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MEASUREMENT OF WEATHER/ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS USING WEATHER STATION AT UET TAXILA
The description of the terms using in weather station are given below:
TEMPERATURE:
1.
2. HUMIDITY:
The amount of water vapor in a dry air is known as humidity. It can be measured as absolute
humidity, or as relative humidity.
Absolute humidity:
The mass of water vapors present in a unit mass of dry air is called absolute humidity or
specific humidity and is denoted by .
=
mv
ma
Relative humidity:
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour, pw, in a
mixture to the saturation pressure, ps, of pure water, at the same temperature of the mixture.
It is denoted by .
1
pw
ps
i) Psychrometer:
The principle behind a psychrometer is fairly simple. The device
contains two thermometers. One is dry, and the other is kept moist by
wrapping the bulb in a wet piece of cloth. As the water around the
wet bulb evaporates, the bulb cools down because the water absorbs heat from its
surroundings as it changes phase. The rate of evaporation is dependent on humidity.
Therefore, the bigger the difference between the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb
temperature, the lower the humidity. Different psychrometers have different ways of keeping
air flowing across the bulbs. In a sling psychrometer, for example, the user swings the
psychrometer by a piece of rope before taking a reading.
Working Principle:
Propeller anemometer:
A propeller may also be used to drive the electric generator, as in the propeller anemometer.
In another type of wind-driven unit, revolving vanes operate a counter, the revolutions being
timed by a stopwatch and converted to airspeed. This device is especially suited for
the measurement of low air speeds.
4. WIND DIRECTION SENSOR:
A sensor for measuring average wind is called wind direction sensor. This sensor consists of
a light wind vane pivoted on top of a housing. Inside the housing a compass is magnetically
coupled to the vane.
Working principle:
Wind sensor work on the principles on which the other wind direction measuring objects are
based. The working and the operation of wind direction sensor for the detection of the
direction of the wind depends on the construction and the joined with the pivot and the
whole circuit is operate with the help of electrical signal. When the wind blows it strike with
the wind direction sensor and the device moves toward the opposite direction that detect the
direction of the wind. The electronic apparatus that is connected with the wind direction
sensor make it possible for the detectors to calculate the direction with more accuracy and
records the reading.
Pyrheliometer:
A Pyrheliometer is an instrument for measurement of direct beam solar irradiance. Sunlight
enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile which converts
heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The signal voltage is converted via a formula
to measure watts per square meter. A pyrheliometer is often used in the same setup with
a pyranometer.
6. EVAPORATION SENSOR:
The evaporation sensor is a digital solid state design that provides reliable measurement of
water level in a Class A evaporation pan.
Working:
The water level in the evaporation pan is altered by opening and closing fill or drain valves
at the appropriate times. The use of instantaneous values to monitor the water level leads to
the effect of overshoot during a fill operation. The fill valve is open when the instantaneous
water level reaches a lower limit and closed when it reaches an upper limit. The limits are
defined in the algorithm. When the fill valve is opened the water level in the pan increases
rapidly and the water level in the stilling well lags due to the time constant of the damped
system. The water level that controls the operation of valves is monitored in the stilling wall
so that when the fill valve is closed the water level in pan is higher. After the fill valve is
closed the water level in stilling well will continue to rise until it is in equilibrium with the
level in the pan.
7. RAINFALL SENSOR:
A rain sensor or rain switch is a switching device activated by rainfall. There are two main
applications for rain sensors. The first is a water conservation device connected to an
automatic irrigation system that causes the system to shut down in the event of rainfall. The
second is a device used to protect the interior of an automobile from rain and to support the
automatic mode of windscreen wipers. An additional application in professional satellite
communications antennas is to trigger a rain blower on the aperture of the antenna feed, to
remove water droplets from the mylar cover that keeps pressurized and dry air inside the
wave-guides.
Sr. Temperature
No
(Celsius)
.
Humidit
y
1.
30.7
52.9
0.9
75
719
136
0.00
2.
30.5
51.2
1.3
90
714
136.1
0.00
3.
30.4
50.8
1.2
70
712
136.1
0.00
4.
30.6
51.1
1.4
70
709
136.1
0.00
(%RH)
Evaporatio
n
sensor
Rainfall
(mm)
Conclusion:
We have learned that how to use the weather stations and how to measure the parameters like
temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, evaporate rate and rainfall etc. The
weather station in UET, Taxila is for study purpose. The knowledge of weather station is
very helpful in many applications.