CH 12

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 367 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM
Chapter 12
Right-angled Trigonometry
This chapter deals with the solution of right-angled triangles.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
identify and label sides of a right-angled triangle
define sine, cosine and tangent ratios
use a calculator to find trigonometric ratios and angles
use trigonometry to find unknown sides and angles in right-angled triangles
solve problems involving trigonometry and angles of elevation and depression.
Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

WM: S5.1.1S5.1.5
368
Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2
Diagnostic test
1
The side opposite angle A in this triangle

is:
A
A AD
B AR
C DR
R
D
D the hypotenuse
The hypotenuse in this triangle is:

A MT
B MV
C TV
T
D m
9
M
The expression for sin in this triangle is:

r
A t
b
B --t
t
C r
t
D --b
AD
A -------DR
DR
B -------- A
AD
AR
C -------AD
DR
D -------AR D
11
The value of in the triangle is closest to:

A 52
23 cm
B 38
C 1
18.2 cm
D 51
12

A 62
B 28
1.9 m
C 33
3.5 m
D 57
13

A 68
B 70
16.2 cm
C 32
43.9 cm
D 22
The value of cos 53 is closest to:

A 53
B 0.6018
C 0.8192 D 0.9848
The value of in the expression

tan = 3.466 is closest to:
A 74
B 0.0606
C 19
D 3
The value of angle A in the expression

11.5
cos A = ----------- is closest to:
25
A 0.9799 B 0.99996
C 62
D 63
The value of x is closest to:

A 27.2
14 cm
B 12
C 23.3
59
x cm
D 7.2

A 375
72
B 40
x mm
C 128
122 mm
D 116
x mm
10
The expression for tan in this triangle

is:

A 14.3
32.6 mm
B 74.4
C 29.3
26
D 15.9
369
14
The diagram shows that the angle of

elevation of the top of a cliff from a boat
1500 m out to sea is 6. The height of the
cliff above the boat is closest to:
A
B
C
D
150 m
14 272 m
160 m
1492 m
15
The angle of depression from the top of a

cliff 300 m above sea-level to a boat is
76. The distance of the boat from the cliff
is closest to:
A 1203 m
76
B 75 m
300 m
C 73 m
Dm
D 1240 m
hm
6
1500 m
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section
14
57
810
1113
14, 15
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that combines arithmetic, algebra and geometry. The word
trigonometry is derived from Greek and means triangle measurement. The study of trigonometry enables
us to compare similar triangles so that lengths that are difficult or impossible to measure directly can
be calculated.
Greek, Persian and Hindu astronomers first developed trigonometry around 200 BC. Hipparchus is credited
with being the originator of the science at that time. Today trigonometry is used by astronomers, architects,
surveyors, engineers and navigators of both planes and ships.
Investigation 1
WM: Reasoning, Applying Strategies, Communicating
Ratios of sides
1
Here are three right-angled triangles. They are all equiangular.

a
b
c
C
C
40
A
C
40
40
Measure the lengths of all sides to the nearest millimetre.
370
Copy and complete this table.

Triangle
AB
BC
AC
-------BC
AC
AC
-------AB
BC
-------AB
a
b
c
Compare your answers in the last three columns. What do you notice?
Draw a triangle ABC with base AB of length 6 cm, angle A of measure 30 and angle B
of measure 90.
Draw a second triangle ABC with AB of length 10 cm and angles A and B as before.
Draw a third triangle ABC with AB of length of your choosing and again angles A and B are
the same as before.
Clearly the triangles are equiangular. Measure the lengths of the unknown sides and complete
a table like the one below.
Triangle
AB
6 cm
10 cm
BC
AC
-------AB
AC
BC
-------AB
c
8
What do you notice about the answers in the last two columns?
a Draw this diagram to scale.

G
F
E
40
6 cm
B 4 cm
5 cm
Copy and complete this table:

Triangle
ABE
AB
EB
AE
EB
-------AB
AB
-------AE
Triangle ACF
AC
FC
AF
FC
------AC
AC
------AF
Triangle
ADG
AD
GD
AG
GD
-------AD
AD
-------AG
What do you notice about the answers in the last two columns?
Write a paragraph describing your results in this investigation.
A. DEFINING TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

For convenience, we give special names to the sides of a right-angled triangle. The side opposite the right angle
is known as the hypotenuse. It is the longest side of the right-angled triangle.
In this triangle the hypotenuse is AC.
Theta () and
phi () are
Greek letters
often used for
angles.
hypotenuse
The side BC is opposite the angle at A (angle ).

The side AB is adjacent or next to the angle at A (angle ).
If we look at the angle at C (angle ), AB is now the opposite
side, and BC is the adjacent side.
371
372
Example 1
In this triangle, what is the:
a hypotenuse
b side opposite angle P
c side adjacent to angle P
d side opposite angle R
e side adjacent to angle R?
a The hypotenuse is PR.

c PQ is the side adjacent to angle P.
e QR is the side adjacent to angle R.
b QR is the side opposite angle P.

d PQ is the side opposite angle R.
Remember how to name sides

R
Label the side opposite

T as t, R as r, and S as s.
t
S
Exercise 12A
In the diagrams below, find:

i the hypotenuse
ii the side opposite the angle marked
iii the side adjacent to the angle marked
a
b
c
A
h
z
x
k
m
The triangle opposite has hypotenuse of length a units

and other sides of length b and c units. and are
the two acute angles.
Find the:
a side opposite
b side opposite
c side adjacent to d side adjacent to
Example 2
Using the given
triangle, write
expressions to q
complete the
table.
p
r
opposite
---------------------adjacent
opposite
----------------------------hypotenuse
adjacent
----------------------------hypotenuse
The hypotenuse is p, the side opposite is q and the side adjacent to is r.
opposite
---------------------adjacent
opposite
----------------------------hypotenuse
q
--r
q
--p
adjacent
----------------------------hypotenuse
r
--p
Complete this table for the triangles in question 1.
opposite
---------------------adjacent
opposite
----------------------------hypotenuse
adjacent
----------------------------hypotenuse
The ratios from question 3 are given names.
opposite
opposite
The ratio ------------------ is the tangent of the angle and is abbreviated to tan = -----------------.
adjacent
adjacent
opposite
opposite
The ratio ------------------------- is the sine of the angle and is abbreviated to sin = ------------------------- .
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
adjacent
adjacent
The ratio ------------------------- is the cosine of the angle and is abbreviated to cos = -------------------------.
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
The trigonometric ratios can be remembered using a mnemonic.
SOH
sin
CAH
opp
= -------hyp
cos
TOA
adj
= ------hyp
tan
opp
= -------adj
373
374
Example 3
In the triangle ABC, find tan , cos , and sin .
B
tan
opp
= --------adj
BC
= ------AC
opp
= --------hyp
BC
= ------AB
sin
i tan
In the following diagrams, find:

a
cos
ii sin
adj
= --------hyp
AC
= ------AB
iii cos
c
s
u
Find:
i sin A
ii cos A
iii tan A
T
in these diagrams.
V
B. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND THE

CALCULATOR
This section uses the calculator to find approximations for trigonometric ratios and angles from decimals.
Example 1
Find, correct to 4 decimal places:
a sin 41
b cos 78
a sin 41
0.6561
b cos 78
0.2079
sin 41 =
cos
tan 15
tan 15
0.2679
78 =
tan
15 =
Exercise 12B
1
Find, correct to 4 decimal places:

a sin 24
b cos 65
e cos 81
f tan 5
i sin 54
j sin 85
c tan 35
g tan 75
k tan 55
d sin 14
h cos 38
l cos 11
Example 2
Find the value of , correct to the nearest degree if:
a sin = 0.4718
b tan = 3.624
cos = 0.7
a sin = 0.4718
28.151202
28
b tan = 3.624
74.57378579
75
c cos = 0.7
45.572996
46
2
-1
sin
0.4718
Check your
calculator steps.
tan-1 3.624
cos--1 0.7
Find the value of correct to the nearest degree.

a sin = 0.2431
b cos = 0.1251
d cos = 0.4
e tan = 0.5
g tan = 0.041
h sin = 0.552
j sin = 0.3004
k tan = 25.3715
m cos = 0.5484
n sin = 0.7474
c
f
i
l
o
tan = 3.2415
sin = 0.7
cos = 0.044
cos = 0.8844
tan = 0.3333
375
376
Example 3
Find the value of A correct to the nearest degree
5
a sin A = --7
7.3
b cos A = -------12
25
tan A = -------8.7
5
a sin A = --7
A 45.5846914
46
sin-1
( 5 7 )
The fraction button

may be used if both
numerator and
denominator are
whole numbers.
7.3
b cos A = -------12
A 52.53091057
53
cos-1
( 7.3 12 )
tan-1
( 25 8.7 )
25
c tan A = -------8.7
A 70.8121034
71
With DAL
calculators enter the
trig ratio first.
Find angle B to the nearest degree.

17
a tan B = -----5
8
b sin B = -----11
12
c cos B = -----17
8.3
d sin B = -------15
7.1
e cos B = ----------11.2
8.4
f tan B = -------3.9
0.7
g cos B = -------1.2
6.3
h tan B = -------7.1
0.05
i sin B = ----------0.13
a If cos E = 0.52, find the size of E.

b If sin P = 0.1352, find the size of P.
c If tan R = 5.31, find the size of R.
11.3
d If cos M = ----------- , find the size of M.
15.8
Investigation 2
WM: Reasoning, Communicating
Comparing ratios
1
Use your calculator to complete the table below correct to three decimal places.
a What do you notice about the answers in
the tan column compared with the
sin
-------------- column?
cos
b Based on your answer to part a,
sin
complete -------------- =
cos
c From the table above, between which
values do:
i sin
ii cos
iii tan lie?
0
10
20
30
40
.
.
.
90
sin
cos
tan
sin cos
-------------- -------------cos sin
377
378
C. USING TRIGONOMETRY TO FIND SIDES

Example 1
Use the sine ratio to find the value of x correct to one decimal place.
a
b
xm
20 cm
x cm
27
68
50 m
b
xm
20 cm
x cm
27
68
50 m
opp
sin = --------hyp
opp
sin = --------hyp
x
sin 27 = -----20
x
sin 68 = -----50
x = 20 sin 27
x = 50 sin 68
x 9.1
20
sin
x 46.4
27 =
50
sin
68 =
Exercise 12C
1
Use the sine ratio to find the value of the unknown correct to one decimal place.
a
b
c
t cm
a cm
68
18 cm
x cm
37
43
3 cm
16.5 cm
48
11.7 cm
x cm
y cm
35
15.2 cm
xm
43
2.5 m
x cm
67
zm
73
16.2 cm 53
y mm
11.5 mm
13.1 m
Example 2
a
b
ym
4m
18
6.2 m
xm
65
opp
sin = --------hyp
6.2
sin 18 = -------y
4
sin 65 = --x
x sin 65 = 4
opp
sin = --------hyp
y sin 18 = 6.2
4
x = ------------------sin 65
6.2
y = ------------------sin 18
x 4.4
y 20.1
sin 65 =
6.2
sin 18 =
a
b
ym
27
8 cm
14
x cm
6.2 mm
43
53.2 cm
28
41
z cm
a mm
11.2 m
ym
115 mm
a mm
48
6.2 m
379
380
Find the value of x, giving your answer correct to one decimal place.
a
b
c
10 cm
x cm
50
xm
x cm
35
72
50 cm
2m
4.3 m
173 cm
x cm
x cm
xm
43
30
100 cm
60
Example 3
Use the cosine ratio to find the value of x correct to one decimal place.
a
b
23 m
52 cm
32
51
xm
xm
adj
cos 32 = --------hyp
23 m
x
cos 32 = -----23
x = 23 cos 32
19.5
b
52
cos 51 = -----x
52
x = -------------------cos 51
82.6
xm
( 23
32
cos
( 52
32 )
52 cm is opposite.
52 cm
51
x is adjacent.
xm
cos
51 )
Use the cosine ratio to find, correct to one decimal, the value of x.
a
x km
66
12 m
x cm
8 cm
200 km
50
33
xm
x cm
6 cm
x cm
48
xm
24
x cm
3m
119 mm
16.8 cm
64
53
x mm
71
xm
25.2 cm
48
16.2 m
Find the length of the hypotenuse using the cosine rule. Give answers correct to one decimal
place.
a
53 cm
71
c
3.8 m
143 mm 39
25
x cm
a mm
ym
21
310 mm
39 cm
3.2 m
43
When finding
the hypotenuse
you will divide
by the angle.
xm
z mm
31
a cm
Use the cosine ratio to find, correct to one decimal place, the value of x.
a
b
c
xm
15
43 cm
40
x cm
15 m
x cm
60
8.64 cm
381
382
f
16
x cm
x cm
15 cm
15.8 cm
40
11.7 cm
x cm
41
Example 4
Use the tangent ratio to find the value of x correct to one decimal place.
a
16 cm
b
xm
x cm
31
53
8m
opp
tan 31 = --------adj
opp
tan 53 = --------adj
16
tan 53 = -----x
x
tan 31 = --8
16
x = -------------------tan 53
x = 8 tan 31
x = 4.8
8
tan
x = 12.1
31 =
16
tan
53 =
Use the tangent ratio to find the value of x, correct to one decimal place.
a
c
x cm
xm
23
12 cm
34
x km
40
20 km
4m
58
x cm
49
18.7 cm
x mm
91.3 cm
x cm
61
210 mm
a
b
c
16.5 cm
x mm
18
xm
43
214 mm
x cm
67
4.3 m
f
x cm
24 m
42
x km
16.9 km
40 cm
58
48
xm
a
52.9 cm
15.3 cm
28
137 mm
x cm
x cm
41
75
x mm
10
Use one of the sine, cosine or tangent ratios to find the value of the pronumeral, correct to
one decimal place.
a
15 cm
x cm
29.3 cm
41
x m 40
11
14.2 m
xm
18 m
f
17
48.3 mm
x cm
14.3 m
28
16
y mm
i
8.3 cm
50
15
x cm
83 cm
x cm
18.3 m
21
xm
xm
383
384
D. USING TRIGONOMETRY TO FIND ANGLES

Example 1
Use the sine ratio to find the value
of correct to the nearest degree.
40 cm
28 cm
opp
sin = --------hyp
40 cm
44.43
44
sin
( 28 40
28 cm
Exercise 12D
1
Using the sine ratio, find to the nearest degree, the value of .
a
32 cm
8m
5m
8.7 km
3.5 km
50 cm
11 cm
16 cm
15 cm
22.3 cm
33.6 cm
28 cm
423 mm
i
6.25 m
0.81 m
1.2 m
312 mm
4.37 m
R
RQ is half as long as PR. Using the sine ratio, find

the measure of angle RPQ to the nearest degree.
385
Example 2
Use the cosine ratio to find the value
12 m
cos =
12 m
4m
adj
cos = --------hyp
R 4m
4
-----12
cos
( 4 12 )
70.528
71
Using the cosine ratio, find to the nearest degree, the measure of the unknown angle.
a
b
c
18 km
10 cm
9m
4 cm
12 m
10 cm
12 km
f
14 cm
21 cm
18 cm
11.3 cm
41.2 cm
671 mm
258 mm
2.4 m
7.62 m
0.92 m
3.47 m
AC is three times longer than BC. Using the cosine ratio,

find the measure of angle BCA to the nearest degree.
386
Example 3
Use the tangent ratio to find the value
R
5 cm
opp
tan = --------adj
tan =
5 cm
P
7 cm
7 cm
5
--7
tan
( 5 7
36
Using the tangent ratio, find the measure of the angle marked to the nearest degree.
a
b
c
12 cm
52 cm
26 cm
4.2 m
18.1 cm
8.35 m
e
12 cm
10.8 cm
12.1 cm
18 cm
8 cm
7 cm
h
8.9 cm
7.13 m
235 mm
15.6 cm
118 mm
9.26 m
Use one of the sine, cosine or tangent ratios to find the unknown angle to the nearest degree.
a
b
c
8.2 m
11 m
6.2 cm
6.3 m
18 m
14.9 cm
e
46.9 cm
41 cm
3.1 m
18.3 cm
11.1 cm
13.9 m
4.3 cm
6.2 cm
1.9 cm
11.8 m
16.8 cm
1.9 m
14.2 cm
l
1200 mm
16.1 cm
1.1 m
4300 mm
3.2 m
E. ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

When an object is higher than an observer, the angle of elevation is the angle from the horizontal up to the
object.
object
observer
angle of elevation
horizontal
angle of depression
object
When an object is lower than an observer, the angle of depression is the angle from the horizontal down to the
object.
387
388
Example 1
The diagram shows the angle of elevation of the
top of a flagpole, as observed from a point 15 m
from its base, is 63. Find the height of the flagpole.
hm
63
15 m
opp
tan = --------adj
h
tan 63 = -----15
h = 15 tan 63
h 29.4 m
Exercise 12E
1
The diagram shows the angle of elevation of the top

of a flagpole, as observed from a point 20 m from its
base, is 48. Find the height of the flagpole.
hm
48
20 m
The top of a tree, when viewed 50 m from its base, has an angle
of elevation of 23. Find the height of the tree.
2
hm
23
50 m
A person is 250 m from a cliff. The angle of elevation

of the to of the cliff is 61. Find the height of the cliff.
hm
61
250 m
Example 2
The angle of depression from the top of a cliff 180 m above sea level to a boat is
48. How far is the boat from the base of the cliff?
48
180 m
dm
In the diagram the lines are parallel as shown.

48
Alternate
angles are
equal.
180 m
48
dm
This means that the angle in the bottom corner

is also 48.
180
Now tan 48 = ---------d
180
d = -----------------tan 48
d = 162 m (to nearest metre)
The angle of depression from the top of a cliff 200 m

above sea level to a boat is 57. How far is the boat
from the base of the cliff?
57
200 m
dm
33
When looking down to a person standing in a park 180 m from the

base of a building, the angle of depression is 33. How high is the
h m building?
180 m
Example 3
A ladder leaning against a vertical wall reaches 3.5 m up the wall and makes an
angle of 55 with the ground. Determine the length of the ladder.
3.5
sin 55 = -------x
x sin 55 = 3.5
3.5 m
3.5
x = -----------------sin 55
55
x 4.273
the ladder is 4.273 m long.
( 3.5
sin
55 =
389
390
Example 4
Determine the length of the roofing
beam required to support the roof
of pitch 14 as shown in the diagram.
8.2 m
14
x
cos 14 = -------8.2
8.2 m
xm
14
xm
x = 8.2 cos 14
( 8.2
x 7.956
cos 14 =
the length of beam is 2 7.956 15.91 m

6
The diagonal of a rectangle is 12 cm in length and the longer

side is 9 cm. Determine the measure of the angle between the
diagonal and the shorter side. Answer to the nearest degree.
12 cm
9 cm
A see-saw has length 5.2 m. When one end is resting on the

ground it makes an angle of 23 with the ground. Find the
height of the other end above ground level.
7
23
The diagonal of a rectangle is 13.5 cm in length and the

angle between the diagonal and the longer side is 23.
Find the length of the rectangle.
9
6.4 m
13.5 cm
23
A 6.4 m long ladder leaning against a wall has its base 3.6 m
from the foot of the wall. Find the angle between the ladder
and the ground.
3.6 m
10
A rectangle has sides of length 12 cm and 8 cm. Determine

the measure of the angles between the diagonal and each of
the sides, correct to the nearest degree.
12 cm
8 cm
11
1m
72
25 m
A young boy, with eyes 1 m above ground level, stands 25 m from

the base of a tall building. If he looks up to the top of the building
at an angle of elevation of 72, find the height of the building.
12
When the sun is at an angle of elevation of 63, a tree

casts a shadow of length 6.2 m. Find the height of
the tree.
63
6.2 m
13
A boat has an anchor rope of length 55 m. Due to the ocean current, the boat drifts so that
the rope makes an angle of 63 with the surface of the water. Find the depth of the water at
the position where the anchor lies on the bottom.
14
A ski slope falls 115 m over a 415 m run. What is the

angle of depression from the top of the slope?
415 m
15
Determine the length of roofing beam, l, required to support a

roof of pitch 16 as shown.
6.7 m
16
l
Find half
first.
Language in Mathematics
115 m
Add vowels to complete these words.

a tr__g__n__m__try
b
d __ngl__ __f d__pr__ss__ __n e
g s__n__
h
__pp__s__t__
c__s__n__
__dj__c__nt
c hyp__t__n__s__
f t__ng__nt
Rearrange these words to form a sentence, the first word has a capital letter.
a measured degrees are Angles in
b tangent all cosine ratios and Sine are
c of the depression down Look for angle
d opposite hypotenuse The angle right is the
e side Cosine the the divided adjacent hypotenuse by is
391
392
Use every third letter to reveal a sentence about trigonometry.
AATERHFGEHHONBRVFIAWGEEISSNDROTYFHJTOPHMAEASWWEO
RERFRDYGCUJOSESFGINJNOIEPOIOISASFXCRFGOR EMWQTZCHV
GENHWKOOLIRJYDHTSDECAQOSWMDEPRFLTHEUJMIKEOPNNGTR
DOGAFJKSWEIGYNTHEDESTYOASTXDHFVABNTMKTLOHIUEUICYU
OYTSRTITENEREWQOSDFFTAASNDEARGNHJGKILOLEEFEDFQEFU
SDACFLVGSBHTDWHASEDGSJNITVNUREBHOPQFJLNOOICVNIGEH
JTKLYOMUYITRNEWUQASZSTERHFVEBGAYHNJUGIKLGFE
4
Investigate the origin of the terms sine, cosine, tangent and trigonometry. Write a report.
Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov
(19031987)
Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov was born in 1903 in

Tambov, Russia. At the age of 17 he enrolled in Moscow
State University where his initial interest was in ancient
Russian arts; an interest he maintained throughout
his life.
He began his first productive mathematical research
in 1921 with research on trigonometrical series and
operations on sets. In the following years he made
considerable contributions to the areas of differentiation,
integration and measurable sets. He continued to expand
his fields of interest to include mathematical logic. In 1925
he graduated, was appointed a research associate and
began to work in the field of probability theory.
He later used this work to study the motion of the planets and the turbulent flow of air from
a jet engine.
After being appointed a professor of the university in 1931 and subsequently a director of the
Institute of Mathematics, he continued to work in the field of stochastic processes and probability
theory. He extended this theory to incorporate what are now known as Markov processes, related
the theory to physics and the areas of Brownian motion and diffusion.
He also developed two systems of equations (that now have his name), which describe Markov
processes. Throughout his research, Kolmogorov was surrounded by young mathematicians
who wished to learn. In his later years he became interested in the mathematical education of
school-children and was appointed chairman of the Commission for Mathematical Education in
the USSR. He was recognised as the 20th centurys most influential Soviet Mathematician, both
in his own country and abroad. He received a number of prizes and was elected a member of
numerous scientific academies as well as holding honorary doctorates from Paris, Stockholm
and Warsaw universities.
5
a
b
c
d
How old was Kolmogorov when he died?

What did he research after graduating?
What are the Markov processes?
What interested Kolmogorov in his later years?
393
Glossary
adjacent
approximation
opposite
ratio
theta
alternate angles
cosine
parallel
right angled
triangle
angle of depression
degree
phi
sine
trigonometry
CHECK YOUR SKILLS
The side opposite angle B in this triangle is:

A MB
C TB
The hypotenuse in this triangle is:
A LM
C MN
AD
A -------AR
AR
C -------AD
DR
B -------AD
DR
D -------AR
The value of cos 28 is closest to:
B 0.8829
C 0.1392
D 0.1736
The value of in the expression tan = 4.29 is closest to:

A 77
The expression for tan in this triangle is:
A 28
6
g
B --a
g
D --x
B LN
D m
The expression for sin in this triangle is:
B BT
D the hypotenuse
a
A --g
a
C --x
angle of elevation
hypotenuse
pitch
tangent
B 0.075
C 13
0.56
The value of angle A in the expression sin A = ----------- is closest to:
1.8
A 53
B 0.0098
C 34
D 4
D 18
394
A 82
C 47
67 mm
B 55
D 96
35
x mm

A 151
B 160
C 49
D 55
9
x cm
52 cm
71
10
x mm 44
A 82
C 41
B 57
D 85

A 36
B 54
C 47
D 43
11
15 cm
20.6 cm
12
59 mm

A 23
B 67
C 26
D 64
12 m
5.2 m
13
61 cm
14
15
38 cm

A 38
B 51
C 32
D 58
The diagram shows that the angle of elevation

of the top of a cliff from a boat 1000 m out to
sea is 4. The height of the cliff above the boat
is closest to:
A 23 m
B 1000 m
C 14 300 m
D 70 m
hm
4
1000 m
The angle of depression from the top of a cliff

200 m above sea level to a boat is 67. The
distance of the boat from the cliff is closest to:
A 85 m
B 471 m
C 78 m
D 184 m
67
200 m
Dm
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
14
57
810
1113
14, 15
Section
REVIEW SET 12A

1
Write down expressions for sin , cos , tan , sin , cos and tan in each of the following.
a
b
c
d
Find the length of the side marked x correct to one decimal place.
a
c
11.2 cm
x cm
xm
18 cm
63
38
21 m
14
x cm

a
8.7 cm
c
15 cm
12.8 cm
65 m
108 m
28 cm
Solve the following problems involving trigonometry.

a The shadow of a tree is 40 m in length and the angle of
elevation from the end of the shadow to the tree top is 33.
1
- of a metre.
Find the height of the tree to the nearest ----10
33
40 m
b
80 m
A kite string is pinned to the ground. The string makes an

angle of 55 to the ground and is 80 m long. How high is
the kite above ground level?
55
c Find the measure of all angles of a triangle that has sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm.
395
396
REVIEW SET 12B

1
Write down expressions for sin , cos and tan in each of the following.
a
b
c
d
y
p
x
Find the length of the side marked x correct to 3 significant figures.

a
b
c
33.1 cm
x cm
75
18.3 cm
73
58
16 cm

a
11.5 cm
c
11.9 cm
17.6 m
18.3 cm
x cm
x cm
15.3 m
Solve these problems using trigonometry.

a The angle of elevation of the top of a tree from a
point 15 m from the base of a tree is 38.
Find the height of the tree.
28.3 cm
Hm
38
15 m
b An aeroplane takes off at a constant angle of 20. When it has flown 1000 m, what is its
altitude to the nearest metre?
c A ladder is 5 m long and makes an angle of 75 with the ground. How far up the wall does
it reach (to the nearest 10 cm)?
REVIEW SET 12C

1
Write down expressions for sin , cos , tan , sin , cos and tan in each of the following.
a
b
c
d
p
Find the length of the side marked x to 3 significant figures.

a
b
c
8m
x cm
48
10 cm
xm
54
20 cm
x cm
x km
57
48
Find, correct to the nearest degree, the value of .

a
b
9 km
12 m
3 cm
9m
9 km
5 km
7 cm
Solve the following problems using trigonometry.

a
Find all the sides and angles in this triangle.
57
36 m
b The diagram shows that the angle of elevation

of the top of a cliff from a boat 100 m out
to sea is 8. Calculate the height of the cliff
above the boat.
50
c
150 m
Dm
Hm
8
100 m
The angle of depression from the top of a

cliff 150 m above sea level to a boat is 50.
Calculate the distance of the boat from the cliff.
397
398
REVIEW SET 12D

1
Write expressions for sin , cos and tan in the following diagrams.
a
b
c
d
P
T L
Find the length of the side marked x to one decimal place.

a
b
c
d
x cm
3.2 m
xm
x cm
68
5.1 cm
28
6.2 cm 34
4.1 cm
53
x cm
Find, correct to the nearest degree, the value of .

a
40 km
20 m
25 cm
23 km
48 m
7 cm
Solve the following problems using trigonometry.

a To measure the width of a river a surveyor finds
a point B directly opposite a landmark T, such
as a tree, on the bank on the other side of the
river. He then moves 20 m along the bank at
right angles to BT to a point A. With a theodolite
he measures angle BAT as 66. Calculate the
width of the river to the nearest metre.
T
xm
66
A
20 m
b An isosceles triangle has sides 7 cm, 7 cm and 8 cm long. Find the measure of the base
angles of the triangle to the nearest minute.
c From the top of a vertical
cliff 50 m high, the angle of
depression of a boat straight
out to sea is 15. How far
is the boat from the foot of
the cliff, to the nearest metre?
15
50 m

CH 12

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LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 367 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 368 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

The side opposite angle A in this triangle

The hypotenuse in this triangle is:

The expression for sin in this triangle is:

The value of in the triangle is closest to:

The value of in the triangle is closest to:

The value of in the triangle is closest to:

The value of cos 53 is closest to:

The value of in the expression

The value of angle A in the expression

The value of x is closest to:

The value of x is closest to:

The expression for tan in this triangle

The value of x is closest to:

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 369 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

The diagram shows that the angle of

The angle of depression from the top of a

Here are three right-angled triangles. They are all equiangular.

Measure the lengths of all sides to the nearest millimetre.

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 370 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

Copy and complete this table.

a Draw this diagram to scale.

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 371 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

Copy and complete this table:

Write a paragraph describing your results in this investigation.

A. DEFINING TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

The side BC is opposite the angle at A (angle ).

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 372 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

a The hypotenuse is PR.

b QR is the side opposite angle P.

Remember how to name sides

Label the side opposite

In the diagrams below, find:

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 373 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

The triangle opposite has hypotenuse of length a units

The hypotenuse is p, the side opposite is q and the side adjacent to is r.

Complete this table for the triangles in question 1.

The ratios from question 3 are given names.

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 374 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

In the following diagrams, find:

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 375 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

B. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND THE

Find, correct to 4 decimal places:

Find the value of correct to the nearest degree.

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 376 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

The fraction button

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 377 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM

Right-angled Trigonometry (Chapter 12) Syllabus reference MS5.1.2

Find angle B to the nearest degree.

a If cos E = 0.52, find the size of E.

LEY_bk953_12_2ndpp Page 378 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:04 PM