Unit 9 Ideal gas entropy

November 2, 2010

Outline
Unit Nine Entropy
Calculations for Ideal Gases

Mechanical Engineering 370

Thermodynamics
Larry Caretto
November 2, 2010

Quiz eight solution

Review
Goals for unit nine
Calculating entropy with ideal gases
Constant and variable heat capacity
Isentropic calculations
Use of equations and ideal gas tables
Air tables versus tables with less data
2

Review

First Unit Nine Goal

Entropy is a property
The maximum work is done in a
reversible process

As a result of studying this unit you

should be able to compute entropy
changes in ideal gases for any change
of state

With sign convention for work on an input

device this is the minimum work input

using constant heat capacities

using equations that give heat capacities
as a function of temperature
using ideal gas tables

In an adiabatic reversible process the

maximum work is done when s = 0
Find inlet/initial entropy at initial state
Final/outlet state determined by entropy
and another final/outlet property
3

Second Unit Nine Goal

Derive Ideal Gas Entropy

As a result of studying this unit you

should be able to compute the end
states of isentropic processes in ideal
gases

Entropy defined as ds = (du + Pdv)/T

Multiply by T: Tds = du + Pdv
Tds Pdv = du = d(h Pv) = dh Pdv
vdP so Tds = dh vdP
Ideal gas: Pv = RT, du = cvdT, dh = cpdT
For ideal gases ds = cvdT/T + Rdv/v
For ideal gases ds = cpdT/T RdP/P
Integrate last two equations to get s

using constant heat capacities

using equations that give heat capacities
as a function of temperature
using ideal gas tables

ME 370 - Thermodynamics

Unit 9 Ideal gas entropy

November 2, 2010

Ideal Gas Entropy Change

Handling cp(T) = cv(T) + R

dS = cvdT/T + Rdv/v = cpdT/T RdP/P

Integrate between two states (1 and 2)
T2

s2 s1 cv
T1

Easiest case is constant heat capacity

P
T
v
T
s2 s1 cv ln 2 R ln 2 c p ln 2 R ln 2
P1
T1
v1
T1

v
dT
R ln 2
T
v1

If we have an equation for cp(T) or cv(T)

we can integrate cpdT/T or cvdT/T
We only need one equation since cp(T) and
cv(T) are related by cp(T) = cv(T) + R

P
dT
s2 s1 cp R ln 2
T
P1
T1
T2

Ideal gas tables give integral of cpdT/T

called so as described next
7

Ideal Gas Entropy Tables

T

Define

s o (T ) c p (T ' )
T0

So that

T2

dT '
T'

s (T2 ) s o (T1 ) c p (T ' )

o

T2

c p (T ' )
T0

Example

T1
T1

Air is heated from 300 K to 500 K at

constant pressure. What is s?
Compute result using air tables and
repeat with constant heat capacity

dT '
T'

T
v
T
P
s2 s1 cv ln 2 R ln 2 c p ln 2 R ln 2
T1
v1
T1
P1

dT '
dT '
c p (T ' )
T'
T'

T0

P
s2 s1 s o (T2 ) s o (T1 ) R ln 2
P1

P
v T
s s o (T2 ) s o (T1 ) R ln 2 s o (T2 ) s o (T1 ) R ln 2 1
P1
v1T2
9

10

Example Answers

Second Example

Air is heated from 300 K to 500 K at

constant pressure. What is s?
From table A-17, page 936, so(300 K) =
1.70203 kJ/kgK and so(500 K) =
2.21952 kJ/kgK; s = 0.51749 kJ/kgK
Assuming constant cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK
gives s = cpln(T2/T1) =
1.005 ln(500/300) = 0.51338 kJ/kgK

Air is heated from 300 K, 100 KPa to

500 K, 200 KPa. What is s using the
air tables?
0.287 kJ 200 kPa

s s o (500 K ) s o (300 K )
ln
100 kPa
kg K

2.21952 kJ
kg K

s
11

ME 370 - Thermodynamics

1.70203 0.287 kJ

ln 2
kg K
kg K
0.31856 kJ
kg K

12

Unit 9 Ideal gas entropy

November 2, 2010

Derive Isentropic Ideal Gas

Third Example
Air is heated from 300 K, 100 KPa to
500 K, 200 KPa. What is s assuming
constant heat capacity?
T
P 1.005 kJ 500 K 0.287 kJ 200 kPa

ln
ln
s c p ln 2 R ln 2
300 K kg K
100 kPa
T
kg K
1
P1

0.51338 kJ
kg K

Air table result

.19893 kJ 0.31444 kJ

kg K
kg K
s

0.31856 kJ
kg K

13

Ideal Gas Isentropic Processes

14

Variable Heat Capacity

Set s2 s1 = 0 in equations below for
ideal gas isentropic process

Final result: T2/T1 = (P2/P1)(k-1)/k

T/P(k-1)/k

Start with ds = cpdT/T RdP/P

For ds = 0, cpdT/T = RdP/P
Integrate for ds = 0 and constant cp to
get cpln(T2/T1) = R ln(P2/P1) giving
ln(T2/T1) = ln(P2/P1)R/Cp or T2/T1 =
(P2/P1)R/Cp
R/cp = (cp cv)/cp = (cp/cv 1)/ (cp/cv)
R/cp = (k 1)/k, where k = cp/cv

= constant

T2

Can derive similar equations for other

variables

s2 s1 cv

T2/T1 = (v1/v2)(k-1) => Tvk-1 = constant

P2/P1 = (v1/v2)k => Pvk = constant

T1
T2

v
dT
R ln 2 0
T
v1

s2 s1 cp

Apply only to ideal gases with constant

heat capacities in isentropic processes

T1

P
dT
R ln 2 0
T
P1

15

so for Isentropic Processes

Variable Heat Capacity II

What if we have an equation for cP(T) or
cv(T) = cP(T) R?

v
dT
T cv T R ln v12
1

T2

16

P
dT
T c p T R ln P21
1

T2

Can solve for volume or pressure ratios if

T1 and T2 are given
A trial-and-error solution is required if T1
or T2 are unknown

s2 s1 s o (T2 ) s o (T1 ) R lnP2 P1

s2 s1 = 0 for isentropic process

s o (T2 ) s o (T1 ) R ln P2 P1

Given T1 and P2/P1

find so(T1) in tables
Compute so(T2) = so(T1) + R ln(P2/P1)
Interpolate in tables to find T2 that gives so

Need to solve by iteration if given v2/v1

instead of P2/P1
Use so(T2) = so(T1) + R ln(v1T2/v2T1)

17

ME 370 - Thermodynamics

18

Unit 9 Ideal gas entropy

November 2, 2010

Pr(T) for Isentropic Process

For s2 = s1

s (T2 ) s (T1 ) R ln P2 P1
o

Solve for P2/P1

and define Pr(T)
= Aexp[so(T)/R]

s o (T2 ) s o (T1 )
P
ln 2
R
P1

A is an arbitrary P2
e
constant that
P1
cancels

s o (T2 ) s o (T1 )
R

s o (T2 )
R
o

s (T1 )
R

Pr T2
Pr T1

We can tabulate the function Pr(T) such

that Pr(T2) = (P2/P1)Pr(T1) relates the
end states for s2 = s1

vr(T) for Isentropic Process

We can tabulate the function Pr(T) such
that Pr(T2) = (P2/P1)Pr(T1) relates the
end states for s2 = s1
If we know v2/v1 = (T2/T1)(P1/P2) can use
Pr T2 P2 T2 v1

Pr T1 P1 T1 v2

T1
v1 T1 Pr T2 Pr T1 vr T1

T2
v2 T2 Pr T1
vr T2
Pr T2

Tabulate function vr(T) such that vr(T2) =

(v2/v1)vr(T1) gives end states for s2 = s1
19

20

Variable Heat Capacity Tables

Example Problem

For ideal gas, isentropic processes, with

variable heat capacities we can define
Pr(T), and vr(T) such that

Adiabatic, steady-flow air compressor

used to compress 10 kg/s of air from
300 K, 100 kPa to 1 MPa. What is the
minimum work input?
Minimum work input for adiabatic
process is when process is isentropic
Steady first law for one inlet, one outlet,
negligible KE and PE:

v2/v1 = vr(T2)/ vr(T1)

P2/P1 = Pr(T2)/ Pr(T1)

Relates end
states such that
s(T2,P2) = s(T1,P1)

Values of Pr(T), and vr(T) given in ideal

gas tables
We still use Pv = RT at individual data
points
21

(hout hin )
Q Wu m

22

Example Continued

Example Concluded

What is outlet state for maximum work?

Use ideal gas tables for air on page 934

Use enthalpy data from ideal gas tables

Pr(300 K) = 1.3860
P2/P1 = Pr(T2)/ Pr(T1) so that
Pr(T2) = Pr(T1) P2/P1 = 1.3860(1000/100)
What is T with Pr = 13.860
Pr(570 K) = 13.50; Pr(580 K) = 14.38
Interpolate to get Pr(T2) = 13.86 at T2 =
574.1 K

Wu m (hin hout )
10 kg 300.19 kJ 579.87 kJ 1 MW s

2.797 MW

s
kg
kg
1000 kJ

Negative value shows work input

Work input of 2.797 MW is minimum
23

ME 370 - Thermodynamics

hin = h(300 K) = 300.19 kJ/kg

hout = h(574.1 K) = 579.86 kJ/kg (interpolated)

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Unit 9 Ideal gas entropy

November 2, 2010

Repeat with Constant cp

Class Exercise

Here we use data for air at 300 K: k =

1.4, cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK (page 911)
T2 = T1(P2/P1)(k 1)/k = (300 K)[(1000
kPa)/(100 kPa)](1.4 1)/1.4 = 579.2 K
Wu m ( hin hout ) m c p (Tin Tout )
10 kg 1.005 kJ
300 K 579.2 K 1 MW s 2.806 MW
s
kg K
1000 kJ

Air in an adiabatic piston-cylinder device

with V1 = 0.1 m3, P1 = 50 kPa, and T1 =
300 K is compressed to V2 = 0.01 m3.
Find the minimum work input
Do the calculation for variable heat
capacity and repeat with constant cp
Variable: v2/v1 = vr(T2)/ vr(T1) and w = u
Constant: T2/T1 = (v1/v2)(k-1) and w = cvT

25

26

Constant Heat Capacity Solution

Constant Heat Capacity Solution II

State data: V1 = 0.1 m3, P1 = 50 kPa,

T1 = 300 K, V2 = 0.01 m3
First law: Q = U + W = m(u2 u1) + W
so W = m(u1 u2) for Q = 0
Second law: Maximum work in
adiabatic process is when s = 0
Properties: Air as ideal gas with
constant heat capacity (cp = 1.005
kJ/kgK, cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287
kJ/kgK,k = 1.4 at 300K, p 911)

Ideal gas equations: PV = mRT, du =

cvdT, dh= cpdT; for s = 0 with constant
heat capacity, T2 = T1(v1/v2)k-1
Solution:

27

Constant Heat Capacity Solution III

Solution concluded:
m

P1V1
50 kPa 0.1 m

0.05807 kg
RT1 0.287 kPa m 3
300 K
kg K T1
W mu1 u2 m cv dT mcv T1 T2
3

T2

0.718 kJ
0.05807 kg
300 K 753.6 K 18.9 kJ
kg K

v
T2 T1 2
v1

k 1

1.4 1

0.1 m 3

(300 K )
3
0.01 m

753.6 K

T1

W mu1 u2 m cv dT mcv T1 T2
T2

28

Variable Heat Capacity Solution

State data: V1 = 0.1 m3, P1 = 50 kPa,
T1 = 300 K, V2 = 0.01 m3
First law: Q = U + W = m(u2 u1) + W
so W = m(u1 u2) for Q = 0
Second law: Maximum work in
adiabatic process is when s = 0
Properties: Use ideal gas tables for air
on page 936

Minimum work input is 18.9 kJ

29

ME 370 - Thermodynamics

30

Unit 9 Ideal gas entropy

November 2, 2010

Variable Heat Capacity Solution II

Ideal gas equations:

W mu1 u2
PV = mRT,
m u T1 u T2
u = u(T2) u(T1)
h = h(T2) h(T1)
For s = 0, vr(T2) = vr(T1)(v2/v1) = vr(T1)(V2/V1)

Solution: At T1 = 300 K vr = 621.2

vr(T2) = vr(T1)(V1/V2) = 621.2(0.01 m3) / (0.1
m3) = 62.12
In tables vr(730 K) = 62.13 so T2 = 730 K
31

ME 370 - Thermodynamics

Variable Heat Capacity Solution III

Solution concluded:
m

P1V1
50 kPa 0.1 m3

0.05807 kg
RT1 0.287 kPa m 3
300 K
kg K

Air tables: u(T1 = 300 K) = 214.07 kJ/kgK

and u(T2 = 730 K) = 536.07 kJ/kgK and

214.07 kJ 536.07 kJ

W mu T1 u T2 0.05807 kg
kg
kg

18.7 kJ

Minimum work input is 18.7 kJ

32