. 11, 1910, pp.
1072-1078.
12 L. Prandtl, "Uber die ausgebildete Turbulenz," Z. fur angew.
Math. Mech., vol. 5,1925, p. 136.
13 W. D. Rannie, "Heat Transfer in Turbulent Shear Flow,"
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 23, 1956, p. 485.
14 H. Reichardt, "Die Warmeubertragung in [turbulenten
Reibungschichten," Z. angeio. Math. Mech., vol. 20, 1940, p. 297.
15 H. Reichardt, "Vollstandige Darstellung der turbulenten
Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in glatten Leitungen," Z. angew. Math.
Mech., vol. 31, 1951, pp. 208-219.
16 J. Rotta, Ing.-Archiv., vol. 18, 1950, p. 277.
17 D. B. Spalding, "Heat Transfer to a Turbulent Stream From a
Surface With a Step-Wise Discontinuity in Wall Temperatures,"
paper to be presented at the joint ASME-I. Mech. E, Heat Transfer
Conference, Boulder, Colo., August 28-September 1, 1961.
6

Or, of course, less.

SEPTEMBER

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196 1 / 4 5 7

BRIEF NOTES
18 G. I. Taylor, "Conditions at the Surface of a Hot Body Exposed to the Wind," Brit. Aero. Res. Comm. R&M No. 272, 1916, p.
423.
19 E. R. van Driest, "On Turbulent Flow Near a Wall," Journal
of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 23, 1966, p. 1007.
20 E. R. van Driest, "Turbulent Boundary Layer in Compressible
Fluids," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. IS, 1951, p. 145.
21 D, A. Frank-Kamenetsky, "Diffusion and Heat Exchange in
Chemical Kinetics," Princeton University Press, 1955, p. 184. First
published in the USSR, 1947.

where

a +

dt

tok2b

E q u a t i o n s ( 6 a , b)

g i v e t h e d a m p i n g f a c t o r d,. a n d t h e n a t u r a l

q u e n c y cot f o r a n y

principal m o d e

(2)

latter

holds.

In

the

case,

in

dynamic stability

condition for

with
fact,

damping

when

a necessary

o f t h e s y s t e m is

fre-

condition

and

sufficient

that

a + wko*b > 0

On Classical Normal Modes of a

Damped Linear System

each

for

note

undamped

that

(7)

(but not both)

MORRIS MORDUCHOW1

whether

HAS

BEEN

essentially

shown

by

Rayleigh

[L]2

that

d a m p i n g m a t r i x of a linear v i b r a t i n g s y s t e m is a linear

if

combina-

tion of the stiffness a n d inertia matrices, t h e n t h e d a m p e d

will h a v e principal m o d e s
the u n d a m p e d system.

w h i c h are exactly

Caughey

the

system

the s a m e as those

[2] h a s r e c e n t ^ d e v e l o p e d

more

general conditions for the existence of classical n o r m a l m o d e s

damping,

including

[1] and

both

ordinates.

the

[2], t h e

above

condition

as

special

a n a l y s i s is b a s e d o n t h e

use

of

case.

the use of normal

co-ordinates and

hence

will

also

natural
yield

This

lead

to

explicit

frequency

some

analysis

procedure,

in

any

interesting

given

here

in

addition

without

results

for

principal

the

will

be

applied

asssuming

where [m],

[cj, a n d

respectively)

be

seen

to

Finally,

the

method

of

vibrating

and

b are a n y

constants.

T o

stiffness,

suppose

any

damping,

\p2 +

ap/

= b =

0), b u t

Hence

the

will b e

the same

the

fcth

with

(l/?>2)

characteristic

mode

the

undamped

M h

mode

with

as those

without
natural

replaced

normalized

by

(1

(4)

vectors

pk- = tok2

frequency

in

the

damping

+ bp)/(p2
{ # }

without the damping.

damping

with

A^th m o d e ) ,

bPl

o3kc
then

if

for

the

Pi. = ~dk itok

(5)

(6a)

Associate Professor of Applied Mathematics, Polytechnic Institute

of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y.
2 Numbers in brackets indicate References at end of Note.
Manuscript received by ASME Applied Mechanics Division,
March 2, 1961.
/ SEPTEMBER

1961

the

unit

equation

01

(8)

will b e t h e s a m e as
mode

will b e

without

such

that

p2
- " t o

(9)

undamped

natural

frequency

equation (9)

dk =

in

the

H h

mode-

implies

(10a)

uk

where
4a),1

(c2

first p o w e r s of

4w;:o2)u>i.2

'2cgo>kM:

g*toko<

(106)

g,
eg
wk

uke

(11)

wA,2

for g

[w^.,, 2
0.

equations (10a)

goho

(c/2)2]'/

In
and

the natural f r e q u e n c y in the

the case of internal

(10b)

only

(c

kth
0),

yield:
-

damping

>A

" v ^ L

[1

(1

f/2)'/2]'A
(12a)

in

Thus

458

the

p dk + ioik,

W t

denotes

Vk1 + <>Pk

Then

damping

Moreover,

(where

ap).

damping

1 +

u> k o i s

w h e r e ukc

E q u a t i o n ( 4 ) is s e e n t o b e t h e s a m e as t h e e q u a t i o n f o r n o

suppose

to:

in a n y

,
(o

damping

Then,

to

H }

of

1 +

mode
+

valid

(g/oS)b/i)l(EIY")"

the value

(3)

i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e t u n e t, a n d p i s a c o n s t a n t .

([m]

and

cp +

T o

let

= {H}eP'

if e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) h o l d s , e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) r e d u c e s

external

cp + p2

+ P(x)

(1)

(1),

are

Moreover,

Y{x, I) = y(x)epl.

H e n c e t h e p r i n c i p a l m o d e s h a p e s y{x)

Setting

equations

equations

an
load

'=b/dx.

1 H

(2)

solve

to

or

with

b[k]

Let

(.EI(x)y")"

where

Moreover,

a[m]

[h]
where* { H }

beam

I A'] a r e s q u a r e ( i n e r t i a , d a m p i n g , a n d

either

w h e r e c is a c o n s t a n t , 3 a n d p(.r) is t h e m a s s p e r

and

damping.

interesting

through (66)

to

damping

[3]) per unit length, where

instructive,
factor

matrices of order n.
[c]

where

wife}

such

will

to

internal

is

when

not.]

subjected

with-

and

Let a dynamical system be governed b y the

M X }

being

an

[It

cases
(3)

for the free bending vibrations reduces

In

damping

mode,

implications.

simultaneous internal and external

to

and

of the b e a m .

co-

a k n o w l e d g e of the t h e o r y associated w i t h transformations to

co-ordinates.

beam

coto.

in

Equations

Rayleigh's

condition ( e q u a t i o n (2) b e l o w ) in a straightforward m a n n e r

out

finally,

= cp{x),

length

even

with

normal

T h e p u r p o s e of this N o t e is t o d e m o n s t r a t e

of

(cf., e.g.,

f(x)

frequency

satisfied

is n e g a t i v e .

f(x)bY/dt

load

be

[c] is p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e o r

Consider,
IT

natural

can

(7)

V 2 "

( 1

(126)
ff2)Vl]lA

References
1 Lord Rayleigh, "Theory of Sound," vol. 1, Dover Publications,
New York, N. Y pp. 130-131.
2 T. K. Caughey, "Classical Normal Modes in Damped Linear
Dynamic Systems," J O U B N A L O F A P P L I E D M E C H A N I C S , vol. 27, Trans.
ASME, vol. 82, Series E, June, 1960, pp. 269-271.
3 M. Morduchow, "On Internal Damping of Rotating Beams,"
NACA Technical Note 1996, December, 1949.
4 M. Morduchow, "On Application of a Quasi-Static Variational
Principle to a System With Damping," J O U R N A L OP A P P L I E D M E CHANICS, v o l . 21, TRANS. A S M E , v o l . 76, M a r c h , 1954, p p . 8 - 1 0 .
3 In [4] it has been shown that a necessary, as well as sufficient,
condition that the mode shapes be entirely unaffected by a damping
load of the form f(x)i>Y/c)t is that f(x) be proportional to p(.r).

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