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Subnetting IP Addresses

Quick Overview

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22

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27

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26

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22

IPv4 Subnetting:

IPv4 subnets are created by using one or more of the host bits as network bits.
The more bits borrowed, the more subnets can be defined.
Bits can only be borrowed from the host portion of the address.

IPv4 Address Classes:


Class A

N.H.H.H

8 Network bits

24 Host bits

Class B

N.N.H.H

16 Network bits

16 Host bits

Class C

N.N.N.H

24 Network bits

8 Host bits

VLSM:

Variable Length Subnet Masks were designed to avoid wasting IP addresses.


With VLSM, the network is first subnetted, and then the subnets are subnetted again.

IPv6 Subnetting:
Global Routing Prefix
48 Bits

Subnet ID
16 Bits
65,536 Subnets

Interface ID
64 Bits

Examples of an IPv6 Subnet:


2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1/64

2001:DB8:ACAD:2::1/64

2001:DB8:ACAD:3::1/64

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21

/
32

/
31

16

512

Class C
/
/
/
28 29 30

16

1024

/
27
32

2048

/
26

32

4096

16

/
25

64

8192

32

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22
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13
12
11
10
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
29

/
24

64

16384

64

/
23

128

32,768

128

/
19

128

65,536

/
18

256

/
17

/
16

2 131,072

4 262,144

8 524,288

/
15

Class B
/
/
/
20 21 22

Value

/
11

16 1,048,576

Range

/
10

Class A
/
/
/
12 13 14

32 2,097,152

128 8,388,608

/9

64 4,194,304

Subnet
Mask
(CIDR)

0
20

Sample Problem: 192.168.1.0 is the network and we need 30 Hosts on each subnetwork
Range
Value
Bits
Borrowed
Exponent

12
8
12
8
1

6
4
6
4
1

3
2
3
2
1

1
6
1
6
0

27

2-

2-

2-

22

21

20

1. How many bits do you need to borrow for the Subnetwork? 3 = 23 = 8 subnetworks
Turn on 3 bits from left to right, these bits represent the subnetwork portion.
2. How many bits are in the host portion? 5 = 25 = 32 2 = 30 hosts per subnetwork
Leave 5 bits off from right to left, these bits remain the host portion.
3. Subnet Mask: Add up the value of all the bits that are ON = 255.255.255.224
You must look at the number in binary to find the CIDR notation = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 = /27
4. Magic Number: What is the value of the last bit you borrowed = 32
5. List the subnetworks.
To determine the subnetworks, you must count by the magic number.
Determine which octet gave you the magic number.
In this example, we got the magic number in the 4 th octet.
Now we will count by 32 in the 4th octet. (Example: 0, 32, 64)
Network
192.168.1.0

Range
192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.30

Broadcast___
192.168.1.31

192.168.1.32

192.168.1.33 - 192.168.1.62

192.168.1.63

192.168.1.64

192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.94

192.168.1.95

192.168.1.96

192.168.1.97 - 192.168.1.126

192.168.1.127

192.168.1.128

192.168.1.129 - 192.168.1.158

192.168.1.159

192.168.1.160

192.168.1.161 - 192.168.1.190

192.168.1.191

192.168.1.192

192.168.1.193 - 192.168.1.222

192.168.1.223

192.168.1.224

192.168.1.225 - 192.168.1.254

192.168.1.255

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