cen58933_ch04.

qxd

9/10/2002

9:12 AM

Page 220

220
HEAT TRANSFER
To T
Ti T
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

o =

k
hL = 1
Bi =

0.6
0.4
0.7 0.5
0.3

35

25

30

16

2 1.8
1.6 1.4
1.2

0.05

2.5

0
2

50

40

20

18

0.2

0.1

45

12

10

0.

0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002

4 6 8 10

14

18

22

26

30 50
= t/L2

70

100

120

150

T
h

(a) Midplane temperature (from M. P. Heisler)

300

Initially
T = Ti
0

T T
To T
x/L = 0.2
1.0

Q
Qmax
1.0

0.9

0.9

0.4

Bi = hL/k

0.4

0.8

50

10

0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2

0.00
5
0.01
0.02

0.3

0.9

0.1
1.0
0
0.01
0.1

0.00
1
0.00
2

0.5

0.2

L
2L

Bi =

0.6

0.5
0.3

T
h

0.7

0.6

0.6
0.4

600 700

0.8

0.8
0.7

400 500

20

0.001

100
80 90
60 70

14
1.0

0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

Plate

0.2
Plate
1.0

10

100

0.1
0
105

Plate
10 4

103

102

1
k
=
Bi
hL
(b) Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2

10

102

103

104

(c) Heat transfer (from H. Grber et al.)

FIGURE 413
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a plane wall of thickness 2L initially at a uniform temperature Ti
subjected to convection from both sides to an environment at temperature T with a convection coefficient of h.

where m is the mass, V is the volume,  is the density, and Cp is the specific
heat of the body. Thus, Qmax represents the amount of heat transfer for t .
The amount of heat transfer Q at a finite time t will obviously be less than this

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9:12 AM

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221
CHAPTER 4
o =

To T
Ti T

1.0
0.7

Cylinder

0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1

8
1.

16

90

18
70

14

12

1.6

10

80

60

1.2

50

10

0.8
0.6

8
45

35

30

0.3
0.1

0.5

40

0.4

0.2

0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003

25

20

1 .4

1.0

0.02

= 1
Bi =

2.
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03

hr

0.002
0.001

4 6 8 10

14

18

22
26
= t /ro2

30

50

70

100

120

(a) Centerline temperature (from M. P. Heisler)

140 150

Q
Qmax
1.0

0.9

0.9
0.4

0.4
0.8

50

20

10

0.3
0.2

0.9

0.1
1.0
0
0.1
0.01

0.5

0.4
0.2

0.00
1
0.00
2
0.00
5
0.01
0.02

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.05
0.1
0.2

0.7

0.5
0.3

Bi = hro /k

0.8

0.7
0.6

ro r

Bi =

0.8

350

T Initially T
h
T = Ti h
0

T T
=
To T
1.0 r/ro = 0.2

250

Cylinder
1.0

10

100

1
k
=
Bi
hro
(b) Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

0.1
0
105

Cylinder
10 4

103

102

101
Bi 2

10

102

103

104

h2 t/k 2

(c) Heat transfer (from H. Grber et al.)

FIGURE 414
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a long cylinder of radius ro initially at a uniform temperature Ti
subjected to convection from all sides to an environment at temperature T with a convection coefficient of h.

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9:12 AM

Page 222

222
HEAT TRANSFER
To T
Ti T

1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

12 14

2.

0.02

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.5

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
= t/ro2

30

40

50

100

150

(a) Midpoint temperature (from M. P. Heisler)

T T

T
h

1.0

0.9

0.9
0.4

ro

Bi = hro /k

0.3

0.8

0.3

0.2

0.9

0.2

0.1

1.0
1.0

10

50

20

10

0.1

Sphere
0.1

0.5
1

0.4

0.05
0.1
0.2

0.5

0.4

0.00
1
0.00
2

0.6

0.6

0.00
5
0.01
0.02

0.7

0.5

0
0.01

T
h

0.8

0.7
0.6

Initially
T = Ti

Q
Qmax

To T
r/ro = 0.2
1.0
0.8

250

Bi =

200

0.75

0.5 0.35
0.2 0.1 .05
0
0

0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002

4
3 .5

2.0
2.2 8 1.6
1.
.2
1.4 1
1.0

6 2.8
2.
4

50
40
45
0
35 3
25 20
18 16

10
9 8
7 6
5

3.0

0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03

0.001

100
80 90
60 70

Sphere

k
hr = 1
o
Bi =

o =

100

0
105

Sphere
10 4

103

102

1 = k
Bi hro
(b) Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2

10

102

103

104

(c) Heat transfer (from H. Grber et al.)

FIGURE 415
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a sphere of radius ro initially at a uniform temperature Ti subjected to
convection from all sides to an environment at temperature T with a convection coefficient of h.

maximum. The ratio Q/Qmax is plotted in Figures 413c, 414c, and 415c
against the variables Bi and h2t/k2 for the large plane wall, long cylinder, and