Professional Documents
Culture Documents
References
Hudson, J. A., and Harrison, J. P. (2005): Engineering rock Mechanics
an introduction to the principles (4th Edi.),
Elsevier Ltd. (Pub.), Amsterdam, 457 P.
Hunt, R. E. (2005): Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Handbook
(2nd Edi.), Taylor & Francis Group (Pub.),
Boca Raton, 1033 P.
Mathewson, C. C. (1981): Engineering Geology, Charles, E. Merrill Co.
(Pub.), Columbus, Ohio, 450 P.
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Rock Definitions
The Geological Definition of Rocks
Material of the Earths crust, composed of one or more minerals strongly
bonded together that are so little altered by weathering that the
fabric and the majority of the parent minerals are still present.
The Engineering Definition of Rocks
Rock is the hard and durable material that cannot be excavated without
blasting.
Or The earth materials that do not slake when soaked into water.
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(2) Fine-grained sedimentary rocks like limestone and dolomite are the
best for being used as aggregates; siltstone, shale, conglomerate,
and quartz sandstone are not acceptable.
(3) Stream and terrace gravel contains weak pieces, they are not good for
aggregates in concrete.
(4) Coarse-grained limestone is not good for aggregates;
(5) Sinkhole problem in carbonate terrains due to the high dissolvability
of limestone and dolomite.
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Engineering Bases
On an engineering basis, rock is often referred to as either intact or in
situ.
Intact rock (rock substances or rock materials) refers to a block or
fragment of rock free of defects (discontinuities), in which its
hydraulic and mechanical properties are controlled by the
petrographic characteristics of the material, whether in the fresh or
decomposed state. Classification is based on its uniaxial
compressive strength and hardness.
Or It refers to the consolidated and cemented assemblage of mineral
particles form the intact blocks between discontinuities in the rock
mass.
Northwest
joint set
Northeast joint
set
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In situ rock (rock mass) refers to the rock mass that normally contains
defects (discontinuities), which separate the mass into blocks of
intact rock and control the hydraulic and mechanical properties.
Classification is based on rock quality, with the mass generally
termed as competent or incompetent.
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1- Water Content
2- Porosity
3- Density
4- Absorption
5- Abrasiveness by Los Angeles Machine
Percent loss = (material finer than 0.141 mm) / (original weight)
For highway construction, we need percent loss less than 35 50 %.
Mechanical Properties
1- Strength
2- Elastic Modulus
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A- Compressive strength
1- uniaxial compressive strength
qu = F / A
2- Schmidt Hammer
Schmidt Hammer
B- Tensile strength
1- Brazilian test
2- Point load test
T = 0.636 F/DK
K: thickness of specimen
f = F / A
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Schmidt Hammer
Kahraman (2001)
Relationships between
rebound number and
UCS (After Deere and
Miller, 1966).
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Ductile Def.
Ductile Def.
Plastic Def.
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Compressive
Strength
Term
Strength MPa
0.25 1.0
1.0 5.0
Weak rocks
5.0 - 25.0
25.0 50.0
Strong rocks
50.0 100.0
100.0 250.0
> 250.0
Compressive
and Tensile
Strengths
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Field estimates of rock uniaxial compressive strength proposed by Hoek and Brown (1997).
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100%
A- Tangent Youngs modulus (Et)
B- Average Youngs modulus (Eav)
C- Secant Youngs modulus (Es)
50%
100%
100%
Et = /
50%
Es = /
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Eav = /
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Evaporites
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Description
2- Spacing
Terminology for
discontinuity spacing
according to ISRM
(Brown, 1981)
< 20 mm
3 -Persistence
Terms for the description of onedimensional persistence
according to ISRM (Brown,
1981)
persistence
persistence
persistence
persistence
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4- Roughness
Small scale roughness profiles ( unevenness),
(after Hack and Price, 1995)
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Amplitude of roughness, mm
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6- Aperture
Aperture
Description
Very tight
Tight
Partly open
Open
Moderately wide
Wide
Very wide
Extremely wide
Cavernous
Closed
Gapped
Open
7- Filling materials
Mineral composition, grain or crystal size, strength, water content,
permeability, soil index properties, weathering grade and
swelling potentiality.
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8- Seepage
Un-filling discontinuities
Filling discontinuities
Seepage
rate
Description
Seepage
rate
Description
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
VI
VI
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Tunnel wall
Seepage rate
Description
II
III
IV
9- Number of sets
10- Block size
Northwest joint set
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Very large
> 8 m3
Large
0.2 8 m3
Medium
0.008 0.2 m3
Small
0.0002 - 0.008 m3
Very small
< 0.0002 m3
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3- Core logging
1- Total Core Recovery (TCR)
2- Discontinuity Frequency (F)
3- Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
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Deere, (1968)
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RMR classification
The following six parameters are used to classify a rock mass using the RMR system:
1. Uniaxial compressive strength of rock material.
2. Rock Quality Designation (RQD).
3. Spacing of discontinuities.
4. Condition of discontinuities.
5. Groundwater conditions.
6. Orientation of discontinuities.
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