INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN THE BALKANS AND THEIR

PERFORMANCE IN COMPETITIVENESS GROWTH AND

FDIs ATTRACTION
Arbina TOTONI, Arjan QEFALIA

Department of Management, Faculty of Economy, Tirana University, Albania

arbina.totoni@unitir.edu.al, arjan.qefalia@unitir.edu.al
Abstract
Industrial Parks are a widespread initiative of the last decades especially in those
countries that are trying to attract FDIs1, to promote rapid industrialization and to achieve a
more balanced regional distribution of production and employment. Industrial Parks provide
optimal conditions for foreign investors and other entrepreneurs developing competitive
industrial activities, because the parks ensure infrastructure, utilities and administration
standards above the national average. Therefore they contribute directly in improving the
countrys attractiveness especially for foreign investors that otherwise would have little or no
motivation to invest.
This paper aims to explore the Industrial Parks experience in Albania and other Balkans
countries and their FDI performance in order to evaluate the real outcome in comparison with
their perceived advantages.
For this purpose was conducted a wide literature review and a comparative analysis of
Industrial Parks development in the Balkans and their FDI performance. Also a considerable
number of half structured interviews were conducted with experts of actual and former units in
charge of Industrial Parks development in Albania in order to identify success factors and
common problems that may lessen their impact as FDI attractors.
Keywords: Industrial Parks, FDIs, competitiveness

INTRODUCTION
Industrial Parks, as a very wide spread type of Economic Zones, have rapidly
proliferated in the last decades in developing countries, and not only. Two phenomena
contribute to such acceleration: first, all developing countries have shifted their growth
politics toward export oriented strategies, which are considered optimal to increase
employment and facilitate the entrance in the global economy (Giles, Williams, 2000).
Second, with the intensification of global competition, the production of labor-intensive
goods in particular, has shifted toward developing countries, due to their abundant labor
supply and relatively low cost.
The standard definition of an Economic Zone applied by international organizations
(World Bank 1992, UNIDO 1995, ILO/UNCTC, 1988) states that it is an industrial area
that constitutes an island or enclave where the commercial code in force in the host
country (regarding licensing, red-tape procedures, and other free trade barriers) does not
apply.
An Industrial Park adds to the up mentioned features considerable advantages in
1

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

infrastructure quality, utilities, business services and management. These advantages

include lower costs deriving from economies of scale, and the possibility for industrial
clusters to form, which means better quality and lower costs for inputs, knowledge and
information spillovers, and greater power in client-supplier relations (common suppliers
and distribution channels). In other words, an Industrial Park guarantees optimal legal
and economic conditions to attract investments and enterprises, in order to develop
competitive industrial activities (UNIDO, 1997). Combined with a strategic
geographical location, IPs can improve the host countrys competitiveness in attracting
foreign investors that otherwise would have little or no motivation to invest.
Multiple empirical studies argue that Industrial Parks have positive effects for the
host country that go beyond economies of scale and beyond their geographical borders:
they contribute to the attraction of advanced technology; they offer access to
international distribution channels; they contribute in improving the performance of
local businesses by knowledge and information spillovers, and catalyst and
demonstration effects; they offer a great possibility for managerial staff training (Brown
& Hendry 1998, Belussi & Pilotti 2002, Boari & Lipparini 1999, Visser & Boschma
2003, etc.). Positive side effects of IP development for the host country include growth
in the business volume not only for companies operating inside the parks, but also for
those operating outside the parks all over the country, due to supplier-client connections
in the value chain (Rhee, 1990).
Considering the benefits that IP development represents for the investor, but most
of all for the host country, it can be easily understood why developing countries in
particular have implemented or are on the way of implementing such projects.
Balkans countries make no exception, showing a clear tendency in developing IP
projects. Bearing the burden of years of conflict and political instability, infrastructural
deficiencies and economical backwardness, the Balkans is trying to enter a new, more
positive era. The prospect of EU accession is contributing to market reforms, and is also
raising the regions attractiveness for businesses. Roads, railways, ports and airports are
being upgraded and expanded as trade flows are increasing. It is the Balkans strategic
location between Europe and Asia that gives the region huge potential to become a key
hub for direct trade between the two continents.
This paper will try to explore the Industrial Parks experience in the Balkans
countries and their FDI performance in order to evaluate their outcome in comparison
with their perceived advantages. It will also try to identify the most successful models
and the factors that have contributed to such success, as well as common problems and
difficulties that can hinder their performance and diminish the expected benefits.

METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this study consists mainly in qualitative research
methods. The first part of the study is based on a wide literature review regarding
Economic Zones and Industrial Parks features, advantages, and implementation issues.
IPs contribution in FDIs attraction and competitiveness is discussed in detail, pointing
out some of the preconditions for successful implementation. It also tries to establish the
criteria for IPs performance evaluation.
The second part consists on a wide comparative analysis of Economic Zones and

Industrial Parks initiatives in Balkans countries that intends to explore: EZ 2 and IP3
experience in Balkans countries; their performance in FDI attraction, employment and
general economic development. The most successful models are pointed out, trying to
establish the factors that have contributed to such success, as well as some unsuccessful
models are analyzed in order to understand the reasons behind their failure.
The third part focuses on IP initiatives in Albania. Therere used primary sources by
conducting a series of face to face semi-structured interviews, consisting of open ended
questions. The interviewed are experts including high rank executives in METE 4,
directors and specialists of IP development Unit near METE, METE specialists for
Economic Zones, State Aid, Commercial Policy, representants of assistance programs in
Albania (UNDP Trade Liberalization and Promotion Project) and former directors and
specialists of former Free Zones National Unit.

INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE

COMPETITIVENESS GROWTH AND FDI ATTRACTION

IN

IP development is considered by many authors as an instrument for economic

development that offers considerable benefits for all parties involved: for the investor,
for the economy of the host country in general and for the region. IPs can play a useful
role particularly in countries which intend to develop an export-oriented manufacturing
sector, but do not have adequate countrywide conditions for foreign investment
(UNIDO, 1997).
Contributions of IPs for the investor
By investing in an IP, the investor gains access to the comparative advantage of the
host countrys economy: geographic location, low cost workforce, political-legal
stability, technological and/or scientific infrastructure, free trade agreements,
government incentives, and the efficiency advantages of the IP.
IPs are mainly located in attractive hot spots for exporting industries, offering
access to transport infrastructure and work services. Because of industrial spatial
concentration, economies of scale can be achieved in infrastructural services (energy
and water supply, communication and waste processing), technical services
(maintenance, engineering), security services, supporting services (accounting, IT,
banking, work services, etc.).
The IPs contributions for the investor can be summarized as follows:
1.
2.
3.

4.
2

IPs reduce the cost of capital investment to the industrialist;

Eliminate delays for the industrialist in obtaining a suitable site, utilities and
buildings.
Encourage more effective use of resources through the development of large-scale
industrial complexes (including diversified industries of all sizes centered on major
projects such as ports, airports, railroad and highway junctions, power plants, oil
refineries, steel mills and chemical plants).
Improve product quality and increase productivity;

EZ Economic Zones
IP Industrial Park
4
METE Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Energy
3

5.
6.

Offer access to strategic transport links and markets;

Offer incentive packages for companies with satisfactory performance.

Contributions of IPs for the host country and the region:

Supporters of IP development sustain that one of the most important advantages of
IPs is the growth of FDI flows into the host country, which derives from the growth of
the host countrys competitiveness in attracting FDIs. Economic growth is stimulated as
result of the value added (wages and taxes) and the development of mutual industrial,
commercial and services relations with international markets.
These authors argue that IPs are a solution for the region too, since they create
demand in the work market, with a vast variety of jobs that would encourage
technological education, and also promote growth of economic activity in regions
currently facing stagnation, attracting new inhabitants (Eldar, 1992).
The IPs contributions for the host countrys economic growth and competitiveness
can be summarized as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.

IPs attract private investment both national and foreign;

They promote more rapid industrialization of the country;
Increase national and local employment;
Achieve a more balanced regional distribution of employment and production, and
consequently more balanced regional growth;
5. Attract advanced technologies;
6. Promote development of local businesses from knowledge spillovers and
demonstration effect;
7. Induce structural changes in production and employment, especially diversification;
8. Train labor and increase its productivity;
9. Train managers and implement new forms of management;
10. Achieve economies in investment in public infrastructure.
Industrial Parks performance evaluation criteria
After discussing the contributions of IPs to FDI attraction and economic growth and
development, it is important to discuss some of the criteria that can be used to measure
such contribution, in other words to evaluate their performance. In fact, IP s performance
evaluation criteria are different in different countries and cannot be fully unified. This
derives from the fact that the objectives they seek to fulfill are also different: some
countries use them as instruments to improve business climate and attract FDI s, others
as instruments to boost exports, technological development, employment, human
resources development, etc. Anyway, some of the most widely and frequently used
criteria for IP performance evaluation are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Quantity of FDIs attracted in the IPs (value).

Number of multinationals located in the IPs.
Percentage of the IPs exports to total exports of the country.
Number of new jobs created
Number of high-tech investments;
Efficiency and productivity levels in comparison with companies operating
outside the IPs.

IP DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE IN THE BALKANS

Bulgaria: Several IP projects have been implemented in Bulgaria, such as
Rakovski, Kuklen, Maritsa, Parvomai, Letnitsa, etc. for a total of 19 industrial zones.
The first IP, Rakovski, was established in 2005, as a public-private partnership. While
the establishment of these parks was not limited geographically, there was a clear
emphasis that they should, where possible, be related to strategic transport locations
including sea or river harbours, international airports, transport shipment centres or
along major transport highways - the objective being to facilitate speedy transportation
of goods on international trading routes to and from neighbouring countries, so that the
supply and distribution is obstacle free. Due to the strategic location of Bulgaria, 5 out
of the 10 Trans-European Corridors pass through the country. And 3 out of these five
pass in close proximity to Rakovski Industrial Zone (Invest Bulgaria, Fact Sheet, 2010).
The land for the projects development was provided by the Government, which
was also responsible for providing the zones with the necessary infrastructure, being
owner (even in a small part) of every zone.
Some of the main services offered to investors in these IP s are: Land with changed
status ready for industrial construction; Designing and building of facilities according to
investors specifications; Building manufacturing facilities with leasing schemes
financed by banks; Financial, fiscal and legal consulting; Human resources services;
Administrative services and short realization period; Issue of all necessary initial
construction permits and final approval documents; Railway services in the zone; All
other feasible investors suggestions. etc.
For certain investors that fulfill criteria regarding capital investment and job
creation, there can be exemptions on customs duties for capital equipment used for
manufacturing activities inside the IPs.
Bulgarian IPs have attracted a vast number of foreign investors such as Hyundai,
Daewoo, Kia Motors, CITCO, Schwartzkopf, Henkel, Landmarl Chemicals Ltd.,
Schneider and BINDL Energic Systeme Gmbh.
Croatia: A part for a number of technology parks, which are really incubators single buildings serving small and growing technology companies (OECD, 2007), the
only Industrial Park (following our definition) in Croatia is Nova Gradika (IPNG). It is
positioned on the main international motorway E70 which connects West Europe with
South-east Europe and Asia. It is also in the close proximity with European corridor 5C
which links North and Central Europe with the Mediterranean.
For important investment projects, which are determined by the type of investment,
new jobs created and the value of investment, a competitive package of incentives is
available on national and local level. Investors that invest more than 150,000 EUR and
employ at least 5 workers will be exempt from paying utility fees fully for the first year,
50% for the second year and 25% in the third year of operation. Also, investors whose
investment values reach 270,000 6,700,000, and who employ 7-60 employees are
exempt from municipal contributions from 25% to 100%. Significant direct assistance
was provided by USAID during IPNGs start-up phase, including advice on potential
users, ownership issues, workforce, parceling, infrastructure, and local incentives.
To increase FDI and domestic investment, a number of activities were conducted
such as disseminating information on investment opportunities in Croatia including
competitive and comparative analyses of site location factors; linking potential investors

to other investors already operating in Croatia; searching for appropriate sites;

organizing and supporting investor on-site visits, follow-up requirements, and aftercare
services; providing matchmaking services for strategic partnerships or joint ventures
between local and foreign companies; and facilitating access to finance for new
investment projects. Today, the zone has 9 beneficiary companies that have invested
$7,700,000 and employ 150 people. With EU support, the much-needed new Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) Programming training center has been built within the Park.
Further Park expansion is planned in the near future.
Macedonia: The Technological Industrial Development Zones (TIDZs) in FYR
Macedonia have been built on the concept of Free Economic Zones. With the current
incentives for investing in one of the four TIDZs in the country (Tetovo, Skopje 1,
Skopje 2, and Stip), these zones seem to be some of the most attractive tax propositions
in the Balkans (PricewaterhouseCoopers report, 2011).
The zones land is available under long-term lease (up to 99 years). Companies
located in TIDZs are exempt from paying fees for land-building permits. In addition,
companies starting their operations in the zones have free access to infrastructure for
connections to natural gas, water, sewage and electricity.
The most important incentive of TIDZs applicable to all companies located in the
zones is the 10-year tax holiday from paying both profit tax and personal income tax.
Furthermore, TIDZ-operating companies are exempt from the payment of VAT and
customs duties for goods, raw materials, equipment and machines used for export
production. A Green Custom Channel is also available for express service of exports to
the EU (PWC, 2011).
Further incentives are given to certain companies. In selected cases, and with the
approval of the Government, training and building costs of up to EUR 500,000 may be
covered by the Government if the interested party/investor is a multinational company
transferring all or a portion of its business to a TIDZ in FYR Macedonia.
The zones have alredy attracted investors like Johnson Controls, Johnson Matthey,
TeknoHose, Kemet, Protek Group and Motherson Group for a total of investment of
nearly 190 million USD. Important investors are those belonging to the automotive
industry like Johnson Controls (with a 40 million USD investment at Skopje 1 and 300
employees that are expected to grow to 500 in 2013, and a 20 million USD investment
at Stip TIDZ with 1300 new jobs created) and Johnson Matthey with a 60 million USD
investment at Skopje 1 TIDZ.
Romania: The 2002 law on the establishment and operation of industrial parks
define the industrial parks as limited zones in the boundaries of which economic,
scientific research and/or technological development activities are performed by using
the human and material potential available in the region. As a concrete expression of its
commitment to the development of industrial /business parks government has set aside a
fund of 583 billion lei from the state budget for the period up to 2006 to provide grants
for park development.
The Romanian Government is being supported in its efforts by the European Union
under the Phare 2000 Economic and Social Cohesion investment component.
The land property related to the industrial park has to comply cumulatively with all
the following conditions: To ensure access to national or European roads; To be owned
or used for at least 30 years by the company requesting the industrial park license; Not

to make the object of any pending litigation in respect of its legal status; If more than
one incentive regime is applicable to an investment, the investing company has to
explicitly choose one of them (Pirciog, EURECO, 2005).
Local Chambers of Commerce have been assigned to provide full support to
companies operating in industrial parks in obtaining the necessary authorizations and
clearances.
Companies operating in industrial parks benefit from the following incentives,
reinforced by the Fiscal Code: Exemption from payment of taxes for modifying the land
destination or land withdrawal from the agricultural use in order to be used for the
industrial park; Deduction of 20 % out of the value of the new investments in industrial
park applied in constructions for transporting and distributing electric and thermal
power, natural gas and water, etc;
By this time in Romania there are more than 45 industrial parks according to the
Romanian Agency for Foreign inestment, although the IBC Focus Report includes a
database of 91 Induastrial Parks and 30 Logistic Parks. As many as 189 new
multinational companies are expected to invest in Romania in the next decade
Serbia: Up to 2009 Serbia counts 64 planned Industrial Zones Parks, of which
only one refers to a brownfield locality revitalization of the old industrial zones in
Smederevo, while the others refer to greenfield IZs and IPs.
One of the IPs that have received greater attention is the one of Indija, which has
attracted in the last 5 years more than 300 million EUR foreign investments. Actual
investors include Microsoft, Groundfos GROUP, TerraProduction, Thyssenkrupp,
Monbat, Henkel, Bauerhin, Esca Food Solutions, Lagermax, Gombit, Remax, VanCo,
etc.
Incentives include : Corporate tax rate of 10%; 10 year Tax Holiday for investing over
EUR 7.5 million and creating 100 jobs; Tax credits for investment in fixed assets up to
80% of assets value; Various government subsides for creating new jobs; Carrying
Forward of Losses for up to 10 years; Tax Exemptions for Concessions for 5 years; Tax
credits for employing new workers for 2 years in the amount of 100% of gross salaries
(Zekovic, 2009).
Turkey: According to the investment program of the Ministry of Industry and
Commerce of Turkey in 2005, 116 industrial parks (in part of which infrastructure
construction was still going on) were part of this program (Trk, 2006). The first IP in
Turkey Is Bursa Industrial Park established on 1968.
One of the most well known is Gebze Industrial Park (GOSB, Gebze Organize
Sanayi Bolgesi), created in Istanbul on 1986, is the first private park in Turkey. In these
last years there were located several global companies like Alarko Carrier, ColgatePalmolive, Procter & Gamble, Corning Cable, Roche, etc. With the termination of the
second and third phase, GOSB plans to accommodate 400 companies with a total
investment of 6 billion $ and 45.000 jobs. GOSB is recognized as best-practice by
many national and international organizations due to effective and transparent
functioning of the regulatory authority, and also due to the ability to employ private
resources in order to create a world class physical infrastructure.
At the same time GOSB is following ambitious projects like GOSB Techno park,
which accommodates 65 high-tech SMEs focused on research and development
projects. Some of GOSB advantages are as follows:

1. Strategic location: 30 minutes from Istanbul (the largest market, and the highest
quality human resources in Turkey), 30 minutes from Kocaeli, the province with the
highest GDP per-capita in Turkey and highest industrial density. It is located near TEM
highway, a 6 lane highway connecting Ankara, Istanbul and Edirne, a location near the
border and an important gateway to Europe. Low transport costs due to proximity to
Derine and Haydarpaa seaports and to the Sabiha Gken airport.
2. Highly qualified, affordable and available workforce.
3. Quality of infrastructural services. World class standards and many solutions to
make industrialists productive activities easier. Apart energy, telecommunication,
natural gas, water, waste and waste water, fire safety and security services, GOSB
provides fiber optic connection for all companies with the vision to become a smartzone. Another project on the way is telecom which makes international phone calls
even cheaper than local calls, while calls between companies inside GOSB are free.
4. Economies of scale in buying most of utility services which can be offered to the
entrepreneurs at cheaper rates than the market, but also in an reliable and efficient way.
5. Consulting services to minimize the regulatory burden for the investors. GOSB
functions as a true one-stop-shop which is another attractive factor for companies to
invest there.
Albania: Actually speaking, there are 7 Economic Zones with the status of
Industrial Park approved, of which 2 have been identified and proposed by METE
structures (the zone of Spitalla Durres and the zone of Elbasani former metallurgic
plant brownfield), and the other 5 are unsolicited proposals from private investors or
local government.
The Albanian government has applied a set of liberal fiscal policies during the last
years. These policy measures consist of: Reduction of corporate and personal income
taxes from 20 %, implementing a Flat tax of 10% since 1 January 2008; Tax rates
10% on personal income tax; Unification of the simplified profit tax and the tax on
small business. Local authorities are now responsible for the collection of the new tax;
Reduction of the fiscal burden of social security paid by employers from 29% to 20%; A
30% reduction of electricity rates for businesses; A tax exemption of dividends
designated for investments.
Table 1. Industrial Park Projects in Albania
Zones and location

Proposal

1. Shngjin
Industrial Park, surface
3.2 ha

ATX
International
develop/ operate
for 35 years
AIIOA

Industrial and Commercial

Center. Light manufacturing
industry.

17,054,152

Industrial and Commercial

Center.

16,374 jobs

METE

Industrial and Commercial

Center. Commercial and
manufacturing activities.

109 million ALL for

feasibility project

Shkodra
Municipality

Revitalization of brownfield

5.3 million USD

2. Koplik
Industrial Park, surface
61 ha
3. Spitall, Durrs
Industrial Park, surface
850 ha
4. Shkoder
Industrial Park, surface
130 ha

Destination

Investment Value

1400 - 3000 jobs

5. Vlor
Industrial Park, surface
125 ha

Idea Vlora

Industrial Center. Light

manufacturing, food
processing.

20,819,797

6. Elbasan
Industrial Park, surface
254.7 ha
7. Durrs
Proposal for Free Zone
at Durrsi Port

METE

41 million ALL for

feasibility project

KURUM Steel
Co Sh.p.k.Tiran

Revitalization of former
industrial metalurgic plant
area.
Ship repair activities.
Construction of new vessels.

8. Vlor
Proposal for Free Zone
and containers port at
Triport, Vlora

ZumaX LTD

Containers

18,586 jobs

7.3 million
600 jobs
1.7 billion

Source: METE

Albania, in spite of being a small market, may represent a very interesting location
for FDIs because of its particular geographical position and proximity to the European
market. It is crossed by Corridor VIII a long-term planned traffic axes development of
the European Union. This corridor runs from South Italy to Varna on the Black Sea and
is gaining importance because up to now functioning connections like Pireus,
Thesaloniki and Bosforus, are facing and will continue to face lack of capacities and
delays. Other factors that attract investors attention are: a dynamic work force of young
age, low labor costs and relatively high economic growth rates in comparison to the
neighboring countries.
These factors alone are not sufficient to create an attractive climate for investments
without a competitive IP infrastructure, which will serve to overcome the deficiencies
Albania has in transport and utilities infrastructure.
Other factors may hinder the implementation of IP projects in Albania leading to
the attraction of an insufficient number of investors. These factors are mainly related to
the image and attractiveness of Albania - endangered by the lack of political stability,
corruption, property issues, lack of a strong and constant support from the government,
or even lack of information regarding the opportunities Albania offers to foreign
investors that derive by poor IPs marketing.

ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

All Balkans countries have established or are in the process of establishing Industrial
Parks as part of a FDI attraction strategy, but also as a strategy for industrial sector
revitalization. Not all of them have been equally successful in achieving these objectives.
Highest performance in FDI attraction is achieved in recent members of EU (Romania
and Bulgary) and in Turkey, although these countries have abolished fiscal incentives,
focusing more on physical and technological infrastructure.
Fiscal incentives are still being used from Serbia and FYROM and Albania also
attempted to use them. It is not a coincidence that these countries are those facing the
greatest political instability and corruption problems, thats why they try to compensate
these important competitiveness deficiencies by offering fiscal incentives. Anyway,
harmonization with the legal and economical EU environment, will certainly bring to
their abolition, since they are considered as instruments that distort competition.
Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey not only have large internal markets, but also ensure

access to larger markets: Romania and Bulgaria being part of the EU, while Turkey being
a strategic joint between two continents Europe and Asia. EU membership has offered
Romania and Bulgaria extra financing advantages, although privately owned IP s have
resulted in some cases equally successful.
Location is another very important factor that every country seem to have taken in
consideration when selecting between IP projects, choosing strategic transport locations.
Location, stability, market size, incentives, input costs and IP infrastructure are some
of the most important factors that determine IPs success in attracting FDI s. But as we
mentioned before, there are other objectives that countries seek to attain by IP
establishment, so success of IPs initiatives is also related with their contribution to
industrial and technological development, volume of exports, employment, human
resources development etc. Each country, in accordance with their specific national
development objectives, offers differentiated performance oriented incentive packages.
Since some of these objectives cannot be easily measured in the short run (such as
technological or human resource development, or exports), most of the countries analyzed
use the following criteria to measure IP performance:
1.
2.
3.

Value of FDIs attracted in the IPs.

Number of multinationals located in the IPs.
Number of new jobs created

From the analysis of the Balkans countries IPs, some of the most important success
factors result to be:
Strategic geographical location
Political stability
Excellent IP infrastructure
Interesting market size, or access to larger markets (EU)
Strong support from the government
Performance oriented incentive packages
Support from EU funding
IP government
Reasons for Industrial Parks not being able to reach success
1. Inconvenient location selection of the industrial park. Location selection of
industrial parks is done according to administrative criterions instead of economic
criterions. Establishment on agricultural land or touristic sites, damaging actual
economic activities. Also, sometimes feasibility studies are carried out only formally
(Trk, 2006).
2. Lack of sufficient financing causing delays in the construction of IP s
infrastructure. Considering that one of the main advantages of IP initiative is offering
quick ready solutions for investors who are seeking a location, any delay means losing
chances to find investors.
3. Lack of clear selection criteria for IP developers and lack of performance criteria
for users, which can lead to the concentration inside the IP s of passive users, minimizing
the positive impacts expected.
4. Lack of coordination. There exist clear policies regarding the selection of the IP

projects and developers, for example economical priority of the region, but sometimes
no analysis exist to determine which are these regions. Also, being eager to wellcome
any investment proposal, can cause concentration in the IPs of industries interesting
mainly for the investor (labor intensive), while the major benefits from IPs are achieved
from attracting industries that can contribute in the general industrial and technological
development of the host country.
5. Poor IPs marketing.
6. Lack of sustainable and consistent support from the government.
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