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Your First Lesson is on the Basic Units Of English Units Of English
How many parts are there in English? Parts of English
The three pillars of a language Subject-Object-Predicate
How is the Verb related to the Subject? Verb and Subject
How many types of Nouns are there? Noun-Types
What are the Nouns as per the Gender? Noun-Gender
Is the Nominative case the only case? Noun-Cases
Is the Noun sky singular or plural? Noun-Number
What are the functions that a Noun plays? Noun-Functions
How is a Pronoun related to a Noun? Pronoun
How many types of Verbs are there? Verbs
How is the verb BE special? Verb-BE
What is an Adjective meant for? Adjective
Why is an Adverb used in a sentence? Adverb
Is the word after a Conjunction or not? Conjunction
How is a Preposition used in a sentence? Preposition
How many Articles are there? Articles
How many manners are there in which a verb can be used? Moods
What are the different types of Sentences? Sentences
How to differentiate the Tense-forms? Tenses
To know about the Present Tense Present Tense
To know about the Past Tense Past Tense
To know about the Future Tense Future Tense
This is your first lesson in your learning process.
Bring in a note-book and a pen. You may need them to take down notes for your future
reference.
Taking down notes will help you pay focused attention on what you learn.
It is strongly suggested that you had better take down notes of what you learn in every
lesson.
Let us start with the Units of English.
What is called a UNIT?
A Unit is a basic part, many of which bring out the whole.
Units make a word or a sentence complete.
How many Units are there in English?
There are FIVE UNITS.
1. Letter
2. Word
3. Phrase
4. Clause
5. Sentence
All these five Units make a sentence or a paragraph a meaningful one.
Let us see these Units of English individually.
1. Letter:
There are twenty six letters in English language.
They are:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z .
These letters have been written in Capital forms.
The same letters can also be written in Small forms.
They are:
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y and z.
All these twenty-six letters are collectively called ALPHABET.
So the alphabet of English language has twenty-six letters.
These twenty-six letters can be classified into two groups.
They are:
I. Consonants
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y and z. are calledCONSONANTS. That
means there are 21 consonants.
II. Vowels
a, e, i. o and u are called VOWELS. That means there are five vowels.
2.Word:
A word converts the group of letters into a meaningful one. A word plays a pivotal role in
the Units of English.
A word is a group of letters with a meaning.
Ball, nation, ocean, boy, courage, install, save and organization are words.
The word ball is having four letters b..a..l..l.
The word organization is having twelve letters o..r..g..a..n..i..s..a..t..i..o..n.
In this way all the words are collective forms of few letters.
Every word carries a meaning.
Let us see few more words which we use regularly in our daily lives.
Son, father, mother, daughter, wife, husband, school, college, milk, street, bus, car, train,
sky, moon, sun, note, book,university, love, language, skill, communication, motivation,
can, will, no, yes, carry, on, down, up, color, white, red, computer, profit, business and
knowledge are few of the words which we use in our day-to-day lives.
It is must for one to know at least 25,000 words to become a very good communicator in
English.
Till you master that much of words and the Basics of English language, you have to keep on
learning so that you language-skill will get sharpened day by day. Becoming thorough with
the Basics of English is a matter of practice.
Understanding the meaning of the words determines your progress.Among theUnits of
English, the unit word has its own place in understaning the Perfect English.The wordpower is indomitable. Rote learning of words will not take you to understand the Perfect
English.The meaning and the usages of every word should be understood. You should allot
more time to increase your word-power.TheseUnits of English will take you to the next level
of learning process.
3.Phrase:
This is another important Unit in the Units of English.
A phrase is a group of words without a subject and a predicate but with a meaning.
(What are meant by subject and predicate? Let us see later.)
The basics of English language should be understood in a comprehensive manner. keep on
reading till all the lessons in the basics are over. Then begin once again from this Units of
English, that will give you better understanding of the Basics of English language.
Let us see few phrases.
i. The leader of the group
ii. The red ball
iii. Your class-mates
iv. Our family-members
v. A very distant place
vi. Business people
vii. To make up
viii. To get away with
ix. To score more marks
x. To attain fame
If the most important word in a phrase is a noun (what is noun? Let us see later.), it is
called a Nominal phrase or a Noun phrase.
In the foloowing sections, you will understand these pharses very well.
In the examples given above, the first six phrases have nouns as the most important words.
The leader of the group has the noun leader as the most important word in that phrase.
The red ball has the noun ball as the most important word in that phrase.
So they are called Nominal phrase or Noun phrase.
Few more examples for Nominal phrases:
i. All the admitted students
ii. Tax-payers from that state
iii. The primary colors
iv. Safe web-sites
v. Only English teachers
If the most important word in the phrase is verb (what is verb? Let us see later.), that
phrase is called Verbal phrase.
In the above-mentioned examples, vii, viii, ix and x have the verbs make-up, get away,
score and attain as the most important words. So they are called Verbal Phrases.
Few more examples for Verbal phrases:
i. To cultivate the lands
ii. To study into night
iii. To go around the city
iv. To donate liberally
v. To be there in time
4.Clause:
A clause is a group of words, with a subject and a predicate having a meaning.
Note:
A phrase does not have a subject and a predicate. But a clause has both.
i. You are my best friend
ii. It is not possible for him to do that now
iii. When the train arrived
iv. If you are qualified
v. As the election is declared
If clause is conveying the complete meaning, it is called Main clause.
The clause You are my best friend conveys the complete meaning. So it is called
the Main clause.
Few more examples for main clauses:
i. His letter is full of eulogies.
ii. The magicians have not yet come.
iii. The school-hour is over.
iv. Red-colored cars have very good demand.
v. Indians are religious by nature.
If the meaning of the clause is incomplete, then that clause is called subordinate clause.
The clause mentioned above if you are qualified does not have a complete meaning.
So that clause is called subordinate clause .
Few more examples for subordinate clauses:
i. It is possible only when
ii. Unless you score high marks
iii. Since your age is below 21
iv. As the time is not ripe
v. Because of high blood-pressure
Subordinate clauses begin with words such as:
Who, whom, whose, which, that, unless, as, because, when, how, where, what, since, etc..
Note:
These are the utter basics which constitute English language. From the first unit of the
five Units of English language, we have come to the unit of sentence.
Go through this page once again so as to understand all these
Units of English without any doubt. This slow-approach will give you strong foundation to go
ahead with your journey of learning of the Basics of English language.
NOTE:
Understanding the Basics of English(Grammar) very clearly will give you the strong
foundation needed to become a very good communicator.
b. Noun-Gender
c. Noun-Number
d. Noun-Functions
e. Noun-Cases
Grammar
Noun-Gender
The Noun-Gender tells us about the sex of the noun.
In Grammar-Nouns, there are FOUR GENDERS.
1. Masculine gender:
A noun is said to be in the Masculine gender if it refers to a male character or member of a
species.
Man, lion, hero, boy, king, horse and actor are nouns of masculine gender.
Example:
A boy is playing in the play-ground.
Hero of the movie is not a native of this country.
In these sentences the words boy and hero are masculine-gender nouns.
The next in the Noun-Gender is feminine gender.
2. Feminine gender:
A noun is said to be in the feminine gender if it refers to a female member of a species.
Woman, lioness, heroine, girl, mare, niece, empress, cow and actress are few of the
feminine-gender nouns that we use.
Example:
A girl is playing in the play-ground.
Heroine of the movie is not a native of this country.
In these sentences the words girl and heroine are feminine-gender nouns.
The next in the Noun-Gender is common gender.
3. Common gender:
A noun is said to be in Common gender if it refers to a member of species which can be a
male or a female.
In these sentences the words, computer, tree, stars and books are the neuter-gender
nouns.
NOTE:
a. Collective nouns, even if they refer to living-beings, are used as neuter-nouns.
Example:
i. The army is doing its task.
ii. The police are called to manage the situation.
In these sentences the nouns (army and police) refer to only living-beings. But they are
used only as neuter-nouns.
b.Objects noted for their power, strength, and violence are used as Masculine gender nouns.
The sun, summer, time, death etc are masculine-gender nouns.
Example:
i. The sun is so scorching now that we can not go out now to face him without anumbrella.
ii. The death is cruel. He is as certain as tomorrow.
In these sentences the words sun and death have been used as Masculine-gender
nouns.
c. Objects noted for their beauty, gentleness and grace are used as feminine-gender nouns.
The moon, the earth, spring, charity etc are feminine-gender nouns.
Example:
i. The moon is so bright at this time that she induces romantic mood in us.
ii. The earth is patient. Her beauty is spoiled day-by-day.
The masculine-genders and their respective feminine-genders have been given below for
your reference.
Masculine genders-----Feminine genders
1. Bachelor----- Spinster
2. Bachelor----- Maid
3. Bullock----- Heifer
4. Dog----- Bitch
5. Drone------ Bee
6. Horse----- Mare
7. Nephew----- Niece
8. Jew----- Jewess
9. Wizard----- Witch
10. Heir----- Heiress
11. Manager----- Manageress
12. Poet----- Poetess
13. Shepherd----- Shepherdess
14. Benefactor----- Benefactress
Grammar :
Noun-Cases
NOUN-CASES is another topic which comes under NOUN. The CASE of a noun tells us
about the position of that noun in a sentence. In English there are FIVE CASES.
They are:
Nominative case
Objective case (or Accusative case)
Dative case
Possessive case (or Genitive case)
Vocative case
5. Vocative case:
A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative case if it is used to call (or to get the attention
of) a person or persons.
Examples:
Mr. Bill, students are waiting for you in the main hall.
Mr. Bill is in vocative case.
You there, stand up.
You is in vocative case.
Brother, a letter for you.
Brother is in vocative case.
Chairman, all the letters are posted two days ago.
Chairman is in vocative case
The nouns do not change their forms in the Nominative and Objective cases. But few
pronouns change their formsbetween Nominative and Objective cases.
Nominative case ________Objective case_________ Possessive case
1. I __________________ me__________________ my
2. We_________________us____________________our
3. You________________ You___________________your
4. He_________________ him____________________his
5. She_________________her_____________________her
6. It___________________it_______________________its
7. They_________________them______________________their
Grammar :
Noun-Number
There are two numbers in Noun-Number: Singular and Plural.
1. Singular:
When we speak about one person and one thing, we use the noun in singular form.
Single means one.
Potato-potatoes
Noun-Number is another part under Noun.
3. By changing the last letter y into ies.
Examples:
Baby-babies
Lady-ladies
Story-stories
City-cities
Army-armies
Examples:
Man-men
Woman-women
Foot-feet
Tooth-teeth
Goose-geese
5. By suffixing en to the singular.
Examples:
Ox-oxen
Child-children
6. By changing f or fe into ves.
Examples:
Thief-thieves
Life-lives
Wife-wives
Calf-calves
Knife-knives
Wolf-wolves
Leaf-leaves
Shelf-shelves
Exceptions:
Chief-chiefs
Roof-roofs
Gulf-gulfs
Safe-safes
Proof-proofs
Hoof-hoofs
Memorandum-memoranda
Terminus-termini (or terminuses)
Hypothesis-hypotheses
Cherub-cherubim (or cherubs)
Parenthesis-parentheses
8. By suffixing s to the main word in a compound word.
Examples:
Commander-in-chief..commanders-in-chief
Son-in-lawsons-in-law
Step-sonstep-sons
Maid-servant.maid-servants
Passer-by..passers-by
Man-servant..men-servant
Man-servant..man-servants
9. Special cases.
a. Few nouns which end in s are used in singular form.
Examples:
News, Mathematics, Physics, politics, innings etc
b. Few collective nouns, though they are in singular forms, are used in plural forms.
Examples:
Poultry, Cattle, People, gentry etc
c. Few nouns have the same forms both in singular and plural forms.
Examples:
Grammar :
Noun-Functions
A noun or a pronoun can perform five functions.
Those five noun-functions are:
1.It can be THE SUBJECT of a verb.
Examples:
Mr. Ram leads the team.
Mr. Ram is the subject of the verb leads.
He is writing.
He is the subject of the verb is writing.
The monkeys destroyed the garden.
The monkeys is the subject of the verb destroyed.
The children are playing joyfully.
The children is the subject of the verb are playing.
The second one in Noun-functions is:
2. A noun or a pronoun can be THE DIRECT or INDIRECT OBJECT of a verb.
Examples:
I took the book.
Book is the direct object of the verb took.
The Government will take the decision.
The decision is the direct object of the verb will take.
Mahatma Gandhi, father of the Indian nation, led a non-violent struggle to attain
independence from the British.
Father of the Indian nation is in apposition with Mahatma Gandhi.
Examples:
1. The House of Commons, The Mother of Parliamentarians, has been the scene of many
scintillating debates between leading orators.
2. The greatest playwright of all times, William Shakespeare wrote not only plays but also
sonnets and other poems.
Examples:
1. The office is closed.
Here, the noun office is used as the subject.
2. My friend is the manager of this company.
Here the noun manager is used as the object.
3. Pickwick-papers, a novel, was written by Charles Dickens.
Here the noun novel has been used in apposition With Pickwick-papers.
4. Mr. K.R.Narayanan, the ex-president of India, is a fine gentleman.
The noun-phrase the ex-president of India has been used in apposition with Mr.
K.R.Narayanan.
5. I met your friend yesterday.
The noun your friend has been used as object of the verb met.
2.Verb:
A verb is a word used to express an action or state.
Examples:
She wrote a letter.
In this sentence, the word wrote indicates what she did. So the word wrote (write) is a
verb.
New York is big city.
In this sentence, what is now the city New York is indicated by the word is. So the word
is is a verb.
Grammar : Verbs
Verbs are the word denoting actions or states.
Examples:
Mr. Hales takes the class today morning.
What does Mr. Hales do today morning?
He takes the class.
The action he is doing is taking the class.
So the action is denoted by the word takes. In that case that word takes is the verb.
The Students write their examination in the Lawtey hall.
Here, the word write is the verb.
The university disqualified him.
Here, the word disqualified is the verb.
His friends refused to support him when he was in critical moments.
Here, the word refused is the verb.
The verbs can be classified in different methods.
There are four types of verbs.
1. Transitive verbs.
That means the action of the verb is transmitted to another noun or another thing.
They brought the suitcase two days back.
Here the verb brought (bring) needs an object to become meaningful.
What was brought?
The suitcase was brought by them.
So the verb bring (brought) is a transitive verb.
3. Auxiliary verb:
A verb which helps another verb to form its tense, voice or mood is called anAuxiliary verb.
Have, be(am,are,was and were) and do are usually used as auxiliary verbs, they can be
used as Main verbs as well.
Examples:
I have few urgent works. (Main)
They have done very well in the examinations. (Auxiliary)
God is in Heaven. (Main)
He is liked by all. (Auxiliary)
The man does his work quietly. (Main)
Did he come here? (Main)
4. Modal verbs:
The following verbs are called Modal verbs.
Shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, ought and dare are called modal
verbs.
SHALL:
When shall is used in the second or third person, it has the force of a command, a
promise,
a thread, determination, certainty
i. You shall not go out without my permission.
ii. He shall get my help.
iii. She shall be punished for his mistake.
iv. He shall apologize for his behavior.
v. No man shall take this way.
WILL:
When will is used in the first person, it can express (in addition to the future tense)
willingness,
a promise, a threat, determination
11. bind
12. bleed
13. build
14. burn
15. carry
16. catch
17. cling
18. come
19. deal
20. creep
21. do
22. draw
23. drink
24. eat
25. fall
26. feed
27. feel
28. fight
29. find
30. fling
31. flee
32. forbid
33. forget
34. forsake
35. freeze
36. get
37. give
38. grind
39. have
40. hold
41. kneel
42. know
43. lay
44. lead
45. learn
46. leave
47. lend
48. lie
49. loose
50. make
51. mean
52. meet
53. pay
54. read
55. rid
56. ride
57. ring
58. run
59. rise
60. see
61. set
62. shoot
63. sling
64. slit
65. speak
66. slay
67. shake
68. shed
69. slide
70. spin
71. split
72. spring
73. stand
74. wed
75. write
He was sent out of the meeting hall for his ill-behaviors. ( was is auxiliary verb and the
main verb is send)
The Verb Be is a very important but peculiar verb in English. It takes the following forms in
the Principal forms.
Present tense .Past tense..Past Participle
Be................................................................Been
Am.......................................was.................
Is.......................................was.................
Are......................................were................
So, be, been, is, was, are and were are the only different forms of the verb be.
Examples:
Many forms of the Verb-Be have beed used here. i. Be careful.
ii. Be kind to others.
iii. I am the secretary of the association.
iv. He is a kind man.
v. They are social workers.
vi. She was a good companion.
vii. The books were available.
viii. She has been the secretary for two years.
ix. You are not a member of this organization.
You can form your own sentences using the various forms of the Verb-Be.
Note:
The Verb Be can be used as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb.
Main verb:
Examples:
i. The child is very cute.
ii. It was six oclock.
iii. There were many people.
Negative:
Examples:
i. I am not your enemy.
ii. He was not responsible for the accident.
iii. The people were not excited.
Interrogative:
Examples:
i. Where is the building?
ii. How was the film?
iii. Were all the materials available?
Note:
The verbs do and have can be used as main verb and auxiliary verb.
Main verb:
Examples:
i. I do a lot of exercises.
ii. He does his work rather carelessly.
iii. I have no difficulty.
iv. They had a solution to this problem.
v. She has no compassion for others.
Auxiliary verb:
Examples:
i. I do not know anybody here.
ii. She does not love him.
iii. I have seen this film.
iv. A plan has been prepared.
Examples:
i. I do not have an answer to your question. (auxiliary verb)
ii. The committee has submitted the report. (auxiliary verb)
iii. They are investigating into the matter. (auxiliary verb)
iv. The matter is urgent. ( main verb)
v. He has done a lot of research. (auxiliary verb)
vi. All the candidates were present. ( main verb)
vii. She does all the work herself. ( main verb)
viii. The boy did not bring his book. (auxiliary verb)
ix. I had applied for the job. (auxiliary verb)
x. Our manager has been ill for quite some time. (auxiliary verb)
3.Adjective:
An adjective is word used to add something to the meaning of a noun.
Examples:
He is a brave boy.
In this sentence, what kind of boy is he is answered by the
word brave. So the word brave is an adjective.
They are perfect people.
In this sentence, what kinds of people are they is answered by
the word perfect. So the word perfect is an adjective.
Few other adjectives are beautiful, tall, shy, courteous, ugly, short, long, lengthy, costly,
calm, nice etc
To know more about Adjectives
Adjective
An adjective is a word that tells us something about a noun.
A noun may have many attributes.
Boy is a noun.
That boy may be tall or short, intelligent or fool, educated or uneducated, rich or poor.
What is the quality of that boy?
In order to express the quality of that boy, we have to use an adjective.
"That boy is a rich boy".
In this sentence, the word rich indicates that the boy is a rich boy.
That means that the boy has a lot of money.
Those words which tell us about the quality of the nouns (which might have been
used either as the subject or the object) are called adjectives.
America is a country.
America is a rich country. (rich is an adjective)
Nile is a river.
Nile is a long river.(long is an adjective)
Harvard is the name of a university.
Harvard is the name of the oldest university. (Oldest is an adjective)
She is a student.
She is a beautiful student. (Beautiful is an adjective)
Water is an element.
Water is one of the essential elements. (essential is an adjective)
Other sentences written with adjectives:
London is a large city.
Jacob is an honest man.
We have had enough exercises.
There has not been sufficient rain this year.
The hand has five fingers.
Most boys like cricket.
1. Adjectives of quality:
Good, honest, old, big etc
Examples :
Their good performance in their final examinations gave them what they expected.
Mr. Antonio is an honest policeman.
Our Chairman is an old man.
The big temple might have been constructed a long time back.
Their excellent presentation bagged them the first prize.
2. Adjectives of quantity:
Little, some, much, enough etc
Examples :
I know little about music.
6. Demonstrative adjectives:
This, that, these, those, such etc
Examples :
This dog is ours.
That gentleman donated his fortunes to a charitable trust.
These flowers are not for sales.
7. Interrogative adjectives :
What, which, whose, when etc
Examples :
What happened after I came out of the house is not known to me.
Which team won the match is not our problem.
Whose child is this is a mystery.
8. Adjectival Phrase:
Sometimes a phrase may be used as an adjective. In that case the phrase is called
adjectival phrase.
Very often this adjectival phrase appears after the noun that it qualifies.
In the following sentences, the adjectival phrases are colored blue.
Examples :
The chief lived in house built-of-stone.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
He was a student of great promise.
9. Adjectival Clause:
Often a full-clause may add meaning to a noun in which case it is known as an adjectival
clause.
In the following sentences the adjectival clauses are colored blue.
Examples :
Nehru was a statesman whom everyone responded.
The house which caught fire is in the street.
John is the boy who broke the window
4.Adverb:
Adverb
Note-1:
If the work of the adverb is performed by a phrase, that adverb (phrase) is called adverbial
phrase.
Examples:
He lived in this house for nearly twenty years.
I stood on the bridge at midnight.
They sat for a while on the bench.
I thank you with all my heart.
Note-2:
A full-clause may also do the job of an adverb. In that case such a clause is called adverbial
clause.
Examples:
When you finish the work, you may go home.
Before you go, bring me some water.
I have left the book where I can find it again.
Since you were not there, I spoke to your brother.
If it rains, we shall stay at home.
Unless you work hard, you will fail in the test.
Emma is older than she looks.
He had come while I was out.
If he were rich, he would probably help us.
The sum is so simple that everyone can solve it.
Though he is poor, he is honest.
5.Pronoun:
A pronoun is word used instead of a noun.
Examples:
Raman is boy. He is going to school.
Of these sentences, in the second sentence, the word he is used to indicate Raman. So
the word he is a pronoun.
The students refuse to take their meals. They want to meet the warden.
Of these sentences, in the second sentence, the word they is used to indicate the
students. So the word they is a pronoun.
There are only seven pronouns. They are he, she, it, I, we, they and you. Other pronouns
are their variations.
Grammar : Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that is used to represent a noun.
Pronoun means for-a-noun.
Example-1:
Ramu is not a member of this organization.
In this sentence the word Ramu is the name of a person. So Ramu is a noun. When we
write about the same person in the following sentence, we use the wordHe.
So, he could not attend the meeting meant only for the members.
In this sentence the word he represents Ramu.
He is a pronoun.
Example-2:
Sri Lanka is a big island. It has many tourist-attractions.
In these sentences, Sri Lanka is a noun. It is a pronoun.
Example-3:
I do not know why he did not continue his studies. It is a mystery for many of us.
In these sentences, the phrase why he did not continue his studies is noun but in
phrase form. It is a pronoun.
Example-4:
Oxygen is essential for life on earth. It is a purifying element.
In these sentences, the word oxygen is a noun. The word it is pronoun.
There are seven types of pronouns.
They are:
1. Personal
2. Reflexive
3. Demonstrative
4. Indefinite
5. Distributive
6. Relative
7. Interrogative
Let us see one by one.
1. Personal :
There are only seven personal pronouns.
They are He, She, It, They, You, We and I.
Here we use the word you to indicate both the singular and plural forms.
Here we use the pronoun they to indicate the plural form of both neuter gender and
masculine or feminine gender.
SINGULAR PRONOUNS:
I, He, She, It and You.
PLURAL PRONOUNS:
We, They and You.
Examples:
Mr. Gandhi, why not you seek his help?
Here the word you is used to indicate only Mr. Gandhi (singular).
See another sentence.
Students, you have to be assembled at the Lawtey hall by 11pm.
Here the word you has been used to indicate the students (plural).
Examples:
Mr. Clinton is the Chairman of this company. He has gone to Paris to attend a meeting.
Here, Mr. Clinton is noun and he is pronoun.
Mrs. Clinton is the author of the book Why not you?. She has been nominated to the
Nobel Prize for her book.
Here Mrs. Clinton is noun whereas the word she is pronoun.
This University was founded in 1907. Then it had only 75 students.
Here the University is noun whereas it is pronoun.
The students of this university participated in the foot-ball competition. They have won
the competition.
Here, the students of this university is noun whereas They is pronoun.
Mr. John, why can not you take more training in this field?
Here Mr. John is noun whereas you is pronoun.
We, the natives of England, will support you for your humanitarian approach.
Here, the natives of England, is noun whereas we is pronoun.
I, the father of the child, will attend the parents-meet scheduled to be held on 13th of this
month.
Here the father of this child is noun whereas I is pronoun.
The pronoun it is used to indicate only the neuter gender.
Tree, lion, river, sky, book, car, computer and language can be denoted by the pronoun it.
Al these seven Personal Pronouns as such are called Nominative forms of Personal
Pronouns.
All these seven Personal Pronouns have their own Possessive forms of Personal
Pronouns.
Possessive forms:
That book
That book
That book
Japan is a
is his.
is hers.
is ours.
workaholic country. The growth that it has attained is its.
Accusative forms:
These are the only seven pronouns. The pronouns that you are going to see under other
different-types of Pronouns as mentioned below are various forms of these seven pronouns
only.
2. Reflexive (or Emphatic pronouns):
The pronouns which are used to reflect upon the person or persons or thing or things which
the pronouns represent are called reflexive pronouns.
Himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourself, yourselves, ourselves and myself are the
reflexive pronouns.
Examples:
Mr. John himself called on us two days back.
Mrs. Clinton herself came forward to contest the election to the post of Presidency of this
association.
Students themselves went out of the class-room in protest against the increases in the
admission fees.
You yourself can not cut you hair.
You yourselves can organize a meeting to seek the opinions of all the students.
We ourselves will come to your seeking your support.
I motivated myself.
The singular form of the pronoun you has its reflexive form yourself.
The plural form of the pronoun you has its reflexive form yourselves.
3. Demonstrative :
This, that, those, and these are the demonstrative pronouns.
Examples:
I want only this book.
Those incidents changed his mind drastically.
These people are not qualified to attend the training program.
In this sentence, the word which has been used to represent those pronouns used as
conjunctions.
That which is in relative form.
The University which gave me admission is a very good University.
Mr. Kobe who is a native of London is not the owner of this car.
What you did is my problem.
A grove of trees that is at the outskirts of the city is for sales.
7. Interrogative :
The interrogative forms of the pronouns are used here.
Whom, which, whose, what and that are interrogative pronouns.
Examples:
Mr. Kodak whom we are searching for is a native of Japan.
Mrs. Goosd whose son is studying in Harvard has been hospitalized.
6.Preposition:
A preposition is word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing
denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.
Examples:
There is cow in the garden.
Here the word in is preposition.
He is in the play-ground.
Here the word in is a preposition.
They are coming to your office.
Here, the word to is a preposition.
The fruits are behind the leaves.
Here the word behind is preposition.
Few other prepositions are away, from, on, towards, till, until, unless, under, of etc
The next part in the parts of speech is
To know more about Prepositions
Grammar : Preposition
Preposition
is a word that is used with a noun or a pronoun or
a verb to explain their relation with another noun or pronoun.
There are two types.
1. Simple prepositions:
Examples:
1. A bird is on the tree.
2. I am fond of music.
3. The man was standing under the tree.
4. He runs after money.
5. I have to go to London to meet him.
6. Do not look at Sun at noon.
7. He is from your office.
8. One of you has to attend the meeting.
9. Go out.
10. You have to study English till you become a master of it.
11. He, with his friends, has gone to hotel to celebrate his birthday.
In the above sentences, the simple ones are colored red.
Few others are:
By, in, of, off, on, through, up, with, from, after, about, above,
across, amidst, among, around, before, behind,
below, within, between, inside, outside, without, beside, etc
2. Phrasal prepositions:
NOTE:
One can give thousands of examples. There is no grammatical rule to describe why a
particular preposition is used along with a particular word to convey a particular meaning.
These combinations have come out of mere conventions and usages.
You would yourself be using such phrases in your writings and speeches without your even
being aware of them.
There are two ways, a preposition can be used.
The first is as in the following phrases:
Examples:
1. On the table
2. In the year
3. With his friend
4. From the village
5. At the post office
6. Between the books
7. Underneath the tables
In sentences such as mentioned above, the preposition is written before the noun that
governs it.
That is why it is called pre-position.
Few prepositions are in the forms of two-words, three-words, four-words.
According to, in addition to,
The second way in which a preposition is used is after a verb, adjective oradverb.
Few are followed by or preceded by a certain words to provide a fixed meaning.
Examples:
1. Go after
2. Endow with
3. Participate in
4. Divide into
5. Confine to
6. Abstain from
7. Conform to
8. Affection for
9. Pity towards
10. Alliance with
11. Acquaintance with
12. Distrust of
13. Result of
14. Access to
15. Opposition to
16. Incidental to
17. Deficient in
18. Acquainted with
19. Delighted with
20. Accused of
21. Fond of
22. Anxious about
23. Grateful for
24. Tantamount to
25. Sympathy for
26. Sure of
27. Surrender to
28. Suspect of
29. Stick to
30. Ready for
'In', 'at', and 'on' have similar meanings, but there are conventions about their usages.
IN is used before large places such as a country, state or city.
Examples:
1. In India
2. In Texas
3. In New York
ON is used before middle sized places such as a road, train, plane, ship etc
Examples:
1. On Mount road
2. On Parliament road
3. On the East coast
AT is used to denote an exact spot.
Examples:
1. At the door
2. At 7 Oclock
IN is also used to denote a very small place
I was staying in a room at Door No.43 on Anderson Street in Boston on East coast in
Massachusetts State in USA.
There are three conventional uses of these three ones in regard to time also.
IN is used before the year and month.
ON is used before the day and date.
AT is used before actual time.
That accident happened at 7.30pm on 7th March in 1989.
The correct phrasal forms to denote specific times of the day are:
Examples:
1. At dawn
2. In the morning
3. At noon
4. In the afternoon
5. At dusk
6. At night
The preposition between must be used when referring to two things or persons.
Examples:
1. The problem between Jack and Jill was solved by their parents.
2. This train is playing between New York and Chicago.
When more than two things or persons are involved, the correct preposition to be used is
among.
Examples:
1. Among all the students in this class, John is the most intelligent.
2. He dose not show partiality among his three children
3. There is not a good understanding among the Parliamentarians of the ruling party.
Examples:
1. Buttercups are avoided by the grazing animals because of the bitter juices.
2. By the time Columbus arrived at America in 1492, other Europeans had already reached
the New York.
3. In times of war, people must take precautions against not only actual violence but also
acts of sabotage.
4. Between Stephen and his sister, the latter is the taller one.
5. Despite the road block, the police allowed us to enter the restricted area to search for our
friends.
7.Conjunction:
A conjunction is word used to join words or sentences.
Examples:
Ram is a student. John is a student. Ram and John are students.
Here the word and is used to join the two words Ram & John. So the word and is a
conjunction.
I ran fast, but missed the train.
The word but is a conjunction.
Few other conjunctions are or, eitheror, not only, so that, still, else, since, so, after etc
To know more about Conjunctions
Conjunction
Conjunction
is word or a phrase which connects two words or two phrases or two clauses or two
sentences.
The Conjuctions are....
1. and
2. or
3. either...or...
4. for
5. but
6. also
7. neither...nor...
8. only
9. after
10. because
11. if
12. so...that...
13. that
14. as
15. when
16. while
17. till
Examples:
You and he should attend the function. (The word and is connecting two other words you
& he)
He and I are good friends. (The word and is connecting two other words HE& I)
Pay the fees or you will not be admitted. (The word or is connecting two sentences Pay
the fees & You will not be admitted)
1. A preposition may connect two words:
Examples:
Jack and Jill come up the hill.
We bought a book as well as a pen.
You could find clean air not in the city but in the village.
He will conduct either you or me.
They offer not only coffee but also tea.
You should be here when our Chairman arrives.
I will not attend mobile-phone calls while driving my car.
He has to study till he becomes thorough in the subject.
We are waiting here for you only.
Not only Shirts but also pants are sold here.
2. A preposition may connect two phrases:
Examples:
The police have to find out not only who committed this crime but also how this crime was
executed in this day-light.
A big-lorry in blue color as well as a car in white color went into this village one by one.
3. A preposition may connect two main clauses:
Examples:
The 1973 oil-price adjustment checked the runaway consumption trend, but it was the
1979-increase that reversed it.
J.W.Jeffrey, a retired University of London professor, conducted a thorough economic
assessment of British nuclear plants and concluded that nuclear plant is considerably more
expensive than coal-fired power.
My father spent ten years to create a chemical solution, which, if used in agricultural
lands, will give very high yields, but he expired before he started manufacturing in bigscale.
2. but
3. for
4. or
5. nor
6. also
7. only
8. till
Examples:
Mr. John and Mr. Rams are the only invitees to meet the Prime Minister.
The whole country is waiting for the results of this international-tournament.
We have to be here in London till we are acquainted by the court.
6. Subordinating conjunctions:
A word introducing a subordinate clause is called subordinating clause.
The following conjunctions are called subordinating conjunctions:
1. after
2. because
3. if
4. that
5. though
6. although
7. till
8. before
9. unless
10. as
11. when
12. while
13. how
14. until
Examples:
You can come to the function after you finished your work.
They have scored low marks in English because she did not study well.
All of you are welcome if you have the entrance-tickets.
It is not known how he bought this car at this rate.
Your father has got you a motor-bike that is eight-year-old.
He was not admitted to that college though he has scored very high marks in the
entrance.
Her boy-friend postponed her marriage-proposal till he started his own business.
You can not get a new telephone connection before 1st of next month.
7. Compound conjunctions:
There will be few words in every conjunction of this type.
1. in order that
2. in order to
3. on condition that
4. even if
5. so that
6. provided that
7. as though
8. in as much as
9. as well as
10. as if
Examples:
He comes to this function on condition that we should leave him by 8pm.
London is so big that you can not go by walk to reach your office.
You as well as your father can go by the train.
You will not catch your train even if you take a taxi now.
8.Interjection:
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings.
Examples:
Hurrah! I have own the game.
Alas! She is dead.
In these sentences, the words hurrah and alas are used to express the sudden feelings
of those who use these sentences.
These are the only eight parts of speech.We have seen these parts of speeches only briefly.
We can see individually one by one in the following pages.
Interjection
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotions.
Examples:
Hello! What are you doing here?
Alas! He is dead.