Transformers

Equivalent Series Impedance:



Transformer bank of three single-phase transformers

Z 0 = Z1 = Z 2 = Z l


Three-phase transformer with a three-leg core

Z1 = Z 2 = Z l

Z0 > Zl

Wye-Delta Wound Transformers






Wiring connection will always cause a phase shift

Positive Sequence rotates by a +30 degrees from HV to LV side
Negative Sequence rotates by a -30 degrees from HV to LV side
Zero Sequence does not rotate

March 2004

Power Systems I

Zero-Sequence in a Transformer

Dependent on the winding connection on each side



Dependent on the ground connection



wye or delta
ungrounded or grounded

Types of connections







wye-grounded to wye-grounded
wye-grounded to wye
wye-grounded to delta
wye to wye
wye to delta
delta to delta

March 2004

Power Systems I

Zero-Sequence in a Transformer

wye-grounded to wye-grounded

wye-grounded to wye

wye-grounded to delta
March 2004

Power Systems I

Zero-Sequence in a Transformer

wye to wye

wye to delta

delta to delta
March 2004

Power Systems I

Generators

Synchronous Reactance


Dependent on the time period of the study





Steady-state
Transient
Sub-transient

Generator is modeled as a wye-connected machine for the

positive- and negative-sequence impedances
The zero-sequence is dependent on the winding connections of
the machine





March 2004

wye-grounded
wye-grounded through an impedance
wye
delta
Power Systems I

Solidly Grounded Generators

ZS

ZS

ZS
March 2004

Power Systems I

Solidly Grounded Generators

A E 012 = E abc
Ea

E abc = Eb
Ec
0
E 012 = Ea
0
X 0 = X1 = X 2 = X d
March 2004

jXd

Zero Seq

Pos Seq

Neg Seq

Power Systems I

jXd

jXd

VG0

VG1

VG2

Impedance Grounded Generators

ZS

Zn

ZS

ZS
March 2004

Power Systems I

Impedance Grounded Generators

0
E 012 = Ea
0
jX d + 3Z n
0
Z 012 =

Zero Seq

0
Xd
0

0
0
X d

Pos Seq

Neg Seq

March 2004

jXd+3Zn

Power Systems I

jXd

jXd

VG0

VG1

VG2

Wye Connected Generators

ZS

ZS

ZS
March 2004

Power Systems I

10

Wye Connected Generators

0
E 012 = Ea
0
0 0
Z 012 = 0 X d
0 0

Zero Seq

0
0
X d

Pos Seq

Neg Seq

March 2004

jXd

Power Systems I

jXd

jXd

VG0

VG1

VG2

11

Delta Connected Generators

ZS

E
ZS

E
ZS
March 2004

Power Systems I

12

Delta Connected Generators

0
E 012 = Ea
0
0 0
Z 012 = 0 X d
0 0

Zero Seq

0
0
X d

Pos Seq

Neg Seq

March 2004

jXd

Power Systems I

VG0

jXd

jXd

VG1

VG2

13