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BINOMIAL THEOREM
Quick Review
1.
2.
3.
In the expansion, the sum of the powers of x and a in each term is equal to n.
4.
In the expansion, the coefficients n C 0 , nC1, n C 2 ,...,n Cn are called binomial coefficients and these
are simply denoted by C0 , C1, C 2 ,..., Cn .
5.
In the expansion, (r + 1)th term is called the general term. It is denoted by Tr +1 . Thus Tr +1 =
n
Cr x n r ar .
6.
( x + a )n =
Cr x n r a r .
r =0
7.
( x a )n =
Cr x n r ( a)r =
r =0
(1)
n n
r =0
8.
(1 + x )n =
r =0
9.
n+1
n+3
th and
th terms are the middle terms.
2
2
(n + 1) | x |
=
| x | +1
p, a positive integer then pth and (p+1)th terms are the numerically greatest terms
(n + 1) | x |
=
| x | +1
p+F where p is a positive integer and 0 < F < 1 then (p+1)th term is the
12. i)
r =0
Cr = 2n
ii)
(1)
r n
Cr = 0
r =0
C1 + 2 C 2 x + 3 C 3 x 2 + ... + n C n x n 1 = n(1 + x) n 1
Binomial Theorem
15. i) C1 + 2 C 2 + 3 C3 + ... + n Cn = n 2n 1
ii) C1 2 C 2 + 3 C 3 ...... = 0
n
16. i)
r.
Cr = n.2n 1
ii)
(1) r.
r
Cr = 0
r =0
r =0
C
C1
C
(1 + x) n +1 1
x + 2 x 2 + .... + n x n =
.
n +1
2
3
(n + 1) x
17.
C0 +
18.
C 0 C r + C1C r +1 + C 2 C r + 2 + ..... + C nr C n =
19.
(2n)!
(n! ) 2
2n
C n r
(2n)!
.
(n r )! (n + r )!
20. Binomial Theorem for rational index : If n is a rational number and |x| < 1 then
1+nx +
vi) (1 x ) n = 1 + nx +
p
x
p
vii) (1 x ) q = 1 + p +
p(p + q) x
+
2! p
b
np m
23. Coefficient of x m in the expansion of ax p + q is the coefficient of Tr +1 where r =
.
p+q
b
np
24. The term independent of x in the expansion of ax p + q is Tr +1 where r =
.
p+q
Tr +1 n r + 1 a
.
=
Tr
r
x
n!
n
x n1 x n2 ...x np where
n1! n 2 !...np ! 1 2
Binomial Theorem
27. i) The coefficient of x n 1 in the expansion of (x 1)(x 2) (x n) is n(n+1)/2.
ii)
28. i) If the coefficients of pth, qth terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are equal then p+q = n+2.
ii) If the coefficients of x r , x r +1 in the expansion of (a + x/b)n are equal then n = (r+1)(ab+1) 1.
29. i) If the coefficients of rth, (r+1)th, (r+2)th terms of (1 + x)n are in A.P. then n2 (4r+1)n + 4r2=2.
ii) If the coefficients of x r 1, x r , x r +1 are in A.P. then (n 2r)2 = n + 2.
30. If (a + b )n = I + F were I, n are positive integers, 0 < F < 1, a2 b = 1, then
i) I is an odd positive integer
ii) (I + F)( I F) = 1.
31. i) The number of terms in the expansion of ( x + a)n + ( x a)n is (n+2)/2 if n is even, (n+1)/2 if n is
odd.
ii) The number of terms in the expansion of ( x + a)n ( x a)n is n/2 if n is even, (n+1)/2 if n
is odd.
32. Sum of the coefficients of (ax + by)n is (a + b)n.
33. If f(x) = (a0 + a1x + a2x2 ++ amxm)n then
i) Sum of the coefficients = f(1).
ii) Sum of the coefficients of even powers of x is
f (1) + f ( 1)
.
2
f (1) f ( 1)
.
2
34.
35.
C 0 Cr + C1Cr + 1 + C 2 Cr + 2 + ... + Cn r Cn = 2n Cn r .
36.
C 0 n Cr + m C1 n Cr 1 + m C 2 n Cr 2 + ... + m Cr n C 0 =
1
(2a + nd). 2n Cn .
2
(m + n)
Cr .