CHE Fall 2014 Wind Wave & Tidal 2X Grey Scale

10/6/14
Wind, Wave & Tidal

Energy Technology & Policy
Fred C. Beach, Ph.D.
CHE 359/384 & EER 396, Fall 2014
U.S. Energy Use
10/6/14
10/6/14
There are Many Forms of Renewable Energy

Hydroelectric
Non-Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Ocean/Water
Wave, Tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Bioenergy
crops
waste: old tires, municipal solid waste,
agricultural waste
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Renewable Energy Is A Small Part of Our

Overall Fuel Mix
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Source: AER 2011
10/6/14
Biofuels and Wind Have Experienced Rapid

Growth Recently
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Source: EIA AER 2011
Solar & Wind are Green & Clean
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10/6/14
The Real World is Hot, Dry, & Windy
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Wind Power
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10/6/14
Wind Power is Not New
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Windmills Prairie Pumps

Once a ubiquitous feature in Rural
America, Every Farm & Ranch
had one or several
Rural Electrification Programs
eliminated most of them.
Switched to electric pumps for
water wells
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10
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Wind Power Comes in Many Flavors

Different Scales:
Utility Scale 10s of KWs to MWs
Residential Scale 100s of Ws to several KWs
Different Technologies:
Horizontal Axis
Vertical Axis
Different Locations:
Terrestrial:
Onshore
Offshore
Aerial:
Low Altitude
High Altitude
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11
Wind Energy Has Many Benefits

No emissions
Inexhaustible, renewable supply
Fuel is free
Efficient Conversion: direct mechanical to
electrical (me)
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12
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Wind Energy Has Many Drawbacks

Variable: Wind cuts out at low & very high
speeds
Continental: Typical capacity factor ~25-35% and
mismatched with peak demand (seasonally/daily)
Coastal: higher capacity factor (40-50%) and better
alignment with peak
10/6/14
Wind tends to be where people arent

Land intensive (but can be dual-use)
Noise
Looming concerns about impacts on birds/bats
Visual Impact
Navigational Impact
13
Power Generation From Wind Turbines Is

Highly Dependent on Wind Speed
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14
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Height is Critical in Wind Resources

Higher is better
>30 Meters
Not as well suited for
Residential or small
commercial applications
Favors Utility Scale
projects
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[NREL]
15
The US Has Abundant Wind Resources

[NREL]
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16
10/6/14
The US Has Abundant Wind Resources
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17
Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

[NREL]
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18
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Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

2013
10/6/14
19
Wind Tends to be Where People Arent
>$7 Billion
Invested in
Transmission
Lines to Bring
West Texas
Wind Power to
Population
Centers
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20
10
10/6/14
US Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

2013
10/6/14
21
Onshore Horizontal Axis (HAWT)

What most people think of as Traditional Wind Power
Utility Scale
0.5 2.5 MW per turbine
Several to Hundreds per Wind Farm
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22
11
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First Generation
Large A/C Generators, Gearboxs, Complex, Multiple

Failure Modes
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23
Maintenance Was Not Insignificant

Gear box seal failures
plagued many early
generation Wind Turbines
Direct Drive Technology has
greatly improved reliability and
reduced maintenance
requirements
12
10/6/14
And Oil is Flammable
Second Generation
Smaller (size), Simpler, Still Had Gear Boxs

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26
13
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Third Generation
Smaller Still but greater power, Direct Drive, PMM

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27
Wind Turbines Are Getting Larger
10/6/14
28
14
10/6/14
For Onshore There are Physical Limits
Road, Bridge, Tunnel, Transport, & Crane Limitations

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29
As Capacity Increases, Cost Decreases
15
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Wind Turbines Show Three Key Trends

Larger turbines
Lower Wind Speed Efficiency
Offshore
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31
Visual Pollution Is Very Real to Some
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32
16
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Wind Farms Are Moving Offshore

Less NIMBYism
Better wind patterns
Close to cities
80% of the Worlds Population Lives within 200
miles of a coastline
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33
Offshore Wind is More Expensive But Scale Helps
~ Twice the $ of Onshore

Higher Capitol Cost
Higher Maintenance Cost
But:
Higher Capacity Factor
Less Visual Impact
No Noise Concerns
Close to Load Centers
Larger Scale
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34
17
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High Fidelity Modeling Aids Design
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35
Offshore Has Fewer Physical Size Constraints
10/6/14
36
18
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European Countries Are Moving to Offshore

Wind Resources
10/6/14
37
The US Might Move to Offshore Wind Resources
10/6/14
38
19
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The World is Moving to Offshore Wind Resources
10/6/14
39
Wind Has Enjoyed Phenomenal Growth
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40
20
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Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
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41
VAWT is Not New Technology
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42
21
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Aerial Wind?
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43
Aerial Wind?
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44
22
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Residential Wind Power
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45
Many Technologies Suit Residential
They All Strive for:

High Efficiency
Low Wind Speed
Low Noise
Low Maintenance
Low Cost
Very Challenging to
Overcome the
Inherently poor Wind
Resource Near the
Ground & Around
Buildings, Trees etc.
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46
23
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Ocean Energy
10/6/14
47
There Are Several Forms of Ocean Energy
10/6/14
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Wave
Osmotic/Salinity Gradients
Tidal
Benefits:
scale of resource base
renewable
avoids NIMBYism
Concerns:
large-scale engineering and thermodynamics challenges
unknown environmental impacts
48
24
10/6/14
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Uses Natural Temperature Gradients
Uses natural temperature
differences between the
ocean surface and depths
suns rays only
penetrate ~65 m
Carnot efficiency:
3.4%
Originally proposed in
the late 19th century
Source: Texas Renewable Energy Resource

Assessment, 1995; Carcas, 2007
10/6/14
49
Wave Power Harnesses Kinetic Energy In the

Waves
Wave power potential in kW/m of wave front

Source: Ocean Energy
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50
25
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Wave Power: Recoverable resource is about

the same size as hydroelectric power
Is it feasible to put wave power systems along

all the coasts?
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51
Wave Power Has Multiple Forms
First wave-power patents in the 18th

century
First commercial wave farm installed in

October 2007
PG&E will build a wave farm of the coast

of CA by 2012
3 Pelamus devices with 750 kW apiece to

be installed in 2009 off the coast of
Portugal
concerns: surviving the waves, corrosion,

transmission
Finavera
Source: The Coming Wave, Economist, June 7th, 2008
26
10/6/14
Wave Power Has Multiple Forms

Source: The Coming Wave, Economist, June 7th, 2008
Wave hello to Aquaboy (at the top of the article) and (clockwise from top
left) AWS Ocean Energy's submerged buoy; Limpet; Oyster; and Pelamis
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53
Salinity Gradients and Osmotic Power

Uses pressure difference between fresh and salt water at
river/ocean interface
Can duplicate this effect by injecting fresh water into
brine reservoirs
Depends on sophisticated semi-permeable membranes
1,650 billion kWh worldwide potential
if you put a lot of membranes in place.
U.S. annual electricity consumption is 3,700 billion kWh
Statkraft (a Norwegian company)
building a power station at the Oslo fjord
demonstration system will generate enough power for a
few lightbulbs
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54
27
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Ocean Tidal & Current

Very Similar to Offshore Wind:
Near to Loads
High Capacity Factor (approaching 100% for Current)
Huge Resource
High Capitol Cost
High Maintenance?
No Emissions
No Visual Impact
No Noise Impact
Renewable
Marine Life Impact?
Tidal Energy
Source: Statkraft Development AS
Dates back to the Roman occupation of England

when established to grind corn and grain
Need good separation between low and high tide
Can be forecasted (unlike waves, wind, solar,)
28
10/6/14
Tidal Energy, The Concept
Tidal Energy is Real and in Use
29
10/6/14
Like Wind Several Technology Approaches
Ocean Current
30
10/6/14
Tapping Ocean Currents Could Power the World
80% of the Worlds Population Lives With 200 Miles of a Coastline

Another Source of Solar Power but Very Concentrated Unlike Traditional Solar & Wind
The Energy in the Oceans Currents is Vast & Untapped
Ocean Current
Essentially the Same
Concept & Technology
as Sea Floor Tidal but
Placed in Major Ocean
Currents
Huge Resource Potential
Base Load with Near
100% Capacity Factor
31
10/6/14
Gulf Stream Current
10/6/14
64
32

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10/6/14

Wind, Wave & Tidal

U.S. Energy Use

There are Many Forms of Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy Is A Small Part of Our

Source: AER 2011

Biofuels and Wind Have Experienced Rapid

Source: EIA AER 2011

Solar & Wind are Green & Clean

The Real World is Hot, Dry, & Windy

Wind Power is Not New

Windmills Prairie Pumps

Wind Power Comes in Many Flavors

Wind Energy Has Many Benefits

Wind Energy Has Many Drawbacks

Wind tends to be where people arent

Power Generation From Wind Turbines Is

Height is Critical in Wind Resources

The US Has Abundant Wind Resources

The US Has Abundant Wind Resources

Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

Wind Tends to be Where People Arent

US Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

Onshore Horizontal Axis (HAWT)

Large A/C Generators, Gearboxs, Complex, Multiple

Maintenance Was Not Insignificant

And Oil is Flammable

Smaller (size), Simpler, Still Had Gear Boxs

Smaller Still but greater power, Direct Drive, PMM

Wind Turbines Are Getting Larger

For Onshore There are Physical Limits

Road, Bridge, Tunnel, Transport, & Crane Limitations

As Capacity Increases, Cost Decreases

Wind Turbines Show Three Key Trends

Visual Pollution Is Very Real to Some

Wind Farms Are Moving Offshore

Offshore Wind is More Expensive But Scale Helps

~ Twice the $ of Onshore

High Fidelity Modeling Aids Design

Offshore Has Fewer Physical Size Constraints

European Countries Are Moving to Offshore

The US Might Move to Offshore Wind Resources

The World is Moving to Offshore Wind Resources

Wind Has Enjoyed Phenomenal Growth

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)

VAWT is Not New Technology

Residential Wind Power

Many Technologies Suit Residential

They All Strive for:

There Are Several Forms of Ocean Energy

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Source: Texas Renewable Energy Resource

Wave Power Harnesses Kinetic Energy In the

Wave power potential in kW/m of wave front

Wave Power: Recoverable resource is about

Is it feasible to put wave power systems along

Wave Power Has Multiple Forms

First wave-power patents in the 18th

First commercial wave farm installed in

PG&E will build a wave farm of the coast

3 Pelamus devices with 750 kW apiece to

concerns: surviving the waves, corrosion,

CHE Fall 2014 Wind Wave & Tidal 2X Grey Scale

CHE Fall 2014 Wind Wave & Tidal 2X Grey Scale