ChE 453

Transport Phenomena

Instructor:
Dr. Md. Easir Arafat Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET,
Dhaka-1000
July 2014

Chapter-1: Viscosity and Mechanism of

Momentum Transport
Newtons law of viscosity

Calculation of momentum flux

Pressure and Temperature Dependency of
Viscosity

Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid

Bingham model
Power law

Ellis Model

Newtons Law of Viscosity:

At steady state, F is
required to maintain
velocity V, then the force
can be expressed as,

F
V

A
Y

Fig.1.1-1: The buildup to the steady, laminar velocity profile for a fluid contained
between two plates.

Newtons Law of Viscosity

F
V

A
Y
Where

The force should be proportional to the area and the velocity

and inversely proportional to distance between the plates
is the proportionality constant, defined to be the viscosity

F
yx
A

Force in the x direction on a unite area perpendicular to

y direction

The relationship becomes,

vx
yx
y

The shearing force per unite area is proportional to the negative of the
velocity gradient, is often called Newtons law of viscosity.

yx
vx

Flux of x-momentum in y direction

Velocity gradient is the driving force for momentum transport

Unit of momentum flux:

In SI system,

N
yx 2 Pa
m
dvx

yx
y

Pa (m / s ).m
In fps,

vx
yx
g c y

1 1

Pa.s

V 1 ft / s
Y 0.001 ft
6.719 104 lbm ft 1s 1
0.7cp 0.7
4.7 104 lbm ft 1s 1
1cp
In fps,

vx
4.7 10 4 1
yx

g c y
32.174 0.001
2

1.46 10 lb f / ft

Note that,
At room temperature, viscosity of water 1 cp
viscosity of air 0.02 cp

Fig. 1.5. Reduced pressure as

function of reduced temperature
and pressure

Find viscosity from reduced

temperature and pressure
Using data set,
Tc
Pc
c

Find viscosity from

reduced temperature and
pressure

Non Newtonian Fluids:

Newtonian fluid:

vx
yx

True for all gases and homogeneous

nonpolymeric liquids

True for all gases and homogeneous nonpolymeric liquids

For non Newtonian fluid,

vx
yx
y
dvx
(increasing rate of shear) Psedoplastic
If , as
dy
dvx
Dialatant
If, as
dy
dv x
If is independent of
Newtonian fluid
dy

Types of N-N fluids:

a) Time independent
b) Time dependent
c) Viscoilastic
Time independent fluids:
Fluid with yield shear stress
Fluid without yield shear stress

Relationship between

yx

and

three parameter models:

v x
y

can be expressed by two parameter or

Two parameter model:

Bignham model:

vx
yx 0
0
y
vx
0
y

if

yx 0

if

yx 0

If yield stress 0 is not reached, matter remain rigid. If yield stress is applied,
flows quite like Newtonian. The positive sign is used when yx is positive and

the negative sign is used when

yx is negative. A substance that follows this

two parameter model is called Bingham Plastic.

This model is applicable for fine suspension and paste.

Oswald-de Waele Model:

dvx
yx m
dy

n 1

dvx
dy

This two parameter equation is also know as power law.

n 1, dialatant
for

n 1, psedoplastic
n 1 newtonian

The deviation from unity indicates the degree of deviation from Newtonian
behavior.

Three parameter model:

Ellis Model:

dvx

0 1 yx
dy

yx

This model contains three adjustable parameters, 0 ,

and . If

1,

the model approaches Newtonians law for small yx , on the other hand,

if

1 Newtons law is approached for large yx

This model is very flexible and as special cases

for
for

1 0, Newtons Law
0 0, Power law

Three parameter model:

The Reiner-Philippoff model:

dv x
1

dy
0
1 ( / ) 2
yx
s

yx

It contains three adjustable parameters, , 0 and s . The Newtonian

behavior has often been observed at very low and very high shear rates.
Zero shear viscosity:

yx
0 lim

yx 0 dv / dy
x