Criminology Program

Course Syllabus
CRIM 3316 Section 0I1 Corrections
Spring Semester 2010 Online section
Room: N/A elearning Syllabus revision date: 12/23/09

I. Course Navigation: Before you begin work, please take a moment to familiarize yourself with this web-based course.
The course is totally online in an asynchronous format. You do not have to come to campus and you do not have to be
online at the same time as your professor or classmates. You can complete your course by navigating around the
eLearning CRIM 3316 homepage and reading the materials specified on it and through the material in the organizers on
that page. We will utilize the assessment, discussion, mail, announcement, who’s online, and my grade tools which are all
available to you on the menu on the homepage. All requirements for course completion are listed in Section XV of this
syllabus along with the due dates for the completion of the various requirements. A summary calendar is provided for all
graded events at the end of Section XV of the syllabus. If you have any questions whatsoever about how to access any of
the course materials or assignments please email me at elmer.polk@utdallas.edu. You must check your email and the
eLearning course site at least three times per week for emails and announcements. Remember this is your classroom so
please feel comfortable asking me any questions which you would ordinarily ask in class.

II. Professor Contact Information: Dr. O. Elmer Polk, Green Hall, Office #2.614. elmer.polk@utdallas.edu, telephone
972-883-2983. Students are strongly encouraged to use email as the primary method of communication. Your professor
checks email several times per day and you can normally expect a response within 8 hours or sooner.
Office Hours: Students may feel free to contact the professor at any time by email. Hours posted for Spring Semester
2010 are Tuesdays and Thursdays 9 am – 9:45 am & 12:45 pm – 2:00 pm for those who wish to visit in person.
Graduate Teaching Assistant: Your teaching assistant for this class is Mr. Mark Saber. Please feel free to contact him at
mcs078000@utdallas.edu, extension 4915, or in person at the TA Office at GR 2.510.
Pre\Co-requisite: None.
Technical Support: If you experience difficulties with your UTD account you may send an email to assist@utdallas.edu
or call the UTD Computer Helpdesk at 972-883-2911.

III. Course Description: This course introduces students to the history and background of American corrections and the
fundamental theories of punishment and treatment. Emphasis will be placed on the policies, practices, and issues within
the correctional system. The incarceration of criminal populations in jails and prisons, and the expansion of community
based corrections will also be discussed.

IV. Learning Outcomes:

A. Provide an overview of the development of the use of institutions and community reintegration programs as
correctional processes and the philosophies of punishment utilized in their justification.
B. Provide an overview of practices, traditions and instruments used prior to the development of the use of
institutions, probation, and parole.
C. Increase students' ability to critically read corrections literature and differentiate scholarly literature from
practitioner and mass media sources.
D. Introduce students to possible abuses of correctional facilities and processes.
E. Introduce students to contemporary legal requirements in using institutions as a control mechanism and explore
corresponding constitutional rights and their limitations as reflected by their knowledge of leading legal court
opinions and decisions.
F. Differentiate varying types of correctional processes and functions, staffing and organizational variables, and
career opportunities.

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V. Required Text and course materials: Corrections in America: An Introduction, 12th edition (2010) by Allen, Harry E.,
Edward J. Latessa & Bruce S. Ponder. Pearson/Prentice Hall Publishing. ISBN# 978-0-13-503439-2. Additionally,
students are required to read appropriate, current criminal justice journal articles and internet materials as assigned.

VI. Grades will be posted based on the following scale: A+=98-100, A=94-97, A-=90-93: B+=87-89, B=84-86, B-=80-83,
C+77-79, C=74-76, C-=70-73, D+=67-69, D=64-66, D-=60-63, F=0-59. Grades are based on the following nine events
(due dates are in the course calendar and assignment schedule in Section XV of this syllabus). Please note that there is
no extra credit work available in this class and each student should strive to do his or her best work on each and every
grading event. The mathematical rule of rounding will apply to the computation of the final grade in the course
based on the grades received in the following events.

1. Examination I (100 points). 2 hours, online, open-book; questions from textbook, session outlines and internet sites
2. Examination 2 (100 points). 2 hours, online, open-book; questions from textbook, session outlines and internet sites
3. Examination 3 (100 points) (final exam). 2 hours, online, open-book; questions from textbook, session outlines and
internet sites
4. Discussion 1 grade (30 points) Answers to three of the discussion questions on the discussion board must be posted
in essay format of 200 words or more per answer before taking Exam 1
5. Discussion grade 2 (30 points) Answers to three of the discussion questions on the discussion board must be posted
in essay format of 200 words or more per answer before taking Exam 2
6. Discussion 3 grade (40 points) Answers to four of the discussion questions on the discussion board must be posted in
essay format of 200 words or more per answer before taking Exam 3
7. Responses to three of your classmates’ postings either agreeing or disagreeing and stating why. (30 points)
8. Syllabus Quiz (10 points)
9. Topic paper (100 points). (Details below)
Total possible points = 540

A+=529-540; A=507-528; A-=486-506; B+=470-485; B=454-469; B-=432-453; C+=416-431; C=400-415; C-=378-399

D+=362-377; D=346-361; D-=324-345; F=323 or less

Incomplete Grade Policy: As per university policy, incomplete grades will be granted only for work unavoidably missed
at the semester’s end and only if 70% of the course work has been completed. An incomplete grade must be resolved
within eight (8) weeks from the first day of the subsequent long semester. If the required work to complete the course and
to remove the incomplete grade is not submitted by the specified deadline, the incomplete grade is changed automatically
to a grade of F.

Examinations: There are three open-book examinations that will consist of 25-50 objective items each with a maximum
score of 100 points on each exam. Questions are taken from your textbook, the sessions, and the internet sites identified
in the sessions. Your score will be posted in percentage scores in your gradebook with a maximum score of 100% on
each. Please be aware that the exams are rigorous. You will be given a maximum of two hours to complete each exam.
Please read and study the text, posted session outlines, and required internet sites in detail before beginning the exams.
The professor will manually curve the class scores depending upon the highest grade made on each exam. The manual
adjustments will be entered into your gradebook within one week of the due date for the exam.

Discussion Board Questions: Ten of the twenty-five discussion items on the discussion board must be answered with
each item worth 10 points for a cumulative score of 100. Three discussion questions must be posted from Forum 1 before
you take Examination 1; three more must be posted from Forum 2 before taking Examination 2, and the final four
discussion items must be posted from Forum 3 before taking Examination 3. Discussion Board items may be posted early
if the student wishes. Due dates for the postings are detailed in the Course Calendar and Assignment Schedule in Section
XV of the course Syllabus. Questions not posted by the due dates will be reduced in grade 10 points per calendar day.
Any questions not received by the last day of regular class will receive a score of zero. Discussion question answers
must be the student’s own original work and should be 250 words or longer and each answer must be followed
by the bibliographic information on two sources of information in addition to the textbook or internet site.
Answers that are simply blocked and moved from any other site that are not the original work of the student posting the
answer will receive a grade of zero and the student will be referred for disciplinary action by the university.

Students are also required to briefly and respectfully comment on three responses of other students to discussion
questions. There is no length requirement for the responses to other student answers. Attention to proper writing and
correct spelling when answering and posting the discussion question responses is expected and is a part of the grade
received for the assignment. Use proper grammar and spelling and do not use any type of abbreviations not found in a

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commonly accepted, standardized English dictionary. All comments posted by students must be in formal language
with no intolerant, rude, abusive, or obscene language. Violations of this policy will be referred for disciplinary action
with the recommendation that the student be expelled from the class!

Required paper: The topic paper will be graded on a100 point scale with a zero score if no paper is submitted. The
paper, like the discussion questions, can be submitted early if the student wishes and papers not submitted by the due
date will receive a penalty of 10 points per day for each calendar day that it is late. Early submission is encouraged.
Attention to proper writing composition and correct spelling is expected and is a part of the grade received for the
assignment. Your topic may be selected from anything you read in the course from the textbook, the sessions, or the
internet sites. If you need help picking a topic or would like to get your topic approved before proceeding, simply email me
and I can provide a list of topics or the approval of your topic. A short list of possible topics is also available on your
course homepage. The paper should address the history and emergence of the topic selected as well as the current state
of the topic and future trends or implications. The paper must be between six and eight pages and must have a properly
formatted bibliography containing at least six references, which may include books (including your textbook), scholarly
journal articles, newspaper articles (no more than 2), government reports, or scholarly internet articles that have a known
author and date of publication. Students who are uncertain about whether a journal article is scholarly or not should refer
to the information contained in Session #13 (it provides details on APA formatting and the difference between various
types of sources of information or ask the professor via email at elmer.polk@utdallas.edu. The paper must be printed,
double-spaced, with one-inch margins at top, bottom, and both sides. Font size must be 11 or 12 and the paper should
not contain any pictures, charts, diagrams, tables, etc. The paper may be emailed to elmer.polk@utdallas.edu.

Syllabus Quiz: All students are required to complete the syllabus quiz within the first week of class.

Netiquette: Please express all posted comments in formal English without street jargon or employment related jargon,
acronyms, or abbreviations that will not be understood by all students. Avoid being critical of your fellow classmates and
focus your responses to the content of what they posted. Do not make emotional outbursts on the discussion page and
always remember that anything you post will be retained exactly as you post it for a long time and can be referred to
exactly as you post it in the future. Some yes and no rules to follow in the course:

 Yes, you can email your professor as often as you like at elmer.polk@utdallas.edu
 Yes, you can critique postings in your responses in any way you like as long as it is not offensive and not
critical of another student personally.
 Yes, you can ask the professor any question you have
 Yes, every email is appreciated and answered
 No, you should not use a lot of acronyms and jargon in your postings
 No, you should not try to use humor as it sometimes comes across online with unintended consequences.
 Remember that even if you are posting your comments in the privacy of your home, they will be viewed online
exactly as comments would be viewed in a live classroom and comment accordingly and with proper respect for
fellow students.

VII. Academic Integrity: It is the philosophy of The University of Texas at Dallas that each student is responsible for
following the Student Code of Conduct and students should read the Code in their Catalog pertaining to all aspects of
academic integrity, especially the provisions regarding plagiarism and academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty is a
completely unacceptable mode of conduct and will not be tolerated in any form. All persons involved in academic
dishonesty will be disciplined in accordance with University regulations and procedures. Discipline may include
suspension from the University or other resolutions as required by the University. Academic dishonesty includes but is not
limited to cheating, plagiarism, collusion, the submission for credit of any work or materials that are attributable in whole or
in part to another person, taking an examination for another person, or any act designed to give unfair advantage to a
student.

VIII. University Drop Policy: It is the responsibility of the student to process the official drop and add forms. Faculty/staff
cannot drop students from class. Please be aware the professor cannot drop a student for never attending or missing too
many classes and can only assign grades based on the work submitted. For this reason it is important to your grade that
if, for any reason, you decide to not complete the course, to complete the appropriate paperwork to drop the class
officially or to withdraw from the university.

IX. Student Conduct & Discipline: The University of Texas System and The University of Texas at Dallas have rules
and regulations for the orderly and efficient conduct of their business. It is the responsibility of each student and each
student organization to be knowledgeable about the rules and regulations which govern student conduct and activities.

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General information on student conduct and discipline is contained in the UTD publication, A to Z Guide, which is provided
to all registered students each academic year.

The University of Texas at Dallas administers student discipline within the procedures of recognized and established due
process. Procedures are defined and described in the Rules and Regulations, Board of Regents, The University of Texas
System, Part 1, Chapter VI, Section 3, and in Title V, Rules on Student Services and Activities of the university’s
Handbook of Operating Procedures. Copies of these rules and regulations are available to students in the Office of the
Dean of Students, where staff members are available to assist students in interpreting the rules and regulations (SU
1.602, 972/883-6391).

A student at the university neither loses the rights nor escapes the responsibilities of citizenship. He or she is expected to
obey federal, state, and local laws as well as the Regents’ Rules, university regulations, and administrative rules.
Students are subject to discipline for violating the standards of conduct whether such conduct takes place on or off
campus, or whether civil or criminal penalties are also imposed for such conduct.

X. E-Mail Policy: The University of Texas at Dallas recognizes the value and efficiency of communication between
faculty/staff and students through electronic mail. At the same time, email raises some issues concerning security and the
identity of each individual in an email exchange. The university encourages all official student email correspondence be
sent only to a student’s U.T. Dallas email address and that faculty and staff consider email from students official only if it
originates from a UTD student account. This allows the university to maintain a high degree of confidence in the identity of
all individual corresponding and the security of the transmitted information. UTD furnishes each student with a free email
account that is to be used in all communication with university personnel. The Department of Information Resources at
U.T. Dallas provides a method for students to have their U.T. Dallas mail forwarded to other accounts.

XI. Student Grievance Procedures: Procedures for student grievances are found in Title V, Rules on Student Services
and Activities, of the university’s Handbook of Operating Procedures.

In attempting to resolve any student grievance regarding grades, evaluations, or other fulfillments of academic
responsibility, it is the obligation of the student first to make a serious effort to resolve the matter with the instructor,
supervisor, administrator, or committee with whom the grievance originates (hereafter called “the respondent”). Individual
faculty members retain primary responsibility for assigning grades and evaluations. If the matter cannot be resolved at
that level, the grievance must be submitted in writing to the respondent with a copy of the respondent’s School Dean. If
the matter is not resolved by the written response provided by the respondent, the student may submit a written appeal to
the School Dean. If the grievance is not resolved by the School Dean’s decision, the student may make a written appeal
to the Dean of Graduate or Undergraduate Education, and the deal will appoint and convene an Academic Appeals Panel.
The decision of the Academic Appeals Panel is final. The results of the academic appeals process will be distributed to all
involved parties.

Copies of these rules and regulations are available to students in the Office of the Dean of Students, where staff members
are available to assist students in interpreting the rules and regulations.

XII. Disability Services: The goal of Disability Services is to provide students with disabilities educational opportunities
equal to those of their non-disabled peers. Disability Services is located in room 1.610 in the Student Union. Office hours
are Monday and Thursday, 8:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.; Tuesday and Wednesday, 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.; and Friday, 8:30
a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
The contact information for the Office of Disability Services is:
The University of Texas at Dallas, SU 22, PO Box 830688, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688, (972) 883-2098 (voice or
TTY)

Essentially, the law requires that colleges and universities make those reasonable adjustments necessary to eliminate
discrimination on the basis of disability. For example, it may be necessary to remove classroom prohibitions against tape
recorders or animals (in the case of dog guides) for students who are blind. Occasionally an assignment requirement may
be substituted (for example, a research paper versus an oral presentation for a student who is hearing impaired). Classes
enrolled students with mobility impairments may have to be rescheduled in accessible facilities. The college or university
may need to provide special services such as registration, note-taking, or mobility assistance. It is the student’s
responsibility to notify his or her professors of the need for such an accommodation. Disability Services provides students
with letters to present to faculty members to verify that the student has a disability and needs accommodations.
Individuals requiring special accommodation should contact the professor after class or during office hours.

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XIII. Religious Holy Days: The University of Texas at Dallas will excuse a student from class or other required activities
for the travel to and observance of a religious holy day for a religion whose places of worship are exempt from property
tax under Section 11.20, Tax Code, Texas Code Annotated. The student is encouraged to notify the instructor or activity
sponsor as soon as possible regarding the absence, preferably in advance of the assignment. The student, so excused,
will be allowed to take the exam or complete the assignment within a reasonable time after the absence: a period equal to
the length of the absence, up to a maximum of one week. A student who notifies the instructor and completes any missed
exam or assignment may not be penalized for the absence. A student who fails to complete the exam or assignment
within the prescribed period may receive a failing grade for that exam or assignment.
If a student or an instructor disagrees about the nature of the absence [i.e., for the purpose of observing a religious holy
day] or if there is similar disagreement about whether the student has been given a reasonable time to complete any
missed assignments or examinations, either the student or the instructor may request a ruling from the chief executive
officer of the institution, or his or her designee. The chief executive officer or designee must take into account the
legislative intent of TEC 51.911(b), and the student and instructor will abide by the decision of the chief executive officer
or designee.

XIV. Off-Campus Instruction and Course Activities: Off-campus, out-of-state, and foreign instruction and activities are
subject to state law and University policies and procedures regarding travel and risk-related activities. Information
regarding these rules and regulations may be found at the website address given below. Additional information is
available from the office of the school dean. (http://www.utdallas.edu/Business Affairs/Travel_Risk_Activities.htm)

XV. COURSE CALENDAR AND ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE

Please note that all chapter reading assignments made in this assignment schedule refer to readings in the required
textbook entitled, Corrections in America: An Introduction, 12th edition (2010). Additional readings are required in the
individual session outlines and the internet sites identified in them and in the following assignment schedule.

As per the UTD Academic Calendar, Spring semester classes begin on January 11, 2010 and end on May 3, 2010 with a
Final Exam on May 10, 2010 by midnight. Each week in the following schedule is composed of a seven day period with
week one beginning on Monday, January 11.

First Week of Class (Jan. 11-17): Read Session 1 outline and chapters 1 & 2 in the text as well as the entire class
syllabus available on the course website. Welcome to the class! These readings will introduce you to the course, the
professor, and the expectations of you in the course. The topic this week is the history and development of human
behaviors and the corresponding development of social sanctions, precursors of prisons, and prisons.

JANUARY 15, 2010 FRIDAY: SYLLABUS QUIZ: ALL STUDENTS MUST COMPLETE THE POSTED QUIZ BY
MIDNIGHT.

Week 2 (Jan. 18-24): Read Session 2 outline and chapter 3 in the text. Topic: Why we punish offenders and the five
ideologies of punishment. Discussion of retribution & just deserts, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation & the medical
model, and restoration.

Week 3 (Jan. 25-31): Read Session 3 and chapter 4 in the text. Topic: Sentencing categories. Indeterminate,
determinate, mandatory, presumptive. Influence of the three branches of government. The presentence investigation.
Felonies and misdemeanors.

Week 4 (Feb. 1-7): Read Session 4 and chapter 5 in the text. Topic: Appellate court review and probation.

Week 5: (Feb. 8-14): Read Session 5 Read chapter 6 in the text. Topic: Diversion and intermediate sanctions.

FEBRUARY 9, 2010 TUESDAY  MUST SUBMIT THE FIRST THREE DISCUSSION QUESTION ANSWERS PLUS
ONE RESPONSE TO ONE OF YOUR CLASSMATES ANSWERS BY MIDNIGHT.

FEBRUARY 11, 2010 THURSDAY  EXAMINATION 1 ON SESSIONS 1-5, CHAPTERS 1-6, AND THE REQUIRED
INTERNET SITES. REMEMBER THAT YOU MUST HAVE POSTED THREE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS OR MORE
BEFORE TAKING THIS EXAMINATION.

Week 6 (Feb. 15-21): Read Session 6 and chapters 7& 8 in text. Topic: Custody, management, and treatment.

Week 7 (Feb. 22-28): Read Session 7 and chapter 9 & 10 in the text. Topic: jails and state prisons
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Week 8 (March 1-7): Read Session 8 and chapter 11 & 12 in the text. Topic: The Federal System. Organization of
correctional institutions. Are they cruel and unusual punishment?

Week 9 (March 8-14): Read Session 9 and chapter 13 in text. Topic: Parole and Reentry

MARCH 11, 2010 THURSDAY  MUST SUBMIT THREE ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION QUESTION ANSWERS PLUS
ONE RESPONSE TO ONE OF YOUR CLASSMATES ANSWERS BY MIDNIGHT. (THIS WILL GIVE YOU A TOTAL OF
SIX DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND TWO RESPONSES THUS FAR IN THE COURSE).

MARCH 12, 2010 FRIDAY  EXAMINATION 2 ON SESSIONS 6-9, CHAPTERS 7-13, AND RELATED INTERNET
SITES.

REMEMBER THAT YOU MUST HAVE POSTED A TOTAL OF SIX DISCUSSION QUESTIONS OR MORE BEFORE
TAKING THIS EXAMINATION.

Week 10 (March 15-21): Spring Break

Week 11 (March 22-28): Read Session 10 and chapter 14 in the text. Topic: the Death Penalty.

Week 12 (March 29-April 4): Read Sessions 11 and chapter 15 in the text. Topic: Offender rights.

Week 13 (April 5-11): Read Sessions 12 and 13 and chapter 16 and 17 in the text. Topic: Male and female prisoners
and issues..

Week 14 (April 12-18): Read Session 14 and chapter 18 in the text. Topic: Juvenile offenders.

APRIL 12, 2010. MONDAY. LIBRARY RESEARCH PAPER IS DUE BEFORE MIDNIGHT. LATE PAPERS WILL BE
REDUCED IN GRADE 10 POINTS FOR EACH DAY IT IS LATE.

Week 15 (April 19-25): Read chapter 19 in the text. Topic: special category offenders

APRIL 23, 2010 FRIDAY  MUST SUBMIT FOUR ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION QUESTION ANSWERS PLUS ONE
RESPONSE TO ONE OF YOUR CLASSMATES ANSWERS BY MIDNIGHT. (THIS WILL GIVE YOU A TOTAL OF TEN
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND THREE RESPONSES IN THE COURSE).

Week 16 (April 26-May 2): Review Sessions 10-14 and chapters 14-19 in the text to prepare for final examination.

MAY 10, 2010. MONDAY.  EXAMINATION 3 (final exam) ON SESSIONS 10-14, CHAPTERS 14-
19 AND RELATED INTERNET SITES. REMEMBER THAT YOU MUST HAVE POSTED A TOTAL
OF TEN DISCUSSION QUESTIONS BEFORE TAKING THIS EXAMINATION.

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 Course Calendar at a Glance

Calendar due dates for all events contributing to students’ course grade

Date Exams and Quiz Discussion Board Dates

JANUARY 15, 2010 FRIDAY BY SYLLABUS QUIZ: ALL STUDENTS

MIDNIGHT MUST COMPLETE THE POSTED
QUIZ BY MIDNIGHT

FEBRUARY 9, 2010 MONDAY BY MUST SUBMIT THE FIRST THREE

MIDNIGHT DISCUSSION QUESTION ANSWERS
PLUS ONE RESPONSE TO ONE OF
YOUR CLASSMATES ANSWERS
.LATE ANSWERS ARE REDUCED IN
GRADE BY 10% PER DAY.

FEBRUARY 11, 2010 WEDNESDAY BY EXAMINATION 1 ON SESSIONS 1-5,

MIDNIGHT CHAPTERS 1-6, AND THE REQUIRED
INTERNET SITES.

MARCH 11, 2010 THURSDAY BY MUST SUBMIT THREE ADDITIONAL

MIDNIGHT DISCUSSION QUESTION ANSWERS
PLUS ONE RESPONSE TO ONE OF
YOUR CLASSMATES ANSWERS.
LATE ANSWERS ARE REDUCED IN
GRADE BY 10% PER DAY.

MARCH 12, 2010 FRIDAY BY EXAMINATION 2 ON SESSIONS 6-9,

MIDNIGHT CHAPTERS 7-13, AND RELATED
INTERNET SITES.

LIBRARY RESEARCH PAPER IS DUE

BEFORE MIDNIGHT. LATE PAPERS
APRIL 12, 2010, MONDAY BY WILL BE REDUCED IN GRADE 10
MIDNIGHT POINTS FOR EACH DAY IT IS LATE.

APRIL 23, 2010, THURSDAY BY MUST SUBMIT FOUR ADDITIONAL

MIDNIGHT DISCUSSION QUESTION ANSWERS
PLUS ONE RESPONSE TO ONE OF
YOUR CLASSMATES ANSWERS.
LATE ANSWERS ARE REDUCED IN
GRADE BY 10% PER DAY.

MAY 10, 2010, MONDAY BY MIDNIGHT (FINAL EXAM) ONLINE EXAM 3

(CHAPS. 14-19, SESSIONS 10-14

Please note all exam and participation dates carefully and contact your professor if there are urgent and compelling
reasons why you need a date changed. (Remember that early completion of the exams and assignments is permitted
without prior discussion). The final exam date is not flexible regardless of cause if it is late but arrangements can be made
for it to be taken early if required.

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 Selected References

Allen, H.E., Latessa, E.J., Ponder, E. & Simonsen C.E. (2007). Corrections in America, 11th ed., Upper

Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall Publishing.

Champion, D.J. (2001). Corrections in the United States: A Contemporary Perspective, 3rd. ed., Upper

Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Champion, D.J. (2002) Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.:

Prentice Hall, Inc.

Cromwell, P.E., R.V. del Carmen, & L.F. Alarid. (2002). Community-Based Corrections. Belmont, CA:

Wadsworth – Thomson Learning.

Del Carmen, A. (2000). Corrections. Madison, WI: Coursewise Publishing.

Del Carmen, R.V. (1987). Criminal Procedure for Law Enforcement Personnel. Pacific Grove, CA:

Brooks/Cole Publishers.

DiIulio, J.J., Jr. (1987) Governing Prisons. New York: McMillan Publishing.

Gido, R.L. & T. Alleman. (2002) Turnstile Justice: Issues in American Corrections, 2nd ed., Upper Saddle

River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Marquart, J.W. & Sorenson, J.R. (1997) Correctional contexts, Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co.

Mauer, Marc. (1999). Race to Incarcerate: The Sentencing Project. New York: The New Press.

Mays, G.L. & Winfree, L.T. Jr. (2005). Essentials of Corrections. Thomson/Wadsworth Publishing.

Palmer, J.W. (1997). Constitutional Rights of Prisoners, 5th. ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing Co.

Reichel, P.L. (1997). Corrections. Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Company.

Schwartz, M.D. & Travis, L.F. (1997). Corrections: An Issues Approach, Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing.

Seiter, R.S. (2005). Corrections: An Introduction. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education,

Inc.

Roth, M. P. (2005). Crime and Punishment: A History of the Criminal Justice System. Thomson/

Wadsworth Publishing.

Rush, G. (1992). Dict. of Criminal Justice, 3rd ed., Dushkin Publishing.

Silverman, Ira J. (2001) Corrections: A Comprehensive View, 2nd ed., Wadsworth Publishing.

List of Authorities

Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966).

In Re Gault, 87 U.S.1 (1967).
In Re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970).
Jackson v. Bishop, 268 F. Supp. 804 (1968).

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Johnson v. Avery, 393 U.S. 483 (1969).
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S.97 (1976).
Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cr. 137 (1803).

Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S.471 (1972).

Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539 (1974).
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 154 (1976).
Ruffin v. Commonwealth, 62 Va.(21 Gratt.) 790 (1871).
Holt v. Sarver, 300 F.Supp. 825 (1969).
Roper v. Simmons, 125 S. Ct. 1183 (2005)