Ideal Gases

JUNE 2002
1

(a) (i)

The kinetic theory of gases leads to the equation

 m<c 2>

 kT.

Explain the significance of the quantity
 m<c 2>.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)

Use the equation to suggest what is meant by the absolute zero of temperature.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Two insulated gas cylinders A and B are connected by a tube of negligible volume, as
shown in Fig. 3.1.
tap

cylinder A

cylinder B

Fig. 3.1

Each cylinder has an internal volume of 2.0 102 m3. Initially, the tap is closed and cylinder A
contains 1.2 mol of an ideal gas at a temperature of 37 C. Cylinder B contains the same
ideal gas at pressure 1.2 105 Pa and temperature 37 C.
(i)

Calculate the amount, in mol, of the gas in cylinder B.

amount = ......................................... mol

(ii)

The tap is opened and some gas flows from cylinder A to cylinder B. Using the fact
that the total amount of gas is constant, determine the final pressure of the gas in
the cylinders.

pressure = ........................................ Pa
[6]

NOVEMBER 2003
2

The volume of some air, assumed to be an ideal gas, in the cylinder of a car engine is
540 cm3 at a pressure of 1.1 105 Pa and a temperature of 27 C. The air is suddenly
compressed, so that no thermal energy enters or leaves the gas, to a volume of 30 cm3. The
pressure rises to 6.5 106 Pa.
(a) Determine the temperature of the gas after the compression.

temperature = K [3]
(b) (i)

State and explain the first law of thermodynamics.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii)

Use the law to explain why the temperature of the air changed during the
compression.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................[4]

JUNE 2004
3

The pressure p of an ideal gas is given by the expression

p =

1 Nm 2
<c > .
3 V

(a) Explain the meaning of the symbol <c 2>.

..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The ideal gas has a density of 2.4 kg m3 at a pressure of 2.0 105 Pa and a
temperature of 300 K.
(i)

Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of the gas atoms at 300 K.

r.m.s. speed = .................................. m s1 [3]

(ii)

Calculate the temperature of the gas for the atoms to have an r.m.s. speed that is
twice that calculated in (i).

temperature = ......................................... K [3]

JUNE 2005
4

(a) State what is meant by an ideal gas.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The product of pressure p and volume V of an ideal gas of density at temperature T is
given by the expressions
p =
 <c 2>
and

pV = NkT,

where N is the number of molecules and k is the Boltzmann constant.

(i)

State the meaning of the symbol <c 2>.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Deduce that the mean kinetic energy EK of the molecules of an ideal gas is given
by the expression
EK =  kT.

[2]
(c) In order for an atom to escape completely from the Earths gravitational field, it must
have a speed of approximately 1.1 104 m s1 at the top of the Earths atmosphere.
(i)

Estimate the temperature at the top of the atmosphere such that helium, assumed
to be an ideal gas, could escape from the Earth. The mass of a helium atom is
6.6 1027 kg.

temperature = ....................................... K [2]

(ii)

Suggest why some helium atoms will escape at temperatures below that calculated
in (i).
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

NOVEMBER 2005

The air in a car tyre has a constant volume of 3.1 102 m3. The pressure of this air is
2.9 105 Pa at a temperature of 17 C. The air may be considered to be an ideal gas.
(a) State what is meant by an ideal gas.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Calculate the amount of air, in mol, in the tyre.

amount = . mol [2]

(c) The pressure in the tyre is to be increased using a pump. On each stroke of the pump,
0.012 mol of air is forced into the tyre.
Calculate the number of strokes of the pump required to increase the pressure to
3.4 105 Pa at a temperature of 27 C.

number = . [3]

JUNE 2006
6

(a) The equation

pV = constant T
relates the pressure p and volume V of a gas to its kelvin (thermodynamic)
temperature T.
State two conditions for the equation to be valid.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A gas cylinder contains 4.00 104 cm3 of hydrogen at a pressure of 2.50 107 Pa and a
temperature of 290 K.
The cylinder is to be used to fill balloons. Each balloon, when filled, contains
7.24 103 cm3 of hydrogen at a pressure of 1.85 105 Pa and a temperature of 290 K.
Calculate, assuming that the hydrogen obeys the equation in (a),
(i)

the total amount of hydrogen in the cylinder,

amount = .. mol [3]

(ii)

the number of balloons that can be filled from the cylinder.

number = .. [3]

JUNE 2008

(a) Explain qualitatively how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The density of neon gas at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 1.02 105 Pa is
0.900 kg m3. Neon may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
Calculate the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of neon atoms at
(i)

273 K,

speed = ........................................... m s1 [3]

(ii)

546 K.

speed = ........................................... m s1 [2]

(c) The calculations in (b) are based on the density for neon being 0.900 kg m3.
Suggest the effect, if any, on the root-mean-square speed of changing the density at
constant temperature.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
8

NOVEMBER 2009

An ideal gas occupies a container of volume 4.5 103 cm3 at a pressure of 2.5 105 Pa and
a temperature of 290 K.
(a) Show that the number of atoms of gas in the container is 2.8 1023.

[2]
(b) Atoms of a real gas each have a diameter of 1.2 1010 m.
(i)

Estimate the volume occupied by 2.8 1023 atoms of this gas.

volume = ......................................... m3 [2]

(ii)

By reference to your answer in (i), suggest whether the real gas does approximate
to an ideal gas.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]

JUNE 2010

(a) Some gas, initially at a temperature of 27.2 C, is heated so that its temperature rises
to 38.8 C.
Calculate, in kelvin, to an appropriate number of decimal places,
(i)

the initial temperature of the gas,

initial temperature = ............................................. K [2]

(ii)

the rise in temperature.

rise in temperature = ............................................ K [1]

(b) The pressure p of an ideal gas is given by the expression
p = 13 c 2
where is the density of the gas.
(i)

State the meaning of the symbol c 2.

..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Use the expression to show that the mean kinetic energy <EK> of the atoms of an
ideal gas is given by the expression
<EK> = 32 kT.
Explain any symbols that you use.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................. [4]

10

(c) Helium-4 may be assumed to behave as an ideal gas.

A cylinder has a constant volume of 7.8 103 cm3 and contains helium-4 gas at a
pressure of 2.1 107 Pa and at a temperature of 290 K.
Calculate, for the helium gas,
(i)

the amount of gas,

amount = ......................................... mol [2]

(ii)

the mean kinetic energy of the atoms,

mean kinetic energy = .............................................. J [2]

(iii)

the total internal energy.

internal energy = .............................................. J [3]

11

JUNE 2011

10 (a) State what is meant by the Avogadro constant NA.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A balloon is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 1.1 105 Pa and a temperature of
25 C.
The balloon has a volume of 6.5 104 cm3.
Helium may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
Determine the number of gas atoms in the balloon.

number = ................................................ [4]

12

JUNE 2011

11 (a) State what is meant by a mole.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Two containers A and B are joined by a tube of negligible volume, as illustrated in
Fig. 2.1.

container A
3.1 103 cm3
17 C

container B
4.6 103 cm3
30 C

Fig. 2.1
The containers are filled with an ideal gas at a pressure of 2.3 105 Pa.
The gas in container A has volume 3.1 103 cm3 and is at a temperature of 17 C.
The gas in container B has volume 4.6 103 cm3 and is at a temperature of 30 C.
Calculate the total amount of gas, in mol, in the containers.

amount = ........................................ mol [4]

13

NOVEMBER 2011

(a) One assumption of the kinetic theory of gases is that gas molecules behave as if they
are hard, elastic identical spheres.
State two other assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Using the kinetic theory of gases, it can be shown that the product of the pressure
p and the volume V of an ideal gas is given by the expression
pV = 13 Nm <c 2>
where m is the mass of a gas molecule.
(i)

State the meaning of the symbol

1. N,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
2. <c 2>.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Use the expression to deduce that the mean kinetic energy <EK > of a gas molecule
at temperature T is given by the equation
<EK> = 32 kT
where k is a constant.

[2]

14

(c) (i)

State what is meant by the internal energy of a substance.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii)

Use the equation in (b)(ii) to explain that, for an ideal gas, a change in internal
energy U is given by

U T
where T is the change in temperature of the gas.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

15

JUNE 2012

13 (a) The kinetic theory of gases is based on some simplifying assumptions.

The molecules of the gas are assumed to behave as hard elastic identical spheres.
State the assumption about ideal gas molecules based on
(i)

the nature of their movement,

..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

their volume.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]

16

(b) A cube of volume V contains N molecules of an ideal gas. Each molecule has a
component cX of velocity normal to one side S of the cube, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
side S

cx

Fig. 2.1
The pressure p of the gas due to the component cX of velocity is given by the expression
pV = NmcX2
where m is the mass of a molecule.
Explain how the expression leads to the relation
pV = 13 Nm<c 2>
where <c 2> is the mean square speed of the molecules.

[3]
(c) The molecules of an ideal gas have a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of 520 m s1 at a
temperature of 27 C.
Calculate the r.m.s. speed of the molecules at a temperature of 100 C.

r.m.s. speed = ....................................... m s1 [3]

17

NOVEMBER 2012

14 An ideal gas has volume V and pressure p. For this gas, the product pV is given by the
expression
pV = 13 Nm <c 2>
where m is the mass of a molecule of the gas.
(a) State the meaning of the symbol
(i)

N,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

<c 2>.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A gas cylinder of volume 2.1 104 cm3 contains helium-4 gas at pressure 6.1 105 Pa
and temperature 12 C. Helium-4 may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
(i)

Determine, for the helium gas,

1.

the amount, in mol,

amount = ......................................... mol [3]

2.

the number of atoms.

number = .................................................. [2]

(ii)

Calculate the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of the helium atoms.

r.m.s. speed = ....................................... m s1 [3]

JUNE 2013

15 (a) State what is meant by an ideal gas.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Two cylinders A and B are connected by a tube of negligible volume, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

cylinder A
tap T

cylinder B

2.5 103 cm3

3.4 105 Pa

1.6 103 cm3

300 K

4.9 105 Pa

tube
Fig. 2.1
Initially, tap T is closed. The cylinders contain an ideal gas at different pressures.
(i)

Cylinder A has a constant volume of 2.5 103 cm3 and contains gas at pressure
3.4 105 Pa and temperature 300 K.
Show that cylinder A contains 0.34 mol of gas.

(ii) Cylinder B has a constant volume of 1.6 103 cm3 and contains 0.20 mol of gas.
When tap T is opened, the pressure of the gas in both cylinders is 3.9 105 Pa.
No thermal energy enters or leaves the gas.
Determine the final temperature of the gas.

temperature = .............................................. K [2]

(c) By reference to work done and change in internal energy, suggest why the temperature
of the gas in cylinder A has changed.
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..........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [3]

JUNE 2013

16

(a) The volume of an ideal gas in a cylinder is 1.80 103 m3 at a pressure of 2.60 105 Pa
and a temperature of 297 K, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

ideal gas
1.80 103 m3
2.60 105 Pa
297 K

Fig. 2.1
The thermal energy required to raise the temperature by 1.00 K of 1.00 mol of the gas at
constant volume is 12.5 J.
The gas is heated at constant volume such that the internal energy of the gas increases
by 95.0 J.
(i)

Calculate
1. the amount of gas, in mol, in the cylinder,

amount = ........................................... mol [2]

2. the rise in temperature of the gas.

temperature rise = .............................................. K [2]

(ii)

Use your answer in (i) part 2 to show that the final pressure of the gas in the
cylinder is 2.95 105 Pa.

[1]
(b) The gas is now allowed to expand. No thermal energy enters or leaves the gas.
The gas does 120 J of work when expanding against the external pressure.
State and explain whether the final temperature of the gas is above or below 297 K.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

NOVEMBER 2013
17 The product of the pressure p and the volume V of an ideal gas is given by the expression
pV =

1
Nm<c 2>
3

where m is the mass of one molecule of the gas.

(a) State the meaning of the symbol
(i)

N,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

<c 2>.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The product pV is also given by the expression

pV = NkT.
Deduce an expression, in terms of the Boltzmann constant k and the thermodynamic
temperature T, for the mean kinetic energy of a molecule of the ideal gas.

[2]
(c) A cylinder contains 1.0 mol of an ideal gas.
(i)

The volume of the cylinder is constant.

Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the gas by 1.0 kelvin.

energy = .............................................. J [2]

(ii)

The volume of the cylinder is now allowed to increase so that the gas remains at
constant pressure when it is heated.
Explain whether the energy required to raise the temperature of the gas by
1.0 kelvin is now different from your answer in (i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

NOVEMBER 2013

18 (a) (i)

State what is meant by the internal energy of a system.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii)

Explain why, for an ideal gas, the internal energy is equal to the total kinetic energy
of the molecules of the gas.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The mean kinetic energy <EK> of a molecule of an ideal gas is given by the expression
<EK> = 32 kT
where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
A cylinder contains 1.0 mol of an ideal gas. The gas is heated so that its temperature
changes from 280 K to 460 K.
(i)

Calculate the change in total kinetic energy of the gas molecules.

change in energy = ............................................. J [2]

(ii)

During the heating, the gas expands, doing 1.5 103 J of work.
State the first law of thermodynamics. Use the law and your answer in (i) to
determine the total energy supplied to the gas.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

total energy = ............................................. J [3]

JUNE 2014
19 (a) Explain what is meant by the Avogadro constant.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Argon-40 ( 40
18Ar) may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
A mass of 3.2 g of argon-40 has a volume of 210 cm3 at a temperature of 37 C.
Determine, for this mass of argon-40 gas,
(i)

the amount, in mol,

amount = ................................................. mol [1]

(ii)

the pressure,

pressure = ................................................... Pa [2]

(iii)

the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of an argon atom.

r.m.s. speed = ............................................... m s1 [3]

JUNE 2014

20 A constant mass of an ideal gas has a volume of 3.49 103 cm3 at a temperature of 21.0 C.
When the gas is heated, 565 J of thermal energy causes it to expand to a volume of 3.87 103 cm3
at 53.0 C. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

3.49 103 cm3

21.0 C

3.87 103 cm3

565 J

53.0 C

Fig. 2.1
(a) Show that the initial and final pressures of the gas are equal.

[2]
(b) The pressure of the gas is 4.20 105 Pa.
For this heating of the gas,
(i)

calculate the work done by the gas,

work done = ..................................................... J [2]

(ii)

use the first law of thermodynamics and your answer in (i) to determine the change in
internal energy of the gas.

change in internal energy = ..................................................... J [2]

(c) Explain why the change in kinetic energy of the molecules of this ideal gas is equal to the
change in internal energy.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Ideal Gases
1

(a)

(i)
(ii)

(b)

pV/T = constant............................................................................ C1
T = (6.5 x 106 x 30 x 300)/(1.1 x 105 x 540)................................. C1
= 985 K .................................................................................... A1
(if uses C, allow 1/3 marks for clear formula)
(i)

(ii)

(i)

(ii)

[3]

U = q + w
symbols identified correctly ..........................................................M1
directions correct.......................................................................... A1

[2]

q is zero ....................................................................................... B1
w is positive OR U = w and U increases .................................... B1
U is rise in kinetic energy of atoms ............................................M1
and mean kinetic energy T ....................................................... A1
(allow one of the last two marks if states U increases so T rises)
mean (value of the) square
of the speeds (velocities) of the atoms/particles/molecules

(a)
(b)

[3]

p V = n R T ..............................................................................................................
Cl
5
-2
n = (1.2 x 10 x 2.0 x 10 )/(8.31 x 310) ................................................................
Cl
= 0.93 mol .........................................................................................................
A1
(ii) total amount = (1.20 + 0.93) ...................................................................................... Cl
(1.20 + 0.93) = (4.0 x 10-2 x p)/(8.31 x 310) .............................................................. Cl
p = 1.37 x 105 Pa .................................................................................................... Al [6]
(i)

(a)

(b)

mean kinetic energy ............................................................................................... Ml

of the atoms / molecules / particles ...........................................................................A1
at absolute zero, atoms have no kinetic energy ............................................
Bl

p=

1
3

[4]

M1
A1

[2]

C1

< c2 >

<c2> = 3 x 2 x 105/2.4 = 2.5 x 105

r.m.s speed = 500 ms-1
new <c2> = 1.0 x 106 or <c2> increases by factor of 4
<c2> T or 3/2 kT = 1/2 m<c2>
T = {(1.0 x 106) / (2.5 x 105)} x 300
= 1200 K

C1
A1
C1
C1
A1
Total

18

[3]

[3]
[8]

obeys the law pV/T = constant or any two named gas laws
at all values of p, V and T
or two correct assumptions of kinetic theory of ideal gas (B1)
third correct assumption (B1)

M1
A1

[2]

B1

[1]

M1
M1
A0

[2]

(c) (i) 6.6 10-27 (1.1 104)2 = 3/2 1.38 10-23 T

T = 1.9 104 K

C1
A1

[2]

(ii) Not all atoms have same speed/kinetic energy

B1

[1]

4 (a)

(b) (i) mean square speed

(ii) mean kinetic energy = m<c2>
= Nm/V and algebra leading to [do not allow if takes N = 1]
m<c2> = 3/2 kT

(a)

obeys the law pV = constant T ....

at all values of p, V and T .

M1
A1

[2]

(b)

n = (2.9 105 3.1 102) / (8.31 290) .......

= 3.73 mol .

C1
A1

[2]

(c)

at new pressure, nn

C1
C1
A1

[3]

= 3.73

3.4
290

2.9
300

= 4.23 mol ..
change = 0.50 mol .
number of strokes = 0.50 / 0.012 = 42 (must round up for mark) .
6

(a) e.g. fixed mass/ amount of gas

ideal gas
(any two, 1 each)

B2

[2]

(b) (i) n = pV / RT
= (2.5 107 4.00 104 x 10-6) / (8.31 290)
= 415 mol

C1
C1
A1

[3]

C1
C1
A1

[3]

(ii) volume of gas at 1.85 105 Pa = (2.5 107 4.00 104) / (1.85 105)
= 5.41 106 cm3
6
4
so, 5.41 10 = 4.00 10 + 7.24 103 N
N = 741
(answer 740 or fails to allow for gas in cylinder, max 2/3)

19

(a) molecule(s) rebound from wall of vessel / hits walls

change in momentum gives rise to impulse / force
either (many impulses) averaged to give constant force / pressure
or
the molecules are in random motion

(b) (i) p =

1
3

<c2>

1.02 105 =

B1

[3]

C1
1
3

0.900 <c2>

<c2> = 3.4 105

cRMS = 580 m s1
(ii) either <c2> T or <c2> = 2 3.4 105
cRMS = 830 m s1 (allow 820)
(c) cRMS depends on temperature (alone)
so no effect
8

B1
B1

C1
A1

[3]

C1
A1

[2]

B1
B1

[2]

(a) either pV = NkT or pV = nRT and n = N / NA ..................................................... C1

clear correct substitution e.g.
2.5 105 4.5 103 10-6 = N 1.38 10-23 290 ...............................................M1
N = 2.8 1023 .......................................................................................................... A0
(allow 1 mark for calculation of n = 0.467 mol)

[2]

(b) (i) volume = (1.2 10-10)3 2.8 1023 or 4 r3 2.8 1023 .............................. C1
3
-7
3
2.53 10-7 m3 ..................................... A1
= 4.8 10 m

[2]

(ii) either 4.5 103 cm3 >> 0.48 cm3 or ratio of volumes is about 10-4 ................ B1
justified because volume of molecules is negligible ........................................... B1

[2]

[Total: 6]

20

(a) (i) 27.2 + 273.15 or 27.2 + 273.2

300.4 K

C1
A1

[2]

A1

[1]

B1

[1]

B1
B1
B1
B1

[4]

C1
A1

[2]

(ii) mean kinetic energy = 3/2 kT

= 3/2 1.38 1023 290
= 6.0 1021 J

C1
A1

[2]

(iii) realisation that total internal energy is the total kinetic energy
energy = 6.0 1021 68 6.02 1023
= 2.46 105 J

C1
C1
A1

[3]

(ii) 11.6 K
(b) (i) (<c2> is the) mean / average square speed
(ii) = Nm/V with N explained
so, pV = 1/3 Nm<c2>
and pV = NkT with k explained
so mean kinetic energy / <EK> = m<c2> = 3/2 kT
(c) (i) pV = nRT
2.1 107 7.8 103 = n 8.3 290
n = 68 mol

10 (a) number of atoms of carbon-12

in 0.012 kg of carbon-12

M1
A1

(b) pV = NkT or pV = nRT

substitutes temperature as 298 K
either 1.1 105 6.5 102 = N 1.38 1023 298
or
1.1 105 6.5 102 = n 8.31 298 and n = N / 6.02 1023
N = 1.7 1024

C1
C1
C1
A1

11 (a) amount of substance

containing same number of particles as in 0.012 kg of carbon-12

M1
A1

(b) pV = nRT
amount = (2.3 105 3.1 103) / (8.31 290)
+ (2.3 105 4.6 103) / (8.31 303)
= 0.296 + 0.420
= 0.716 mol
(give full credit for starting equation pV = NkT and N = nNA)

C1

21

[2]

C1
C1
A1

[4]

[2]

[4]

12 (a) e.g. moving in random (rapid) motion of molecules/atoms/particles

no intermolecular forces of attraction/repulsion
volume of molecules/atoms/particles negligible compared to volume of
container
time of collision negligible to time between collisions
(1 each, max 2)
(b) (i) 1.
2.

B2

[2]

number of (gas) molecules

B1

[1]

mean square speed/velocity (of gas molecules)

B1

[1]

(ii) either pV = NkT or pV = nRT and links n and k

and <EK> = m<c2>
3
clear algebra leading to <EK> = kT
2

M1

(c) (i) sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of molecules/atoms/particles

reference to random (distribution)
(ii) no intermolecular forces so no potential energy
(change in) internal energy is (change in) kinetic energy and this is
proportional to (change in ) T

13 (a) (i) either

or

random motion
constant velocity until hits wall/other molecule

(ii) (total) volume of molecules is negligible

compared to volume of containing vessel
or
radius/diameter of a molecule is negligible
compared to the average intermolecular distance
(b) either molecule has component of velocity in three directions
or
c2 = cX2 + cY2 + cZ2
random motion and averaging, so <cX2> = <cY2> = <cZ2>
<c2> = 3<cX2>
so, pV = Nm<c2>

(c) <c2> T or crms T

temperatures are 300 K and 373 K
crms = 580 m s1
(Do not allow any marks for use of temperature in units of C instead of K)

22

B1

A1

[2]

M1
A1

[2]

B1
B1

[2]

[1]

M1
A1
(M1)
(A1)

[2]

M1
M1
A1
A0

[3]

C1
C1
A1

[3]

14 (a) (i)

number of molecules

(ii) mean square speed

(b) (i) 1. pV = nRT
n = (6.1 105 2.1 104 106) / (8.31 285)
n = 5.4 mol
2.

either N = nNA
= 5.4 6.02 1023
= 3.26 1024
or
pV = NkT
N = (6.1 105 2.1 104 106) / (1.38 1023 285)
N = 3.26 1024

(ii) either 6.1 105 2.1 102 = 1/3 3.25 1024 4 1.66 1027 <c2>
<c2> = 1.78 106
cRMS = 1.33 103 m s1
or
1
/2 4 1.66 1027 <c2> = 3/2 1.38 1023 285
<c2> = 1.78 106
cRMS = 1.33 103 m s1

15 (a) obeys the equation pV = constant T or pV = nRT

p, V and T explained
at all values of p, V and T/fixed mass/n is constant
(b) (i) 3.4 105 2.5 103 106 = n 8.31 300
n = 0.34 mol
(ii) for total mass/amount of gas
3.9 105 (2.5 + 1.6) 103 106 = (0.34 + 0.20) 8.31 T
T = 360 K
(c) when tap opened
gas passed (from cylinder B) to cylinder A
work done on gas in cylinder A (and no heating)
so internal energy and hence temperature increase

B1

[1]

B1

[1]

C1
C1
A1

[3]

C1
A1
(C1)
(A1)

[2]

C1
C1
A1
(C1)
(C1)
(A1)

[3]

M1
A1
A1

[3]

M1
A0

[1]

C1
A1

[2]

B1
M1
A1

[3]

16 (a) (i)

1.

pV = nRT
1.80 103 2.60 105 = n 8.31 297
n = 0.19 mol

C1
A1

[2]

B1
A1

[2]

M1
A0

[1]

(b) change in internal energy is 120 J / 25 J

B1
internal energy decreases / U is negative / kinetic energy of molecules decreases M1
so temperature lower
A1

[3]

2.

q = mcT
95.0 = 0.190 12.5 T
T = 40 K
(allow 2 marks for correct answer with clear logic shown)

(ii) p/T = constant

(2.6 105) / 297 = p / (297 + 40)
p = 2.95 105 Pa

17 (a) (i)

N: (total) number of molecules

B1

[1]

(ii) <c2>: mean square speed/velocity

B1

[1]

(b) pV = Nm<c2> = NkT

(mean) kinetic energy = m<c2>
algebra clear leading to m<c2> = (3/2)kT

C1
A1

[2]

(c) (i) either

either
or
or

energy required = (3/2) 1.38 1023 1.0 6.02 1023

energy required = 12.5 J (12J if 2 s.f.)
energy = (3/2) 8.31 1.0
energy = 12.5 J

(ii) energy is needed to push back atmosphere/do work against

atmosphere
so total energy required is greater

18 (a) (i)

sum of kinetic and potential energies of the molecules

reference to random distribution

(ii) for ideal gas, no intermolecular forces

so no potential energy (only kinetic)

C1
A1
(C1)
(A1)
M1
A1

[2]

M1
A1

[2]

M1
A1

[2]

(b) (i) either change in kinetic energy = 3/2 1.38 1023 1.0 6.02 1023 180 C1
= 2240 J
A1
or
R = kNA
energy = 3/2 1.0 8.31 180
(C1)
= 2240 J
(A1)
(ii) increase in internal energy = heat supplied + work done on system
2240 = energy supplied 1500
energy supplied = 3740 J

[2]

B1
C1
A1

[2]

[3]

19 (a) the number of atoms

in 12 g of carbon-12

M1
A1

[2]

A1

[1]

(ii) pV = nRT
p 210 106 = 0.080 8.31 310
p = 9.8 105 Pa
(do not credit if T in C not K)

C1
A1

[2]

(iii) either pV = 1/3 Nm <c2>

N = 0.080 6.02 1023 (= 4.82 1022)
and m = 40 1.66 1027 (= 6.64 1026)
9.8 105 210 106 = 1/3 4.82 1022 6.64 1026 <c2>
<c2> = 1.93 105
cRMS = 440 m s1

C1
C1

(b) (i) amount = 3.2/40

= 0.080 mol

or

or

A1

Nm = 3.2 103
9.8 105 210 106 = 1/3 3.2 103 <c2>
<c2> = 1.93 105
cRMS = 440 m s1

(C1)
(C1)

1/2 m<c2> = 3/2 kT

1/2 40 1.66 1027 <c2> = 3/2 1.38 1023 310
<c2> = 1.93 105
cRMS = 440 m s1

(C1)
(C1)

[3]

(A1)

(A1)

(if T in C not K award max 1/3, unless already penalised in (b)(ii))

20 (a) use of kelvin temperatures

both values of (V / T) correct (11.87), V / T is constant so pressure is constant

B1
M1

[2]

C1
A1

[2]

(allow use of n R1. Do not allow other values of n.)

(b) (i) work done R pV

R 4.2 105 (3.87 3.49) 103 106
=
= = =
R 160 J
(do not allow use of V instead of V)

(ii) increase / change in internal energy R heating of system

N work done on system
R 565 160
= =
R 405 J

(c) internal energy R sum of kinetic energy and potential energy / EK N EP

no intermolecular forces
no potential energy (so U R EK)

C1
A1

[2]

B1
M1
A1

[3]