750 CHAPTER 19 | The Firs Law of Thermodynamics V-iagram for this process. b) How much work is done by the gas inthis process? c) On what is this work done? d) What isthe change in internal energy ofthe gas? e) How much heat was supplied tothe ‘gas? 1) How much work would bave been done ifthe pressure had ‘boon 0.50 atm? 19.31 Gascous ethane (C,H) has y = 1.220and may be treated ‘asan ideal gas, a) If 2.40 mol of ethane isto be heated from 20.0°C. to 250°C at a constant pressure of 1.00 atm, how much heat is, required? b) What will be the change in internal energy of the ethane? Section 19.8 Adiabatic Processes for an ideal Gas 19.32 A monatomic ideal gas that is initially at pressure of 1.50 X 10" Pa and with a volume of 0.0800 m: is compressed adi- abatically toa volume of 0.0400 m°, a) What isthe final pressure? 'b) How much work is done by the gas? c) What isthe ratio of the final temperature of the gas to its initial temperature? Is the gas heated or cooled by this compression? 19.33 The engine of a Ferrari F3SS Fl sports car takes in air at 20.0°C and 1.00 atm and compresses it adiabatically o 0.0900 times the original volume. The air may be treated as an ideal gas ‘with y = 1.40. a) Draw a pV-diagram for this proces. b) Find the final temperature and pressure 19.34 Two moles of carbon monoxide (CO) start at a pressure of 1.2 atm and a volume of 30 liters. The gus is then compressed adi- sbatically to | this volume, Assume thatthe gas may be treated as ideal, What isthe change in the internal energy ofthe gas? Does the intemal energy inereae or decrease? Does the temperature ofthe gas increase or decrease during this process? Explain 19.35 In an adiabatic process for an ideal gas the pressure decreases. In this process docs the internal energy of the gas inerease or decrease? Explain your reasoning. 19.36.An ideal gas initially at 4.00 atm and 350 K is permitted 0 expand adiabatically to 1.50 times its initial volume. Find the final pressure and temperature if the gas is «) monatomic; b) diatomic with Cy = 3R. 19.37 During an adiabatic expansion the temperature of 0.450 mol ‘of agon (Ar) drops om 50.0°Cto 100°C. The argon may be treated asamideal gos ) Draw a pV-ciagram for this process. b) How much ‘work does the gas do? ¢) Whats the change in internal energy ofthe as? 19.38 A cylinder contains 0.100 mo of an ideal monatomic gas. Initially the gas is ata pressure of 1.00 X 10*Pa and occupies @ ‘volume of 2.50 X 10°’. a) Find the initial temperature of the in kelvins.b) If the gas is allowed to expand to twice the initial ‘volume, find the final temperature (in kelvins) and pressure of the ‘asthe expansion isi) isothermal; 19.39 A.quamtity of sulfur dioxide gas (SO) occupies a volume of 5.00 107m’ at a pressure of 1.10 X 10° Pa. The gas expands ‘adiabatically 10 a volume of 1.00% 10"? m’. Assume thatthe gas ‘may be treated as ideal a) Find the final pressure o the sas. (Hint: ‘ce Table 19.1.) b) How much work does the gas do on its sur- roundings? c) What isthe rato ofthe final temperature ofthe gas 10 its intial vemperature? Problems 19.40 A quantity of air is taken from state @ to state b along & path that isa straight line inthe p¥-diagram (Fig. 19.25)-a) In this process, does the temperature of the gas increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain. b) If V, = 0.0700 m’, V, = 0.1100m°, = 1.00 % 10° Pa, and py = 1-40 X 10" Pa, what is the work W done by the gas inthis process? Assume thatthe gas may be treated as ideal - 02 04 06 os Problem 19.41 Problem 19.40. 19.41 Four moles of O; ate taken from A to B by the process, ‘shown in the p¥-diagram in Fig. 19.26. Assume the gas may be ‘eatedas ideal. What is the heat flow Q during this process? Does ‘heat enter of leave the gas) 19.42 2) One-third of a mole of He gas i taken along the path abe that is shown as the solid line in Fig. 19.27. Assume the gas may be tueated as ideal. How much hest is transferred into or out of the 228? b) Ifthe gas instead went from state ato state c along the hor- ‘zontal dashed line in Fig. 19.27. how much heat would be trans- {ferred into or out of the gas? c) How does Q in part (b) compare to in par (a)? Explain, pera) ‘ot “aon2 coor e006 Bone cary Problem 19.42, 19.43 When asystemistaken fromstateatostatebinFig 1928 |e . along the path ab, 90.0 of heat flows intothe systemand 60.03 of work is done by the system. 8) How much heat flows into the systemalong pathadbifthe work | g i done by the system is 15.0) v ) When the systemisreturned from bto aalong te curved path, Problem 19.43,ofthe work done by the system is 35.0. Does absorb liberate heat? How much heat? ¢) If U ind the heat he absolute value thesyst = and U; = 805 sab 19.44 A thermodynamic system is taken from sat 192 path ade. Along path abe the work W done J. Along path adc, W is 1201 9 the four states shown inthe figure = O80 3 absorbed in the processes ud along cither path abc the system is ofeach The internal are U, = 150, U late the heat flow Q the ic. Ineach process, does the | system absorb o liberate heat? 19.45 Fig, 19. cand. Th the system is V Figure 19.29 Problems 19.44 ind 19.45, and state b, and is V. for both state c and state d. The pressure of the system is p, for both state for both stat a and state d, and band state c. The internal ener gies of the four states are Us, Uy. U., and U;, For each of the processes ab, be; ad, and i, find a) the work done by the system during the process and b) the heat flow into the system daring the process. ¢) The system can be taken from state ato state ¢ alo either path abe or path adc. Find the net heat flow into the sy and the net work done by the system for each path. For which path yoo that the hath pai abe and path final state (c) ofthe system are the sume for both paths. How would de, since the initial state (a) and you respond! 49:46 Two motes of N; gas undergo the cycle abcd. The pressure ofthe gas in each state is: p, = py = 6000 Pa: py = p, = 2000 Pa The volume of the gas in each state is: V, = V, = 200m’ V. = V;= 9.00 m*, The gas may he treated as ideal. a) Draw the pV-iagram forthe cycle. b) Find the total work done on (or by) th sin the complete eycle. Does the gas do work oris work done on it?) Find the net heat pur into (or taken out of) the gas in one cycle Does heat go into the gas or out of the gas 19.47 Tyo moles of an ideal monatomic ‘abe. For the complete eycle, 800 J of heat flows out of the gas. Process ab is at constant pressure and process iis at constant vo ime. States a and have temperatures 7, = 200K and T, = 300K. a) Sketch the pV. diagram for the cycle. b) Whatis the work W forthe process ca’? 19.48 Thice moles of an ideal as are taken around the eye ‘abc shoxen in Fig, 19.30, For this gas, C, = 29.1 Hmol-K. Pro ‘ and process b is adiabatic | temperature of the gas in states Figure 19.30 Problem 19.48, 751 Problems a, ¢ and bis T T, = 492 K, and 7; 300 K, 600K. Calculate he total work W for the 19.49 An ideal mo mic gas first has its pressure increased while its volume is held fixed (process ab). Its volume is then ‘decreased at constant pressure until is temperature returns fo the value it had in state a (process be). The pressure for states band c is 6.00 X 10" Pa; the volumes for v rm and V, = 0.300 m-, a) Sketch the processes ab and be onthe same pl diagram, b) What isthe total heat flow for these two processes? 19.50 Nitrogen gas in an expandable from 50.0°C to 10.0°C with the pressure held 00 10° Pa ‘The total heat liberated by the gas is 2.50 X ne thatthe gas may be treated as ideal. a) Find the number of moles of ) Find the change in intemal energy of the gas, ) Find the work done by the gas. d) How much heat would be liberated by the eas for the same temperature change ifthe volume were consta 19.51 Ina certain peocess, 2.15 10°J of heat is liberated by system, and a the same time the system contracts under a Constant extemal pressure of 950 x 10 tem is the same at the beginning and end of the proc change in volume ofthe system, (The 19.52 A cylinder with «frie shown in Fig. 19.5, contains a quantity of helium gas, Initially the pressure of 1.00 X 10° Pa has a temperature of 300 K 1.50 L. The gas then undergoes two Processes In the frst the gas is The internal energy of the sys Find the onless, movable piston like that ated and the piston is allowed to move to keep the temperature equal to 300 K. This continues until ant pressure until it returns to it oi the second process, the Assume that the as ideal a) Ina ‘pV-dingram, show both processes. b) Find the volume of the gas at the end ofthe first process. and find the pressure and temperature the end of the second process. c) Find the total work done by the g ‘uring both processes.) What would you have to do to th ‘Tetum itto its original pressure and temperature 1953 A Thermodynamic Process i uid. A chemical eng neer is studying the properties of liquid methanol (CH e uses a steel cylinder wilh a cross-sectional area of 0.0200 m? and containing 1.20 x 10° m° of methanol. The e Poe: with a tight The temperature of the 500°C For methanol, the coefficie: 1.20 X 10"*K, the density is 79) the specific he capacity at constant pressure is = 2 ke°K. You can ignore the expansion of the Find a) the increase in volume of the methane ical work done by the methanol against the 3.0 N force: c) the amount of heat added of the ‘methanol. ¢) Based on sults, explain wh ace between the ant pressure) and ey ( x there is any eat capacities ¢ con: constant volume) for methanol u these conditions 1954 A Thermodynamic Process in a Solid. A cube of copper 2.00 cm on a side is suspended by a string. (The physical properties and 1733, ofe en in Tables 14.1, 17.2, The cube752 CHAPTER 19 | The Fist Law of Thermodynamics heated with a bumer from 20.0°C to 90.0°C. The air surrounding sure py and absolute temperature The gas expands isobarcally the cube is at atmospheric pressure (1.01 x 10° Pa). Find a) the to a volume 2V,, then expands further ad erease in volume of the cube; b) th yy the ume of 4¥j, a) Draw a pV-iagram for this sequence of processes cube to expand against the pressure ofthe surrounding air; ¢) the) Compute the total work done by the gas for this sequence of mount of heat added to the cube; d) the change in internal energy processes. c) Find the final temperatur patcally toa final vol nical work do of the gas. d) Find the the cube. €) Bused on your results, explain whether there is any absolute value |Q| of the total heat flow into or out of the gas for substantial difference between the specific heat capacities c, (at this sequen ses, an! state the direction of heat flow. constant pressure) and cy (at constant volume) for copper under 19,89 An air pump has a cylinder 0.250 m long with a movable hese conditions piston. The pump is used to compress air from the atmosphere (a 19.55 A Thermodynamic Process in an Insect. The African absolute pressure 1.01 X 10°Pa) into a very large tank at bombardier beetle Stenapuinus insignis can emit ajet of detensive 4.20% 10° Pa For air, € spray from the moveable tip of a) The piston begins sion stroke at the open end of the 8 abdomen (Fig. 19.31). The cylinder. How far down the length of the eylinder has the piston beetle’s body has reservoirs of moved when ar first hegins to flow from the cylinder into the tank two different chemicals; when the beetle is disturbe Assume thatthe compression is adiabatic. b) I the air is taken into these the pump at27.0°C, what isthe temperature of the compressed air? €) How much work does the purnp do in putting 20.0 mol of air into : 19.60 Engine Turbachar; ion chamber, producin 20°C to 100°C by the heat of 1s and Intercoolers. The power out ' gine is directly proportional to the mass of eas thai restr po . tr that can be fered into tho volume of the engine's eyndrs a BURReMSe tad io Figere 931, Proticn 1955. ace SMMMEMMPUMEaion Mins tart stone ietetyel a eeSirty A'i9 ‘rH ERA bflrc curs te engine, gives tue (68 kh), searing away predators ofall Kinds (Th greater mass of ar per volume. Tis api, esenialy alba shown inthe fgueis tethered oa wir fstnedto shack by wan. compression als hems heat To compres it fr, te sr then i responding to having its let foreleg pinched ty forceps. Te passes tog an iercooern which teat exchanger het wath beats? om lng.) Clelatethe eat cfreactin ofthe two chem ts surroundings at exrenally constant presure, The Ie hen ial in hg). Ate thatthe specific Heat eapaity ofthe two. drawn ithe eylnders In piel inalaor r akon ee chemicals and the pry is the same’ ar thal of wetey | 8 ris pressure (1.01 ® 10° Pa). densiy 4.19 % 10 Jfeg-K. and tt the inal empermure of the chen Bieiate 150°C. is congress acter cals 20° f Pa Inthe ere, he ir ood ta the 49.56 A Compressed-Air Engine You ae designing an engine original temperature Of TS1°C at 4 constant presaite of that rans on compresed ar. Aienters the engine ata pesire of 145 x 10°Pa.a) Draw a pV'diagram for thie sequence of 140 % 10° Pa and Teaves a a presto of 80 % 10° Pa, What b) ifthe volume of one ofthe engine's ylinders inst the temperature ofthe compressed sir befor hereto be no = of air esting rom the interooles wil il he possibility of frost forming in the exhaust ports ofthe engine? cylinder a 148% 10° Pa? Compared to the power ipl ot na ' Assume thatthe expansions adiabatic. (Noe: Frotwilformifthe engine tht takes ina 101 % 10° Paat 1.0% what pr cist ics cooled below O°C in the expansion increase i powers otsined by using the wrbocarger an 19.57 Chinook. Dus nooks” blow from i certain seasons strong winds called “chi- coo ext across the eastern slopes of the Rock= from 2 €) If the intercooler is not used, what mass turbocharger will fil the eylinder at 145 % ies and downhill into Denver and adjoining areas, Although the pared to the power output of an engine that mountains are cool, the wind in Denver is very hot; within a few 1,01 X 10° Pa at 15.0°C, what percentage increase in power is : minutes after the chinook wind arives, the temperature can climb obtained by using the turbocharger alonc? ; 20 C* (“chinook” is a Native American word meaning “snow 19.61 A monatomic ideal gas expands slowly to twice its original q eater"), Similar winds occur in the Alps (called “foehns") and in volume, doing 300 J of work inthe process. Find the heat added to t southem California (called “Santa Anas") a) Explain why the tem- the gas and the change in intemal energy of the gas if the process is t Perature of the chinook wind rises as it descends the slopes. Why a) isothermal; b) adiabatic: ¢) isobaric is it important thatthe wind be fast-mow wind is blowing toward Denver (elevation 1630 m) from Grays 2.40 X 10° Pa and 355 K. The oxygen may be treated as an ideal Peak (80 km west of Denver, at an elevation of 4350 m), where the gas. The gas first expands sobaricaly to twice its original volume. air pressure is 5.60 X 10* Pa and the air temperature is ~15.0°C. [tis then compressed isothermally back to its original volume, and The te ind pressure cr before the wind arrives finally it is cooled isocho are 207°C and 8.12 * 10* Pa. By how many Celsius degrees will ) Suppose a strong 19.62 A cylinder with a piston contains 0.2 at ally tis original pressure. a) Show the ies of processes on a pV-iagram, b) Compute the temperature the temperature in Denver rise when the chinook arrives? 19.58 A certain ideal gas bas molar heat capacity ume C;..A sample ofthis ga initially oceupiesa volume Vy at pres- during the series of pro uring the isothermal compression, e) Compute the maximum otal work dos nstant vol- pressure, d) Compute tl we by the piston on the gas