Basic Operations and Terminologies

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Home Computer Awareness Computer Basic operations and

Terminologies
Computer Basic operations and

Terminologies
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Computer
Overview
Basic
Concepts
by
Rajesh Goyal
I am giving below the very basics of the computer. In case you

already know computers, I am sure you will find this too
elementary and may even like to skip. However, I will still like
you to go through this page quickly as there may be one or two
points which may add some knowledge / clarification as in the
race to learn higher and higher, sometimes we miss even the
basics :-
What is a computer ? Define a Computer ?
A computer is an electronic device, which can compute and
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15-May-14 5:45 AM
Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com
process data as per the programmed set inside it.
However,
these days the term is mostly used to refer to the Desktop and
Laptop computers that are used by most of us.
If you have
seen inside a computer, you must have noticed that it is not a

single part machine.
These machines (Desktop and laptops)
are also popularly known as Personal Computers or PC.
Each
computer consists of number of technical parts which are

assembled in the required manner.
Broad Categories of Computers :-
1.Based on Uses :
1.1 Analog Computer : It measures pressure,

temperature, length, etc, of physical quantities and
converts into its numerical values. They are mainly
used for scientific and engineering purposes.
1.2 Digital Computer : It is used in counting of
numbers, words or other special symbols. It is also
used in fuel control of automobiles and banking
processes.
1.3 Hybrid Computer : It is the combined form of
analog and digital computer. Information is
continuously converted into data that are received in
the form of input. Output may be in form of analog
and digital. They are used in factories and machines.
2. Based on Sizes : computers are also classified based on their

size viz :
2.1 Micro Computer : It is the smallest computer

in which ALU and CPU are based on the same chip.
2.2 Personal Computer : It is single user system
used generally in homes and small businesses.
Desktop and Laptops are examples of PCs, as these
are best for day to day small operations.
2.3 Mini Computer : It is more powerful than micro
computer and can be used by many users at the
same time. It processes data very fast.
2.4 Main Frame Computer : They are giant in size
and of highly storage capacity. They can process an
ample amount of data very rapidly. They are used in
banks, large organization and public sectors.
2.5 Super Computer : They are capable of
processing the huge amount of data in fraction of
seconds. They are used in very complex calculation.
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15-May-14 5:45 AM
What are the Major Parts of the Computer :-
Central Processing Unit (popularly known as CPU)

it consists of different technical parts like processor,
motherboard, hard disc, RAM, CD Drive and cabinet
with SMPS.
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
What are major accessories of the computer system ?
In addition to the above referred major components of the

computer, we find the following accessories attached to most of
the computers :-
Speakers
Printers
Scanners
Modem
Explain the concept of CPU:
Central Processing Unit or CPU is considered as the brain of

computer.
CPU consists of electronic circuits that interpret and
execute instructions. It communicates with the input, output and

storage devices. CPU, with the help of memory, executes
instructions in the repetition of machine cycles. The speed of
computer is measured in megahertz, MHz. A MHz is a million
machine cycles per second. A personal computer of 500 MHz has
a processor capable of handling 500 million machine cycles per
second. Another measure of speed is gigahertz (GHz), which
means a billion machine cycles per second.
Explain the concept of Memory RAM / ROM :
Memory or internal memory or primary storage works with the

CPU to hold instructions and data in order to be processed.
It is
in the memory that data and instructions are placed after being
input.
(a) Moreover, the information is also placed in memory after

processing so as to be returned to an output device.
This kind of
memory holds data only temporarily till electrical current flow

continuously. If current is interrupted, data is lost. Random
Access memory (popularly known as RAM) is an example of this
kind of memory.
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Thus, in this memory when we switch off the
15-May-14 5:45 AM
computer, the data is lost.
The users access data in RAM
memory randomly as per needs. RAM can be erased or written

over at will by the computer programme
(b) Another kind of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM). It

contains prorams and data that are permanently recorded when
the computer is manufactured. It is read only and is used by the
processor. It is permanent in nature. and can not be altered or
deleted by the user.
Thus, we can say that RAM is like a slate where you can write
something for immediate reference and then wipe / change data
by adding or deleting when it is not needed, but ROM is like a
printed book, where once the text is printed then it cannot be
altered.
(c) Secondary memory is also known as external memory or

storage. It consists of Hard Discs,
Floppy Disc (now a days out
of fashion) , CDs and DVDs as well as pen drives. External

device consists of more storage space and most dynamic in terms
of storing data.
Memory is measured in bytes. A byte is usually made up of 8

bits and represents one character a letter, digit or symbol.
The
number of bytes that can be held is a measure of the memory

and storage capacity.
Bytes are usually measured in groups of
kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.
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What are the Functions of the major components /

accessories of the compute system:-
CPU is the main unit of processing data, a mother borad is an

electronic circuit for different functions, hard disc is for storing
the data, CD drive is to read and write data on CDs (compact
discs).
Monitor is for displaying the data, and is also popularly
known as screen or display unit. Keyboard is used to input the

data.
Mouse is a pointing or selection unit. Speakers, we all
know, are used to hear the sound / music. Printer is used to take
the print of the data from the computer system. Scanner is used
to scan and then store the image / pictures in the computer.
Modem is used to connect to internet.
I hope you have been able to pick up few new concepts and
explanations.
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Home Computer Awareness Computer Basic operations and

Computer Basic operations and

I am giving below the very basics of the computer. In case you

What is a computer ? Define a Computer ?

A computer is an electronic device, which can compute and

Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

process data as per the programmed set inside it.

seen inside a computer, you must have noticed that it is not a

These machines (Desktop and laptops)

are also popularly known as Personal Computers or PC.

computer consists of number of technical parts which are

Broad Categories of Computers :-

1.1 Analog Computer : It measures pressure,

2. Based on Sizes : computers are also classified based on their

2.1 Micro Computer : It is the smallest computer

Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

What are the Major Parts of the Computer :-

Central Processing Unit (popularly known as CPU)

What are major accessories of the computer system ?

In addition to the above referred major components of the

Explain the concept of CPU:

Central Processing Unit or CPU is considered as the brain of

CPU consists of electronic circuits that interpret and

execute instructions. It communicates with the input, output and

Explain the concept of Memory RAM / ROM :

Memory or internal memory or primary storage works with the

(a) Moreover, the information is also placed in memory after

memory holds data only temporarily till electrical current flow

Thus, in this memory when we switch off the

Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

computer, the data is lost.

The users access data in RAM

memory randomly as per needs. RAM can be erased or written

(b) Another kind of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM). It

(c) Secondary memory is also known as external memory or

Floppy Disc (now a days out

of fashion) , CDs and DVDs as well as pen drives. External

Memory is measured in bytes. A byte is usually made up of 8

number of bytes that can be held is a measure of the memory

Bytes are usually measured in groups of

kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.

Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

What are the Functions of the major components /

CPU is the main unit of processing data, a mother borad is an

Monitor is for displaying the data, and is also popularly

known as screen or display unit. Keyboard is used to input the

Mouse is a pointing or selection unit. Speakers, we all

October 17, 2013

Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

1,670 people like bestguru.com.

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Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

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Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

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Computer - Basic operations and Terminologies - Bestguru.com

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