PAPER IV -GENERAl STUDIES- III

TOPIC: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.

India was partitioned in the backdrop of large communal riots.Since independence

the internal stability is sporadically disturbed which is contributed by many factors. Indias
internal security is manifestation of internal weakness and external attempts.
State actor can be defined as person/persons or entity who is acting on behalf of
state. They are acting on behalf of government. These are appointed directly by state who
represent on international platform.
Non-state actors are the entities that are not part of established government of the
state. They are not directly employed by the state but have independent ideological existence or
some times backed by state. They exercise sufficient power to bring about change in
international relation of two or more state. Non-state actor act as proxy element generally
employed by state. In case of unlawful activities or violation of international agreement they
provide a degree of deniability to state. E.g:-NGO considered part of civil society in case of opposition at jaitapur project BY US NGO,
- MNC companies financial fraud in dumping to create instability in economics
-Armed group, Ethnic religious,State funded cyber attacksetc.
CONSTITUIONAL PROVISION FOR SAFEGAURDING INTERNAL SECURITY:
The seventh schedule of Indian constitution contains public order and police as state subject.
Article 355 of the Constitution enjoins the Union to protect every State against external
aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the Government of every State is
carried on in accordance with the provisions of theConstitution.The responsibility of the
internal security mainly rest with the union ministry of home affairs.Union government can issue
directions to the state under Articles 257-258. Action for non-compliance of the directions from
the Union government can be taken under Article 365. A state government can be dismissed
under Article 356, if a situation arises in which the administration of the state cannot be carried
on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. A national emergency can be declared
under Article 352.
INTERNAL SECURITY CHALLENGES:
If we divide the internal security challenges into following main groups, to include, Jammu and
Kashmir, Northeast India, Left Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the Hinterland, creating public
disorder and law and order problems through communal and secessionist tendency. Some of
these challenges are direct manifestation of state across the border.The close linkages of the ISI
and such groups are well documented as is their direct involvement in attacks like 26/11. These
groups aim to not only create instability in states like J&K, they also have a larger aim of

destabilising the country. This is done through sporadic terrorist strikes, which spreads terror and
panic. This could also adversely affect the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic
modernisation. The flooding of the country with counterfeits is also a way of weakening the
economy.
South Asia comprises of seven independent states, with over one sixth of world's population and
numerous ethnic, religious and linguistic groups is the theatre of ethnic and religions violence
which is transnational in its nature and implications. The ethnic, religious and linguistic overlap
has not only affected internal political developments in each state but also inter-state
relationships.
The boundaries between neighbours are not natural both geographically and ethnically; therefore
social tensions are bound to have a transborder impact. Traditional linkages of friendship and
inter- action amongst people have become competing arrangements for aiding and abetting
subversion, terrorism and insurgencies.
The regional geopolitical environment is likely to remain disturbed, which in conjunction with
structural political and security confrontations within South Asia will continue to influence our
internal security. Social tensions particularly in the ethnic and religious field due to its
transborder character will continue to be the main areas of exploitation by our adversaries.
Muslim fundamentalism and demographic influx are its major manifestations.
INDIA-PAKISTAN AND JAMMU KASHMIR INTERNAL SECURITY
CHALLENEGES:Indias open democratic system, judiciary and sociopolitical setting provides hostile agencies
wide ranging opportunities to exploit contentious political issues and local tensions. . Hizb-ulMujahideen (HUM), Lashker-e-Toiba (LET) and Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front ()have
expanded their operations to Delhi, Maharashtra,Gujarat, U.P., Haryana and Punjab. ISI(state
actors) agents have also cultivated transborder operators and couriers for smuggling of arms and
explosives via Punjab, J & K, Rajasthan and Gujarat. It has also established espionage networks
in different parts of the country. After Punjab and J&K, it has now intensified its activities in the
North East exploiting local insurgencies.
ISI is increasingly targeting the minority community in the Southern states to subvert their
loyalty, while Karnataka and Kerala have become prone to smuggling, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh have been targetted for subversion.
The State of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) facing challenges:
-affected by terrorist and secessionist
-violence, sponsored and supported from across
-penetrable border security
-discourage youth from joining the militancy group .

INDIA NEPAL BANGLADESH CREATING INTERNAL SECURITY CHALLENGES :Indo Nepal and Indo Bangladesh borders is a design contrived by ISI with the help of
sympathetic elements in Bangladesh to step up subversive activities in the North East. The
muslim pockets have become the breeding ground for mafia, smugglers, gun running, hawala
transactions. narco-trafficking, influx of fake Indian currency and terrorist activities
There is direct link between drug trafficking and terrorism. The Golden Crescent is a major
source of heroine and hashish for the West, which is smuggled through the Indo-Pak border. The
ISI has been using these established channels for smuggling of arms and explosives, which has
provided terrorism greater teeth. In an interview to Washington Post (12 September 1994) Nawaz
Sharif mentioned ISI plans to use drug money to support militancy.
The Golden triangle produces over 1000 tons of opium which is refined into very high
grade heroin. Very little of it is seized in the North East due to ineffective surveillance and
enforcement. A clear indicator of the likely illegal narcotic trade in the NorthEast is the high
incidence of drug addition and abuse in Manipur, Mizoram, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
Similarly, open Indo-Nepal border is the main source of Hashish.
Money is then pushed through banking channels by way of gifts, donations and trade accounts.
This also helps in tax evasion and is well manipulated by professional facilitators like chartered
accountants, auditors, lawyers and traders. Since bulk of service sector (almost 50% of GNP) is
prone to tax evasion, it facilitates laundering of black money.

INDIA CHINA AND CHALLENGES IN NORTH EAST:China is an important factor in Indias security perceptions and tempers its relationship with
some of its neighbours. Chinese interests in the region have to be viewed in the long term
perspective. After eliminating the historical and strategic buffer between India and China by
annexation of Tibet, the Chinese resorted to giving financial aid, arms and sanctuaries to Naga,
Mizo and Meitei extremists. This was followed by military encroachments culminating in the
conflict in 1962.

China has shrewdly followed a policy of strategic containment of India by regional alliances and
arming Indias neighboursMynamar, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Similarly, Indias technological
and military mordernisation has been effectively counted by technological and weapons transfers
to Pakistan in the nuclear and missile fields.
The geo-strategic importance of the North-East is not sufficiently appreciated even in the
security establishment. All the states in the North-East share an international border with other
countries and the seven North-Eastern states are linked to the rest of the country only by a
narrow strip of land.
The lack of physical, cultural and emotional links has encouraged a feeling of alienation, which
is being exploited by the nottoo- friendly neighbours to pursue their own agenda. They are giving
support and sanctuaries to many of these groups to use them as leverage against a much bigger
and more powerful neighbor.
The roots of these many insurgencies in the North-East lie deep in its history and its geography.
But, it would be wrong to treat it as one homogeneous region with common problems, or social
systems and customs. Even physiographic ally, the region can be divided into three broad areas
hills, plateaus, and plains. The many ethnic groups, speaking many different languages and
dialects, who inhabit this remote part of the country consider themselves as separate people with
little in common with the people in the rest of the country. The lack of physical, cultural and
emotional links has encouraged this feeling of separation.
The terrain in this region is eminently suitable for insurgency. The hilly terrain and dense forests
provide convenient hiding places to mount ambushes on the moving convoys of the security
forces. Large parts of the interior areas have little or no police presence.
After attacking the security force they can easily disappear into the local population. Because of
deprivation and alienation, a large section of the people tend to be sympathetic to the members of
these groups. It is the alienation of the people that has sustained insurgency all these years,
though logistic support and sanctuaries provided by the neighbouring states play a vital role in
sustaining them.

LEFT WING EXTREMISIM:Although vestiges of Left Wing Extremist (LWE) Insurgency have been prevalent in certain
parts of India for a few decades now, the problem assumed serious proportions during the last
decade or so. In terms of geographical spread, the worst affected States are Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Odisha and Bihar. The LWE problem also exists in certain pockets in the States of
Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

Challenges created due to LWE

-Hindrances to development son inclusive regional growth cannot be achieved.
-Deployment of large security personal I these area. Large expenditure on arms, security
personnal,large recruitment needed as shortage of personal, insurance schemes as human forces
are reluctant to work, in situation of combat loss of priceless life.
-As CPI(M) is getting latest technicalities from across border they are modernizing
themselves with new weapons, landmines and other equipment.
-The LWE groups are provided with arms, ammunition and sanctuaries across the border.
These make border management serious task often penetrable areas are made safe zone to
infiltrate.
-These activities are being funded through state entities.

CONCLUSION:-

Our security is vulnerable to threats, tensions and conflicts originating both from indigenous and
exogenous sources. The internal security problems should not be treated as merely law and order
problems. They have to be dealt with comprehensively in all their dimensions and at all levels
political, economic and social. They are all interlinked. At times, the required measures will
conflict with each other.

NAME: SUMEET WAGH

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Website of ministry of home affairs.
2. Idsa.
3. C Raja mohan report and net digging.