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Abstract
Semantic web is a vision of the web implementation in which information carries an explicit meaning, so it can be automatically understood, processed, and
integrated by machines. Humans are capable of using the web to carry out tasks
such as reserving a library book, searching for the lowest price for a smartphone,
etc. However, in general machines can not accomplish such tasks without human
guidance, as web pages promote presentation, rather than content, so they can
be easily interpreted by people but not by machines. When semantic content is
attached to web pages, most of the annoying work involved in finding, combining, acting, and reasoning about information on the web can be accomplished
by software agents.
Currently, the main languages to represent knowledge in the semantic web
are the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the OWL 2 Ontology Web
Language. An OWL 2 fragment that trades off some expressive power for the
efficiency of reasoning is called OWL 2 profile. Some important OWL 2 profiles
with efficient dedicated reasoning algorithms are OWL 2 EL (particularly convenient in the case of ontologies with a huge number of classes and properties),
OWL 2 QL (suited for applications with a very large amount of data), and OWL
2 RL (a quite expressive profile admitting several restricted OWL constructs).
OWL reasoners allow one to process OWL ontologies and to infer logical
consequences from sets of asserted facts or axioms. Many reasoners are currently
available such as Pellet [6], Hermit [5], and Fact++ [7] (based on the fragment
SROIQ(D)), Apache Jena [3] (that provides a basic reasoner for RDF), and
Cyc [1](based on a fragment of higher-order logic).
In this note we briefly outline the work developed in [4], namely the definition
of the OWL 2 ontology Ontoceramic for cataloguing ceramics, the analysis of the
classification of Ontoceramic with some of the most widespread OWL reasoners
and of its expressiveness with respect to the principal existing OWL 2 profiles.
Finally we present some plans for future research.
Ontoceramic has been defined in collaboration with archaeological experts as
a first step to overcome the problem of efficiently mechanize the task of correctly
cataloguing ceramics for the purpose of making such knowledge easily retrievable by scientists and researchers in the field. Currently, in fact, classification of
References
1. Cycorp, Inc. Cyc. http://www.cyc.com/.
2. D. Cantone, M. Nicolosi-Asmundo. On the Satisfiability Problem for a 4-level Quantified Syllogistic and Some Applications to Modal Logic. Fundam. Inform., 124(4):
427-448, 2013.
3. HP Lab. Apache jena. http://jena.apache.org/.
4. D. F. Santamaria. A semantic web ontology for ceramics cataloguing and settheoretical representation for owl 2 profiles. Tesi di laura magistrale, University of
Catania, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, 2014.
5. R. Shearer, B. Motik, and I. Horrocks. Hermit: A highly-efficient OWL reasoner. In
Proceedings of the Fifth OWLED Workshop on OWL: Experiences and Directions,
collocated with the 7th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC-2008), Karlsruhe, Germany, October 26-27, 2008, 2008.
6. E. Sirin, B. Parsia, B. Cuenca Grau, A. Kalyanpur, and Y. Katz. Pellet: A practical
OWL-DL reasoner. J. Web Sem., 5(2):5153, 2007.
7. D. Tsarkov and I. Horrocks. Fact++ description logic reasoner: System description. In Automated Reasoning, Third International Joint Conference, IJCAR 2006,
Seattle, WA, USA, August 17-20, 2006, Proceedings, pages 292297, 2006.
8. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). SWRL: A semantic web rule language.
http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/.
9. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
OWL 2 web ontology language structural specification and functional-style syntax (second edition).
http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-owl2-syntax-20121211/.
DataIntersectionOf
SubClassOf
DisjointClasses
ObjectUnionOf
DataUnionOf
DisjointUnion
ObjectComplementOf
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DifferentIndividuals
ClassAssertion
ObjectPropertyAssertion
DataPropertyAssertion
NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion
NegativeDataPropertyAssertion
SubObjectPropertyOf
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EquivalentObjectProperties
EquivalentDataProperties
TransitiveObjectProperty
ReflexiveObjectProperty
FunctionalDataProperty
FunctionalObjectProperty
DisjointObjectProperties
DisjointDataProperties
IrreflexiveObjectProperties
InverseObjectProperties
InverseFunctionalObjectProperties
SymmetricObjectProperty
AsymmetricObjectProperty
ObjectPropertyDomain
DataPropertyDomain
ObjectPropertyRange
DataPropertyRange
HasKey
ObjectPropertyChain
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