Parts of Speech

The words constitute the Parts of Speech.

The words used in English are divided into eight parts according to the functions carried out
by those words in a sentence.

Those EIGHT PARTS are:

1. Noun

2. Verb

3. Adjective

4. Adverb

5. Pronoun

6. Preposition

7. Conjunction

8. Interjection

All these parts of speech have their own roles in the formation of sentences.

Noun : Parts of English

A noun is a word used as a name of a person, place, thing, state, quality, activity, action
etc...
London, New Delhi, Himalaya, philosophy, beauty, car, road, Management, science,school,
students, books, Mrs. Raman, tree, mango, fruits, flowers, ball, town, bill, boy,
child, hospital, hotel, home, hall, fame, college, road, fruit, computer and India are few of
the nouns which we use regularly.

Names of Persons :

Harini is a popular singer.

Marconi invented the radio.
Rahul is famous in India.
Varsha became popular.

Names of Things :
The car runs very fast.
Books are used for reading.
Platinum is a costly metal.
Gold is bought by all.

Names of Places :
Tokyo is a famous city.
New York is a large city.
Kovankulam is a small village.
Moscow is the Capital of Russia.

Names of Animals :
Tiger is the national animal of India.
Lion is a dangerous animal.
The baby likes to ride on an elephant.
God guards our home.

Names of Birds :
Butterfly is a colourful insect.
Crow caws.
Peacock dances well.
Eagles fly high.

Names of Trees :
Purple tree is called as king of trees.
We grew casuarinas tree.
Neem tree is useful to us.
He plucks mango from mango tree.

Names of Vegetables and Fruits :

Carrot is healthy.
Eat banana.
Mango is famous in India.

 Rekha likes potatoes.

Names of Special Things :

Pacific is the biggest continent.
Diwali is the festival of light.
Christmas is celebrated in the month of December.
Australia is the smallest continent.

Proper Noun
A proper noun is the name given to a particular person or a place or a thing.
We have to write The First Letter of The Proper Noun in Capital Letter.
Examples :

1.

Italy is a developed country.

In this sentence, Italy is a Proper Noun.

2.

Mr. Clinton is good administrator.

In this sentence, Mr. Clinton is a proper noun.

3.

Ford is a car producing company.

In this sentence, the word Ford is a proper noun.

4.

Gandhi was a true leader.

In this sentence, the word Gandhi is a proper noun.

5.

India is our country.

In this sentence, the word India is a proper noun.

6.

Lion is the king of animal.

In this sentence, the word Lion is a proper noun.

7.

Antarctica is the coldest continent.

In this sentence, the word Antarctica is a proper noun.

8.

America is the richest country.

In this sentence, the word America is a proper noun.

9.

Computer is the modern useful gadget.

In this sentence, the word Computer is a proper noun.

10.

Padmini is our dance teacher.

In this sentence, the word Padmini is a proper noun.

11.

Obama is the President of USA.

In this sentence, the word Obama is a proper noun.

Formation of Proper Nouns :

The names of all Persons :

Raman
Peter
Rahman

Amith Singh
Rekha Kaur
Sita
Mary
Fathima
Obama
Clinton
Hillary
Manmohan
Sonia
Monal

The names of all Animals :

Tiger
Lion
Elephant
Rabbit
Monkey
Donkey
Cobra
Giraffe
Horse
Dog
Cat
Goat
Ass
Bear
Deer
Sheep
Whale
Wolf
Swan
Owl
Bat
Fox
Duck
Chicken
Swine
Ape
Camel
Dinosaur
Eagle
Gorilla

Kangaroo
Panda
Rhinoceros

The names of all Places :

Europe
Asia
India
Tamil Nadu
Delhi
Mumbai
Sivakasi
Athipatti
Mexico
New York
America
Russia
London
Australia
Japan
China
Pakistan
Beijing

The names of all Special Things :

The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The

Sun
Earth
Moon
Star
Vedas
Bible
Quran
Taj Mahal
Red fort
Pyramid
Mountain
Ocean
River
Sky

The Gangas
The Everest
The Peak

The names of all persons, animals, countries, cities, towns, villages, universities, colleges
and the special things are proper nouns.

Common Noun

A common noun is a name given in common to persons and things belonging to the same
species.

Examples :

1.

A developed country has more responsibilities.

In this sentence, the word country is a common noun which could be used for other
countries like India, England, Germany, Brazil etc

2.

I met your aunty.

In this sentence, the word aunty is a proper noun.

3.

Birds fly in the sky.

In this sentence, the word birds is a proper noun.

4.

The trees give us clean air.

In this sentence, the word trees is a proper noun.

5.

The girl dances well.

In this sentence, the word girl is a proper noun.

6.

Ajith saw an animal in the zoo.

In this sentence, the word zoo is a proper noun.

7.

There are twelve apples in the tray.

In this sentence, the word tray is a proper noun.

8.

The baby is playing with toys.

In this sentence, the word toys is a proper noun.

9.

Aeroplanes fly high.

In this sentence, the word aeroplanes is a proper noun.

10.

Mr. Nelson is going to the hospital.

In this sentence, the word hospital is a proper noun.

11.

He is a peon in the post office.

In this sentence, the word post office is a proper noun.

Man, woman, city, fruit, tree, river, book, hotel, country, mountain are common nouns which
we use in our day-to-day lives.

Regularly Used Common Nouns :

Boy
Girl

Actor
Actress
King
Queen
Brother
Sister
Aunty
Uncle
Headmaster
Headmistress
Man
Woman
God
Goddess
Grandmother
Grandfather
Poet
Poetess
Village
Street
Avenue
Lane
Town
City
School
Market
Station
Shop
Theatre
Park
Beach
Temple
Mosque
Church
Venue
College
University
Ground
Bus Stand
Books
Table
Chair
Fan
Box
Pen
Pencil

Computer
File
Dress
Ribbon
Bat
Ball

Collective Noun

A collective noun is the name given to a collection or group of persons or things taken as
a single group or entity.

A herd of cows is crossing the road.

Herd means a group of cattle.
In this sentence, the word herd is a collective noun.
A fleet of ships is sailing deep along the western coast.
Fleet means a group of ships.
In this sentence, the word fleet is a collective noun.
1.

Army is called to rescue the boy caught in the flood.

Army means a group of soldiers.
In this sentence, the word army is a collective noun.

2.

I presented a bouquet.
Bouquet means a group of flowers.
In this sentence, the word bouquet is a collective noun.

3.

Fox ate a bunch of fruits.

Bunch means a group of fruits.

In this sentence, the word bunch is a collective noun.

4.

The Indian army was the biggest one.

Army means a group of soldiers.
In this sentence, the word army is a collective noun.

5.

The police dispersed the crowd.

Police means a group of guards.
In this sentence, the word police is a collective noun.

6.

The family arrived.

Family means a group of individuals.
In this sentence, the word family is a collective noun.

7.

Australian team is very strong.

Team means a group of players.
In this sentence, the word army is a collective noun.

8.

Troop of soldiers is marching.

Troop means a group of soldiers.
In this sentence, the word Troop is a collective noun.

Few other collective nouns are :

Family
Crowd
Mob
Army
Troop
Multitude

Committee
Class
Panel
Band
Choir
Panchayat
Taluk
State
Country
Region
Herd
Hive
Team
Kennel
Continent
Flock
Legion
Litter
Swarm
Pack
Shoal
String
Stud
Gang
Galaxy
Garland
Grove
Heap
Wreath
Bunch
Government

Bundle
Bouquet
Fleet
Police
Jury
Organisation
Comity

Abstract Noun

An abstract noun is a noun that you cannot sense.

It is the name we give to an emotion, ideal or idea.
They have no physical existence.
You can't see, hear, touch, smell or taste them.
Examples :

1.

Always speak the truth.

2.

Honesty is the best policy.

3.

He is the boy of obedience.

4.

Never tell a lie.

5.

Asoka was the King of Wisdom.

6.

The judgement is postponed.

7.

Youth should be improved.

8.

Laughter is the best medicines.

9.

The elephant has great strength.

10.

The child needs care and nutrition.

Few of the Abstract Nouns widely used are :

Fight
Flight
Hatred
Enmity
Discussion
Collection
Judgment
Movement
Laughter
Agreement
Admission
Caution
Argument
Contempt
Contract
Forgetfulness
Compromise
Tragedy
Triumph
Verdict
Honesty
Support
Justice
Childhood
Wisdom
Boyhood
Goodness
Youth
Kindness
Adolescence
Love
Middle age
Sorrow
Senility
Wickedness
Poverty
Troth
Slavery
Bravery
Bondage
Joy
Death
Cowardice

Sickness
Stupidity
Sadness
Cleanliness
Happiness
Godliness
Hunger
Holiness
Thirst
Friendship
Starvation
Beauty
Draught
Mercy
Famine
Apology
Scarcity
Forgiveness
Tension
Evil
Liberty
Theft
Deafness

Concrete Noun
A concrete noun is the name of something or someone that we experience through our
senses, sight, hearing, smell, touch or taste.
Most nouns are concrete nouns.
Examples :

1.

The dog is barking.

2.

The child is weeping.

3.

Aeroplanes are manufactured in Bangalore.

4.

The tree is very big.

5.

India is the largest democratic country.

6.

Gandhi is a great leader.

7.

Marina is the longest beach.

8.

Birds fly high in the sky.

9.

The herd of cattle is grazing in the ground.

10.

The college is closed for this month.

Material Noun
Material Noun is the name of a material or a substance or an ingredient of an alloy.
Examples :

1.

Cotton dress is cheap.

2.

I purchased a gold ring.

3.

This is a shop for diamonds.

4.

Calcium is good for health.

5.

Plastic is for ordinary use.

6.

Iron is very useful metal.

7.

This is a building of marbles.

8.

The child drank the milk.

9.

Fibre is widely used in all industries.

10.

Brass was used in the old days.

Few of the Material Nouns :

Gold
Salt
Iron
Silver
Bronze
Brass
Copper
Steel
Aluminium
Lead
Gem
Diamond
Coral
Coal
Calcium
Plastic
Rubber
Glass
Fibre
Paper
Paint
Plywood
Synthetics
Cement
Shampoo
Wine
Soap
Tar
Perfume
Chemical
Rexene

Few of the Natural Gifts :

Lake
Islands
Planets
Granite
Hills
Star
Clouds
Plants
Tree
Forest
Rain
Moon
Soil
Mountain
Salt
Peak
Pond
River
Water
Falls
Milk
Stream
Honey
Beach
Wheat
Sea
Paddy
Sky
Fruits
Sun
Vegetables
Greens
Flowers
Air
Wood
Jute
Cotton
Clay
Stone
Bamboo
Leather
Wool
Hair
Petrol
Diesel

Oil
Ocean
Wave
Cyclone

Countable Noun

A Countable Noun is a noun which can be counted and modified by a numeral.

A Count Noun occurs both in singular and plural form as well as co-occurring with
quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc.
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.
Count nouns can be made plural, usually by adding -s or -es at the end.
Examples :

1.

The students are waiting for you.

2.

The democratic countries will be given preference.

3.

Animals are not allowed inside this campus.

4.

Computers are available at low prices.

5.

All shops are closed as a mark of respect to the departed leader.

6.

There are few elephants in England.

7.

All the roads lead to the city of fame.

8.

There were too many books required for that class.

9.

Supermarkets have aisles for different foods.

10.

How many papers do you have to write?

Uncountable Noun

An uncountable noun (or non-count noun) is a type of common noun that cannot be counted
or modified by a number without specifying a unit of measurement.
In general, non-count nouns are considered to refer to indivisible wholes (which are not
individual objects and can not be counted).
For this reason, they are sometimes called MASS nouns.
Uncountable nouns are used to describe a quality, action, thing or substance that can be
poured or measured.
Non-Count nouns also refer to a whole category made up of different varieties or a whole
group of things that is made up of many individual parts.
Uncountable nouns are always singular.
Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns.
Examples :

1.

There is some water in that pitcher.

2.

That is the equipment we use for the project.

3.

Add more sugar to this coffee.

4.

Soil is tested here.

5.

There is some cold beer in the fridge.

6.

Machinery is imported.

7.

Furniture is what we need urgently.

8.

Information about this computer is wanted to open this.

9.

Knowledge of computer is wide-spread now.

10.

More work is what you are supposed to do now.

Here are some of the most common containers / quantity expressions for these uncountable
nouns :

accommodation - a place to stay

advice - a piece of advice
baggage - a piece of baggage
bread - a slice of bread, a loaf of bread
equipment - a piece of equipment
furniture - a piece of furniture
garbage - a piece of garbage
information - a piece of information
knowledge - a fact
luggage - a piece of luggage, a bag, a suitcase
money - a note, a coin
news - a piece of news
pasta - a plate of pasta, a serving of pasta

research - a piece of research, a research project

travel - a journey, a trip
work - a job, a position

Here are some more common uncountable food types with their container / quantity
expressions :

liquids (water, beer, wine, etc.) - a glass, a bottle, a jug of water, etc.
cheese - a slice, a chunk, a piece of cheese
meat - a piece, a slice, a pound of meat
butter - a bar of butter
ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard - a bottle of, a tube of ketchup, etc.

Noun Genders
The Gender of Noun indicates the sex or the absence of sex.
The different Noun Genders are :

Masculine Gender
Feminine Gender
Common Gender
Neuter Gender

Masculine Gender : A noun that denotes MALE SEX is called Masculine Gender.

Feminine Gender : A noun that denotes FEMALE SEX is called Feminine Gender.

Common Gender : A noun denotes either a male or a female sex is called Common Gender.

Neuter Gender : A noun that denotes a lifeless thing is called Neuter Gender. Neuter means
neither male nor female.

Masculine Gender
Masculine Gender : A noun that denotes MALE SEX is called Masculine Gender.
Feminine Gender : A noun that denotes FEMALE SEX is called Feminine Gender.
The nouns with their equivalent Masculine Gender terms and Feminine Gender terms are
here.
Masculine Gender : Feminine Gender

Boy : Girl
Lion : Lioness
Bull : Cow
Cock : Hen
Man : Woman
Master : Mistress
Father : Mother
Son : Daughter
Gentleman : Lady
Earl : Countess
Husband : Wife

 Lord : Lady
King : Queen
Brother : Sister
Bachelor : Maid/Spinster
Drone : Bee
Gander : Goose
Stag : Hind
Monk : Nun
Sir : Madam
Uncle : Aunty
Nephew : Niece
Wizard : Witch
Hart : Roe
Drake : Duck
We can form the feminine gender by adding a syllable ess.
Masculine Gender : Feminine Gender
Lion : Lioness
Count : Countess
Giant : Giantess
Priest : Priestess
Prophet : Prophetess
Poet : Poetess
Patriot : Patroness

 Host : Hostess
Shepherd : Shepherdess
Steward : Stewardess
Author : Authoress
Manager : Manageress
Heir : Heiress
Jew : Jewess
Baron : Baroness
Peer : Peeress
We can form the feminine gender by adding a syllable ess after dropping the ending vowel.
Masculine Gender : Feminine Gender
Negro : Negress
Abbot : Abbess
Emperor : Empress
Founder : Foundress
Hunter : Huntress
Tempter : Temptress
Master : Mistress
Actor : Actress
Benefactors : Benefactress
Instructor : Instructress
Conductor : Conductress
Lion : Lioness

 Tiger : Tigress
Duck : Duchess
Enchanter : Enchantress
Songster : Songstress
We can form the feminine gender by adding either suffix or prefix.
Masculine Gender : Feminine Gender
Man-Servant : Maid-Servant
He-Goat : She-Goat
Cock-Sparrow : Hen-Sparrow
Bull-Calf : Cow-Calf
Grand-Father : Grant-Mother
Land-Lord : Land-Lady
Milk-Man : Milk-Maid
Pea-Cock : Pea-Hen

Feminine Gender
Common Gender
Common Gender : A noun denotes either a male or a female sex is called Common Gender.
Neuter Gender : A noun that denotes a lifeless thing is called Neuter Gender. Neuter means
neither male nor female.
Few of the Common Nouns are :

Child

 Servant
Enemy
Neighbour
Cousin
Pupil
Student
Friend
Worker
Employee
Teacher
Minister
Walker
Doctor
Painter
Musician
Singer

 Director
Peon
Clerk

Neuter Gender
Neuter Gender : A noun that denotes a lifeless thing is called Neuter Gender. Neuter means
neither male nor female.
Few Examples of Neuter Gender are :

Pen
Pencil
Car
Bus
Books
Tress
Computer
Television
Telephone
Speaker

 House
Building
Box
Street
Lake
Ocean
Words
Vocabulary
Branch
Bus Stand
Station
Aerodrome
Train
Road
School
University

Case of A Noun
The Case of A Noun can be classified into FIVE Types. The CASE of a noun tells us about
the position of that noun in a sentence.

In English there are FIVE CASES.

They are:

(1) Nominative Case

(2) Objective Case (or Accusative Case)

(3) Dative Case

(4) Possessive Case (or Genitive Case)

(5) Vocative Case

All these five Cases have been explained in detail below.

Are you going as you wish in the process of learning Grammar?

Take a breath.

This section on The Case of A Noun will simplify your process.

Nominative Case
(the noun is the subject of the verb who is the doer of the
action or doer of the verb)
A noun is said to be in the Nominative Case if it is the subject of a verb. (SUBJECT is the
person or the thing who or which carries out the action of the verb in the sentence)

Examples:

Mr. Ram is an intelligent boy.

Mr. Ram is a proper noun in Nominative case.

The painter paints the portraits.

The painter is a common noun in Nominative case.

I am buying vegetables for my family.

I is a pronoun in Nominative case.

These examples carry another term "pronoun" which is a word used to represent a noun.

For example :

I, We, You, He, She, it and they are the seven pronouns.

There are only seven pronouns.

Only other variations of these seven pronouns are there.

Those variations can be used in place of the nouns.

Objective Case or Accusative Case

(the noun is the direct object of a verb or object of a
preposition)
Noun or pronoun is said to be in Objective Case or Accusative Case if it is the direct object
of verb or if it is the object of preposition. (Direct object is the person or the thing upon
whom or upon which the action of the verb is carried out).
Examples:

 I met your sister.

Your sister is in objective case.

The vendors sell mangoes.

Mangoes is in objective case.
The book is on the table.

Table is in objective case.

It is object of the preposition on.

This is one of my policies.

Policies is in objective case.
It is object of the preposition of.

Dative Case

A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the Indirect object of the verb. (Indirect object of
the verb is the noun for whom or for which the action of the verb is carried out). There
should not be a preposition before the indirect object because in that case it will be the
object of that preposition.
Examples:

The teacher gave the students few exercises.

Students is in dative case. It is the indirect object of the verb give.

 The Postman brought me a letter.

Me is in dative case.

Get him a pen.

Him is in dative case.

Get them apples.

Give her what she deserves.

I will give you what I promised.

They have allotted me a flat in the new town.

My father gave us pocket-money.

Possessive Case or Genitive Case

(the noun possesses or own another noun)
A noun is said to be in Possessive Case or Genitive Case, if it denotes possession or
ownership.
A noun or pronoun in the Possessive Case or Genitive Case is governed by the noun that
follows it.
Examples:

 This is your pencil.

Your is in possessive case.

It is our idea.
Our is in possessive case.

Johns sister has been hospitalized.

John's is in possessive case.

This is his pencil.

Your father is waiting for you.

Her sister is calling her on phone.

Vocative Case
A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative case if it is used to call (or to get the attention
of) a person or persons.
Examples:
Mr. Bill, students are waiting for you in the main hall.
Mr. Bill is in vocative case.
You there, stand up.
You is in vocative case.
Brother, a letter for you.
Brother is in vocative case.
Chairman, all the letters are posted two days ago.
Chairman is in vocative case.
The nouns do not change their forms in the Nominative and Objective cases. But few
pronouns change their forms between Nominative and Objective cases.

Nominativecase________Objectivecase_________Possessivecase
1.I__________________me__________________my
2.We_________________us____________________our
3.You________________You___________________your
4.He_________________him____________________his
5.She_________________her_____________________her
6.It___________________it_______________________its
7.They_________________them______________________their

Nouns by Number
The Noun by Number can be classified into two types.
They are :
(1) Singular Nouns
(1) Plural Nouns
When we speak about one person and one thing, we use the noun in singular form.
Single means one.
Plural means many.
Joy, run, wife, knife, army, hero, ox, life, loaf, baby, city and tooth are few singular-nouns
which we use. We have seen the singular form of Noun-Number.
Joys, runs, wives, knives, armies, heroes, oxen, lives, loaves, babies, cities and teeth are
few singular-nouns which we use.

Singular Noun

There are two types of Nouns : Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns.
1. Singular Nouns :
When we speak about one person and one thing, we use the noun in singular form.
Single means one.
Plural means many.
Examples:
a. A man is smoking within the premises.

b. A group of cows is called Herd.

c. Joy is what we want in our lives.
d. Church is the worshipping-place of Christians.
e. This chair is made of plastic.
In these sentences, the nouns man, group, joy, church and chair are in singular forms.
Joy, run, wife, knife, army, hero, ox, life, loaf, baby, city and tooth are few singular-nouns
which we use. We have seen the singular form of Noun-Number.
The Noun has various dimention in its usages.
The same Noun can be used in different manner in different contexts.

My friend is absent today.

Our college is closed for holidays.

Their country is in turmoil.

Plural Noun
There are two types of nouns : Singular Noun and Plural Noun
When we speak about more than one person and one thing, we use the noun inplural form.
Examples:
a. Few men are standing in the foyer.
b. The groups of cows, coming back to their sheds, are not milch cows.
c. These chairs are made of plastic.
d. Children should be given proper guidance.
e. Keep the knives in a safe place.

In these sentences, the words men, groups, chairs, Children and knives are plural-nouns.
Joys, runs, wives, knives, armies, heroes, oxen, lives, loaves, babies, cities andteeth are
few singular-nouns which we use.
How to form plural from singular?
1. By suffixing s to the singular-noun.
Examples:
Joy-joys
Run-runs
Chair-chairs
Radio-radios
Canto-cantos
Momento-momentos
Dynamo-dynamos
Piano-pianos
2. By suffixing es to the singular-noun
Examples:
Glass-glasses
Bench-benches
Bush-bushes
Church-churches
Watch-watches
Buffalo-buffaloes
Negro-negroes
Hero-heroes

 Echo-echoes
Mango-mangoes
Potato-potatoes
Noun-Number is another part under Noun.
3. By changing the last letter y into ies.
Examples:
Baby-babies
Lady-ladies
Story-stories
City-cities
Army-armies
4. By changing the inside vowel of the singular.
Examples:
Man-men
Woman-women
Foot-feet
Tooth-teeth
Goose-geese
5. By suffixing en to the singular.
Examples:
Ox-oxen
Child-children
6. By changing f or fe into ves.

Examples:
Thief-thieves
Life-lives
Wife-wives
Calf-calves
Knife-knives
Wolf-wolves
Leaf-leaves
Shelf-shelves
Exceptions:
Chief-chiefs
Roof-roofs
Gulf-gulfs
Safe-safes
Proof-proofs
Hoof-hoofs

7. Singular-nouns from foreign languages retain their original plural.

Examples:
Erratum-errata
Index-indices
Radius-radii
Formula-formulae (or formulas)

 Axis-axes
Basis-bases
Criterion-criteria
Memorandum-memoranda
Terminus-termini (or terminuses)
Hypothesis-hypotheses
Cherub-cherubim (or cherubs)
Parenthesis-parentheses
8. By suffixing s to the main word in a compound word.
Examples:
Commander-in-chief..commanders-in-chief
Son-in-lawsons-in-law
Step-sonstep-sons
Maid-servant.maid-servants
Passer-by..passers-by
Man-servant..men-servant
Man-servant..man-servants
9. Special cases.
a. Few nouns which end in s are used in singular form.
Examples:
News, Mathematics, Physics, politics, innings etc
b. Few collective nouns, though they are in singular forms, are used in pluralforms.
Examples:

Poultry, Cattle, People, gentry etc

c. Few nouns have the same forms both in singular and plural forms.
Examples:
Sheep, deer, swine, cod etc
d. Few nouns are used only in the plural forms.
Examples:
Trousers, scissors, spectacles, drawers, thanks, billiards, draughts, annals, tidings etc
e. Few nouns have two different forms in plural. But the two forms have different
meanings.
Examples:
Brother.Brothers (sons of same parents) Brethren (members of a society)
Cloth.....Cloths (pieces of cloth) Clothes (items of cloth)
FishFish (more than one of same variety) Fishes (of different varieties)
GeniusGeniuses (persons of great talent) Genii (spirits)
Index..Indexes (tables of contents) Indices (signs used in algebra)
10.Few nouns have different meanings in the singular and in the plural:
Examples:
Advice (counsel).advices (information)
Air (atmosphere).airs (artificial manners)
Good (morally correct)goods (merchandise)
Force (strength)...forces (troops)
Physic (medicine).physics (a branch of science)
Wood (portion of tree)woods (a grove of trees)
11.Few nouns have one meaning in singular but two or more meanings inplural.

Examples:
Custom (habit)customs (habits & taxes collected on imports
Quarter (one fourth & a direction)quarters (fourth parts, living places & directions)
Effect (result)...effects (results & property)
12.Letters, numbers and other symbols form their plural by adding an apostrophe
ands.
Examples:
Write your is and ls clearly.
Add two 8s and six 4s.

Verb : Parts of English

Verb is the word to denote an action or a state.
Examples:

Mr. Hales takes the class today morning.

What does Mr. Hales do today morning?
He takes the class.
The action he is doing is taking the class.
So the action is denoted by the word takes. In that case that word takes is the verb.

The Students write their examination in the Lawtey hall.

Here, the word write is the verb.

 The university disqualified him.

Here, the word disqualified is the verb.

His friends refused to support him when he was in critical moments.

Here, the word refused is the verb.
The verbs can be classified in different methods.
There are four types of verbs.
There are FOUR Types of verbs. They are :

Transitive Verb
Intransitive Verb
Auxiliary Verb
Modal Verb
There special qualities of The Verb Be are :
The Verb Be
For your kind attention, few verbs have been given below.

1. arise
2. bear
3. beat
4. behold
5. bid
6. bite
7. blow
8. break
9. begin
10. become
11. bind
12. bleed
13. build
14. burn
15. carry
16. catch
17. cling
18. come
19. deal
20. creep
21. do
22. draw
23. drink

24. eat
25. fall
26. feed
27. feel
28. fight
29. find
30. fling
31. flee
32. forbid
33. forget
34. forsake
35. freeze
36. get
37. give
38. grind
39. have
40. hold
41. kneel
42. know
43. lay
44. lead
45. learn
46. leave

47. lend
48. lie
49. loose
50. make
51. mean
52. meet
53. pay
54. read
55. rid
56. ride
57. ring
58. run
59. rise
60. see
61. set
62. shoot
63. sling
64. slit
65. speak
66. slay
67. shake
68. shed
69. slide

70. spin
71. split
72. spring
73. stand
74. wed
75. write

Transitive Verb
(transitive verb always need an object to make it complete)
A transitive verb is the verb which takes an object.
Examples:
Mr. Hales takes the class today morning.

By this sentence, Mr. Hales takes the class.

Here
The word Mr. Hales is the noun.
The word the class is the object.
The word takes is the verb.
Only when all the three words are there, the whole sentence becomes complete and
meaningful.
In case the object word is not there, the sentence Mr. Hales takes conveys no meaning
and
the sentence does not become complete. In that case what does Mr. Hales take? is
not clear.
So only when the verb takes gets an object, the meaning behind the verbtakes becomes
complete.
That means the verb takes needs an object to make itself complete.

Such a verb which needs an object is called transitive verb.

That means the action of the verb is transmitted to another noun or another thing.

They brought the suitcase two days back.

Here the verb brought (bring) needs an object to become meaningful.
What was brought?
The suitcase was brought by them.

So the verb bring (brought) is a transitive verb.

My father has written a book which may interest you.

We are crossing the river by a boat.
The child is reading English poems clearly.
An uncivilized man killed John Kennedy.
She created this structure for our proposed-house.
My teacher gave me a pen before I entered the exam-hall.
They sell their properties.

In all the seven sentences given above, the respective verbs

write, cross, read, kill, create,give and sell
need their respective objects to make the sentences meaningful.
So, all these verbs are transitive verbs.
Few other Transitive verbs are: build, carry, begin, bear,
eat, choose, eat, find, forget, feed, drink, deal, cling, give,
grind, have, hold, make, ride, lend, know, learn, win, steal,
weave, shut, spread etc

Intransitive Verb
(intransitive verb does not need an object. It can stand
alone)
An intransitive verb is the verb that does not take an object.
Examples:

 He laughed loudly.
In this sentence, the verb laughed does not need an object to complete the sentence.
So the verb laugh is an intransitive verb.

I daily wake up at 5am.

Here the verb wake does not need an object for completing itself.
So the verb wake is an intransitive verb.

The ball fell down.

The verb fell (fall) is an intransitive verb.

They are sitting on their cars.

The verb sitting (sit) is an intransitive verb.

The river is winding through the forest.

Here the verb winding (wind) is an intransitive verb.

Few verbs go, fall, die, sleep etc are exclusively intransitive.

Few more Intransitive verbs are: swim, stand, sit, sink, smite, shine, run, rise, lie, leave, kneel,
grow etc

Notes :

Many Transitive verbs can be used as Intransitive verbs as well.

Examples:

a. They fought their enemies. (Transitive verb).

They fought fiercely. (Intransitive verb).
b. He spoke the truth. (Transitive verb).
He spoke to me. (Intransitive verb).
c. The peon rings the bell. (Transitive verb).
The bell rings continuously. (Intransitive verb).
d. He walks. (Transitive verb).
The hostler walks the horse. (Intransitive verb).
e. Birds fly in the air. (Transitive verb).
The observatory flies balloon to study weather. (Intransitive verb).
f. The bulb broke. (Transitive verb).
The students broke the glass. (Intransitive verb).

Auxiliary Verb
(auxiliary verb helps another verb to form its tense,voice and
mood. If it does not help another verb, it can stand alone so
it is the main verb)
A verb which helps another verb to form its tense, voice or mood is called an Auxiliary verb.

Have, be (am, is, are, was and were) and do are usually used as auxiliary verbs. They can

be used as Main verbs as well.

Examples:

I have few urgent works. (Main)

They have done very well in the examinations. (Auxiliary)

God is in Heaven. (Main)

He is liked by all. (Auxiliary)

The man does his work quietly. (Main)

Did he come here? (Auxiliary)

They were in London. (Main)

They were disliked by their friends. (Auxiliary)

Where are you? (Main)

You are called by your father. (Auxiliary)
Am, is, was, are, were, do, did, have, has, had, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may,
might and must are auxiliary verbs.
Ought to, dare, need and used to are called semi modal auxiliary verbs

Primary Auxiliary Verbs

Primary auxiliary verbs are derived from the verbs BE, HAVE, and DO.
Primary auxiliary verbs which are derived from the verb BE are am, is, are, were and was.

I am a teacher.

 I was a teacher.
He is my friend.
He was my friend.
They are students.
They were students.
She is an intelligent girl.
He was very polite.
You are a clever boy.
They are quarrelsome.

Primary auxiliary verbs which are derived from the verb HAVE are have, had and has.
They have five houses.
He has two children.
She had ten cars.
Primary auxiliary verbs which are derived from the verb DO are do, does and did.
I do drive the car.

 He did the assignment perfectly.

He does the examination very well.

Semi Modal Auxiliary Verbs

or
Quasi Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Ought to, used to, need and dare are called Semi Modal Auxiliary Verbs which are also
called Quasi Modal Auxiliary Verbs.
Ought to :

The train ought to leave now.

He ought to speak now.
Vaigai express ought to leave at 6.45pm.
Used to :

I used to drink coffee when I was young.

He used to smoke once.
They used to visit our house when they were here.
Need :

I need to come now.

He need not take this exam.
They need not buy this dress.
Dare :

How dare you speak to me!

 I dare not to show my progress card to my father.

You dare to get up in the middle.

Regular Verbs or Weak Verbs

The verbs which form can be changed into past tense by adding ED to the present tense are
called Regular Verbs which are also called Weak Verbs.

Grant .granted
Want.wanted
Laugh.laughed
Look..looked
Talk.talked
Like.liked
Shout..shouted
Sentencesentenced
Complete..completed

So, the verbs such as grant, want, laugh, look, talk, like, shout, sentence, complete are called
Regular Verbs or Weak Verbs.

Irregular Verbs or Strong Verbs

The verbs which form can NOT be changed into past tense by adding ED to the present
tense are called Irregular Verbs which are also called Strong Verbs.

 Go.went
Eatate
Buy.bought
Fall..fell
Come.came
Sell.sold
Sing..sang
Sleep.slept
Feelfelt

So the verbs such as go, eat, buy, fall, come, sell, sing, sleep, feel are called Irregular verbs or
strong verbs.

Modal Verb
Modal verb is a special verb which behaves very differently from normal verb.
The following verbs are called Modal verbs.
Shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, ought and dare are called modal
verbs.
SHALL :
When shall is used in the second or third person, it has the force of a command, a
promise,

a thread, determination, certainty

i. You shall not go out without my permission.
ii. He shall get my help.
iii. She shall be punished for his mistake.
iv. He shall apologize for his behavior.
v. No man shall take this way.
WILL :
When will is used in the first person, it can express (in addition to the future tense)
willingness,
a promise, a threat, determination
i. I will help you.
ii. I will be there in your wedding.
iii. I will not allow him to go.
iv. I will not miss this opportunity.
MAY :
May has the force of possibility and permission. In the past tense might is used.
i. He may come here.
ii. You may go now.
iii. I believed that he might be honest.
CAN :
Can has the force of ability and permission.
i. He can do this work easily.
ii. She can go home.
iii. Everyone can learn this subject.
MUST :

Must has the force of compulsion, necessity, determination, duty, certainty of belief,
inevitability
i. Everybody must attend this function.
ii. I must go urgently.
iii. I must have full freedom.
iv. A minister must be honest.
v. She must be made to talk like this.
vi. This building must be demolished in near future.
OUGHT :
Ought indicated duty or moral obligation.
i. You ought to be careful.
ii. As the secretary I ought to have attended that meeting.
This verb ought must be followed by to.
DARE :
Dare conveys the force of challenge or the courage to do a thing.
i. He dare not oppose me.
ii. The prime Minister dared the opposition to prove the charge.
NEED :
Need has the force of necessity or obligation.
When this verb need is used to mean obligation in the negative or interrogative form,
s is not added to need in the third person singular(present tense).
i. She need not come here.
ii. It need not be white in the Shirt.
iii. He need not have educational qualifications.

The Verb Be

The Verb Be is a very important but peculiar verb in English.

The Verb Be can be used as a main verb as well as an auxiliary verb.
Examples:
I am in London.
In this sentence, the verb am has been used as a main verb.
I am a qualified candidate.
In this sentence, the verb 'am' has been used as an auxiliart verb.Whereas the main verb is
qualify.
It has other forms when it is used as an indicator of tense of the verb.
They are:
Is, was, am, are and were.
Examples:
He is a teacher. (main verb)
He was sent out of the meeting hall for his ill-behaviors. ( was is auxiliary verb and the
main verb is send)
The Verb Be is a very important but peculiar verb in English. It takes the following forms in
the Principal forms.
Present tense .Past tense..Past Participle
Be................................................................Been
Am.......................................was.................
Is.......................................was.................
Are......................................were................
So, be, been, is, was, are and were are the only different forms of the verb be.
Examples:
Many forms of the Verb-Be have beed used here. i. Be careful.
ii. Be kind to others.
iii. I am the secretary of the association.
iv. He is a kind man.

v. They are social workers.

vi. She was a good companion.
vii. The books were available.
viii. She has been the secretary for two years.
ix. You are not a member of this organization.
You can form your own sentences using the various forms of the Verb-Be.
Note:
The Verb Be can be used as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb.
Main verb:
Examples:
i. The child is very cute.
ii. It was six oclock.
iii. There were many people.
iv. They are the people whom we are looking after.
v. I am a student of that college.
vi. Be careful.
Auxiliary verb:
Examples:
The Verb Be is used as auxiliary verb as follows.
i. I am working here.
ii. She is doing her work quietly.
iii. The train was running late.
iv. The women were working in the field.
Note:
Unlike the other verbs, the verb be can not be split in the interrogative and negatve forms
of sentences. We use it as follows.

Negative:
Examples:
i. I am not your enemy.
ii. He was not responsible for the accident.
iii. The people were not excited.
Interrogative:
Examples:
i. Where is the building?
ii. How was the film?
iii. Were all the materials available?
Note:
The verbs do and have can be used as main verb and auxiliary verb.
Main verb:
Examples:
i. I do a lot of exercises.
ii. He does his work rather carelessly.
iii. I have no difficulty.
iv. They had a solution to this problem.
v. She has no compassion for others.
Auxiliary verb:
Examples:
i. I do not know anybody here.
ii. She does not love him.
iii. I have seen this film.
iv. A plan has been prepared.
Examples:
i. I do not have an answer to your question. (auxiliary verb)

ii. The committee has submitted the report. (auxiliary verb)

iii. They are investigating into the matter. (auxiliary verb)
iv. The matter is urgent. ( main verb)
v. He has done a lot of research. (auxiliary verb)
vi. All the candidates were present. ( main verb)
vii. She does all the work herself. ( main verb)
viii. The boy did not bring his book. (auxiliary verb)
ix. I had applied for the job. (auxiliary verb)
x. Our manager has been ill for quite some time. (auxiliary verb)

Verb
Verb is the word to denote an action or a state. A single word can be used as a verb. Here
are few examples in which the single words have been used as verbs.
Examples :
1.

He drinks coffee.

2.

Children like sweet.

3.

I am fond of Ice-creams.

4.

The soup is better.

5.

The marriage is held in a grand manner.

6.

We invited him.

7.

The giants love children.

8.

The teacher fined the late-comers.

9.

The teacher allows the late-comers.

10.

The watchman does his duty.

11.

The trader never sleeps.

12.

I walk to my office.

13.

They come with a problem.

14.

You have to be there by 6 am.

15.

Be in my office today.

16.

Watch TV for this program.

17.

Read news paper regularly.

18.

I teach English to UK students online.

19.

He learns Math from my father.

20.

His uncle is working in Post Office.

Verb Phrase
The phrase in which the main verb is is called Verb Phrase. Here are few sentences in which
the Verb Phrases are noted.
Examples :
1.

The meeting has been recommended.

2.

We have received a letter.

3.

Children are playing foot-ball.

4.

The guests have been received.

5.

Girls are dancing.

6.

They are eating different dishes.

7.

He has been living in this house since 2000.

8.

They have been waiting for the last 2 hours.

9.

The company is located in Bangalore.

10.

My grandma is searching for this book in the library.

11.

He is going to Delhi.

12.

They are taking note of what you are doing here.

13.

I have been asking for my book.

14.

She is reading this book for 1 hour.

15.

You are asked to be in my house.

16.

John is writing a book about India.

17.

What we are doing is determined by what we read.

18.

Wilson is analysing this problem with his friends.

19.

Hillary has been working in this library since 1992.

20.

We are watching this program for 2 hours.