ABSTRACT

Experiment 5 and 6 deals with the thermodynamic properties of chemical compounds. These experiments
will specifically emphasize the idea of thermochemistry. Thermochemistry is a branch of thermodynamics
that deals with the energy transferred as heat during the course of chemical reactions. Experiment 5 deals
with the concept of the heat of solution while Experiment 6 deals with the heat of combustion. The addition
of some solutes to a solvent will raise the temperature of the solution, while others may lower the
temperature and still others will have no noticeable effect. This behavior depends on the heat of solution of
the solute in the given solvent. The heat of combustion (Hc0) is the energy released as heat when a
substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen. The chemical reaction for combustion is typically
that of a hydrocarbon fuel reacting with oxygen derived from atmospheric air to form gaseous carbon
dioxide, water vapor and heat. In the first part of the experiment, using the Parr 6755 solutions calorimeter
and Parr 6772 Calorimetry Thermometer, the heat of solution of various salts (NaCl, NH 4Cl, and CaCl2) in
the practice of dissolution was determined. An ample amount of salt was allowed to be mixed with water,
forming solution inside the device and held at constant pressure. The calorimeter indicated the change in
temperature and the enthalpy of solution. Using different amount of salts, the effect of concentrations in the
heat of solution was also measured in performing the experiment. The results show that NaCl and NH 4Cl
favor endothermic path while exothermic path was favored by the CaCl 2. With these results, concentration
of salt is directly proportional to the heat of solution. The latter part of the experiments are mainly for the
analysis of the heat of combustion. Benzoic acid, naphthalene and sucrose are used as samples. Several
materials are used in the determination of heat combustion such as PARR 6220 Calorimeter, oxygen tank,
analytical balance, and PARR 6510 water handling system. The bomb calorimeter was devised based on
the fact that many substances, including hydrocarbons, will react easily with oxygen. The heat evolved by
the reaction is absorbed by the water surrounding the system inside the calorimeter. The solid samples
were burned in the device with an excess of oxygen using an ignition wire. The combustion was done at
constant volume. The bomb calorimeter is adiabatic therefore there will be no heat exchange between the
surroundings and the system. The amount of heat generated inside the device was indicated automatically
by the calorimeter. By measuring the temperature change of the water, the heat evolved from the sample
burned can be determined. Benzoic acid and naphthalene are aromatic compounds and their heats of
combustion are greater compared to the heat of combustion of sucrose which is a non-aromatic compound.
Keywords: Calorimetry, Heat of Combustion, Heat of Solution, PARR 6200 Calorimeter, PARR 6510 Water Handling System,
Aromaticity, Conjugation, Oxygen, Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics, Heat, Endothermic Energy, Exothermic Energy, Parr
6755 Solution Calorimeter, Parr 6772 Calorimetry

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

After gathering and analysing our data, we can formulate a generalized concept for the whole experiment. Citing a
theory for experiment 5 that Dissolution overall can be either endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether
more energy was used to break the bonds, or more energy was released when new bonds were formed. (Francis,
Eden., 2003), we can say that more energy is released or absorbed by the substance with higher concentration in
breaking or forming bonds causing it to have higher heat of solution. In addition, for a given solute, the heat of
solution is the change in energy that occurs as one mole of solute dissolves in water. During the dissolving process,
solutes either absorb or release energy. If solutes absorb energy from the water as they dissolve, the water gets
colder and the reaction is endothermic. If solutes release energy to the water as dissolve, the water gets warmer and
the reaction is exothermic. Moreover, the concentration of chemical compound affects the heat of solution in which
the concentration increases when there is a change in the differential and integral heat of solution that reflects
changing form solute-solvent interaction.

And for experiment 6 we can tell that aromaticity plays a big role in the variation of some compounds heat of
combustion wherein aromatic compounds have higher heat of combustion because they exhibit conjugation,
alternation single and double bonds, which need more energy to break while non-aromatic compounds do not have
these properties. Benzoic acid and naphthalene are aromatic compounds and their heats of combustion are greater
compared to the heat of combustion of sucrose which is a non-aromatic compound. In addition to the analysis of
experiment 6 which is for a given solute, the heat of solution is the change in energy that occurs as one mole of
solute dissolves in water. During the dissolving process, solutes either absorb or release energy. If solutes absorb
energy from the water as they dissolve, the water gets colder and the reaction is endothermic. If solutes release
energy to the water as dissolve, the water gets warmer and the reaction is exothermic. Moreover, the concentration
of chemical compound affects the heat of solution in which the concentration increases when there is a change in the
differential and integral heat of solution that reflects changing form solute-solvent interaction.