Fundamentals of Fluid

Mechanics
Lecturer:

Ch.E-203 (Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics)

Syllabus:
Introduction and importance of fluid mechanics; Description of Fluids; Types of
fluids and Classification of fluid flows; Compressible vs Incompressible fluids;
Steady and Unsteady fluid flows; Properties of fluids; Basic Equations of fluid flow;
Flow of incompressible fluids in pipes; Laminar and Turbulent flow in closed
channels; Processes of Compressible Fluid Flows; Flow through variable area
conduits; Boundry Layer Concept; Prandtl's Boundary Layers Equatons; Turbulent
Boundary Layers; Dimensional Analysis.

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Text and Reference Books:

McCabe Warren L., Smith Julian C., Harriott peter Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering 6thEd. 2001. McGraw Hill Inc.
Coulson J.M., Richardson J.F. Chemical Engineering Vol-I, 1999. Butterworth,
Elsevier.
White, F.M. Fluid Mechanics, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill. 1999.
Holland, F.A. Bragg, R. Fluid flow for Chemical Engineers, 2ndEdition, Butterworth
& Heinemann. 1995.
Noel-de-Nevers Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers McGraw-Hill
Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition.

HISTORY
FACES OF FLUID MECHANICS

Archimedes

(C. 287-212 BC)

Navier

(1785-1836)

Newton

(1642-1727)

Stokes

(1819-1903)

Leibniz

(1646-1716)

Reynolds

(1842-1912)

Bernoulli

Euler

(1667-1748)

(1707-1783)

Prandtl

Taylor

(1875-1953)

(1886-1975)

Fluid Mechanics
What is mechanics?
Deals with the motion of bodies
What is fluid mechanics?
Study of the behaviour of gases and liquids.

Importance of Fluid Mechanics?

Classification of Fluid Mechanics

Classification of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid statics
Fluid kinematics
Fluid dynamics

Fluid Statics
Mechanics of fluids
at rest
in equilibrium
no shear stress

Fluid Kinematics
Concerns with the motion of the fluids
Direction
Velocities
Streamlines
but
Without reference to forces which cause the motion

Fluid Dynamics
Mecahnics of fluid
In motion
Fluids have some shear stress

Fluid
Anything which can flow.
Any material or a substance that changes its shape or direction uniformly
on applying an external force to it.

Classification of Fluids
Ideal fluids
Real fluids

Compressible fluids
Incompressible fluids

Newtonian fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids

Newtons Law of Viscosity

Shear stress

Shear rate

Flow of fluid

Velocity = max
Velocity gradient = 0

Shear stress = 0

Velocity = 0
Velocity gradient = max
Shear stress = max

NEWTONIAN
Water
Most salt solutions in water
Light suspensions of dye
High-viscosity fuels
Gasoline
Kerosene
Most motor oils and mineral oils

PSEUDOPLASTIC
Sewage sludge
Paper pulp
Grease
Soap
Paint
Printer's ink
Starch
Latex solutions
Most emulsions

Bingham plastic
clay suspensions,
drilling mud
toothpaste
Mayonnaise
chocolate
mustard

DILATANT
Feldspar
Mica
Clay
Beach sand
Starch in water

Reynolds Number
Change in flow depends upon four parameters
Diameter of tube through which liquid flows (D)
Density of the liquid (rho)
Average velocity of the liquid flowing (u)
Viscosity of the liquid (u)
Reynolds combine these four quantities in one dimensionless group.

The flow is
laminar when Re < 2300
transient when 2300 < Re < 4000
turbulent when 4000 < Re

fluid flows in parallel layers

no disruption between the layers
No lateral mixing