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POLE SLIP PROTECTION ON 400 kV TRANSSMISION LINE

Ante Marusic, PhD,


ante.marusic@fer.hr

Srdjan Skok, PhD,


srdjan.skok@fer.hr

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing


Department of Power Systems
Unska 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract - Major disturbances in power system might
cause big electromechanical oscillations that can influence
unwanted operation of different protection functions and
lead to a loss of synchronism between generator groups
located in two different parts of a power system. In such
situations disconnection of subsystems in points closest to
the electrical centre of oscillation proved to prevent
collapse of a complete system. It is useful to use software
for dynamic simulation of electric power systems to make
quality control of critical clearing time in power system.
The Eurostag Software is used in this article.

Igor Ivankovic, BSc,


igor.ivankovic@hep.hr

Robert Vlajcevic, BSc


robert.vlajcevic@hep.hr

Croatian Power Company


Transsmision District Zagreb
Vukovarska 37, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
EA and EB, connected by symmetric three-phase linear
network which has equally direct and inverse
impedance components, with relay located in the
position R in the network, and the failure in any F
position. In such a simple system, we can presuppose
that there are two equal sources of energy, in which case
synchronic engines shall be presented with equal direct
and inverse reactance. Figure 1 shows the use of an
equivalent system for the stability analysis.

Keywords: Power swing, pole slip protection, software


support Eurostag 4.2
1

INTRODUCTION

In case a disturbance occurs in a power system,


the response of the system depends on the initial state of
the system and the nature of the disturbance. Failure in
the critical element is followed by its isolation through
protection relays, which causes a change in power
flows, voltage in buses in the network and square
velocity of generators. The differences in voltage shall
activate the function of generator voltage regulator,
while the differences in generator velocities shall start
the rotation velocity regulator.
Depending on the disturbance intensity and the
effect of protection relays as well as other regulation
devices in the system, the system remains stabile and
returns into the new state of equilibrium that can be
described as a stabile power swing. On the other side, if
a system is transitionally unstable, it shall cause greater
distancing of generator rotator angles, greater power
swings, greater fluctuations in voltage and current, and
eventually lead to the loss of synchronism between a
group of generators and the rest of the power system or
between two interconnected power systems.
2

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TWOENGINE SYSTEM

Figure 1: Use of an equivalent system for the stability


analysis

In case of such a two-engine system the vector


presentation of voltage and current are as shown in the
Figure 2.

Figure 2: Vector presentation of voltage and current on relay


during power swing

In case that EB is a reference source, the EA source can


be shown as EA.
The current passing through the transmission line comes
from the following expression:

2.1 Equivalent system used for stability analysis

I = (EA - EB) / (ZA+ZL+ZB)

In order to calculate the impedance which the


relay measures during the period of synchronism loss in
power transmission line, we shall look into the model of
two-engine three-phase systems of two generators

Voltage measured in C bus is obtained from the


following expression:
UC =EA - [(EA - EB)/(ZA+ZL+ZB)]ZA

(1)

(2)

Impedance, which the relay detects in the transmission


line outside C bus, can be obtained from the following
expression:
ZR = UC /I = {EA - [(EA-EB)/
/(ZA+ZL+ZB)]ZA}/
/ [(EA - EB) / (ZA+ZL+ZB)]

(3)

ZAB = ZA+ZL+ZB

(4)

ZR = {EA - [(EA - EB) / ZAB] ZA} /


/ [(EA - EB)/ ZAB]

(5)

ZR = - ZA + ZAB (EA) / (EA - EB)

(6)

ZR = - ZA + ZAB / ( - 1)

(7)

ZR = - ZA + ZAB [(1 cos + j sin) / (2sin)]

(8)

This result indicates that when the angle changes from


0 to 360 during the period of synchronism loss, the
impedance trajectory from ZR follows the line of conduit
and is determined by the distance (ZAB/2 ZA), and is
transversal to ZAB total impedance.
3 CALCULATION BASED ON A SIMPLIFIED
MODEL OF 400 kV CROATIAN TRANSMISSION
NETWORK

The calculation was conducted on a segment of


400 kV transmission network which is in the most part
situated within the state borders of the Republic of
Croatia, but which also reaches to a part of the networks
in the neighbouring countries - Slovenia, Hungary,
Serbia and Monte Negro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The figure 4 shows the topology of the network used in
the calculation. The input data for the calculation by use
of Eurostag software package are data on generators,
transformers, buses, loads and transmission lines.
The results of the conducted calculation of
power flow are input data for the dynamic simulation by
use of Eurostag software package.
The base voltage of 380 kV and the base power
of 100 MVA were used in all calculations. The
predefined voltage regulators and turbine regulators for
all power plants were used in accordance to IEEE.
The calculation was made of current voltage
conditions for failures on transmission lines Krko Tumbri and erjavinec Heviz.
3.2. Analysed events
A three-pole short circuit on a transmission line
with resistance on the spot of the failure equalling 0 was
defined as a failure. The following events were
analysed:

3.1. Calculation description


The calculation of synchronism loss in power
transmission line was conducted by applying the
Eurostag software package.
LITER
LITER

HEVIZ

TOPONAR
NE PAKS

PODLOG

PAKS

HEVIZ

MARIBOR

TOPONAR

NEP

OTANJ
MARIBOR

OTANJ

ERJAVIN
KRKO NE
BERICEVO

TUMBRI

BERICEVO

ERJAVIN

NE KRKO
KRKO
MELINA

ERNESTIN
TUMBRI

DIVAA

MITROVIC
MITROVIC

VELEBIT
DIVAA

MLADOST

ERNESTIN

MELINA
RHE VELE

HE ZAK
RHE VELE

VELEBIT

UGLJEVIK

ZAKUCAC
TE UGLJE
KONJSKO

KONJSKO
TE UGLJE

Figure 4: Transmission network used in the calculation

MLADOST

a three pole short circuit on transmission lines:


Krko Tumbri 1and erjavinec Heviz 1,

a three pole short circuit was simulated on the


positions of 5%, 50% and 95% from the start of
the line
it was presupposed that the distance protection sets
into function in first level, and that, together with
the switch shut off, the failure is fixed within the
period of 100 ms
it was presupposed that the failures are transient,
and that auto-reclose functions successfully upon
800 ms

a three pole short circuit on a the position of 50%


from the start of the transmission line
it is presupposed that the protection in first level
failed, so that the protection in second level sets
into function within the time period of 420 ms
auto-reclose does not function and the failure is
fixed by shutting off the failed transmission line.

The figure 5 shows the trajectory in R-X plane


on Krko Tumbri 1 transmission line, together with
some features of synchronism loss function. The figure
5 shows that the impedance trajectory entered into the
area of the working feature of the pole slip protection,
i.e. into the part of the stated area which defines the
required number of passes required for the functioning
of the switch shut off.
This simulation leads to a conclusion that in
case of such a three-pole short circuit on a transmission
line, with the failure correction time being 420 ms, the
pole slip protection would be activated in such
transmission lines. This simulation indicated that this
kind of simplified model and the use of Eurostag
software package can produce an approximate
presentation of the movement of the impedance
trajectory in the impedance plane in relation to the
features of the relay.
X/[ ]
50
40
30
20
10
-40

-30

-20

-10

10
20

30

40 R/[ ]

-10
-20

Figure 5: Trajectory on RX plane of the Krko-Tumbri 1


transmission line

CO-ORDINATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT


PROTECTION

When the conditions of synchronism loss in the


electro-magnetic system occur, there occur the
oscillations of voltage and currents, which can be very
dangerous due to maximum amounts of the current. In
such circumstances there is great chance of failures such
as switch slip and similar failures which can result in the
collapse of the whole system, in case the system is not
equipped with safe protection devices which functioning
is mutually co-ordinated. Although the conditions of
synchronism loss are not frequent events in the system,
when they do occur, it is very important to react
promptly in order to achieve the controlled separation of
the system in accordance with the positions defined in
advance and to ensure the continuation of normal
operation of the rest of the power system. The
requirements set on the pole slip protection relay in
conditions of synchronism loss should be identical to
the requirements in which the relay protection functions
in normal working conditions of the system in terms of
velocity, selectivity, sensitivity and reliance. However,
due to the nature of distance relays operation in
conditions of synchronism loss, it is almost impossible
to maintain the same conduct of these relays as is in
case of normal failures the system.
5 CONCEPT OF PROTECTION ON
TRANSMISSION LINE APPLIED ON 400 kV
SUBSTATION
The concept of relay protection of
transmission field in the Tumbri transmission substation
is made with regards to the availability of the state of
the art numerical relay, by means of which a very good
technical solution for the protection of transmission
lines against all kinds of failures in 400 and 220 kV
network was made. The new concept of transmission
line protection is based on the pole slip protection on a
transmission line as the base protection, which uses
longitudinal differential protection as the second
function on the relay, and the distance protection as the
third function on the same device. The second main
protection of the transmission line uses distance
protection as a base function.
By installing the pole slip protection on
transmission lines as the base protection of the
transmission line, along with the longitudinal
differential protection there also comes a very modern
solution which can meet any requirements regarding
velocity and selectivity of protection operation on the
transmission line. Pole slip protection (PSP) provides
good protection of the Croatian power system against
larger disturbances and failures that can penetrate into
our system from the neighbouring power systems.
By use of the constructed power network, very
successful transmission passages have been realised
aimed at the transmission of information required in the
protection system. Figure 6 shows the functional block

scheme of the protection applied on 400 kV Krko Tumbri 1 transmission line.

Figure 6:Concept of protection applied on Krko transformer


station on 400 kV Krko - Tumbri 1 transmission line

It is very important to secure the stability of


distant protections in the area where synchronism loss
i.e. power swings occur, in order to set up co-ordinated
protection activities aimed at the elimination of failures
and preservation of normal operation in the power
system.
6

CONCLUSION

The loss of synchronism in the power system is


one of a number of disturbances that may occur.
Previously the reaction to such disturbances was
through existing protections, neither of which had been
intended for that exact purpose. The numeric relays
today have that function and such a disturbance can be
isolated. The functions of pole slip protection are
different for the needs of generator protection i.e.
protection transmission systems. The protection of
transmission lines must be harmonised and co-ordinated
with different functions, but at the same time, without
losing the possibility of transmission line protection at
all times, which altogether makes the setting of such a
function even more demanding.
Shutting off separated transmission lines or
production units in a part of a power system, as well as
late rectification of failures can bring the whole power
system, or a part of it, into the state of unsynchronised
operation which can result in synchronism loss. This
event happens very fast in the time frame of a few
milliseconds. Therefore the newly emerged situation
can be adequately responded to only by a specially
designed function which is a co-ordinated operation
with the functions of distance protection, power swings,
and blockade of distance functions. This function, at the
same time, prevents unwanted shut off of transmission
lines during various power swings.
The use of software support in prevention of
such occurrences is necessary in order to obtain most
accurate data possible regarding the performance of
power system in such marginal conditions. The
software support therefore becomes an unavoidable tool
of an engineer for relay protection, which have to gain
control over the dynamic occurrences. Upon entering
data into a database, which is one of the more
demanding tasks related to data, it is possible to start the
use of packages and to define the characteristic switchin states and failure scenarios. The results of the
calculations shall enable obtaining of information about
developments in the power system.

REFERENCES

[1] Y.G. Paithankar: Transmission network protection,


Marcel Dakher Inc., New York, 1997.
[2] ABB: User guide REL 561, Line distance
protection terminal, ABB Network Control and
Protection, Vsters, Sweden, 2000.
[3] E. Clarke: Impedances seen by relays during power
swings with and without faults, AIEE Trans. Vol.
64, 1945., pp 373-384
[4] W.F. Mackenzie et al.: IEEE Power System
Relaying
Committee:
Loss-of-Field
Relay
Operation During Systems Disturbances, IEEE
Trans. PAS-94, No. 5, 1975., 1464-1472.

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