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DY N A M I C S
ISBN 978-0-470-94341-0
A I R C R A F T
A I R C R A F T
DY N A M I C S
Aircraft Dynamics
A I R C R A F T
DY N A M I C S
From Modeling to Simulation
Marcello R. Napolitano
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
Sample figure from Ch. 1 showing the interaction of ALL the aircraft dynamic equations
FA X , FAY , FA Z ,
FT , FT , FT
Z
X Y
LA , M A , N A
LT , M T , NT
g X , gY , g Z
m V UR PW mg F
m W PV QU mg F
m U QW RV mg X FA X FT X
Y
AY
AZ
FT Y
FT Z
U ,V ,W
P, Q, R
P I XX R I XZ PQ I XZ RQ I ZZ IYY LA LT
Q IYY PR I XX I ZZ P 2 R 2 I XZ M A M T
R I ZZ P I XZ PQ IYY I XX QR I XZ N A NT
GE
g X g sin
KE
1 sin tan cos tan P
cos
sin Q
0
0 sin sec cos sec R
g Y g cos sin
g Z g cos cos
, ,
U ,V ,W
, ,
FPE
X ' cos cos sin cos cos sin sin sin sin cos sin cos U
'
Y sin cos cos cos sin sin sin sin cos sin sin cos V
Z ' sin
cos sin
cos cos
W
Sample figure from Ch. 1 showing the sequential derivation of ALL the aircraft dynamic equations
Aero Forces/Moments
d
dr '
Thrust Forces/Moments CLME : dt A dt dV A g dV FA FT dS
V
V
S
Initial Conditions
CAME :
d
dr '
r ' A
dV r ' A g dV r ' FA FT dS
dt V
dt
V
S
m V UR PW mg F
m W PV QU mg F
m U QW RV mg X FA X FT X
Y
AY
AZ
FT Y
FT Z
X Y Z
d C C
C
dt
t
X Y Z X , Y , Z
CAME : r r r AdV M A M T
V
XYZ
U ,V ,W
P I XX R I XZ PQ I XZ RQ I ZZ IYY LA LT
P, Q, R
R I ZZ P I XZ PQ IYY I XX QR I XZ N A NT
g X g sin
g Y g cos sin
X Y Z
CLME : m VP VP mg FA FT
Q IYY PR I XX I ZZ P 2 R 2 I XZ M A M T
g X , gY , gZ
d VP
mg FA FT
dt
d
dr
CAME : r A
dV M A M T
dt V
dt
CLME : m
r ' rP' r
, ,
, ,
g Z g cos cos
X ' c c s c c s s s s c s c U
'
Y s c c c s s s s c s s c V
Z' s
cs
cc
W
m Q1 W1 R1 V1 mg sin 1 FA X FT X
Steady state
conditions
m PV Q U mg cos cos F
VP 0 VP const.
0 const.
1 1
A Z1
FT Z
0
k
PQ
1 1 I XZ R1Q1 I ZZ I YY LA 1 LT 1
P1 R1 I XX I ZZ P R
2
1
2
1
XZ
M A1 M T1
PQ
1 1 I YY I XX Q1 R1 I XZ N A1 N T1
Small perturbation
conditions
m v U1r uR1 Pw
1 pW1 mg sin 1 sin 1 mg cos 1 cos 1 f AY f T Y
up 0, wr 0, pq 0, p 2 0,...
sin x x, cos x 1
m w U1q mg sin 1 f A Z fT Z
r I ZZ p I XZ Pq
1 pQ1 I YY I XX Q1r R1q I XZ n A nT
qIYY mA mT
q
r cos 1
p I XX r I XZ l A lT
p sin 1
p I XX r I XZ Pq
1 Q1 p I XZ R1q Q1r I ZZ I YY l A lT
m u qW1 mg cos 1 f A X fT X
r I ZZ p I XZ nA nT
AZ
fT Z
Sample figure from Ch. 3 showing the summary of the PITCHING modeling
mA q S c cm u 2cm1
P1
cm cm
2VP
1
qc
cm q
2VP
1
cm E cm i i H
E
H
Downwash effect
(Chapter II)
d
4.44 K AR K K mr cos 0.25
d Mach
cL
Polhamus
formula
(Chapter II)
cm cm
cm q
SH
d
( xAC H xCG )2
S
d
cm q
AR 3 tan 2 c /4 3
AR B 6 cos c /4 B
c
AR 3 tan 2 c /4
m qW
AR 6 cos c /4
Mach 0
B 1 Mach cos c / 4
2
cm q
1 Mach2
AR 2 1 Mach 2
tan 2 0.5
4
2
1
2
2
k
1
Mach
1.19
2 AR
Mach 0
S
2cL H H ( xAC H xCG )2
H
S
K q cL
Mach 0
cos c / 4 C
Leading Edge
of wing MAC
cm
SH
( xAC H xCG )
S
Leading Edge
of tail MAC
Wing+Body
Aerodynamic
Center
cm i E
H
Tail
Aerodynamic
Center
Aircraft CG
S
cL H H ( xAC H xCG ) E
H
S
X AC WB
X AC WB
X CG
X AC H
X AC WB
c
X CG
c
X AC H
1 AR tan c / 4 1
24 AR 6 cos c / 4 8
3
Wing MAC
c
cm i cL H
X CG
H. Tail
MAC
cH
X AC H
Sample figure from Ch. 4 showing the summary of the ROLLING modeling
l A q S b cl cl
2VP
1
pb
cl p
2VP
1
rb
clr
2VP
1
cl A cl R
A
R
cl cl WB cl H cl V
cl
cl
WB
c
l
cL1
cL
1
cl
ZW
cl WB
WB
Dihedral Effect #1
( due to angle )
cl
KM K f
cL
c / 2
1
cl WB
Dihedral Effect #2
( due to High / LowWing )
W
AR
cl WB
Dihedral Effect #3
( due to Sweep Angle LE )
cl
cl
KM
W
W
cl
W tan c / 4
tan
c/4
W
d S b
d SV ZV cos 1 X V sin 1
V 1
b
d S
cl H cl WB
H 1
cl V kYV cL
cl 0
cl p cl p WB cl p H cl p V
cl p WB cl p W RDP
cl r cl rW cl rV
c
cl rW l r
cL
1
, cl p H
cl rV 2 cY
Left
, cl p 2 cY
V
ZV
b
rad
1
S H bH
S b
c
c
cL1 l r l r W
W
CMach
0
L
cl cl
1
cl p W
2
cl
Right
cl
l
2 A
cl
2 Left 2 Right
cl A cl
cl
RME k
SV
Z cos 1 X R sin 1
Z cos 1 X R sin 1
cl R cY R R
K R R R
cL V V
b
S
b
Sample figure from Ch. 4 showing the summary of the YAWING modeling
nA q S b cn cn
2VP
1
pb
cn p
2VP
1
rb
cnr
2VP
1
cn A cn R
A
R
cn cn W cn B cn H cn V
c n B 57.3 K N K R l
S BS lB
S b
c n H 0
c n W 0
d SV X V cos 1 ZV sin 1
cn V kYV cL V 1
V
b
d S
cn 0
cn p cn p W cn p V
cn p
cn p W
cL
1
cn p
cL1
W
W
CMach
0
L
cn p V 2 cY
V
cn r cn r cn r
W
cn
cn
cnrW r2 cL1 2 r cD 0
cL
cD
1
0
2
X V cos 1 ZV sin 1
cnrV 2 cY
V
b2
cn A KnA cL1 cl A
cn R cL V
V
SV
X cos 1 Z R sin 1
K R R R
S
b
Sample figure from Ch. 7 showing the solution of the linearized LONGITUDINAL equations
m w U q mg sin f
m u qW1 mg cos 1 f A X fT X
1
AZ
fT Z
w VP1 , w VP1
u
c
qc
m w VP1 q mg sin 1 q1 S cL u 2cL1
cL cD 1 cL
cL q
cL E
E
VP1
2VP1
2VP1
qIYY mA mT
q
q , q
u
u
m u mg cos 1 q1 S cD u 2cD1
cT X 2cT X
cD cL 1 cD E
u
1
E
VP1
VP1
w
q
u
u
c
qc
IYY IYY q q1 S c cm u 2cm 1
cm T 2cm T
cm cm T cm
cm q
cm E
u
1
E
VP1
VP1
2VP1
2VP1
U1 S VP1 , W1 S 0
X , Y , Z X S , YS , Z S
u g cos 1
Longitudinal
Dimensional
Stability
Derivatives
q1 S
u
u
cT X 2cT X
cD cL 1 cD E
cD u 2cD1
u
1
E
m
VP1
VP1
P1
P1
V V q g sin qmS c
m, IYY
c , S
q1
aero coef .
Lu
2cL1
Vu c
cD 1 cL
P1
c
qc
cL q
cL E
E
2VP1
2VP1
u
u
c
qc
IYY q1 S c cm u 2cm 1
cm T 2cm T
cm cm T cm
cm q
cm E
u
1
E
VP1
VP1
2VP1
2VP1
Laplace Transformation
s X
u g cos 1 X u X T u u X X E E
X Tu
M u M T u M M T M M q M E
u
P1
Tu
P1
t domain s domain
u (s)
NumU ( s )
D1 ( s )
E (s)
(s)
E (s)
(s)
E (s)
Transfer
Functions
Num ( s )
D1 ( s )
s X X
u
Tu
Zu
Mu MT
u
Num ( s )
D1 ( s )
s V
P1
Z Z
M s M M T
Routh-Hurwitz
Stability Analysis
u ( s)
E ( s) X E
( s)
s Z q VP1 g sin 1
Z E
(
s
)
E
( s) M E
s s Mq
E ( s)
g cos 1
s 2 2 SPnSP s n2SP
2 PH nPH s n2PH
Numu ( s) Au s 3 Bu s 2 Cu s Du
Num ( s) A s 3 B s 2 C s D
Num ( s) A s 2 B s C
u (s)
Short-Period
Approximation
u(t ) 0
s X X
u
Tu
Zu
M u MT
u
Z 0, Z q 0
sin 1 0, M T 0
s V
P1
E ( s)
(s)
E ( s)
( s)
E ( s)
Num ( s )
( s)
, ( s)
( s) (t ) L1 ( s )
D1 ( s )
E (s) E
Num ( s )
( s)
, ( s)
( s) (t ) L1 ( s)
D1 ( s )
E ( s) E
u(s)
E (s) X E
( s)
s Z q VP1 g sin 1
Z E
(
s
)
E
( s) M E
s s Mq
E (s)
g cos 1
Z Z
Numu ( s )
u (s)
; u ( s)
( s) u (t ) L1 u ( s )
D1 ( s )
E ( s) E
M s M M T
( s)
VP1 s
sVP1 Z
E ( s) Z E
M E
( M s M ) s( s M q ) ( s)
E ( s)
SP
Z
M M q
VP1
Z M
2 q M
VP
Z
s2 M M q
VP1
Z M q
n SP
VP
1
Z M q
s
M s 2 2 SP n SP s n2SP
VP
Sample figure from Ch. 7 showing the solution of the linearized LAT-DIRECTIONAL equations
I XX S
I ZZ S T
I
XZ S
p I XX r I XZ l A lT
r I ZZ p I XZ nA nT
pb
rb
m v VP1 r mg q1 S cY cYp
cY r
cY A cY R
A
R
2VP1
2VP1
I XX B
I ZZ B
I
XZ B
pb
rb
I XX p I XZ r q1 S b cl cl p
cl r
cl A cl R
A
R
2VP1
2VP1
cos 2 1
sin 2 1
sin 21
T sin 2 1
cos 2 1
sin 21
0.5sin 21 0.5sin 21 cos 21
p sin 1
r cos 1
, I ZZ , I XZ I XX , I ZZ , I XZ
X , Y , Z X S , YS , Z S U1 VP
XX B
pb
rb
I ZZ r I XZ p q1 S b cn cn p
cn r
cn A cn R
A
R
2VP1
2VP1
VP g
I XZ
q Sb
b
b
1
cl r
cl A A cl R R
cl cl p
I XX
I XX
2VP1
2VP1
P1
Lateral/Directional
Dimensional
Stability
Derivatives
m, I XX , I ZZ , I XZ
b, S
q1
aero coef .
q1 S
b
b
cY r
cY A A cY R R
cY cYp
m
2VP1
2VP1
v VP1
v
VP1
v VP1
v
VP1
p , p
r ,r
I
q Sb
b
b
XZ 1
cn r
cn A A cn R R
cn cn p
I ZZ
I ZZ
2VP1
2VP1
Laplace Transformation
P1
sV
VP g Y Y Y Y A Y R
1
P1
L ( s) s s Lp ( s) s sI1 Lr ( s ) L ( s)
I
XZ L L L L A A L R R
I XX
N ( s) s sI 2 N p ( s) s s N r ( s) N ( s)
I
XZ N N N N A A N R R
I ZZ
t domain s domain
( s) Num ( s) ( s) Num ( s)
A ( s)
D2 ( s) R ( s)
D2 ( s)
A
( s) Num ( s) ( s) Num ( s)
A ( s)
D2 ( s) R ( s)
D2 ( s)
A
Transfer
Functions
( s) Num ( s) ( s) Num ( s)
A ( s)
D2 ( s) R ( s)
D2 ( s)
A
D2 (s) s A2 s 4 B2 s3 C2 s 2 D2 s E2
sV Y
P1
L
(s)
s VP1 Yr ( s)
Y
( s)
s sI1 Lr
L
( s)
s s N r ( s ) N
( s)
sYp g
s s Lp
s sI 2 N p
D2 s A2 s 4 B2 s 3 C2 s 2 D2 s E2
Routh-Hurwitz
Stability Analysis
s 2 2 DRnDR s n2DR
s s
R
Num A,R ( s) s A s B s C s D
3
NumA,R ( s) s A s 2 B s C
Num A,R ( s) A s 3 B s 2 C s D
( s) Num ( s )
( s)
; ( s)
( s) (t ) L1 ( s)
(s)
D2 ( s )
(s)
Rolling
Approximation
( s) Num ( s)
( s)
, ( s)
( s) (t ) L1 ( s)
( s)
D2 ( s)
( s)
(t ) (t ) 0
( s) Num ( s)
( s)
, ( s )
( s) (t ) L1 ( s)
( s)
D2 ( s)
( s)
sV Y
P1
L
sYp g
s s Lp
s sI 2 N p
( s 2 LP s)
(s)
s VP1 Yr A ( s ) Y
A
( s)
s sI1 Lr
L A
A ( s)
s s N r ( s) N A
A ( s)
L
( s)
( s)
L
A ( s)
A ( s) s( s LP )
A
TR
1
LP
TR
4 I xx
cl p VP1 S b 2
m, I XX , IYY , I ZZ , I XZ
Flight Conditions
Alt., Mach, , q ,1
Aircraft Geometry
c , cH , b, bH ,
S
,
S
,
S
,
x
,..
H
V
ACH
Dimensionless
Stability and
Control Derivatives
cD0 , cD ,.., cD E
cL0 , cL ,.., cL E
cm0 , cm ,.., cm E
c , c ,.., c , c
l A
l R
l l p
c , c ,.., c , c
Y A
Y R
Y Yp
cn , cn ,.., cn , cn
A
R
p
Longitudinal and
Lateral Directional
Characteristic
Equations
D1 (s), D2 (s)
Sample figure from Ch. 7 showing the key geometric parameters for SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
X CG
c
X AC H
X CG
X AC H
Leading Edge
of wing MAC
Leading Edge
of tail MAC
Wing MAC
c
Wing+Body
Aerodynamic
Center
Tail
Aerodynamic
Center
Aircraft CG
X AC WB
CRITICAL PARAMETERS
SH
S
ACH
xCG
Tail MAC
cH
X CG
X AC H
CRITICAL PARAMETERS
Vertical Arm of
Vertical Tail
SV
S
ZVS X VS
,
b
b
SV
ZVS
SV
X VS
YS
Aircraft CG
XS
ZS
Horizontal Arm of
Vertical Tail
Sample figure from Ch. 8 showing the STATE VARIABLE modeling of the aircraft dynamics
Dimensional Longitudinal
Derivatives
Dimensional Lateral
Directional Derivatives
X u , X Tu , X , X E
Y , Yp , Yr , Y A , Y R
Z u , Z , Z , Z q , Z E
L , Lp , Lr , L A , L R
M u , M T u , M , M T , M , M q , M E
N , N p , Nr , N A , N R
Dimensional Primed
Longitudinal Derivatives
Dimensional Primed
Lat. Direct. Derivatives
X u , X , X , X q , X E
Y , Yp , Yr , Y , Y A , Y R
Z u , Z , Z q , Z , Z E
L , Lp , Lr , L A , L R
M u , M , M , M q , M E
N , N p , N r , N A , N R
Dimensional
Double Primed
Long. Derivatives
Dimensional
Double Primed
Lat. Dir. Derivatives
Zu , Z , Z q , Z , Z E
Y, Yp, Yp, Y, YA , YR
and / or others
and / or others
Longitudinal SV Model
xLong ALong xLong BLong uLong
yLat .Dir CLat .Dir xLat .Dir DLat .Dir uLat .Dir
xLat .Dir 0
yLong CLong
yLat .Dir 0
0 uLong
xLong BLong
Sample figure from Ch. 9 showing the general architecture of a simulation code
FDC Toolbox
BEAVER, level 1
M.O. Rauw, October 1997
time
Clock
In
To Workspace
Out
To Workspace
1
2
To Workspace
alpha
3
Mux
click
2x for
info!
Mux
beta
5
Deflections of
Control Surfaces
deltae
3
deltar
2
x Demux
deltaa
Mux
r
7
uaero
psi
Motion
Variables
theta
deltaf
5
Throttle Settings
9
10
Mux uprop
phi
xe
11
pz
7
uw
Atmospheric
Turbulence
(optional)
9
ww
11
vwdot
12
8
Mux
uwind
xdot Demux
10
13
Beaver dynamics
and output equations
uwdot
ye
vw
H dot
y dl
15
12
14
pb/2V
Demux
qc/V
16
wwdot
rb/2V
Aircraft
Outputs
BEAVER,
2 (main level)
FDC level
Toolbox
M.O. M.O.
RauwRauw
1997
15
16
17
18
Airdata group
Modeling of the
Aerodynamic Forces
and Moments
Modeling of the
Propulsive Forces
and Moments
5
9
11
Aerodynamics
group (Beaver)
ydl
Caero
FMaero
7
2
10
uprop
12
Engine group (Beaver)
Modeling of the
Gravity Forces
ypow
Cprop
FMprop
Gravity
13
Gravity forces
Fgrav
Fwind
Modeling of the
Atmospheric Turbulence
Forces
AIRCRAFT
EQUATIONS
OF MOTION
yad1
yad2
yad3
1
uaero
yatm
14
Wind forces
Fwind
FMsort
Add + sort
forces and
moments
1
-K-
uwind
-KAircraft equations
of motion (Beaver)
2
3
xdot
ybvel
6
4
8
Additional outputs
hlpfcn
yhlp
xdot
x
(co)sines of
alpha, beta,
psi, theta, phi
yacc
yuvw
yfp
Sample drawing and tables from Appendix C showing aircraft data for aerodynamic modeling
LE
Perpendicular to
leading edge wing line
LE
V
V
Parallel to leading
edge wing line
Perpendicular to
leading edge wing line
V
Parallel to leading
edge wing line
V nL
V nR
Leading edge wing line
(right wing wrt. pilot)
21
Chapter IV
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
V nR V nL
LR LL
Negative rolling moment
NOTE: R indicates
RIGHT wrt pilot
cl
0
WB # 3
LR
LL
LR LL
XS
cl WB
0
III
22
Chapter IV
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
Value
[1/rad]
-0.014
% of
cl
16.6
0.029
-34.4
-0.045
53.4
-0.027
32.1
-0.002
-0.007
0.0118
-0.030
2.6
8.3
-14
35.6
-0.0842
100
Key results
- The predominant (53%) POSITIVE contribution to the dihedral
effect comes from the wing sweep angle.
- The second POSITIVE contribution (36%) comes from the vertical
tail.
- The low-wing configuration provides a substantial NEGATIVE
contribution (anhedral).
- UNIQUE FEATURE OF THIS AIRCRAFT: the high geometric
anhedral angle of the horizontal tail provides a substantial
NEGATIVE contribution (anhedral).
41
Chapter IV
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
cn WB
XS
V
0
V from right
of the pilot
YS
XS
Resultant of the
Lateral Side Force
in front of CG
V
0
V from right
Moment Arm
in front of CG
Negative
Yawing Moment
of the pilot
YS
Positive
Yawing Moment
Moment Arm
behind CG
cn
XS
Resultant of the
Lateral Side Force
behind CG
WB
V
Moment Arm
in front of CG
Negative
Yawing Moment
YS
Positive
Yawing Moment
Moment Arm
behind CG
cn WB 0
47
Chapter IV
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
XS
V
0
YS
Lateral force on
the vertical tail
XS
cn 0
V
ZS
Moment arm
X VS
Lateral force
X VS
YS
cn V 0
0
Chapter IV
XS
ZS
49
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
Ranking
Stability
Importance
(0 to 10)
Derivatives
Group #1
10
cL , cm , cl , cn
Group #2
cm , cm q , cl p , cn r
Group #3
7-8
cD 0 , cD
Group #4
cL 0 , cm 0
Group #5
cL , cL q
Group #6
cY , cY p , cY r , cn p , cl r
Group #7
0-1
cD 0, cD q 0,
cY 0, cl 0, cn 0
87
Chapter IV
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
W dV
g dt
W V2
L W cos
g R
with:
dV
0
dt
x V cos
h V sin
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
T D 0T D
L W 0 L W
1
2
1
2
2
2
with: D V S cD , L V S cL
where: cD cD
O
cL 2
AR e
EMax
c
L
D
D
D Max L Min cL
Goal: to evaluate: cL E
Max
Min
cDO AR e
cL 2
c
d cD
d DO AR e
0
d cL c L d c L
cL
2
2
2
cL 2 2 cL c cL cL
cDO
cDO
DO
AR e AR e
d
AR e AR e
0
2
2
d cL
cL
cL
cL
2
cL
cL E cDO AR e
cDO 0 cL 2 cDO AR e
Max
AR
e
cD AR e
cDO O
AR e
2 cDO
cDO
c
EMax D
2
cL Min
AR e
cD AR e
cD AR e
O
Aircraft
Min
Chapter V
Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
leading to:
c2 1
1
1
4W 2
V 2 S cDO L V 2 S cDO
2 4 2
2
AR e 2
AR e V S
1
1
2W 2
V 2 S cDO
D
D
2
AR e V 2 S Parasite Induced
Goal: to evaluate: V D
MINIMUM
dD
d 1
1
2W 2
1
4W 2
2
V
S
c
V
S
c
DO
DO
dV dV 2
AR e V 2 S
AR e V 3 S
V S cD
O
4
DMinimum
1
4W 2
1
4W 2
S
c
DO
AR e V 3 S
AR e V 4 S
1
AR e S cD
2
DMinimum
DMinimum
2W
4W 2
S
1
AR e cDO
2W
1
4
S AR e cDO
8
Chapter V
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
CG
0.3, 1 2
42
Chapter VI
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
Numerical Example:
2 Engines-Out Condition for Boeing B747
FAA Worst Case Scenario
Loss of 50% of installed
thrust (same side)
LT1
1
1
NT1 T1 yT2,4 T1 yT1,2
4
4
1
b
b
T1 0.75 0.4
4
2
2
13786 112.7 1,553, 682.2 lbs ft
1 EO
EO
NT 1
1.76
cn q1 S b
LT1
cl 1 EO
q1 S b
11.98
cl
A
EO
cn 1 EO cn A1
A
cn
EO
NT1
q1 S b
0.35
EOFINAL
A1
EOINITIAL
A1
A1
EO
A1
EO
l R
cl
EO
0.13
12.10
EO
58
Chapter VI
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE:
F-104 Longitudinal Dynamics (Approach Conditions) (cont.)
Phugoid response:
- Low natural frequency;
- Low damping.
Phugoid response:
- Low natural frequency;
- Low damping.
Short Period:
- high SP
- highnSP
Phugoid:
- high Ph
- highnPh
poles=roots(den)
poles =
-0.4514 + 1.3967i
-0.4514 - 1.3967i
-0.0205 + 0.1465i
-0.0205 - 0.1465i
27
Chapter VI
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
SPECIAL CASE:
Short Period Approximation (cont.)
Numerical Example : Cessna 182
Cessna 182 (Altitude=5,000 ft, Mach=0.21)
FULL-BLOWN Characteristic Equation
SP 0.844, n SP 5.27
rad
rad
, Ph 0.129, n Ph 0.171
sec
sec
Z
D1 SP VP1 s s 2 M M q
VP1
Z M q
s
M
VP
APPROX .
rad
sec
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
pSS 0.2765
rad
deg
15.84
sec
sec
rad
sec
(rad / sec)
0.813sec
t (sec)
Boeing B747-200 roll response following a +2 deg. aileron deflection
Mach 0.9
Alt. 40, 000 ft.
p
(rad / sec)
pSS 0.0119
rad
deg
0.682
sec
sec
rad
sec
1.98sec
t (sec)
67
Chapter VI
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
s domain
time domain
l x1
m x1
G ( s )
l xm
G11 ( s )
G ( s )
21
...
Gi1 ( s )
...
Gl1 ( s )
n x1
A n x n x n x1 B n x m u m x1
yl x1 C l x n x n x1 D l x m u m x1
1
Y ( s)
G( s) C s I A B D
U ( s)
8
Chapter VIII
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
u X u X T u u X g cos 1 X E E
M u M T u M M T M M q M E
u
u X u X T u u X g cos 1 X E E
P1
Z Z u u Z g sin 1 Z q VP1 q Z E E
q M u M T u u M M T M M q q M E E
q
NOTE: The 2nd equation is nested within the 3rd equation through the
ALPHA_DOT term. Therefore, neglecting:(M T , M T )
u X u X T u u X g cos 1 X E E
P1
Zu
Z
P1
Zu
q M
V Z
P1
Z V
q
P1
V Z
P1
q
Chapter VIII
Z
Z
g sin 1
P1
M u M
u
V Z
P1
Z
E
q M
q
V Z
P1
VP1
P1
q Z
V Z
E
P1
M M g sin 1
V Z
P1
M
E
E
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
q , uLong E
T
STATE EQUATIONS
q
E
u
M u M M q M q M E E
0
1
0 0
0
with:
X u X u X Tu ,
Z u
Zu
Z
P1
, Z
g sin 1
P1
X X ,
P1
, Z E
X g cos 1 ,
, Z q
Z E
P1
Z
V
X q 0,
VP1
P1
X E X E
M u M Z u M u , M M Z M
M M Z , M q M Z q M q
M E M Z E M E
10
Chapter VIII
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation
time
Clock
In
To Workspace
To Workspace
Out
1
2
To Workspace
alpha
3
Mux
click
2x for
info!
Mux
p
5
6
Deflections of
Control Surfaces
deltae
3
deltar
2
x Demux
deltaa
Mux
beta
r
7
uaero
psi
theta
deltaf
5
Throttle Settings
9
10
Mux uprop
xe
11
pz
7
uw
Atmospheric
Turbulence
(optional)
9
ww
11
vwdot
12
8
Mux
uwind
uwdot
ye
vw
10
phi
Motion
Variables
xdot Demux
Beaver dynamics
and output equations
13
H dot
y dl
15
Demux
12
14
pb/2V
qc/V
16
wwdot
rb/2V
Aircraft
Outputs
4
Chapter IX
Aircraft Dynamics:
From Modeling to Simulation