Grado Psicologa: 1 cuatrimestre

Psicologia Social Tema 1

ITEM 1. WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?

Are important jobs:
- G. W. Allport (1954, 1965.1985)
- Graumann (1995)
- White (1988)
- Paez, Valencia, Morales and Ursua (1992)
INITIAL YEARS (1885-1934)
In LeBon (1897) study the behavior of people in groups and crowds.
Afternoon (1890) Initial study of what later became known as "influence" in his book
"The laws of imitation".
The most prominent authors are:
-Triplett (1897): Experiments on the effect of others on individual performance.
- Ross (1908) and McDougall (1908): Manual of social psychology. McDougall
continues the tradition of LeBon
- F.H. Allport (1924)
- Thurstone (1928) launches the study of attitudes and their measurement.
PERIOD OF MATURITY (1935 - 1945)
Mass emigration of Europeans to America psychologists.
Kurt Lewin highlights introducing the concept of "interactionism" according to which
the conduct is considered a product of the person for the situation. Contributes to
experimental social psychology work on leadership, social climate, group dynamics,
social change, etc (1947) alongside those of Sherif (1936) on the emergence of social
norms as a result of social interaction.
In 1931 Murphy & Murphy had published the first manual entitled "Experimental
Social Psychology".
Freud's work is channeled through movement Culture and personality, which
crystallized contributions as the study of modal personality and national character.
Foundation of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI).
RAPID EXPANSION (1946 - 1969)
Predominately harmful and inhumane studies with similar behaviors. This topic is
discussed:
Adorno "The Authoritarian Personality", Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson and Sandford
(1950), Asch (1952) studies on resistance to pressure from most or Milgram (1963,
1974) on resistance to authority.
Studies on changes in attitudes Houlard group and collaborators (1953) and its emphasis
on the effects of communication and propaganda.
Fertinger (1957) introduces the idea of cognitive dissonance.
Berkowitz (1969) studied violence and aggression and equilibrated with the study of
altruism (Darley and Latane, 1968) and romantic love (Berscheid and Walster, 1974).
Group behavior (Thibaut and Kelley, 1959; Homans, 1950, 1961).

Grado Psicologa: 1 cuatrimestre

Psicologia Social Tema 1
CRISIS AND PRE-ASSESSMENT (1970 - TO DATE)
Franzoi (2000) considered that it was a crisis of confidence that blames ethnic and
gender biases. He thinks his improvement was possible to begin to eliminate these
biases and to consider the impact of cultural factors on the psychosocial processes.
The study of the processes and attribution, evolved into one of the areas that still
generates more research: social cognition: how people think about others and the social
world in general.
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
"An attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of
individuals are influenced by the actual presence, imagined or implied other."
GWAllport (1954, 1968, 1985):
We must infer the existence of a cycle of influence between people and their
environment or social context.
From this definition Frenzoi (2000) concludes that "the task of social psychology is the
analysis and understanding of the behavior of the person from the simultaneous
consideration of two fundamental factors: internal estdos and psychological aspects of
their social context."
GWAllport attaches particular importance to the presence of the other as an integral
element of the psychosocial. The behavioral and psychological processes always occur
in a social context and the characteristics and properties of this context influence their
configuration. Distinguishes three types of presence:
1. Real Presence: requires the location of the person in the same space as other years.
Example: person acting in front of an audience.
Co-action: several people perform the same action or activity.
Interaction: people are coordinated with each other in a reciprocal effect without a
previous plan, is spontaneous. Can be:
- Ditica: 2 people
- Group or intergroup
- Cooperative or competitive character
What is social psychology studies how they affect these "presences" to behavior and
psychological processes of individuals.
2. Classroom imagined: it has to do with the representation that the person becomes of
others; as we are aware of the impact of first impressions, organize and plan how to
perform at a first meeting.
3. implicit presence: products we can influence people without them being present.
These products can be standards, fashions, rituals, etc.
The physical presence can become implicit in cases such as, eg when we discover that
the person you speak has another social status.
The influence is cyclical.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PROCESSES
The influence of the presence (physical, imaginary or implied) of others about the
person exercised through a series of processes that sometimes interact and give Lugar
contradictions.

Grado Psicologa: 1 cuatrimestre

Psicologia Social Tema 1
Zajone (1965): The physical presence of others, performing the same task, increases
motivation (intensity) of people. If it is an easy task or the person is right performance
increase. But if it is difficult or the person is inexperienced, multiply errors and lower
performance.
Processes individual nature
Occur within the individual. Are perception, social cognition, attribution, attitudes,
among others.
The most important is the self (self) includes all aspects of the person that are important
to her.
Auto - Reference line of research. People remember and reconstruct features and events
that are relevant to your self and processes that have been involved personally.
Nature interpersonal processes
Baumenter and Leary (1995): people have the need to "belong" to establish with others
positive, close and lasting links.
The essence of this type of process is that of which something comes up that is not
individual precesos of people involved, but the same relationship (emergentismo).
Group nature processes
Usually have a well defined structure and organization (roles).
The behavior is modified to become part of a group is acting on behalf or represent-
REASON OF BELONGING.
The man survived by his ability to join groups and organized.
Basic goals:
- utilitarian
- Knowledge
- ID
Join a group entails costs both parties (respecting rules, tasks, coordination, monitoring
and control, etc.).
Processes of societal and cultural nature
They are social status and power structures, institutions, rituals, traditions and cultural
customs. Correspond to the "implicit presence".
Nature and culture are inseparable. Jointly serve as intermediary factors on which
depends the kind of influence that the presence of other produce in our thoughts,
feelings or actions.
COMBINATION PROCESS OF DIFFERENT NATURE
Effect of "individual-group discontinuity"
People do not behave the same way when they are part of a group than when acting
alone.
Effect of political campaigns:
The determinants of voting behavior are the end result of multiple factors, such as
identification with the figure of the candidate, the ideological proximity to its program,
the current economic situation, etc.
RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Its goal is an interaction between psychological factors and social context. It is a
complex analysis must take into account the following principles:
- The behavior, thoughts and feelings are the result of the interaction between multiple

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Psicologia Social Tema 1
psychological and situational determinants.
- People are active beings: their worldview is subjective, constructed from a
combination of psychological and contextual factors. Receive and generate influence.
- From the mutual influence new phenomena arise.
- The "presence of others" may be physically present or not.
- The influence of the presence of other results from the operation of combined
processes of nature different from one another.
- Social psychologists study these processes and overt behavior.
METHODS USED MORE
Experiments
1. Handling of variables
2. Assign participants randomly to conditions.
Experimental treatments include:
- Social Manipulations: accomplice.
- Environmental manipulations: some aspect of the experimental situation.
- Manipulations by instructions: the easiest and usual.
Field experiments: natural situations.
Quasi-experiments: the researcher can not randomly assign participants.
Correlational methods: it is not possible experiment.
BRIDGE AS THE SOCIAL PICOLOGIA
Social psychology combines processes that constitute the object of study of psychology,
sociology, economics, anthropology, communication sciences, etc. (Moscovici)
TRADITIONAL PSOTURA: oppose individual processes to interpersonal, group and
societal, making blocks of a homogeneous and closed entity.
OPERATOR POSITION AND FISKE:
ATTENTION TO PROCESS SOCIETAL
ALTA
l
Sociology and Anthropology I Social Psychology
ATTENTION
LOW --------------------------------------- I --------- HIGH --------------------- PROCESSES
INDIVIDUAL
l
Principles of conduct l
No contrasted l Psychology
empirically l
l
COME DOWN
What societal penetrates to the bottom of the individual processes and gives them
meaning. "The societal structures fall into the heads of people and influence their
mental processes."
What societal penetrates to the bottom of the individual processes and directs
automation.
There is an influence of the immediate context of the individual processes, the power of

Grado Psicologa: 1 cuatrimestre

Psicologia Social Tema 1
the situation determines the objectives, motives and needs of individuals, and these, in
turn, guide their processes.
DAVID G. MYERS
Human adaptability (individual)
Tendency of humans to evaluate their current experience compared with a previous
experience. They adapt rapidly losing value achievements.
Deseso comparison (interpersonal or intergroup)
Relative deprivation: experience from perceiving that what you have or get less than
what it considers fair, using as a measure for comparison with other criteria.
COMPLEXITY OF SOCIAL RELATIONS
The connection between wealth and welfare depends on processes such as adaptation
level and desire for comparison.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Geared towards improving living conditions in lots of areas.
APPROACHES:
or Lewin: ACTION RESEARCH
- The researcher is involved personally.
- It consists of a cycle from theory to intervention through research.
- Retroactive Final in the initial theory.
o Other: SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY
- Priority mark the problem.
- The basic psychosocial knowledge is used as a repertoire of possible solutions.
or SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF FULL CYCLE
or APPLIED RESEARCH
or PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION
SOCIAL ROLE OF THE PSYCHOLOGIST
- Researcher
- Developer Program
- Activist, etc.