Converse : To form the converse of the conditional statement, interchange

the hypothesis and the conclusion.

The converse of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they cancel
school, then it rains."
Inverse: To form the inverse of the conditional statement, take the negation
of both the hypothesis and the conclusion.
The inverse of If it rains, then they cancel school is If it does not
rain, then they do not cancel school.
Contraseptive: To form the contrapositive of the conditional statement,
interchange the hypothesis and the conclusion of the inverse statement.
The contrapositive of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they
do not cancel school, then it does not rain."
Example 1:
Statement

If two angles are congruent, then they

have the same measure.

Converse

If two angles have the same measure,

then they are congruent.

Inverse

If two angles are not congruent, then

they do not have the same measure.

Contrapositi If two angles do not have the same

ve
measure, then they are not congruent.
Example 2:
Statement

If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it

has two pairs of parallel sides.

Converse

If a quadrialteral has two pairs of

parallel sides, then it is a
rectangle. (FALSE!)

Inverse

If a quadrilateral is not a rectangle,

then it does not have two pairs of
parallel sides. (FALSE!)

If a quadrilateral does not have two

Contrapositi
pairs of parallel sides, then it is not a
ve
rectangle.
Example 3:
Statement If it is my birthday, then I get a cake.
Converse

If I get a cake, then it is my birthday.

Inverse

If it is not my birthday, then I do not

cake.

Contrapositi If I do not get cake, then it is not my

ve
birthday.

Deductive reasoning is the process of applying

a general rule or idea to a specific case.
Deductive Reasoning:

Example1:
Solve the equation
x2 = 3x + 4
This equation is a quadratic equation (highest degree is 2, a squared variable). We
know that all quadratic equations can be solved using the quadratic formula
(general rule).
If
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0

(A

0)

then

x =
We apply the formula to our equation (specific case).

x2 3x 4 = 0
With

A=1

B = -3

C = -4

x =

or

x=4
or
x = -1
Example 2: (Best known syllogism of Aristotle)
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal

(major premise)
(minor premise)
(conclusion)

Examples 3:
To earn a masters degree, a student must have 32 credits. Tim has 40 credits, so
Tim will earn a masters degree.
Examples 4:
Magnolias are dicots and dicots have two embryonic leaves; therefore magnolias
have two embryonic leaves.
Examples 5:
All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it is
divisible by 5.

the process of going from specific repeated

cases and then applying a general rule or idea to these
observations.
Inductive Reasoning:

Example 1:
I drive a Subaru.
My older daughter drives a Subaru.
My younger daughter drives a Subaru.
(Specific repeated cases)
Conclusion:
Everyone in my family drives a Subaru.
(General statement)
However, the conclusion is false because my husband drives a Ford.
Example 2:
2, 4, 6, 8,
What follows the number 8?
We see that the difference between two consecutive numbers is 2, so a probable
answer would be 10.
But another possible answer is:
Who do we appreciate?
Examples 3:
All students that have been taught by Mrs. Smith are right handed. So, Mrs. Smith
assumes that all students are right handed.
Examples 4:
Mary and Sue are friends. Mary enjoys fishing, running and rock climbing. Sue likes
fishing and rock climbing. Sue must also like running.
Examples 5:
John is a financial analyst. Individuals with professions in finance are very serious
people. John is a very serious person.

Properties of equality
1.

Addition property : If a = b, then a + c = b + c

When we add the same number with both side of equation, that should not
affect the result of the equation.

Example 1. if a - 9 = 7
Then, a - 9 + 9 = 7 + 9
Example 2. If a = 16
x- 6 = 8
x- 6 = 8
+6
+6
X+10 = 4
X=14
Example 3. If x+7 = 42
X+7 = 42
X+7 = 42
-7
-7
X+0 = 35
X=35

Example 4. If 12.5 + x = -7.5

12.5 + x = -7.5
12.5 + x = -7.5
12.5
12.5
0 + x = - 20
x= -20
Example 5. If x + 10 = 65
X+10 = -65
X+10 = -65
-10 = -10
x = -75
x+10 = -65
-75+10 = -65
-65 = -65
X=-75 is the solution to the
equation x+10 = -65

Subtraction property : If a = b, then a - c = b - c

When we subtract the same number with both side of equation, that should
not affect the result of the equation.
Example 1. If a + 3 = 6
Then, a + 3 - 3 = 6 - 3
a=3
2.

Example2 .

Example 3.
Example 4.
Example 5.
Multiplication property : If a = b, then a c = b c
When we multiply the same number in the both side of the equation, that
should not affect the result of the equation.
Example 1.
3.

Example 2.

Example 3.

Example 4.

Example 5.
Property:

If a = b then ac = bc.

Example:

x/5 = 7
(x/5)5 = 75
x = 35

Division property : If a = b, then $\frac{a}{c}$ = $\frac{b}{c}$

When we divide the same number with both side of the equation, that should
not affect the result of the equation.
Example 1. If 4x = 24
Then, $\frac{4x}{4}$ = $\frac{24}{4}$
x=6
4.

5.

Commutative property
For real number a and b
a+b=b+a
ab=ba

Example 1. 2 + 3 = 5 = 3 + 2
Example 2. 4 5 = 20 = 5 4
Example 3.
6.

Associative property

For real numbers a, b and c

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(a b) c = a (b c)
Example:
(6 + 2) + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11 and 6 + (2 + 3) = 6 + 5 = 11
(3 1) 5 = 3 5 = 15 and 3 (1 5) = 3 5 = 15
Distributive property
a (b + c) = a b + a c
Example:
If a = 4, b = 2 and c = 7, then,
a (b + c) = 4 (2 + 7) = 4 9 = 36
a b + a c = 4 2 + 4 7 = 8 + 28 = 36
7.

8.

Transitive property
If first number is equal to second and second number is equal to third, then
first number is equal to third. The transitive property of equality for any real
numbers a, b, and c is as follows:
If a = b and b = c, then a = c

Question: Prove the transitive property of equality for any real numbers a, b, and
c.
Solution:
Let a = 2x - 1, b = 3x - 2 and c = 3x + 6
According to transitive property of equality
If a = b and b = c, then a = c => 2x - 1 = 3x - 2 and 3x - 2 = 3x + 6, then
2x - 1 = 3x + 6
Take -3x on both sides
2x - 1 - 3x = 3x + 6 - 3x
=> - x -1 = 6
Adding 1 on both the sides, we get
=> -x - 1 + 1 = 6 + 1
=> -x = 7
x = -7
9.

Symmetric Property
Symmetric property of equality states that if first number is equal to second
number, then second number is equal to first number.
For real numbers, x and y
If x = y, then y = x.

1. If 7 = 3 + 4, then 3 + 4 = 7
2. If 7 = n - 3, then n - 3 = 7

10. Reflexive

Property : If a is any real number, then a = a.

Reflexive property of equality is one of the equivalence properties of equality.
Any number is equal to itself is the reflexive property of the equality.
For example, 4 = 4 and -2 = -2 satisfies the reflexive property.
11. Substitution

Property
Substitution property states that if two values are equivalent, then we can
substitute one for another in an expression. If x = y, x can replace y or y can
replace x in any expression.