(Reasoning) Syllogism (All Cats Are Dogs) - Method, Approach, Techniques, Shortcuts Explained For IBPS, SSC, CSAT and CAT - Mrunal

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[Reasoning] Syllogism (All Cats are Dogs): Method, approach,

techniques, shortcuts explained for IBPS, SSC, CSAT and CAT
Aptitude (http://mrunal.org/category/aptitude) / 2 years Ago /

582 Comments (http://mrunal.org/2013/01/reasoning-syllogism-all-cats-dogs-approach-shortcut-technique-explained-ibps-ssc-csat-cat.htm
1.
Introduction to Syllogism
2.
Basics
3.
Subject vs Predicate
4.
Classification of statement
5.
Standard format: conversion
6.
No conclusion Combos
7.
Conclusive-Combos
8.
DemoQ: Crazy men and Women
9.
DemoQ: Intelligent Poets and singers
10.
CAT-level
For Aptitude, I recommend

Maths: Fast-track Rajesh
(http://www.flipkart.com/fast-track-objectivearithmetic-3rd/p/itmd68vjuzdcmrs7?
pid=9789351760146&affid=mrunalrugm)
Reasoning: MK Pandey
(http://www.flipkart.com/analyticalreasoning-3rd/p/itmdyv7d6fhkgp8s?
English: SP Bakshi
(http://www.flipkart.com/objective-generalenglish-2012/p/itmdyuqqgafhtehp?
DemoQ: Sweet Testing Apples (CAT)

DemoQ: Working mother nurses (CAT)
DemoQ: 4 questions in 1!
11.
Special Conversions
12.
Complimentary pairs
13.
Tricky Situations: Priority order
14.
Tricky Situations: 1-Statement Conclusion
15.
Summary
Introduction to Syllogism
There are two main types of Syllogism question
2-Statements
3-Statements
Question Statement:
I. All cats are dogs
II. All dogs are birdsConclusion:
I. Some cats are birds
II. Some birds are cats.
Question Statement
A. All cats are dogs
B. some pigs are cats
C. no dogs are birdsConclusion
I. some cats are dogs
II. no birds are cats
III. some pigs are birds
IV. some pigs are not birds
2 Statement Syllogism questions are usually found in IBPS (Bank) and SSC exams.
UPSC CSAT 2012 exam had quite a few questions on 3 Statement Syllogism.
In CAT exams, they ask 2 Statement Syllogism but they pack 3-4 such 2-statement syllogism questions inside one question to
make it very time-consuming process.
In this article, you will learn how to solve the 2 Statement syllogism questions.
3 Statement syllogism syllogism is explained in separate article (CLICK ME). (http://mrunal.org/2013/01/reasoning-statementsyllogism-technique-method-shortcuts-for-ibps-ssc-csat-cat-cmat-gmat.html) (Theyre mere anextensionof the concepts
explained in this article, so first master the 2-statement technique here.)
There are three methods to solve 2-statement Syllogism questions.
1. Venn Diagram
2. AEIO (analytical
Method)
3. Distribution of
terms (Tick method)
In the exam, Have to think of all possible Venn-Diagram situation and draw them to check every
statement.= time consuming in the exam hall.
Have to mugup some rules, and spend some hours @home to master the AEIO conversion in your
head. But once done, it is easy as a walk in the park.
Usually taught in CAT coaching classes and study material.
Technique is very fast but It excludes the concept of Conversion and Complementary cases, hence
sometimes makes it difficult to solve non-CAT questions.
The technique explained in this article, is a modified version of AEIO method combined with the Tick Method. Lets call it U.P.-U.N.
method.
Basics
Subject vs Predicate
Consider this question statement
1. All cats are dogs
2. Some dogs are birds
3. No bird is a pig
4. Some pigs are not birds.
In all such statements, first-term is called subject and second is called predicate.
It doesnt matter what word is given: Table, Chair, Raja, Kalmadi, Kanimozhi or Madhu Koda first term is subject and second term is
predicate.
Lets relook at those question statements
Subject
Predicate
Cats
Dogs
Dogs
Birds
3. No bird is a pig
Bird
Pig
Pigs
Birds
I hope the Subject vs. Predicate is clear now. Lets move to second thing
Classication of statement
In syllogism, each statement usually has following format
xyz subject is/are (not) predicate.
For example,
Xyz
Subject
Is/are (+/-not)
Predicate
All
Cats
Are
Dogs
Some
Pigs
Are not
birds
Based on xyz and not, we classify the statements as following

Statement
Type
Codename
Universal Positive
UP
Particular Positive
PP
3. No bird is a pig
Universal Negative
UN
Particular Negative
PN
Please remember following words. Whenever they come, you classify the statement accordingly.
All, every, any, none, not a single, only etc.
Universal (positive or
negative)
Some, many, a few, quite a few, not many, very little, most of, almost, generally, often, freqently,
etc.
Particular (positive or
negative)
Standard format: conversion

The standard 2-statement syllogism question format is following:
1. (xyz) A is/are (+/- not) B
2. (xyz) B is/are (+/- not) C
So basically it is
1. A>B
2. B>C
(read as A to B then B to C)
What does this tell us?
Question statements must have ONLY three terms. (A, B and C).
In the exam, if they give you two question statements with four terms then your time is saved! Just tick the answer no conclusion can
be drawn.
For example
Question statements
Answer
1. All cats are Dogs

2. Some birds are pigs
No conclusion can be drawn. Because it has four terms (cats, dogs, birds, pigs)
A>B
C>D
Anyways back to the topic,

The standard format for question statements is:
1. A>B
2. B>C
1. First term>Middle Term

2. Middle Term>Third term
But if the given question statements are not given in this format, then we must convert them into above format. Otherwise we cannot
proceed with answer. For example
Given question statements are
1. A>B
2. C>B
This must be converted into

1. A>B
2. B>C
Given question statements are

1. B>A
2. B>C
This must be converted into

1. A>B
2. B>C
Ok, so how to convert the statements?
Universal Positive (UP)

Given Statement
Given Statement: All Cats are Dogs
Valid conversions
Type
Some Cats are dogs
Particular Positive (PP)
Some dogs are cats
It means UP can be converted into PP.

Please note: if the statement is Only Dogs are cats, then better convert it into All cats are dogs. (Only A is B > All B are A)
Universal Negative (UN)

Given Statement
Given Statement: No Cats are Dogs
Valid conversions
Type
Some dogs are not cats
Particular Negative (PN)
No dogs are cats
It means UN can be converted into PN or UN.

Given Statement
Valid conversions
Type
Some Cats are Dogs
Some dogs are cats
It means PP can be converted into PP only.
Particular Negative
Example: Some Cats are not Dogs. In Particular negative statements (PN), no conversion can be made.
So PN=cant convert.
To sum up the conversion rules
Type
Valid Conversion
Only PP
PN or UN
Only PP
Not possible.
Please note:
In some lower level exams, sometimes they directly ask about conversion. For example
Q. What can be concluded from the given statement: Some Politicians are honest men.
Answer choices
1. Some Honest men are not Politicians.
2. All Honest men are not politician
3. Some Honest men are politicians.
4. None of Above.
(Please donot read further, without solving above question.)
Solution
well, the given statement Some Politicians are honest men. is a particular positive statement (PP).
Hence according to our table, it can be converted into PP only. Therefore
Given answer choice
Thought process
1. Some Honest men are not Politicians.
Particular negative (PN), hence eliminate.
2. No Honest men are politicians.
Universal Negative, hence eliminate
3. Some Honest men are politicians.
PP hence this is correct answer.
4. None of Above.
not applicable because C is the correct answer.
In case you are wondering,

Q. Some politicians are honest men.
In above case, cant the answer be A: Some honest men are not politicians?
Well, if you go by Venn Diagram method, itll lead to two cases hence it is doubtful.
Case #1
Data
1. Sardar Patel
Subject (Politicians)
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri
3. Raja
4. Kalmadi
Predicate (Honest Men)
1. Sardar Patel
In above situation, can you say Some honest men are not politicians?
Well you cant say that. Because both Honest men (Sardar and Shastri) are in politician set.
Case #2
Data
1. Sardar Patel
Subject (Politicians)

3. Raja
4. Kalmadi
1. Sardar Patel
Predicate (Honest Men)

3. Bhagat Singh
4. ChandraSekhar Azad
In above situation, can you say Some honest men are not politicians?
Yes you can. Because two Honest men (Bhagat Singh and Azad) are not in politician set.
The point is, whenever two cases are possible, you cannot safely conclude one statement.
Hence, if the statement is

Some A are B> it doesnt mean Some B are not A.
The only valid conclusion in above case is :Some B are A.
Therefore Particular Positive (PP) statement can be converted into Particular Positive (PP) statement only.
Similarly
Type of Statement
Valid Conversion
Path
Universal Positive (UP)All cats(A) are dogs (B)
Only PPSome Cats (A) are dogs. (B)Some dogs (B) are cats. (A)
A to BB to A
Universal Negative (UN)No Cats(A) are dogs (B)
PN :Some Dogs (B) are not Cats (A).

UN: No Dogs (B) are cats. (A)
B to A
Particular Positive (PP)Some cats (A) are dogs (B)
Only PP: Some dogs (B) are cats(A)
B to A
Not possible.
Anyways back to the topic, what are we discussing?

1. Topic of discussion is: How to solve 2 statement syllogism question
2. Subject vs predicate
3. Type of statements (UP, UN, PP, PN)
4. Standard format and conversion.
The standard question format is

A>B
B>C
If the given question doesnt have statements in âbove standard format, then we must convert them into standard format. Only then
we can proceed further.
So far, We constructed our shortcut table on how to convert the statements. Now
lets try some examples

Question statements
Conversion?
1. All Cats are dogs(B)

2. Some dogs(B) are not pigs.
Already in standard format (A to B and then B to C)

hence no need to convert.

No need to convert any statement.

Just exchange the position of first and second statement.
1. All Cats are dogs (B)

2. All pigs are dogs(B)
Have to convert, because not in standard format.1.All cats(A) are dogs(B)

2.Some dogs(B) are pigs(C). (Rule UP-> only PP)
Now coming to the heart of the matter: how to solve the (stupid) 2 statement syllogism question?
No conclusion Combos
Here are the non-conclusion combos when two question statements are in following format.
First statement (A to B)
Second statement (B to C)
Answer

No conclusion
No conclusion
No conclusion
No conclusion
No conclusion
No conclusion
Any other (UP, UN, PP, PN)
No conclusion
^does it look difficult?

Not really. Lets condense this table into mug-up rules.
1. UPs politicians hate giving particular statements (both positive and negative). E.g. they donot reveal their clear position on FDI in
retail until the 11th hour.
2. United Nations hates negativity. (both Universal and particular)
3. Pritish Nandy hates everybody.
4. Two-negatives=no conclusion. (although implicit in 2+3)
5. Two particulars=no conclusion. (although implicit in 1+3)
Please note: in âbove situationsdefiniteconclusion is impossible. However, sometimes two answer choices are still possible either
a or b.
That concept is called Complimentary pairs.Well learn about it at the bottom of this article.
For the moment, lets not complicate the matters with complimentary pairs.
Ok back to topic, when you face a Two-statement syllogism question? youll follow these steps:
1. first, make sure it contains only three terms (ABC) (else no conclusion.)
2. Make sure question statements are in standard format (A to B then B to C). If not in standard format, then re-arrange.
3. Classify the question statements. (UP, UN, PP, PN)
4. Check if the question statements have no conclusion combos (Âbove rules)
if above things donot yield an answer, then weve to think about what will be the conclusion(s)?
Conclusive-Combos
If youve followed above steps, then question statements in the format A to B and then B to C.
First statement (A to B)
Second statement (B to C)
Conclusion
Universal Positive (UP) (A to C)
Universal Negative (UN) (A to C)
Universal positive (UP)

Particular Negative (PN). (C to A)
Particular Positive (PP) (A to C)
Particular Negative (PN) (A to C)
As you can see from above table,

The answer statement is usually in the format of A to C. with exception when first question statement is Universal Negative (UN).
Lets condense this table into mug-up rules as well.
ConclusiveCombos
In your head,visualize
1. UP+UP=UP
If Uttar Pradesh meets Uttar Pradesh, then its size doesnt increase.
2. UP+UN=UN
If Uttar Pradesh meets United Nations then its size increases and it becomes United Nations.
3. UN+
United Nations Secretary Ban Ki Moon is in very positive mood. But he meets another positive person, and
his attitude is totally reversed- he becomes particularly negative! (reversed =C to A)
(UP/PP)=PN
4. PP+
(UP/UN)=PP/PN
When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA telescope, his mood becomes positive or negative depending
on the mood of universe.
Try a question from SSC-CGL (Tier-I, 2010) exam,
DemoQ: Crazy men and Women

Question Statements
1. All men are women.
2. All women are crazy.
Conclusion
1. All Men are crazy

2. All the crazy are men
3. Some of the crazy are men
4. Some of the crazy are women
Answer
a. None of the conclusion follows
b. All conclusions follow
c. Only 1, 3 and 4 follow
d. Only 2 and 3 follow
(I suggest you pause here. First try to solve it on your own, without directly reading the solution. If youve difficulty, re-read rules given
above)
Solution
Our standard operating procedure (SOP)
Question Statements
First step: make sure four terms are not given = check. Only three terms (men, women, crazy)
Second step, make sure theyre in standard format (A to B and then B to C): Check yes theyre.
Hence conversion is not required.
1. All men(A) are women. (B) (UP)

2. All women(B) are crazy.(C) (UP)
Third step, classify the statements.
Fourth step: check the combo for question statements.

Well, since it is UP+UP= its size doesnt increase. Hence conclusion should be UP. (A to C) meaning All men(A) are crazy.(C)
Check the answer statements.
1. All Men are

crazy
2. All the crazy are

men
3. Some of the
crazy are men
Correct.
Recall that conversion table.Universal Positive (UP) can be converted only into Particular Positive (PP).
Since All men are crazy => Some Crazy are men.
But we cannot say All crazy are men. So this option is false.
If you apply common sense at this stage: well, 1st statement correct, and 2nd statement is false, hence
answer is (C): only 1, 3 and 4 follow!
Correct because of conversion table
4. Some of the
crazy are
women
Given question statement : All women are crazy. (Universal positive). If we apply conversion table (UP=> PP)
then Some Crazy are women. Hence this statement is also correct.
Final answer (C): only 1, 3 and 4 follow

If youre still staggering, I suggest you go through those rules again, note them down in a diary in your own words and language,
revise a few times. Then try next question
DemoQ: Intelligent Poets and singers

Question Statements (SSC-CPO exam)
1. All poets are intelligent
2. All singers are intelligent.
Conclusion
1. all singers are poets
2. some intelligent persons are not singers
Answer choices
a. only conclusion one follows
b. only conclusion two follows
c. either conclusion one or conclusion two follows
d. neither follows
solution
first step: does the question statements have only three terms? Check: Yes. Singers, poets, intelligent. Good, proceed with next step.
Second step: Are the question statements given in standard format (A to B then B to C)?
Check. Nope
1. All poets (A) are intelligent (B)
2. All singers (C) are intelligent. (B)
Then we have to convert it into standard format. And since both statements are universal positive, we dont need to worry about
which statement to convert first? (that priority order, more about it, explained at the bottom of this article.)
Second statement is universal positive (UP), according to our table, we can only convert it into particular positive (PP) therefore
All singers (C) are intelligent. (B)==> Some intelligent persons(B) are singers.(C)
Now the new question statements, in the standard format (A to B then B to C) are
1. All poets are intelligent (B)
2. Some intelligent persons(B) are singers.
Third step, classify the question statements
question statement
type
1. All poets(A) are intelligent (B)
Universal positive (UP)
2. Some intelligent persons(B) are singers.(C)
Particular positive (PP)
Fourth step, apply the combo rules.

Since UPs politicians hate particular statements (both positive and negative), hence no conclusion can be drawn. That means we
cannot connect A to C or C to A.
Now check the Answer statements
i. all singers(C) are
poets (A)
ii. some intelligent
persons are not singers
False. UP+PP=no conclusion, as explained above.

Check the second original question statement : All singers are intelligent. (Universal positive UP).
According to our conversion table, UP can be converted into particular positive (PP) only. But this
answer statement (II) is a particular negative statement. Hence this is also false.
Final answer: (D) neither follows.
CAT-level
Same UP-UN Concept but they pack 3-4 or more syllogism questions into one question to test your speed, not just your
understanding. for example:
DemoQ: Sweet Testing Apples (CAT)

given question has five statements followed by options containing three statements put together in a specific order. Choose the
option which indicates a valid argument, where the third statement is a conclusion drawn from the preceding two statements.
Question statements (CAT 1999)
a. Apples are not sweet
b. Some apples are sweet
c. All sweets are tasty

d. Some apples are not tasty
e. No apple is tasty
answer choices
1. cea
2. bdc
3. cbd
4. eac
solution and approach

weve to check the given options one by one.
Option (i). CEA. Meaning weve to take C as our statement (I), E as our Statement (II) and then observe, if statement (A) can be
concluded from C and E.
C
All sweets are tasty
Universal positive
No apple is tasty.
Universal negative
Apples are not sweet
Universal negative
In the actual CAT exam, we cannot afford to waste time in actually converting all statements and checking them.
Here is the fast approach
1. three terms?= yes
2. in standard format? No. but we can convert second (UN) into another UN and then combo rule is UP+UN=UN.
Hence this answer choice (CEA) is correct.
Final answer (i) CEA
DemoQ: Working mother nurses (CAT)

question statement
answer choices
a. No mother is a nurse.
b. Some Nurses like to work
1. ABE
c. No woman is prude
2. CED
d. Some prude are also nurses
3. FEB
e. Some nurses are women
4. BEF
f. All women like to work

Check the answer choices one by one.
i. ABE
A (Statement I)
No mother is a nurse. (UN)
B (Statement II)
Some Nurses like to work
E (Conclusion)
Some Nurses are women.
This is invalid. Because Statement I and II have three terms (Mother, Nurse and work) while given conclusion statement adds fourth
new term women
Move to next choice.
ii. CED
Statement
Type
C (Statement I)
No woman is prude
Universal negative
E (Statement II)
Some nurses are women
Particular positive
D (conclusion)
Some prude are also nurses
Particular positive
Question statements have three terms? Yes (women, prude, nurses)

Are they in standard format (A to B then B to C?) nope.
No woman(B) is prude
Universal negative
Some nurses are women(B)
Particular positive
change position of first and second statement.

1. Some nurses(A) are women(B)
2. No woman(B) is prude(C)
question statement
type
1. Some nurses(A) are women(B)
Particular positive (PP)
2. No woman(B) is prude(C)
Universal negative (UN)
Apply the combo rules

PP+UN=??
When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA telescope, his mood becomes particularly negative or positive depending on the
mood of universe. Hence PP+UN=PN.(A to C)
So legitimate conclusion is Some Prune arenot nurses.
But Check the given conclusion statement: Some prude are also nurses. It is Particular positive (PP).
But According to conversion table, PN cannot be converted. So we cannot say that since Some prune are not nurses, that means
some prunes are nurses!
Therefore given answer choice(ii) CED is false because D cannot be concluded from C+E.
Move to the next answer choice.
Actual thought process: three terms =yes. Standard form=no. rearrange. But PP+UN=PN, cant be converted to PP. Hence false.
iii.FEB
Statement
Type
F (Statement I)
All women like to work
Universal positive UP
E (Statement II)
Some nurses are women
Particular positive PP
B (conclusion)
Some nurses like to work
three terms =yes. Standard form=no. but no need to convert, just exchange position of statement I and II.
Some nurses(A) are women(B)
All women(B) like to work (C)
Universal positive UP
Apply combo rule, again same situation

When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA telescope, his mood becomes particularly positive or negative depending on the mood
of universe. Hence PP+UP=PP.(A to C).
Some nurses(A) like to work(C). Done! This is same as the given conclusion (B)
Therefore, final answer is (iii) FEB.
DemoQ: 4 questions in 1!
This one is from CAT-1999.
Each of the given question statement as three segments. Choose the alternative where third segment of the statement can be
logically be used using the both preceding two but not just from one of them
Question statements
a. all dinosaurs are prehistoric creatures. Water buffaloes are not dinosaurs. Water buffaloes are not prehistoric creatures
b. all politicians are frank. No frank people are crocodiles. No crocodiles are politicians
c. no diamond is quartz. No opal is quartz. Diamonds are opals.
d. All monkeys like bananas. Some Joes like bananas. Some Joes are monkeys.
Answer choice
i. Only C
ii. Only B
iii. Only A and D
iv. Only B and C
Approach
C.Diamonds,
Quartz,
Opals.
Three terms yes. Standard format =No.Both question statements are Universal negative. We can convert either of
them, into UN or PN. But in any case, both question statements will remain negative. And Two negatives=no
conclusion. So C is not possible. Hence answer choice (i) and (iv) eliminated.
B. Frank
politicians
and
crocodiles
Already in three terms standard format.UP+UN=size enlarged and becomes UN.

So conclusion should be No crocodile is politician so this statement is correct. Hence answer choice (ii).
Final answer: (ii) only B.

The End?
No. Picture abhi baaki hai mere dost: just three more concepts before concluding the Two-Statement Syllogism
Special Conversions
Recall that when question statements are not in standard format (A to B then B to C), in that case weve to convert them according to
conversion table. Here are some special cases.
Given Question statement
None but Politicians are honest.
Conversion (all applicable to all given question statements)
Type
1. All honest(people) are politicians
UP
No one else but Politicians are honest.
2. No non-politician is honest.
Only politicians are honest.
3. No honest (people) are non-politicians.
Politicians alone are honest
4. Some politicians are honest
UN
PP
Second concept:
Complimentary pairs
Earlier we saw there are five no-conclusion combos
1. UPs politicians hate giving particular statements (both positive and negative). E.g. they donot reveal their clear position on FDI in
retail until the 11th hour.
2. United Nations hates negativity of any type. (both Universal and particular)
3. Pritish Nandy hates everybody.
4. Two-negatives=no conclusion.
5. Two particulars=no conclusion.
For example
Question statement
1. Some Politicians are male.2. Some males are honest.
Conclusion
1. Some Politicians are honest.2. No Politicians are honest.
Answer choice
a. Only 1 follows
b. Only 2 follows
c. Either 1 or 2 follows
d. Neither follows
Apply the standard operating procedure:

Three terms? Check: yes
Are they in standard format? A to B then B to C? check. Yes
Then classify the statements
1. Some Politicians(A) are males(B)
Particular positive.
2. Some males(B) are honest(C)
Particular positive.
From the given rules, Two particulars = No conclusion!

But please observe one of the answer choice (C)= Either 1 or 2 follows.
Consider these cases
Case#2
Politicians
5. Sardar Patel
7. Raja
8. Kalmadi
9. Sheila
Males
honest
1. Sardar Patel
1. Sardar Patel
3. Raja
3. Bhagat Singh
4. Kalmadi
5. Bhagat Singh
5. Sarojini Naidu
6. Mother Teresa
In this case#1: some politicians (Sardar and Shastri) are honest.

So conclusion (1) may be possible.
Case#2
Politicians
1. Raja
2. Kalmadi
3. Sheila
Males
honest
1. Raja
1. Bhagat Singh
2. Kalmadi
3. Bhagat Singh
3. Sarojini Naidu
4. Mother Teresa
In this case, No politician is honest.

So conclusion (2) may be possible.
Therefore answer becomes Either 1 or 2 follows
Such syllogism-situations are called complementary.
Youve to check following things, before thinking about complementary cases.
1. Two statements with three terms? Yes
2. Question statements are given in standard format (A to B Then B to C). if not, then rearrange or convert them.
3. Classify the statements (UP, UN, PP, PN)
4. Apply the rules. Get the answer.
5. If Step #4 gives No conclusion AND one of the answer choice is in the format of Either I or II follows, only then check for
complemantary case.
Checklist: complementary case

1. Two answer choices have same subject and predicate.
Applicable
Not applicable
1. Some Politicians are honest.2. No Politicians are

honestBecause both have common subject (politician)
and common predicate (honest)
1. Some Politicians are honest.2. No Honest are Politicians.In first

statement, subject=Politician but in second statement, subject= Honest.
Hence complemantary case not possible.
2). The answer choice combo must be either of these three

Answer choice combo
example
Uttar Pradesh (UP) + Pritish Nandy (PN)
1. All Politicians are honest.

2. Some Politicians arenot honest
PP + Pritish Nandy (PN)
1. Some Politicians are honest.

2. Some Politicians arenot honest
PP + United Nations (UN)
1. Some Politicians are honest.

2. No Politicians are honest
When these two conditions are met, then answer would be Either (I) or (II) follows.
Priority order
You know that when Question statements are not in standard format (A to B Then B to C), we must convert them. But here is a thing
to keep in mind. Consider these statements
Question statements:
1. All Dogs are Cats.
2. Some Dogs are Pigs.
Common term or middle term is Dogs. So thats our B.

1. All Dogs(B) are Cats.
2. Some Dogs(B) are Pigs.
We can convert it via two routes
Route #1
Route #2
Just convert the first statement.

1. Some Cats are dogs. (Rule: UP to PP)
2. Some Dogs are pigs.
Well re-order the statements. (that is interchange thee position of both statements)
1. Some dogs(B) are pigs
2. All Dogs(B) are Cats
Now well convert the first statement.
1. Some pigs are Dogs (B) (Rule: PP to PP)
2. All dogs (B) are cats.
Both routes are valid.

Now the question is, which route should be preferred?
The priority order is:
1) Particular positive (PP) >> 2) Universal Negative (UN) >> 3) Universal Positive (UP)
Note: weve not included Particular Negative (PN) in this order because PN cannot be converted. So according to this priority order
PP>UN>UP, route #2 is the more suitable approach. (although such complications dont usually arise in most of the questions).
Tricky Situations: Priority order

Consider this scenario
Question statements
Conclusion
1. All women(B) are birds
1. Some birds are tree
2. Some women(B) are tree
2. All trees are bird.
As you can see, the question statements are not in standard format (A to B then B to C).
So, which question statement to convert?
First the wrong approach.
Since question statements are not in standard format (A to B then B to C), hence well convert first statement. (UP to
PP)After conversion
WRON
G
1. Some birds(A) are women (B)

Both question statements are particular, hence final answer=No conclusion. (please note: this approach is wrong, because
weve not followed the priority order).
Now the correct approach

The priority order for Statement conversion is PP>UN>UP.Meaning, if there are two question statements, and weve to
convert one of them to make it a standard format=> then well convert Particular positive statement first.So in the given
case
1. All women(B) are birds
Convert second statement. (PP to PP)
CORR
E
C
T
1. All women(B) are birds.

2. Some trees are women(B).
Now exchange positions of question statements
1. Some trees are women(B). (PP)
2. All women(B) are birds. (UP)
Now theyre in standard format, apply combo rule: PP+UP=PP (Nasa telescope rule!)
Hence conclusion is
Some trees are birds. (PP)
We can also say that Some birds are trees. (PP to PP conversion). Therefore answer is (1)
Moral of the story: Conversion priority: PP>UN>UP. Especially when youre getting PP+PP= no conclusion after conversion.
Tricky Situations: 1-Statement Conclusion

Question statements
Conclusion
1. All the flowers are leaves.(B) (UP)
1. Some birds are flowers
2. Some leaves(B) are birds (PP)
2. Some leaves are flowers
Question statement contains only three terms=yes.

Are they in standard format? (A To B then B to C?) =Yes.
Apply combo rules: UP+PP=No conclusion because Uttar Pradeshs politicians hate particular statements.
But heres the catch. Observe the conclusion statements carefully
Conclusion
statement
Thought process
1. Some
birds are
Not possible because combo rule.
flowers
2. Some
leaves
are
flowers
first question statement says All flowers are leaves. If you apply the conversion rule UP->PP, thenAll flowers are
leaves=> Some leaves are flowers. Hence this conclusion is correct, although it did not employ both question
statements.
Moral of the story: Read terms (subject-predicate) of conclusion statements.
Summary
What to do when 2-statement syllogism question is given?
1. They must have only three terms (A, B and C)
2. Are the question statements in standard format (A to B then B to C)? if no, then refer to following conversion table. (important:
priority order for conversion is PP>UN>UP.)
Type
Valid Conversion
Only PP
PN or UN
Only PP
Cant do.
3. Classify the Question statement (UP, UN, PP, PN)

4. Apply the combo rules on Question statements.
No conclusion
1. UPs politicians hate giving particular statements (both

positive and negative). E.g. they donot reveal their
clear position on FDI in retail until the 11th hour.
(UP+PP/PN=NO)
2. United Nations hates negativity. (both Universal and
particular)(UN+UN/PN=NO)
3. Pritish Nandy hates everybody. (first statement is
PN=NO, Irrespective of second statement.)
4. Two-negatives=no conclusion.
5. Two particulars=no conclusion.
Yes conclusion
1. If Uttar Pradesh meets Uttar Pradesh, then its size doesnt
increase. (UP+UP=UP)
2. If Uttar Pradesh meets United Nations then size increases and it
becomes United Nations. (UP+UN=UN)
3. United Nations Secretary Ban Ki Moon is in very positive mood. But
he meets another positive person, and his attitude is totally
reversed- he becomes particularly negative! (reversed =C to A).
(UN+UP/PP=PN)
4. When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA telescope, his mood
becomes particularly positive or negative depending on the mood
of universe.(PP+UP/UN=PP/PN)
5. (rarely required): if no-conclusion and either or given in answer, then check for Complimentary case.
This concludes the discussion on 2 statement Syllogism question.
In later article, well see the 3-statement syllogism. It is basically extention of the same UP-UN method that we learned here. However,
to quickly solve 3-statements, first you must become a master of 2-statement. So, practice as many sums as you can, from any of the
following books.
(http://www.flipkart.com/modern-approach-verbal-non-verbal-reasoning-
8121905516/p/itmdytg8ghhmrq75?pid=9788121905510&affid=mrunalrugm)
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(http://www.flipkart.com/analytical-reasoning-8190458914/p/itmdyv7d6fhkgp8s?
For the whole archive of Aptitude related articles, visit Mrunal.org/aptitude (http://www.Mrunal.org/aptitude)
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So far 582 Comments posted
REPLY (/2013/01/REASONING-SYLLOGISM-ALL-CATS-DOGS-APPROACH-SHORTCUT-TECHNIQUE-EXPLAINED-IBPS-SSC-CSAT-CAT.HTML?
REPLYTOCOM=268316#RESPOND)
Vadarevu Prasanna Kumar

Mrunal, please help on the topic of sequential input-output tracing(reasoning)
prabu
i have doubt in the conversation
amita chauhan
great explanation. awesome. thank u very much.
Aj
Stat : All bags are cakes. All lamps are cakes.
Conc: some lamps are bags. No lamp is bag.
Aftr conversion it forms UP+PP pair.
However in the ans it was given that these form a complimentary pair, but above post mentions that
only (UP+PN,PP+PN,PP+UN) forms a complementary pair. Pls let me know ur thoughts else corect me if
im wrong
REPLY (/2013/01/REASONING-SYLLOGISM-ALL-CATS-DOGS-APPROACH-SHORTCUT-TECHNIQUE-EXPLAINED-IBPS-SSC-CSATCAT.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=300966#RESPOND)
Wazeed
Hello Aj ,
UP+PP is the conversation form of given statements.
We have to check the conversation form of given conclusions i.e PP+UN(complementary pair).
mohit chauhan
Hi Mrunal,
Must say, a great post on 2 statement syllogism. Tremendously helpful. However, nowadays even in PO
exams, mostly three to four statement syllogisms are appearing frequently. So, can u please provide
posts on three statement and four statement posts?
AJAY KUMAR
Statements: Some institutes are banks.
All institutes are academies.
All academies are schools.
Conclusions:
I. All banks can never be schools.
II. Any bank which is an institute in a school
How analyse 2nd Conclusion through UP-UN method, because it consist three terms BANK,INSTITUTE
AND SCHOOL
PLZ help anyone
Sohail
Extremely Good!! (y)
mounika
how to solve problems with possbility in this method plz help me
AJAY KUMAR
Sir Please explain how to solve Syllogism based on Possibility
(1) If only conclusion I follows

(2) If only conclusion II follows
(3) If only conclusion I or II follows
(4) If neither conclusion I nor II follows
(5) If both conclusions I and II follows
(Q. 1 2)
Statements: A. Some poor are rich
B. All rich are doctors.
C. Some intelligent are doctors.
1. Conclusions: I. At least some poor are intelligent.
II. All intelligent being rich is a possibility.
2. Conclusions: I. All intelligent being doctors is a possiblity.
II. Some poor are doctors.
REPLY (/2013/01/REASONING-SYLLOGISM-ALL-CATS-DOGS-APPROACH-SHORTCUT-TECHNIQUE-EXPLAINED-IBPS-SSC-CSATCAT.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=305825#RESPOND)
Ravinder kumar
Possibility type questions can be solved at glance by transformed raval notations at glance and
after some practice even no paper work is required. solution to the mentioned problem by
transformed raval notations will be as follows
Statements: A. Some poor are rich P R

B. All rich are doctors. RR D
C. Some intelligent are doctors. I D
1. Conclusions: I. At least some poor are intelligent. P I.. x
II. All intelligent being rich is a possibility. I / RR .x, so given conclusion(All intelligent being rich is
a possibility) is true
Ans. (2) only conclusion II follows
2. Conclusions: I. All intelligent being doctors is a possiblity. I / DD .x, so given conclusion (All
intelligent being doctors is a possibility) is true
II. Some poor are doctors. P D
Ans.(5) both conclusions I and II follows
avneesh kumar
Great job sir.
Thanks a lot.
alka thakur
what about PP+PP case and which needs conversion moreover and have complimentary pairs too in
conclusion?
anindya
mrunal sir, please make a video on syllogism..i am telling because it will be more helpful if u provide a
video and make us understand more clearly what is written on here.so its my ardent request to
u,sir.(exactly like trigonometry height and distance,it is crystal clear to me now :p
)
Uday Gollapalli
Great explanationSimply awsum. Thank you so much sir.
mona
sir,
i need ur guidance regarding uppcs exam.
Vijender
There is a mistake in above article on syllogism.
If there are four terms in 2 statements like in the example given below
All cats are Dogs
Some birds are pigs
You should check for the complementary cases, and not conclude straightaway NO CONCLUSION
FOLLOWS
as explained by Mrunal Sir, that If there are four terms in 2 statements, then your time is saved just tick
no conclusion follows.
Sometimes answer choices are so given as to confuse the candidates.
For the example given above
No Cats are pigs or Some Cats are pigs is one of the several complementary pairs.
sudhir
Hi Mrunal
how to use the rules for this problem
statements
a. Some books are no reference books.
b. All books are encyclopedias.
conculsions
Some reference books are no encyclopedias
No reference books are encyclopedias
All reference books are encyclopedias
shre
Hi all,
Cant get below correct
statements:1)All terrotists are guilty
2) All terrorists are criminals
Conclusion:I. Either all criminals are guilty or all guilty are criminals.
II. Some guilty persons are criminals.
III. Generally criminals are guilty.
IV.crime and guilt go together.
Options:a) only I follows
b) only I and III follow
c) only II follows
d) inly II and IV follows
e) none of these.
According to me answer should be only II follows.however option e is the correct answer .According to
me below are the conversions :1)some guilty are terrorist.(UP-> PP)
2)all terrorists are criminals.
now the answer is clear, some guilty are criminals .e. option c.
Any help will be highly appreciated.
Thanks !
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[Reasoning] Syllogism (All Cats are Dogs): Method, approach,

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Standard format: conversion

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DemoQ: Sweet Testing Apples (CAT)

Tricky Situations: Priority order

Tricky Situations: 1-Statement Conclusion

1. All cats are dogs

2. Some dogs are birds

4. Some pigs are not birds.

Based on xyz and not, we classify the statements as following

1. All cats are dogs

2. Some dogs are birds

4. Some pigs are not birds.

All, every, any, none, not a single, only etc.

Standard format: conversion

1. All cats are Dogs

Anyways back to the topic,

1. First term>Middle Term

This must be converted into

Given question statements are

This must be converted into

Ok, so how to convert the statements?

Universal Positive (UP)

Some Cats are dogs

Particular Positive (PP)

Some dogs are cats

Particular Positive (PP)

It means UP can be converted into PP.

Universal Negative (UN)

Some dogs are not cats

Particular Negative (PN)

No dogs are cats

Universal Negative (UN)

It means UN can be converted into PN or UN.

Particular Positive (PP)

Some Cats are Dogs

Some dogs are cats

Particular Positive (PP)

It means PP can be converted into PP only.

Universal Positive (UP)

Universal Negative (UN)

Particular Positive (PP)

Particular Negative (PN)

(Please donot read further, without solving above question.)

1. Some Honest men are not Politicians.

Particular negative (PN), hence eliminate.

2. No Honest men are politicians.

Universal Negative, hence eliminate

3. Some Honest men are politicians.

PP hence this is correct answer.

not applicable because C is the correct answer.

In case you are wondering,

2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

Predicate (Honest Men)

2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

Hence, if the statement is

Universal Positive (UP)All cats(A) are dogs (B)