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Using a calculator:
(a) e1.8 = 0.1653, correct to 4 significant figures
(b) e 0.78 = 0.4584, correct to 4 significant figures
(c) e10 = 22 030, correct to 4 significant figures
(b) e2.7483
(c) 0.62e4.178
Using a calculator:
a) e1.629 = 5.0988, correct to 5 significant figures
(b) e2.7483 = 0.064037, correct to 5 significant figures
(c) 0.62e4.178 = 40.446, correct to 5 significant figures
1 3.4629
e
7
(b) 8.52e1.2651
(c)
5e 2.6921
3e1.1171
Using a calculator:
(a)
1 3.4629
e
= 4.55848, correct to 5 decimal places
7
5e 2.6921
= 8.05124, correct to 5 decimal places
3e1.1171
5.6823
e 2.1347
249
(b)
e 2.1127 e 2.1127
2
(c)
4 (e 1.7295 1)
e3.6817
Using a calculator:
(a)
5.6823
= 48.04106, correct to 5 decimal places
e 2.1347
(b)
e 2.1127 e 2.1127
= 4.07482, correct to 5 decimal places
2
(c )
4 ( e 1.7295 1)
e3.6817
6. When a chain of length 2L is suspended from two points, 2D metres apart, on the same
L + L2 + k 2
horizontal level: D = k ln
. Evaluate D when k = 75 m and L = 180 m.
L + L2 + k 2
180 + 1802 + 752
180 + 195
=
k ln =
75 ln =
75
ln
75 {ln 5} = 120.7 m
k
75
75
250
e x =+
1 x+
x 2 x3 x 4
+ + + ...
2! 3! 4!
When x = 1, e 1 = 1 + (1) +
(a)
e x =+
1 x+
When x = 2, e 2 = 1 + 2 +
x 2 x3 x 4
+ + + ...
2! 3! 4!
2 2 23 2 4 25 2 6
+ + + + + ...
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
(2 x) 2 (2 x)3 (2 x) 4
+
+
+ ...
(1 2x) e 2 x = (1 2x) 1 + 2 x +
2!
3!
4!
251
4
2
= (1 2x) 1 + 2 x + 2 x 2 + x3 + x 4
3
3
= 1 + 2 x + 2 x2 +
4 3 2 4
8
x + x 2 x 4 x 2 4 x 3 x 4 ...
3
3
3
8
= 1 2 x 2 x3 2 x 4
3
4. Expand (2e x2 )(x1/2) to six terms.
e x =+
1 x+
1/2
(2x ) e
x2
x 2 x3 x 4
+ + + ...
2! 3! 4!
( x 2 ) 2 ( x 2 )3 ( x 2 ) 4 ( x 2 )
2
= (2x ) 1 + x +
+
+
+
...
2!
3!
4!
5!
1/2
x 4 x 6 x8 x10
+
+ ...
= (2x1/2) 1 + x 2 + + +
2 6 24 120
1
2
= 2x + 2x
2+
1
2
4+
2x
+
2
1
2
2x
6 +
1
2
8+
10
2x 2 2x 2
...
+
+
24
120
1
5
9
1 13 1 17 1 21
= 2x 2 + 2x 2 + x 2 + x 2 + x 2 +
x 2 ...
3
12
60
252
1. Plot a graph of y = 3e 0.2 x over the range x = 3 to x = 3. Hence determine the value of y when
x = 1.4 and the value of x when y = 4.5
From the graph, when x = 1.4, y = 3.95 and when y = 4.5, x = 2.05
2. Plot a graph of y =
1 1.5 x
e
over a range x = 1.5 to x = 1.5 and hence determine the value of y
2
x
y=
1.5
1 1.5 x
e
2
4.74
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.24
1.06
0.50
0.24
0.11
0.05
From the graph, when x = 0.8, y = 1.65 and when y = 3.5, x = 1.30
3. In a chemical reaction the amount of starting material C cm 3 left after t minutes is given by:
C = 40e 0.006t . Plot a graph of C against t and determine (a) the concentration C after 1 hour, and
(b) the time taken for the concentration to decrease by half.
Time t (min)
20
40
60
80
100 120
254
4. The rate at which a body cools is given by = 250e 0.05t , where the excess of temperature of a
body above its surroundings at time t minutes is C. Plot a graph showing the natural decay curve
for the first hour of cooling. Hence determine (a) the temperature after 25 minutes and (b) the time
when the temperature is 195C.
10
20 30 40 50 60
255
256
1
ln 5.2932
3
(b)
ln 82.473
4.829
5.62 ln 321.62
e1.2942
(c)
Using a calculator:
(a)
1
ln 5.2932 = 0.55547, correct to 5 significant figures
3
(b)
ln 82.473
= 0.91374, correct to 5 significant figures
4.829
(c)
5.62 ln 321.62
= 8.8941, correct to 5 significant figures
e1.2942
1.786 ln e1.76
lg101.41
(b)
5e 0.1629
2 ln 0.00165
(c)
ln 4.8629 ln 2.4711
5.173
Using a calculator,
(a)
1.786 ln e1.76
(1.786)(1.76)
=
= 2.2293, correct to 5 significant figures
lg101.41
(1.41)
(b)
5e 0.1629
= 0.33154, correct to 5 significant figures
2 ln 0.00165
(c)
ln 4.8629 ln 2.4711
= 0.13087, correct to 5 significant figures
5.173
1.5
= e2t
4
1.5
2t
Taking Napierian logarithms of both sides gives: ln
= ln(e )
4
Since log ee = , then
1.5
ln
= 2t
4
257
Hence,
t=
1 1.5 1
ln
= ( 0.980829) = 0.4904, correct to 4 significant figures
2 4 2
i.e.
7.83
2.91
e 1.7 =
then
7.83
1.7x = ln
2.91
and
x=
7.83
ln e 1.7 x = ln
2.91
and
1 7.83
ln
= 0.5822, correct to 4 significant figures
1.7 2.91
If=
16 24 1 e 2
then
t
16
= 1 e 2
24
16
24
from which,
e 2 = 1
and
t
16
= ln 1
2
24
16
t = 2 ln 1 = 2.197, correct to 4 significant figures
24
and
x
6. Solve correct to 4 significant figures: 5.17 = ln
4.64
x
x
5.17
From the definition of a logarithm, since 5.17 = ln
then e =
4.64
4.64
Rearranging gives:
x = 4.64 e5.17
i.e.
1.59
7. Solve correct to 4 significant figures: 3.72 ln
= 2.43
x
1.59
If 3.72 ln
= 2.43
x
then
1.59 2.43
ln
=
x 3.72
258
2.43
1.59
= e 3.72
x
from which,
and
1.59
x=
2.43
3.72
= 1.59 e
2.43
3.72
If
ln x = 2.40
then
ln e 2 x = ln 21
2x = ln 21
x=
1
ln 21 = 1.522
2
ln e x+1 = ln12
i.e.
x + 1 = ln 12
and
5 8 1 e 2
11. Solve correct to 4 significant figures: =
Rearranging=
5 8 1 e 2 gives:
and
x
5
=1 e 2
8
x
2
=1
5 3
=
8 8
x
e2 =
259
8
3
x
8
Taking Napierian logarithms of both sides gives: ln e 2 = ln
3
x
8
= ln
2
3
i.e.
8
x = 2 ln = 1.962, correct to 4 significant figures
3
from which,
x+3
Since ln(x + 3) ln x = ln(x 1) then ln =
ln ( x 1)
x
x+3
=
from which,
( x 1)
i.e.
x + 3 = x(x 1)
i.e.
x + 3 = x2 x
Rearranging gives:
Factorizing gives:
from which,
x2 2x 3 =
0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
Since ln ( x 1) ln 3= ln ( x 1)
2
from which,
then
( x 1)2
ln ( x 1)
ln
=
3
( x 1) 2
= x 1
3
i.e.
x2 2x + 1
= x 1
3
and
x 2 2 x + 1 = 3x 3
i.e.
x2 5x + 4 =
0
Factorizing gives:
from which,
(x 4)(x 1) = 0
x = 4 or x = 1
260
i.e.
ln[ x 2 2 x + 3 x 6 ] = 10
i.e.
ln[ x 2 + x 6] = 10
x 2 + x 6 = e10
and x 2 + x 6 e10 = 0
i.e.
from which,
x 2 + x 22 032.5 =
0
x=
1 12 4(1)(22032.5) 1 296.87
= 147.9 or 1.001
=
2(1)
2
ln ( e( x +1) ) = ln ( 3e( 2 x 5) )
i.e.
1)
ln ( e( x +=
) ln 3 + ln ( e( 2 x5) ) by the first law of logarithms
and
(x + 1) = ln 3 + (2x 5)
Rearranging gives:
5 + 1 ln 3 = 2x x
i.e.
x = 6 ln 3 = 4.901
Since
ln ( x + 1) = 1.5 ln ( x 2 ) + ln ( x + 1)
then
ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x 2 ) ln ( x + 1) =
1.5
261
and
( x + 1) 2 ( x 2) )
ln
= 1.5
( x + 1)
i.e.
ln ( ( x + 1)( x 2) ) =
1.5
i.e.
ln ( x 2 2 x + x 2 ) =
1.5
and
( x 2 2 x + x 2 ) =e1.5
i.e.
x 2 x 2 e1.5 =
0
i.e.
x 2 x 6.48169 =
0
2
1 ( 1) 4 (1)( 6.48169 ) 1 26.92676
x=
=
2 (1)
2
then
1 + 26.92676
1 26.92676
or
2
2
Since b = ln t a ln D then ln t = b + a ln D
b + a ln D
=
t e=
eb=
e a ln D eb eln Da
and
18. If
Since
i.e. t = eb D a
since eln x = x
P
R1
= 10 log10 find the value of R1 when
=
P 160,
=
Q 8 and R2 = 5
Q
R2
P
R1
= 10 log10
Q
R2
then
P
R1
= log10
10Q
R2
P
1010Q =
and
R1
R2
P
160
R1 = R2 1010Q =
5 10 80 =
5 102 = 5 100 = 500
from which,
262
Since U 2 = U1 e
PV
W
W
U2
U2
then
= e PV and ln
= ln e PV
U1
U1
U2 W
ln
=
U1 PV
i.e.
U2
W = PV ln
U1
from which,
m1
20. The velocity v2 of a rocket is given by v2= v1 + C ln
where v1 is the initial rocket
m2
velocity, C is the velocity of the jet exhaust gases, m1 is the mass of the rocket before the jet
engine is fired, and m2 is the mass of the rocket after the jet engine is switched off. Calculate
the velocity of the rocket given v1 = 600 m/s, C = 3500 m/s, m1 = 8.50 104 kg and
m2
7.60 104
= 992 m/s
21. The work done in an isothermal expansion of a gas from pressure p1 to p2 is given by:
p1
w = w0 ln
p2
If the initial pressure p1 = 7.0 kPa, calculate the final pressure p2 if w = 3 w0
If w = 3 w0 then
p1
3 w0 = w0 ln
p2
i.e.
p1
3 = ln
p2
and
=
e3
from which,
final pressure,=
p2
p1 7000
=
p2
p2
7000
= 7000 e 3 = 348.5 Pa
e3
263
1. The temperature, TC, of a cooling object varies with time, t minutes, according to the
equation:
2. The pressure p pascals at height h metres above ground level is given by: p = p 0 e h/C, where p 0 is
the pressure at ground level and C is a constant. Find pressure p when p 0 = 1.012 105 Pa, height
h = 1420 m and C = 71 500
Pressure, p = p0 e
h
C
=
(1.012 105 ) e
1420
71500
=
(1.012 105 )(0.980336) = 9.921104 Pa or 99.21 kPa
3. The voltage drop, v volts, across an inductor L henrys at time t seconds is given by: v = 200 e
Rt
L
where R = 150 and L = 12.5 10 3 H. Determine (a) the voltage when t = 160 106 s, and
(b) the time for the voltage to reach 85 V.
Rt
L
= 200 e
and
Thus,
(150 )(160106 )
12.5103
150 t
12.5103
from which,
150 t
85
= e 12.5103
200
150 t
85
=
ln
12.5 10
200
time t =
12.5 103 85
6
ln
= 71.3110 s
150
200
264
4. The length l metres of a metal bar at temperature tC is given by l = l 0 et, where l 0 and are
constants. Determine (a) the value of l when l 0 = 1.894, = 2.038 10 4 and t = 250C, and
(b) the value of l 0 when l = 2.416, t = 310C and = 1.682 104
2.038104 )( 250 )
(a) Length,
l = l0 e t 1.894 e(=
=
1.894
=
e0.05096 (1.894)(1.05227) = 1.993 m
l
)( 310 ) 2.416 e 0.052142
(b) Since l = l0 e t , then l0 = = l =
e t 2.416 e (1.682104=
t
e
= (2.416)(0.949194) = 2.293 m
5. The temperature 2 C of an electrical conductor at time t seconds is given by: 2 = 1 (1 et/T),
where 1 is the initial temperature and T seconds is a constant.
Determine (a) 2 when 1 = 159.9C, t = 30 s and T = 80 s,
and
30
t
2
= 1 e T
1
and
from which,
t
T
= 1
2
1
2
Tt
ln e =
ln 1
1
t
2
= ln 1
T
1
1
2
time, t = T ln 1 = 80 ln 1 = 80 ln 0.5 = 55.45 s
2
1
265
6. A belt is in contact with a pulley for a sector of = 1.12 radians and the coefficient of friction
between these two surfaces is = 0.26. Determine the tension on the taut side of the belt, T
newtons, when tension on the slack side is given by T 0 = 22.7 newtons, given that these
quantities are related by the law T = T0 e.
Tension T = T0 e = 22.7 e( 0.26)(1.12) = 22.7 e0.2912 = 30.37 N
7. The instantaneous current i at time t is given by: i = 10et/CR when a capacitor is being charged.
The capacitance C is 7 10 6 farads and the resistance R is 0.3 106 ohms. Determine:
(a) the instantaneous current when t is 2.5 seconds, and
(b) the time for the instantaneous current to fall to 5 amperes.
Sketch a curve of current against time from t = 0 to t = 6 seconds.
(a) Current, i = 10 e
(b) When i = 5,
2.5
7106 0.3106
5 = 10 e
= 3.04 A
t
2.1
from which,
t
5
ln =
2.1
10
Thus,
Time t
Current i 10
and
2
t
5
= e 2.1
10
266
8. The amount of product x (in mol/cm3) found in a chemical reaction starting with 2.5 mol/cm3 of
reactant is given by: x = 2.5(1 e 4t) where t is the time, in minutes, to form product x. Plot a
graph at 30-second intervals up to 2.5 minutes and determine x after 1 minute.
Amount of product, x = 2.5(1 e 4t)
Time t (min) 0
x (mol/cm3)
0.5 1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
267
t
0.5
(a) Current,
=
i 12.5 1 e CR = 12.5 1 e 20106 30103 = 7.07 A
t
t
10
(b) When i = 10 A, =
from which,
10 12.5 1 e 0.6
= 1 e 0.6
12.5
Thus,
i.e.
t
0.6
= 1
10
12.5
and
t
10
= ln 1
0.6
12.5
10
time, t = 0.6 ln 1
= 0.966 s
12.5
268
10. The amount A after n years of a sum invested P is given by the compound interest law:
A = Per n/100 when the per unit interest rate r is added continuously. Determine, correct to the
nearest pound, the amount after eight years for a sum of 1500 invested if the interest rate is 6%
per annum.
rn
68
11. The percentage concentration C of the starting material in a chemical reaction varies with time t
according to the equation C = 100 e 0.004t . Determine the concentration when (a) t = 0,
(b) t = 100 s, (c) t = 1000 s.
Percentage concentration, C = 100 e 0.004t
(a) When t = 0, C = 100 e0 = 100%
(b) When t = 100, C = 100 e 0.004(100) = C = 100 e 0.4 = 67.03%
(c) When t = 1000, C = 100 e 0.004(1000) = C = 100 e 4 = 1.83%
12. The current i flowing through a diode at room temperature is given=
by: i iS ( e 40V 1) amperes.
Calculate the current flowing in a silicon diode when the reverse saturation current iS = 50 nA
and the forward voltage V = 0.27 V
Current in diode, i = iS ( e 40V 1) = 50 109 ( e 40(0.27) 1) = 50 109 ( e10.8 1)
= 2.45 103 A = 2.45 mA
269
13. A formula for chemical decomposition is given by: C = A 1 e 10 where t is the time in
C = A 1 e 10
hence
0.12 = 8.5 1 e 10
t
0.12
= 1 e 10
8.5
i.e.
from which,
t
10
= 1
and
0.12
10
ln e=
ln 1
8.5
Hence,
0.12
time, t = 10 ln 1
= 0.142 s = 142 ms
8.5
i.e.
0.12
8.5
t
0.12
= ln 1
10
8.5
14. The mass m of pollutant in a water reservoir decreases according to the law m = m0 e 0.1t
where t is the time in days and m0 is the initial mass. Calculate the percentage decrease in the
mass after 60 days, correct to 3 decimal places.
0.1t
0
Initially, i.e. at time t = 0,
=
m m0 e=
m=
m0
0e
6
0.1(60)
When t = 60,
=
m m0=
e 0.1t m0 e =
m=
0.00248m0
0e
Percentage decrease =
1 0.00248
100% = 99.752%
1
15. A metal bar is cooled with water. Its temperature, in C, is given by: = 15 + 1300 e 0.2 t where
t is the time in minutes. Calculate how long it will take for the temperature, , to decrease to
36C, correct to the nearest second.
Temperature, = 15 + 1300 e 0.2 t
When = 36,
36 = 15 + 1300 e 0.2 t
Hence,
i.e.
from which,
36 15
= e 0.2t
1300
and
36 15
0.2 t
ln
= ln e
1300
36 15
0.2t = ln
1300
time, t =
1
36 15
ln
= 20.63 minutes
0.2 1300
271