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JULY 2014 / DEFINING TECHNOLOGY FOR EXPLORATION, DRILLING AND PRODUCTION / WorldOil.com
OFFSHORE
ADVANCES
MPD FOR DEEP WATER
Collaboration adds managed pressure
drilling to newbuild drillship
MARINE SEISMIC
Regional 3D seismic reveals
trends offshore Congo
SHALETECH: INTERNATIONAL
Activity ramping up at a slow,
but steady rate
email: rig@nov.com
www.nov.com/wo/rig
CONTENTS
JULY 2014 / VOL. 235 NO. 7
55
88
99
SPECIAL FOCUS:
COLUMNS
OFFSHORE ADVANCES
99
37
47
K. Abraham
J. Lehner / T. Marvel
17
Energy issues
19
21
M. Cruthirds
COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
63
Acoustical determination
of cement thickness in cased
oil wells
G.M. Wiercinski / M. Ludena
D.E. Gore
MARINE SEISMIC
73
Building understanding of
offshore Congo regional
geology through 3D seismic
SHALETECH: INTERNATIONAL
SHALES
116
81
25
Offshore in depth
27
29
Executive viewpoint
Iraq: Dj vu
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTS:
SHALE TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW 2014
S123 Best practices from across
the shale technology
spectrum, from geoscience
and horizontal drilling, to
multi-stage fracing and water
management.
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
31
Innovative thinkers
Presidential characterization:
D. Nathan Meehan
178
33
Industry at a glance
171
172
173
174
Marketplace /
Advertising sales offices
Drilling advances
23
Race to production
steadily ramping up
M. Cruthirds
First oil
175
Advertisers index
176
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PUBLISHERRon Higgins
EDITORIAL
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Editor-in-ChiefPramod Kulkarni
Executive EditorKurt Abraham
News EditorMelanie Cruthirds
Associate EditorRoger Jordan
Contributing Editors
Dayse Abrantes, Brazil
Dr. A. F. Alhajji, Middle East
Eldon Ball, Offshore
Dr. Roger Bezdek, Washington
Ron Bitto, At Large
David Blackmon, Reg. Affairs
Robert Curran, Canada
Don Francis, At Large
William (Bill) Head, Exploration
Raj Kanwar, South Asia
Ian Lewis, EAME
ADVERTISING SALES
See Advertising sales offices
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World Oil is indexed by Business Periodicals Index, Engineering Index Inc., and
Environmental Periodicals Bibliography. Microfilm copies are available through
University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Mich. The full text of World Oil is
also available in electronic versions of the Business Periodicals Index.
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4JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
President/CEOJohn Royall
Vice PresidentRon Higgins
Vice President, ProductionSheryl Stone
Business Finance ManagerPamela Harvey
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FIRST OIL
PRAMOD KULKARNI, EDITOR
fields offshore West Africa and Mozambique. Noble Energy also holds a similarly
diverse portfolio, divided between the
deepwater Gulf of Mexico, U.S. shales and
the Eastern Mediterranean. Meanwhile,
Apache and Devon have made more of a
commitment to their shale assets. Devon
has sold all of its Gulf properties and has
even moved its headquarters from Houston to Oklahoma City. With some shale
operators reporting return on investment
above 100%, perhaps there is merit in
Devons shale-only strategy.
Independent newbies. In February
2014, Fieldwood Energy acquired properties from Sandridge along the shelf, as well
as the deepwater Bullwinkle field. Meanwhile, well-funded Cobalt International
has staked its fortunes on the deepwater
Lower Tertiary plays, in partnership with
Anadarko, as well as on its own. An interesting addition to this category is Venari
Resources, which bills itself as the nonoperating partner-of-choice in the Gulf of
Mexico. Backed by more than $1.25 billion in private equity, Venari is focusing on
subsalt prospects in deep water.
New home for the NOCs. While Total
and Eni have been operating in the Gulf of
Mexico for several years, two interesting
NOC additions are Petrobras and Statoil.
Priding itself on its deepwater expertise,
Petrobras was the first to initiate FPSObased production in the Gulf of Mexico
from the ultra-deepwater Cascade and Chinook fields. Statoil has started wildcatting
in earnest in the Miocene plays, and hopes
to make major discoveries in the next few
months. Locals tend to carp about the
BSEE, but the reliable regulatory regime is
attracting interest from the large NOCs.
More the merrier. According to Wood
MacKenzie, 9 Bboe have been produced
in the Gulf of Mexico, thus far. In addition,
24 Bboe have been discovered, but are yet
to be produced, and future discoveries are
estimated at 14 Bboe. As such, there are
plenty of opportunities for operators of all
shapes and sizes in the Gulf of Mexico
mother of all oilfield bonanzas.
IN THIS ISSUE
55
99
116
ShaleTech: International
race to production ramp-
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Solving challenges.
PRODUCTION /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Maersk Oil UK gets approval to develop Flyndre, Cawdor
Maersk Oil UK has received approval from UK and Norwegian authorities to develop Flyndre and Cawdor fields. The fields lie approximately
293 km southeast of Aberdeen in Blocks 30/13 and 30/14 of the UK
North Sea (Flyndre and Cawdor) and Block 1/5 of the Norwegian
North Sea. The fields will be co-developed as a subsea tie-back to the
Clyde platform (pictured), operated by Talisman Sinopec Energy UK.
Flyndre will be developed with a single production well, while Cawdor
will be developed, initially, with a single production well, with potential
development of two further wells, based on field performance. Flyndre
is expected to peak at around 10,000 bopd, with first oil expected in
2016, and Cawdor should peak at around 5,000 bopd, with production beginning in 2017. Total recoverable resources are expected to be
approximately 30 MMboe for the initial development phase, with further
upside depending on performance and additional development phases.
Photo courtesy of Talisman Sinopec Energy UK.
BUSINESS ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Statoil, PTTEP
complete agreement
to divide Canadian oil
sands interests
Statoil and Thailands PTT Exploration
and Production (PTTEP) have
completed an agreement to divide
their respective interests in the Kai
Kos Dehseh (KKD) oil sands project
in northeastern Alberta, Canada.
Following the satisfaction of all
conditions precedent and the closing
of this transaction, Statoil now owns
100%, and continues as operator of
the Leismer and Corner development
projects, with PTTEP owning and
operating 100% of the Thornbury,
Hangingstone and South Leismer areas.
Statoil paid $200 million to PTTEP, plus
a working capital adjustment amount
of approximately $222 million.
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INDEPENDENCE
Saturn
3D RADIAL PROBE
DISCOVERIES //////////////////////////////////////////////
BG, Ophir Energy
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GOVERNMENT/REGULATORY ///////////////////////////////
Exxon Mobil awarded leases in Gulf boundary area
Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell and Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Acting
Director Walter Cruickshank have announced the award of the first three oil and gas leases in the Gulf
of Mexico boundary area, subject to the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement. The
leases were awarded to Exxon Mobil, which submitted bids for the blocks within (or partially within)
three statute miles of the maritime and continental shelf boundary with Mexico at Western Planning
Area Sale 233, held in August 2013. BOEM opened the three sealed bids, totaling $21,333,850, during
the Eastern and Central Planning Area Sales on March 19. The leases are in the Alaminos Canyon
Area, and will be subject to the terms of the U.S.-Mexico agreement, effective July 18.
UK energy minister
announces new shale terms
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EXPLORATION /////////////////////////////////////////////
Statoil drilling Martin prospect in deepwater GOM
As part of an ambitious effort to expand its E&P portfolio in North America, Statoil is in the midst
of drilling a wildcat well as an operator in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Statoil is using
the Maersk Developer, a sixth-generation semisubmersible, to drill the well on the Martin prospect
across Blocks 717, 718 and 761 in the Mississippi Canyon area. Installed at a 3,000-ft water depth, the
well is expected to reach TD during third-quarter 2014. The operator said it is fairly confident of success at Martin. Fields under production in the area include Mars and Ursa (Shell), and Thunder Horse
(BP), which are some of the largest producing fields in the GOM. For Martin, Statoil is the operator
(42.5%), with partners Nexen (25%) and LLOG (26%).
ACQUISITIONS /////////////////////////////////////////////
Total sells interest
in Shah Deniz
Total has signed an agreement
to sell its 10% interest in the Shah
Deniz field, offshore Azerbaijan,
and the South Caucasus pipeline
to TPAO, the Turkish, state-owned
E&P company. The transaction is
valued at $1.5 billion and is subject to customary approvals. Shah
Deniz field is approximately 100
km southeast of Baku, Azerbaijan,
in the Caspian Sea, and covers
approximately 860 km2, in
water depths up to 550m.
Phase One of the field started
up in 2006 and is producing
200,000 boed. A second phase
was sanctioned in 2013.
ENERGY ISSUES
DR. WILLIAM J. PIKE, EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD CHAIRMAN
CoreFlow
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is pursuing a JIP to further develop a fiber optic VSP tool that can be deployed
on drill pipe for either deepwater wells or
long horizontal wells. The workshop was a
success, and major oil is in discussion with
Paulsson, Inc.
SEGs SEAM will begin to study pore
pressure prediction as a joint privatepublic partnership with RPSEA and
about 14 interested oil companies and
vendors. The intent is to show our industry what current practice will produce, when compared to a perfectly
known geologic and fluid setting, when
the data used to determine pore pressure
are as perfect as they will ever be. Then,
opportunity exists to improve how we
predict pore pressure from seismic, and
hopefully create suggestions to advance
the science for a better, safer outcome.
The consortium will provide a collaborative forum, where industry experts
prioritize current challenges in the use
of seismic velocity models to construct
pre-drill pore pressure forecasts for well
planning. These challenges will be used
to design a comprehensive earth model
and to acquire, through state-of-the-art
computer simulation, benchmark data
sets. These sets will be used by industry to
quantify risk and uncertainty associated
with velocity models derived from both
current and future state-of-the-art seismic
acquisition, processing and imaging.
The focus will be the deepwater
GOM. However, resultant advances
in pressure prediction technology and
methodology will be more broadly relevant. SEAM Pressure Prediction will
commence in late 2014 and is expected
to last two to three years.
DRILLING ADVANCES
JIM REDDEN, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
The human equation. Dingee, chairman of the SPE Human Factors Technical
Session, has focused extensively on the impact of human elements in workplace mistakes, and with the publication of Hanger
Talk, literally wrote the book on the subject. His message is that the human element is the most flexible, adaptable part of
a companys management system, but also
the one most vulnerable to influences that
hinder performance.
Although up to 80% of accidents are
correctly labeled human error, effective
safety management, he said, requires that
the label be accompanied by exactly why
the incident occurred and how it can be
fixed. Preventing future accidents requires
an understanding of all the underlying
factors and conditions that affect human
performance, be it fatigue, inadequate
equipment or training, badly designed procedures, or poorly laid out checklists and
manuals. He singled out one commercial
airline, which after concluding that even its
most experienced pilots made, on average,
four errors per flight, subsequently put corrective systems in place.
Determining the why requires digging deeper and fully understanding the
levels at which employees performbe it
a skill, rule or knowledge-based scenario,
he said. With the former, an employee essentially is performing on automatic and
not fully engaged with the surrounding environment. In reality, we train our crews
to be on automatic, because then they are
actually working to standards and making
fewer errors. This actually makes a good
place to work, but you cant work on automatic all the time.
When youre working in a non-routine
or rule-based scenario, the company makes
the decisions for us on how to perform,
he said. You start flying on automatic,
you take an assessment of your environment, you make a decision based on the
rules youve been trained to, you execute,
and then you slide back into automatic.
So, youre going back and forth, and that is
when we make our best decisions.
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World Oil/JULY 201423
HPHT
CHALLENGES
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OFFSHORE IN DEPTH
ELDON BALL, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
Iraq: Dj vu
Since the Sunnis cannot push south, and
Al-Malikis troops cannot retake lost territories, the possibility of a long civil war
and a de facto division of Iraq into three regions is high. The expected growth in production is the first victim of this conflict.
Iraq cannot deliver the 8 MMbopd that
the government has been talking about,
or even 6 MMbopd.
Plans to increase production to 6
MMbopd and above are contingent upon
building pipelines through western Iraq to
Syria and Jordan. Now, these areas are under the control of Sunni rebels. Production
growth is gone with the revolution.
If all, or some, of the international companies leave Iraq, the countrys oil production will start declining immediately, even
if oil fields and facilities are not attacked.
However, the main winners are the Kurds.
They achieved their dream of controlling
Kirkuk and its oil fields. In the medium
term, production and exports of 300,000600,000 bopd from the region are feasible.
But these exports do not change the fact
that long-term forecasts of various agencies and groups still count on Iraq delivering at least 6 MMbopd, and now it cannot.
Kurdistans production is already included
in these forecasts.
In conclusion, the short-run impact
could be limited, unless Shia infighting, as
the central government is weakened, limits
production. But the long-term
impact is significant, putting
more pressure on North America to produce more oil.
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Oil is the source of Iraqs problems. In the main tools to achieve its objectives, which
2003, after Iraq was invaded, I wrote an arti- include regime change.
Ironically, the U.S. and the Sunni rebels
cle entitled, The future of Iraq: Democracy
or Oilocracy.1 I argued then, that the Bush in Iraq share the same strategic objectives,
administration had an historic opportunity when it comes to controlling oil reserves
to diversify Iraqs economy and remove its prevent the enemy from the source of his
oil dependency. Without economic diversi- strength and finance a new regime of your
fication, a new Saddam Hussein sneaks into liking from oil revenues. Now, we can see
power. Diversification is the kind of preemptive the vicious cycle that brings us back to the
strike that will prevent future dictators from beginning of this columnif everyone
taking over Iraq. Without economic diver- wants to control Iraqi oil to fund a future
sification, In a few years, people will look at government of its liking, Iraq will remain
Operation Iraqi Freedom as one of the biggest dependent on oil and remain in turmoil, as
blunders in U.S. history. Now, we know how the country is ruled by dictator after dictatrue these predictions were: Iraq became tor, with no end in sight. It is an oil curse.
The above argument means either concompletely dependent on oil revenues, and
tinuous turmoil, as dictators are deposed,
another dictator snuck into power.
If dependence on oil revenues is the one after the other, or a strong ruler, who
problem, then removing Prime Minster will bring stability to Iraq but threaten
Nouri Al-Maliki, or forming a unity gov- neighboring countries.
The impact of current events on
ernment, will not solve the current crisis,
or any of Iraqs long-term problems. From global oil markets. Back in 2010, in this
the above argument, one might conclude column, I wrote about an in-house study
that the main reason for the U.S. invasion at NGP Energy Capital Management, that
of Iraq was to gain control of the countrys predicted an increase in Iraqs production
to only 4.9 MMbopd by 2018.4 While that
oil resources.
At the end of 2002, just about four prediction was considered pessimistic,
months before Iraq was invaded, I wrote as various groups talked about 6.0-plus
a piece in this column entitled, Will the MMbopd, recent events prove that even
U.S. invasion of Iraq fit the objectives of that prediction was too optimistic.
Bushs energy policy?2 The article conWhat we have seen in Iraq, in recent
cluded, No, the invasion is not about oil. weeks, is a Sunni revolution against AlNow, we know that most oil contracts Malikis regime and Shia dominance.
went to Europe and China.
This topic was discussed
again in June 2003, under the 40 years of Iraqi oil production.
title, The U.S. energy policy
4
and Iraqs Invasion: Does oil
matter?3 My conclusion was
3
that U.S. control of Iraqi oil
production did not fit the
Bush administrations energy
2
policy objectives, which were
championed by then-Vice
1
President Dick Cheney. If
oil was not the occupations
objective, then what was oils
0
role? The main conclusion
was that oil is not the objective
Sources: EIA 2014 and OPEC 2014
of the invasion, but it is one of
REFERENCES
1. http://www.steinbergrecherche.com/fralhajji.
htm
2. http://www.worldoil.com/December2002-International-Politics.html
3. http://www.worldoil.com/June-2003-International-Politics.html
4. http://www.worldoil.com/June-2010-Oiland-gas-in-the-capitals.html
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EXECUTIVE VIEWPOINT
CRAIG BEASLEY, CHIEF GEOPHYSICIST,
WESTERNGECO, AND SCHLUMBERGER FELLOW
involves building local capacities for monitoring eruptive and landslide activity at the
Pacaya volcano. The ultimate goal is to save
lives by means of early warnings in case of
a catastrophic eruption, and to reduce false
evacuation recommendations.
In northern Cameroon, students will
conduct electromagnetic surveys to characterize a basement rock aquifer in the
Vina River catchment, to develop a freshwater well field. The objective is to provide
access to, and localization of, fresh groundwater reserves for domestic or irrigation
purposes. Remote Milingimbi Island,
Australia, has an aboriginal community
of about 1,600 persons, and groundwater
is their only water source. Students and
professors will use near-surface geophysical measurements to support water supply
investigations and engage local community
members in training and use of near-surface instruments to help ensure a sustainable water supply.
Geoscientists are doing amazing,
wonderful things around the world today through GWB, supported solely by
individual donors, oilfield service providers, a few software developers, and a
small number of E&P companies. Can
you imagine what we will achieve, if we
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The vision, from the beginning, was to
build a track record of successful projects
to take our case to the oil industry. GWB
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brainpower to make the world a better
place for generations to come.
| bakerhughes.com
Well design and construction has long been part of the Baker Hughes DNA.
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INNOVATIVE THINKERS
MELANIE CRUTHIRDS, NEWS EDITOR
Presidential
characterization
D. Nathan Meehan
As the industry took a sharp downturn in the late 1980s, Meehan embraced
his desire to continue working with technological applications, rather than P&Ls.
Spurred by what he remembers as exciting
times, technologically, Meehan took the
opportunity to earn a PhD in petroleum
engineering from Stanford University.
During this time, and after, he continued
to focus on reservoir characterization, but
also worked in geosteering and, at one
point, had a drilling department report to
him, during a time when UPR was actively
drilling 3,000-plus-ft horizontal wells.
Just over a decade later, UPR was
acquired by Anadarko, at which point
Meehan jumped briefly into a position at
Occidental Petroleum, before going into
engineering consulting. Although he enjoyed the projects he undertook as a consultant, including field studies and arbitration on technical challenges, it was not
long before Meehan was drawn back into
the fold of big-time oil and gas. In 2008,
he joined Baker Hughes with the goal of
helping the company, and its customers,
to better understand the reservoir. More
than 30 years after he first built calculator programs to help engineers see
subsurface properties, Meehan is interested in addressing the question of how
best to quantify the value of reservoir
characterization tools.
MELANIE.CRUTHIRDS@WORLDOIL.COM
World Oil/JULY 201431
INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE
HENRY.TERRELL@GULFPUB.COM
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Florida
Illinois
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana4
Michigan
Mississippi
Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Texas4
Utah
West Virginia
Wyoming
Others5
TOTAL U.S.
LOWER 48
1
3
5
MAY
20133
29
515
18
579
158
6
26
130
7
1,173
22
68
81
8
280
810
13
321
2,768
93
12
173
28
7,317
6,802
% DIFF.
3.4
8.0
16.7
5.2
20.9
16.7
15.4
0.8
0.0
14.3
4.5
1.5
4.9
25.0
16.1
23.1
69.2
8.4
15.2
22.6
0.0
11.6
3.6
13.9
14.3
APR
20142
28
564
20
607
190
7
22
134
7
1,263
21
68
88
8
297
965
20
340
3,087
110
12
187
29
8,074
7,510
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
$6
$5
$4
AVG. 2013
AVG. 2012
9.49
2.80
3.37
2.65
2.52
0.52
0.70
1.63
1.90
0.24
1.12
0.56
2.50
6.41
36.40
9.40
2.83
3.32
2.69
2.55
0.52
0.70
1.63
1.92
0.22
1.12
0.55
2.46
6.41
36.32
9.40
2.68
3.08
2.76
2.55
0.52
0.73
1.72
1.95
0.90
1.15
0.52
2.50
6.33
36.79
9.51
3.00
2.95
2.65
2.46
0.54
0.74
1.78
2.10
1.39
1.17
0.50
2.50
6.28
37.58
11.42
2.80
4.04
0.93
1.88
0.58
0.46
0.08
22.18
11.25
2.84
4.05
0.91
1.92
0.57
0.44
0.08
22.07
10.31
2.89
3.99
0.85
1.84
0.59
0.41
0.07
20.96
9.17
2.92
3.75
0.94
1.91
0.60
0.48
0.08
19.87
10.95
2.96
4.21
0.66
0.89
0.80
1.15
0.14
2.17
0.61
1.01
0.42
0.96
0.02
0.11
0.68
0.24
1.67
29.67
2.19
90.44
10.89
3.02
4.17
0.65
0.90
0.81
1.14
0.14
2.23
0.62
0.94
0.42
0.93
0.02
0.11
0.68
0.24
1.67
29.57
2.19
90.15
10.88
3.00
4.18
0.66
0.90
0.84
1.14
0.14
2.12
0.63
1.01
0.42
0.95
0.06
0.14
0.70
0.24
1.59
29.58
2.18
89.51
10.73
2.93
4.17
0.67
0.91
0.89
1.17
0.14
2.16
0.66
0.95
0.41
0.93
0.17
0.18
0.72
0.25
1.48
29.52
2.14
89.11
OPECCRUDE OIL
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Iraq
United Arab Emirates
Kuwait
Neutral Zone
Qatar
Angola
Nigeria
Libya
Algeria
Ecuador
Venezuela
NGLs & condensate1
TOTAL OPEC
OECD2
U.S.
Mexico
Canada
United Kingdom
Norway
Europe-others
Australia
Pacific-others
TOTAL OECD
NONOECD
Russia
FSU-others
China
Malaysia
India
Indonesia
Asia-others
Europe
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Latin America-others
Oman
Syria
Yemen
Egypt
Gabon
Africa/Middle East-others
TOTAL NONOECD
PROCESSING GAINS3
TOTAL SUPPLY
MAY
2014
$3
Monthly price (Henry Hub)
12-month price avg.
Production
$2
$1
$0
M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M
2012
2013
2014
Q2 2014
Q1 2014
+/
Year ago
+/
Ardmore Woodford
31
66
35
49
18
Arkoma Woodford
24
25
13
11
327
374
47
443
116
12
Barnett
Cana Woodford
94
77
17
82
DJNiobrara
267
258
266
Eagle Ford
1,110
1,171
61
1,044
66
30
135
Fayetteville
127
129
157
120
Granite Wash
132
148
16
141
97
94
109
12
105
Marcellus
524
576
52
475
49
Mississippian
386
408
22
343
43
2,374
2,351
23
2,169
206
Haynesville
90
75
60
45
W. Texas Inter.
Brent Blend
Dubai Fateh
Source: DOE
M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M
2012
2013
2014
Permian
Utica
102
112
10
131
29
Williston
707
737
30
582
125
Others
2,550
2,557
2,530
20
TOTALS
8,853
9,083
230
8,534
319
INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE
HENRY.TERRELL@GULFPUB.COM
MAY 2014
Land
Offshore
160
2
93
60
2
1
4
1
4
6
0
18
3
0
12
1
41
1
0
19
27
13
367
47
21
9
45
11
94
0
34
0
59
0
20
0
82
19
0
0
12
8
100
40
47
0
1
16
12
1
11
1
9
3
20
19
333
71
105
0
21
26
38
0
26
1
49
36
72
3
22
5
131
112
11
9
0
28
90
38
17
11
1
3
2
2
1
14
0
6
9
1
1,184
332
Monthly average
APR 2014
Land
Offshore
201
3
97
58
3
1
4
1
4
6
3
21
3
0
12
0
41
1
1
20
26
8
361
37
23
7
45
10
89
0
34
0
58
0
23
0
78
20
0
0
11
0
96
40
49
0
1
15
12
1
8
0
8
6
18
18
337
66
103
0
22
27
46
0
24
1
56
31
68
3
18
4
131
119
11
10
0
25
90
40
18
10
1
9
3
3
0
15
0
4
8
3
1,223
323
MAY 2013
Land Offshore
126
2
78
46
5
0
3
2
4
3
0
18
3
0
8
0
29
0
0
14
26
9
318
44
19
8
47
11
80
0
30
0
45
1
21
0
64
19
0
0
12
5
87
37
46
0
0
11
2
0
15
0
11
11
13
15
342
94
85
0
20
42
44
0
25
2
69
41
71
7
28
2
143
106
12
8
0
18
83
35
28
11
0
10
7
1
4
15
0
3
9
5
1,094
329
113
87
80
92.0
107
82
77
93.9
NORTHWEST EUROPE
MAY 2014 MAY 2013
94
93
92
98.9
90
88
87
98.9
WORLDWIDE
MAY 2014 MAY 2013
849
795
737
92.7
785
721
678
94.0
*Rigs are no longer broken out into mobile and platform categories.
MAY
2014
214
142
80
16
221
718
341
308
2,040
480
APR
2014
210
140
82
17
224
695
342
318
2,028
485
Source: Cameron
34JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
MAR
2014
205
137
96
17
221
699
336
326
2,037
560
MAY
2013
200
140
92
20
215
673
360
341
2,041
447
% chng
mo. ago
1.9
1.4
2.4
5.9
1.3
3.3
0.3
3.1
0.6
1.0
% chng
yr. ago
7.0
1.4
13.0
20.0
2.8
6.7
5.3
9.7
0.0
7.4
INTERNATIONAL ROTARY
DRILLING RIGS
2,000
1,900
1,800
1,700
1,600
1,500
1,400
1,300
1,200
1,100 M J J A S O N D J F M A A M J J A S O N D J F M A M
2012
2013
2014
U.S. ROTARY
DRILLING RIGS
2,100
2,000
1,900
1,800
1,700 S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J
2012
2013
2014
Monthly average
MAY
2014
6
6
0
0
10
9
0
11
45
44
1
65
1
32
3
114
28
14
19
53
0
12
9
2
2
89
0
173
37
194
59
0
0
892
2
0
119
88
56
35
9
33
9
97
325
38
16
65
27
26
46
3
57
1,859
JUN
2013
7
6
0
0
8
7
1
15
41
39
2
61
1
27
1
107
21
24
18
44
1
12
10
1
4
76
0
176
32
188
58
1
0
838
5
1
136
87
47
35
13
26
13
82
278
36
22
60
31
23
43
7
52
1,767
% DIFF.
JUN 13
JUN 14
0.0
16.7
25.0
28.6
0.0
26.7
14.6
17.9
50.0
8.2
100.0
18.5
200.0
1.9
28.6
37.5
16.7
18.2
100.0
8.3
40.0
100.0
75.0
17.1
4.0
21.9
5.9
0.0
100.0
6.3
40.0
100.0
13.2
2.3
17.0
0.0
23.1
26.9
7.7
24.4
15.1
5.6
31.8
3.3
12.9
8.7
16.3
57.1
13.5
5.1
JUN*
2014
7
7
0
0
10
9
1
11
47
46
1
66
2
32
3
109
27
15
15
52
0
11
6
2
1
89
0
169
39
199
58
0
0
891
3
0
118
89
55
35
10
33
14
102
320
38
15
58
27
25
50
3
59
1,857
Note: State monthly averages may not add up to U.S. total, due to rounding.
OPTIMIZE
FROM PORE TO PROCESS
TM
challenges and improve decisions ENGINEER Optimal system architecture to increase life-of-eld
production CONTROL Continuous monitoring to manage changing reservoir conditions BOOST
Production with scalable processing solutions ENHANCE Financial return over the life of the eld
LEARN more about our unique, unrivaled approach at www.onesubsea.com/engineer
MODIFICATION CHALLENGES
The use of conventional open to atmosphere drilling methods on challenging deepwater wells is now becoming insufficient
to achieve well objectives safely, on-time and on-budget. In some
cases, it can even mean that prospects are deemed undrillable.
One recent emerging industry trend is to incorporate the use of
riser gas handling (RGH) systems as an additional safety feature
to protect rig personnel from a gas-in-riser situation (one of the
biggest risks of deepwater operations). Although these systems
are a welcome addition, such adoption of new technology should
go a step further than just being a reactionary safety system. Instead, the goal should be to prevent these events from occurring
in the first place. What is needed is a pro-active approach, one
that provides for early detection of a potential hazard and swift
preventative measures. As a result, MPD systems are becoming the go-to approach for equipping modern rigs to address
some of the problems encountered while drilling challenging
deepwater wells.
Despite the successes achieved with MPD, its use on deepwater drilling vessels is limited by a host of constraints, including cost, equipment availability and deployment. To fully realize
its potential requires a focused, collaborative effort to develop
guidelines, procedures, equipment standards, rig modifications,
design and, above all, training. Extending these MPD advantages
to a broader scope of deepwater wells can offer safety, operational
and economic rewards. But deployment can be hampered by the
World Oil/JULY 201437
OFFSHORE ADVANCES
inability of deepwater drilling vessels, originally built for conventional open-to-the-atmosphere circulating systems, to readily accommodate an MPD system.
This lack of readiness manifests itself in a number of ways.
Dimensional restrictions, such as rotary table, diverter and
upper riser package IDs and ODs, are the most obvious issues
to overcome when integrating an MPD riser joint. Secondly,
depending on MPD variants, flexibility in fluid flow paths requires careful consideration to topside manifold design, piping, cabling and instrumentation. The least obvious bottleneck is the seamless integration of the hardware, software and
procedures, to achieve successful MPD service delivery. This
is imperative, to be able to respond immediately to dynamic
wellbore events.
In the move toward MPD readiness, modified rigs will have
enhanced RGH systems; but to be fully MPD-capable, more upgrading is generally required, such as topside pipe work, data/
communication networks, higher volume separators, and chang38JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
OFFSHORE ADVANCES
In 2012, Repsol entered into an agreement with Rowan Companies to lease the first of four, planned new drillships to be built in
Korea. Initial specifications for the rig involved the incorporation
of a RGH system into the design. Following experiences in recent
deepwater operations, Repsol decided to review its requirements
and include MPD/CLD capabilities. Since the drillship was in
an advanced stage of construction, the incorporation of MPD
capabilities into its final design presented significant challenges.
A collaborative approach was needed between the operator, the
drilling contractor and the service company (Weatherford) to
requisition and install the MPD equipment, Fig. 1.
Repsol previously had experienced some severe well problems
in analogous wells, which resulted in significant time penalties.
As a result, the operator recognized that the use of MPD was a
prerequisite for reliable drilling operations with the new drillship.
Rowan Companies recognized the need for MPD and wanted to
offer a level of MPD readiness, which was not available in other
newbuild vessels. As an MPD service provider, Weatherford was
able to supply the peripheral equipment required to augment the
High Temperature
Fluxgate Probes for MWD
PATCH
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E87hX]ZbVi^XVkV^aVWaZ
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40JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
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OFFSHORE ADVANCES
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OFFSHORE ADVANCES
shipyard to install the required junction boxes and cabling at various locations around the rig. This proved to
be a very wise move, given the difficulties in trying to do
this work post-delivery from the shipyard.
Verification of the installation of stroke counters on the
rig pumps.
Identification of all planned piping routing and accurate
determination of the required dimensions. The original
plan was to have the shipyard install the necessary permanent pipework during the construction phase. Due
to the tight schedule however, Weatherford provided
the pipework.
Preparation of a detailed installation report, complete
with drawings, as needed.
All of this associated work was completed prior to rig arrival on the first MPD well location.
COLLABORATION SUCCESS
This entire MPD modification operation presented significant challenges to all the participants in logistics and installation operations, but it was completed, as planned. The MPD
system will be ready for deployment on the first required well
offshore West Africa.
Rowan, with Repsols support and encouragement, strove
to integrate all of the changes into making the rig look and feel
like similar units, but with greatly enhanced versatility to enable it to address the MPD challenges. The intricacies involved
in these modifications could not have been achieved without
4 COMPANIES. 1 GOAL.
Our goal with the new acquisition is to combine best practices from all four
companies and bring them into compliance with the ISO standard already set in
place at Bishop Lifting. We have the highest quality standards in order to meet and
exceed your highest expectations.
Bishop Lifting Products, Inc. Houston, TX Odessa, TX Oklahoma City, OK Tulsa, OK Wichita, KS
Delta Rigging & Tools Angleton, TX Victoria, TX Hurst, TX Williston, ND Grand Junction, CO
Sulphur, LA Baton Rouge, LA Broussard, LA Houma, LA Fourchon, LA
Morgan City Rentals Morgan City, LA Golden Meadow, LA Lafayette, LA
Tuffy Products Fort Worth, TX
As water depths increase, risers for drillships and semisubmersibles become some
of the most critical components of the
drilling operation. Risers must be strong
enough to maintain integrity during deployment and operation; be light enough
to be handled and supported by the floating drilling unit; and be constructed of materials that resist corrosion while exposed
to seawater. Lightweight, alloy risers provide a means of increasing the water depth
rating of floating rigs by as much as 50%
without requiring expensive upgrades,
Fig. 1. Because of their lightweight construction, alloy risers are easier to handle,
require fewer buoyancy devices, and can
enable floating rigs to increase their water
depth capabilities, when compared to conventional steel risers. The first generation
of lightweight deepwater (DW) risers has
been used successfully for nearly a decade
on two drillships and a semisubmersible
rig in Brazil, while drilling in water depths
as great as 7,200 ft.
Based on the experience of more than
nine years of operation and more than
4,000 days of drilling with lightweight,
alloy risers, a second-generation DW system has been developed and is now commercially available. In addition, an ultradeepwater (UDW) riser system concept
is available, using a higher-strength alloy,
which is designed for drilling in water
depths of up to 12,000 ft.
LIGHTWEIGHT RISERS
On floating rigs, the riser is the heaviest item used in drilling. Each 75-ft bare
joint in a steel riser weighs, in air, approximately 25,000 lb. A string of 100 bare
joints has a total weight of 2.5 million lb.
In comparison, a lightweight, alloy riser
joint of comparable strength weighs,
in air, 16,850 lb, so a string of 100 bare
joints has a total weight of 1.685 million pounds, or 32.6% less than the
steel equivalent.
Risers are encased in buoyancy modules to reduce their effective weight in
water, and steel risers require buoyancy
modules on 95% of the joints. Because
of their lighter weight, alloy risers require buoyancy modules on only 33%
of joints, decreasing storage and weight
World Oil/JULY 201447
OFFSHORE ADVANCES
HISTORY OF LIGHTWEIGHT
RISERS
Fig. 2. Risers with buoyancy. The top image depicts an alloy buoyancy riser joint; the
lower image depicts a steel buoyancy riser joint.
Table 1. Costs to upgrade a oating rig from 4,000-ft to 6,000-ft water depth vs. use of
lightweight risers
Tensioner capacity upgrade
Drawworks and drawworks gear drive
Increase rotary table diameter
Increased number of riser joints
Increased number of buoyancy modules
Total cost of rig upgrade
8,000 ft of alloy riser
Bouyancy modules for alloy risers
Cost savings from lightweight riser
capacity requirements on the rig. In addition, buoyancy modules on steel risers need to be of larger diameter (54in. OD) than those used on alloy risers
(46-in. OD), and only half of each alloy
buoyant joint needs to be equipped with
buoyant materials, Fig. 2. This combinationof lighter weight and reduced
need for buoyancy modulescan increase the water depth capacity of a
floating rig by as much as 50%, without
extensive modifications to increase deck
capacity and weight handling capability.
48JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
$27.7 million
$ 5.5 million
$8.25 million
$5.7 million
$2.7 million
$49.5 million
$24.0 million
$2.7 million
$22.8 million
EXPLORE
WITH API
SM
OFFSHORE ADVANCES
19.69 in.
118 in.
max, 2480F, min, -40F
40.94-in. OD, steel bolts (coated to prevent corrosion)
Design pressure
15,000 psi
5,000 psi
5,000 psi
Dimensions
7.13 in. OD by 4.37 in. ID (181 mm x 111 mm)
3.15 in. OD by 1.97 in. ID (80 mm by 50 mm)
3.15 in. OD by 1.97 in. ID (80 mm by 50 mm)
Fig. 3. The lightweight riser joints are constructed of extruded alloy with no longitudinal
seams.
Deepwater riser
50,750 psi
58,000 psi
1.5 million lb
17,000 lb
11,200 lb
8,000 ft
After the first deepwater, lightweight riser system was deployed on a drillship in
May 2004, similar systems were deployed
on another drillship and a semisubmersible by the end of 2005. All three rigs have
been operating in Brazilian waters. During nine years of operation, the deepwater
risers accumulated more than 4,000 days
in service while operating in water depths
from 525 ft to 7,200 ft.
The deepwater, lightweight riser system
has performed, as expected, and has effectively increased the water depth ratings of
the three rigs without requiring expensive
upgrades. As mentioned, some problems
were encountered early in the development of the riser system on the auxiliary
lines, including stab pin corrosion, and
stress corrosion cracking failures in booster and choke-and-kill line couplings. Improved manufacturing procedures, and a
new design for auxiliary lines, have been
implemented to address these issues on
the systems in operation and in the secondgeneration DW system.
Development of an ultra-deepwater
riser system. Soon after deploying the
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REFERENCES
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Meanwhile, Italian rig designer and manufacturer Drillmec will provide what it says is a new hydraulic technology
HH-220 (Hydraulic Hoist) rig for Aker Solutions, that will be
installed on a fixed platform in the North Sea. The contract
includes engineering, study, development and manufacturing
of an HH Drillmec rig, specifically designed for offshore platform drilling.
The design provides a smaller footprint and a significant
reduction in operating costs, according to Drillmec. The HH
model is designed to increase safety by automatic operations
through its hydraulic technology. The rig is being built at the
Drillmec manufacturing plant in Piacenza and will be installed
on the first platform during the second-half of 2014.
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Domenico Tedeschi
RM&D Project Engineering Manager
Sime
Flare gas recovery for LNG
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Program Manager
Trey Brown
VP, Engineering & Construction
Sime
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GasProcessingConference.com
1.
COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
In the acoustics field, the cement bond log (CBL) has been
the principle diagnostic tool of cementing conditions. This article
examines a new technique to overcome the limitations, expense,
and lack of precise results involved with the known methods describing cement thickness. The technique is based on analysis of
open-hole acoustic data and cased-hole CBL results. The advantage of the proposed method is that it utilizes existing services,
which are normally run as part of a well program.
SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION
The previously discussed theory for seismic reflection and refraction are applied to the ray path analysis for a multi-layer system
in a cased oil well. Thickness determinations have been applied
by seismologists and geophysicists to determine the thicknesses
of horizontal layers by refraction and reflection of low-frequency
waves. In this article, the same seismic principles are applied on
a smaller scale, in a vertical multi-layer system, to determine an
unknown factornamely, the cement thickness, in the annulus,
between the casing and the formation wall.
Cement bond log. The CBL is based on the amplitude attenuation of the first arrival of an acoustic signal caused by the
energy transfer from the pipe and cement to the formation. The
wave train (seismogram) is the summation of all the waves arriving at the receiver from different paths. The attenuation of
the casing signal is considered to be the indication of a bonding condition between the casing and the formation. The casing
signal is caused by the casing ray of interest comprising the mud
path, casing segment traversed by the extensional wave in steel,
and the return mud path. Laboratory tests have determined
that the attenuation of acoustic waves in bonded pipe is directly
proportional to the percentage of the circumference around the
pipe having a good bond.
Fig. 1. Plots of cement thickness and sonic data versus depth
from Well A.
50
-12,280
75
125
150
-12,290
-12,300
-12,310
Depth, ft
-12,320
-12,330
-12,340
Thickness
Sonic
-12,350
-12,360
10
15
Cement thickness, in.
20
25
30
COMPLETIONS TECHNOLOGY
300
-12,280
400
500
800
900
1,000
-12,290
-12,300
Depth, ft
-12,310
-12,320
-12,330
-12,340
Thickness
VDL
-12,350
-12,360
10
15
Cement thickness, in.
20
25
30
50
-10,265
75
125
150
-10,270
-10,275
Depth, ft
-10,280
-10,285
-10,290
-10,295
Thickness
Sonic
-10,300
-10,305
10
Cement thickness, in.
15
20
a measurement of the borehole diameter. The effective caliper is used to describe the caliper reading after the casing
has been landed. It provides the space between the casing
and the borehole wall. An assumption is made that the casing
has been landed with centralizers and is roughly centered in
the borehole.
Interpretation. The combination of the open-hole data and
the cased-hole data permit the cement thickness measurement
to be made in a bonded condition. The interpretation consists
of the analysis of the complete wave train; the amplitude attenuation of the first arrival to determine bonding; the open-hole
log to determine formation transit time; and picking the correct
bond path arrival on the wave train.
64JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
When the problem is complex, the solution is often simple. Volant Casing Running Tools
simplify well construction, reducing both manpower requirements and problems leading to
hole instability and non-productive time. Volant HydroFORM Centralizers greatly improve
casing runability with an enviable 100% failure-free track record. Volant MLT Rings provide
high torsional capacity, critical for liner drilling operations.
COMPLETIONS TECHNOLOGY
Well A
ISF/Sonic
Caliper
GR/CBL VDL
GR/CBL VDL
Lignite
83.3
57.0
166.6
5.5
5.0
9.875
5.0
2.0
Saltwater
83.3
57.0
188.6
5.5
4.70
9.875
5.0
2.0
Logging Data:
Bore hole uid
Cement transit time, s/ft
Casing Transit time, s/ft
Mud transit time, s/ft
Casing OD, in.
Casing ID, in.
Bit Size, in.
CBL detector spacing, ft
CBL tool diameter, in.
66JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
Well B
ISF/Sonic
than the cement transit time, it is not possible to obtain a refracted wave at a 90 angle along the cased borehole wall. In
this case, the first arrival of interest will be that of a reflected
wave at the cement/formation interface. (This may be the reason that formation time is not normally seen in a cased hole
logged in South Louisiana.)
Several additional factors must be accounted for in the determination of the cement thickness with reflected waves:
Angle of reflection. The angle of reflection can be approximated as a function of the seismogram time (VDL).
The seismogram time is the first of the compressive reflected waves in the cement. A formation signal will not
be seen under these circumstances and the first arrival
has a strong attenuation.
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COMPLETIONS TECHNOLOGY
420
-10,265
430
440
450
480
490
-10,270
-10,400
-10,275
-10,410
Depth, ft
Depth, ft
-10,280
-10,285
-10,290
Thickness
VDL
-10,300
-10,305
430
440
470
480
490
500
Thickness
Sonic
-10,420
-10,430
10
Cement thickness, in.
15
-10,450
20
50
-10,390
75
125
150
-10,400
-10,410
-10,420
-10,430
-10,440
Thickness
Sonic
-10,450
-10,460
420
-10,440
-10,295
Depth, ft
410
-10,390
500
10
Cement thickness, in.
15
20
-10,460
10
Cement thickness, in
15
20
Measurements were taken on three cement bond sections in two wells. All the GR CBL VDL logs were run after
the 48-hr curing period required for the cement to achieve a
good compressive strength. The logs used were the caliper,
ISF/Sonic, and CBL VDL. Well characteristics are presented
in Table 1.
In reviewing the results, note that the sonic data are a function of the formation; they are not affected by the cement
thickness. Conversely, the VDL response is a function of the
cement thickness.
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COMPLETIONS TECHNOLOGY
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CTIO
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N IS N
MARINE SEISMIC
Hydrocarbon exports dominate Congos economy, accounting for 87% of the countrys export revenue in 2011.1
The first successful exploration project in the Congo was carried out by Socit des Ptroles dAfrique Equatoriale Franaise (SPAEF) in 1957, with the Pointe Indienne-1 discovery
well in the Grs de Mengo formation. This discovery proved
commercial, with production beginning in 1960, and continuing to this day.
Offshore exploration began in 1969, 12 years after the first
discovery, with the Emeraude Marine well. This field came
online in 1970. Since these initial discoveries, commercial
hydrocarbon volumes have been found in Miocene channel
and turbidite sequences, Albian carbonates, and pre-salt carbonates and sandstones. Over the past seven years, a number of offshore fields have come online. The most important
of these are the Moho fields, Fig. 1. These fields have been
pivotal in proving the existence of a working petroleum system in water depths of 600-900 m, opening up a huge area of
underexplored acreage.
CONGO PETROLEUM SYSTEM
www.polarcus.com
We are.
MARINE SEISMIC
MARINE SEISMIC
a DNV GL company
76JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
Cable Technology
Partner
Technology Comes To Life
SM
www.deregtcables.com
MARINE SEISMIC
REGIONAL INTERPRETATION
domain with post-rift raft structures sliding on a salt dcollement, and a compressive domain, where the salt has been
transported down dip into a thick accumulation of sediment.
The salt walls and domes in the compressive domain may be
as thick as 1,400 m and have a significant effect on the overlying sediment. Fig. 4. Understanding the relationship between
the salt and its impact on the structural regime and palaeotopography is crucial to understanding the reservoir system and
trapping mechanisms.
POST-RIFT MIOCENE PLAY
MARINE SEISMIC
REFERENCES
1. U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=CF#,
accessed May 5, 2014.
2. Brownfield, M.E., and R. R. Charpentier, 2006, Geology and total petroleum systems of the
West Central Coastal Province (7203), West Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2207-B, p. 52.
Fig. 6. Survey data showing a) a full-stack seismic line illustrating the Upper Miocene
amplitude anomaly as a lead analogous to the Moho Bilondo discovery; b) RMS amplitude
extraction of Top Miocene +0.1 sec Top Miocene +0.2 sec, illustrating the lead outline.
PATRICK COOLE is a
reservoir geoscientist for
PGS, based in the UK. Mr.
Coole earned a BS degree in
geography and geology from
the University of Manchester,
and an MS in petroleum
geosciences from Imperial College, London.
He joined PGS in 2013, specializing in West
African hydrocarbon exploration for the
multi-client and reservoir teams.
SIMON BAER is a reservoir
geoscientist for PGS. Mr. Baer
graduated with BSc and MS
degrees in resource
management from the
Technical University of Aachen,
with specialization in applied
geophysics. Additionally, he earned a BSc
(Hon.) in geology from the University of Cape
Town. He has worked for two years on the
Congo survey, involved in regional
interpretation and prospectivity studies.
ALAIN RICHARD NGOUALA NZOUSSI has
been a geologist in the SNPC Department
Databases for nine years. He earned a
Diploma from the Marien Ngouabi University,
Brazzaville. Richard has worked on the
Congo MegaSurvey for the past three years.
Twice
IN SHIPREPAIRS
www.astander.es
www.astican.es
&
World Oil/JULY 201479
7KH/($3/RJJLQJ6\VWHPGHYHORSHGE\*:'&KDVEHHQVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGLQ&HQWUDO$VLD
$IULFD6RXWK$PHULFDDQG&KLQDVLQFH
+LJKVSHHGGDWDWUDQVPLVVLRQDWNESV1HWZRUNHGZHOOORJJLQJ
5HPRWHWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUW*OREDOGDWDVKDULQJ
&RPSOHWHVXLWHRIRLOILHOGWHFKQLFDOVHUYLFHV6KRUWWRROVDQGIDVWORJJLQJ
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
Fig. 1. The Schlumberger portfolio of LIVE digital slickline services and tools.3
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
Fig. 2. Log example showing compensated-neutron and pulsedneutron log evaluations, where tagged proppant was used.9
Permanent Reservoir Monitoring. The current state-ofthe-art in fiber-optic monitoring is summarized by two recent
papers.10, 11 Fiber-optic sensors use simple sensing elements that
do not incorporate electrical components. They use inert materials, are highly accurate, and can operate at high temperatures and
pressures. Thus, permanent well and reservoir monitoring systems that use fiber-optic sensors are more reliable, have greater
design flexibility, and are more cost-effective than electrically
based sensor systems. Also, once these systems are installed, data
acquisition is simpler than geophone-based data acquisition. The
cost of providing multiple time-lapse surveys over a wells life is a
fraction of what it would be using conventional methods.
In contrast to single-point and multi-point sensors, which are
positioned at discrete depths along the fiber cable, distributed
sensors, e.g., DTS, take measurements along the entire length of
the fiber-optic cable. Initially, point sensors were used, where high
precision and fast measurements were needed, and distributed
sensors were preferred, where extensive coverage was required.
However, the newest sensors achieve both the precision of a point
sensor and the wide coverage of a distributed sensor.
Modern fiber-optic cables use pure silica fiber, which reduces
or eliminates the earlier problem of hydrogen darkening, thereby
increasing the lifespan and allowing operation at higher temperaturesthe current generation of commercial oilfield, fiberoptic sensors/gauges is typically rated for downhole operation
at temperatures up to 500F (260C) and pressures up to 30,000
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
psi (206.8 MPa). There are fiber-optic sensors capable of operating at temperatures up to 800C (1,470F).11 Multi-point sensors (Fiber-Bragg-Grating, FBG sensors) can be multiplexed in a
single fiber to provide multiple, simultaneous measurements of
different physical parameters.
Fiber-optic systems are being used to monitor a variety of operations in producing wells, including sand and fluid production;
water injection; compaction; well and completion integrity; realtime stimulation; and fracture-height monitoring. Shell has been
one of the leaders in the application of fiber-optic sensing and has
been partnering with other companies to develop new, innovative applications.12 Distributed fiber-optic systems are increasingly being installed in extreme downhole environments where
intervention is difficult and costly.13, 14
There has been a lot of recent activity investigating applications of permanently installed, distributed acoustic sensors
(DASs).10 Although, at present, DASs are less sensitive (have
a higher noise floor) than conventional geophones,15 they provide nearly equivalent data in many applications, including
geophysical vertical seismic profiling (VSP) images, in a single
shot; no resetting of geophones is needed over the length of the
well. At the same time, standard seismic processing techniques,
e.g., stacking, can be used to improve DAS data quality (the
signal-to-noise ratio), Fig. 3.
Some of the primary DAS applications are:
Real-time monitoring of stimulation treatments, to enable
optimization of fracturing design17
Microseismic evaluation of stimulation effectiveness15
For conventional and 3D VSP, wells that are too highly deviated to use geophones (particularly in HPHT wells)18, 19
In place of wireline noise logging for monitoring well integrity, i.e. detecting leaks and mapping fluid migration,
throughout the life of the well20
Downhole production and injection flow profiling (in
combination with DTS), in place of conventional production logging.21
In addition to downhole use, DAS systems, in the form of
ocean-bottom cables, are being considered or have undergone
field tests for acquiring 4D (time-lapse) seismic data over producing fields to monitor fluid movement and sweep efficiency.12, 22-24
Another innovative application of fiber-optic distributed sensing being investigated by Shell is distributed chemical sensing
(DCS), which will allow detection of specific molecules along the
inflow area of producing wells.12 One approach to DCS involves
the application of a chemical responsive coating on an FBG sensor. The presence of a chemical compound causes the coating
to generate an axial strain in the fiber/FBG. A strain-induced
wavelength shift in the FBG can provide quantitative information about the chemical composition of the borehole fluid. By applying different coatings on different FBGs, the DCS system can
measure the chemical composition.11
CORING AND CORE EVALUATION
Sponge core. Baker Hughes has introduced a new spongecoring service that uses a more tightly fitting sponge liner to prevent fluid migration, and results in more accurate measurements
of in-situ fluid saturation. The service provides 3.5-in. diameter
cores in 30-ft lengths. Some of the improvements include a larger
core diameter to enable greater accuracy in rock and fluid analysis; coring bits that more closely match the diameter of the core
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
(1 m)3
Medical CT
(0.1 m)3
Desktop
micro-CT
(10 m)3
(1 mm)3
Synchrotronbased X-ray
tomography
(0.1 mm)3
(10 m)3
0.1 m
1 m
10 m
0.1 mm
Resolution/voxel dimension
1 mm
Core imaging. Digital-rock physics, particularly when applied to unconventional shale reservoirs, typically, involves a
multi-scale imaging workflow, in which rocks are imaged using
a variety of techniquesX-ray CT, micro-CT, FIB/SEMat increasingly finer scales, from whole core, cutting and core plug to
the pore and subpore scale.
These images are then used to create 3D renderings of the microstructure that aid in understanding the contributions of heterogeneity, fracture density, pore types, pore connectivity, mineralogy and organic content to the petrophysical response and
production characteristics. Petrophysical properties calculated at
the smallest (nanometer) scale are applied to the core-plug scale,
via up-scaling techniques, and also can be compared with conventional laboratory-derived data.32, 33, 52, 53
Dual-energy CT. Conventional X-ray CT uses a single energy X-ray beam to generate images, which primarily reflect
variations in rock/mineral density and porosity, while dualenergy CT can provide quantitative information. Dual-energy
CT is used to image whole core simultaneously, at two different
energy levels, and can be calibrated and processed to provide
continuous bulk density (Rhob) and photoelectric factor (Pef)
or effective atomic number (Zeff ) values at 0.5-mm resolution.
These data, in turn, can be used to interpret porosity, organic
content, and mineralogy. When the data are combined with
spectral gamma data, elastic properties and brittleness index
can be determined. The high-resolution bulk density and photoelectric data can identify different lithotypes, which allows
improved selection of representative core plugs for use in the
second level of DRP. In addition, the data can be used to calibrate bulk-density logs in washed-out intervals.34, 35
Synchrotron X-ray CT. The application of the latest synchrotron sources in X-ray tomography can significantly reduce the current limitations in X-ray micro-CT instrumentation for characterizing the microstructural details in rocks.36 The high brilliance
of synchrotron radiation provides increased resolution, which
allows detection of details as small as 1 m in millimeter-sized
samples. The monochromatic X-ray beam allows for quantitative
measurements of material properties, such as density, as well as
increased contrast and reduced noise, Fig. 5.36 Synchrotron X-ray
tomography (SRXTM) can provide ultra-high-resolution 3D images of core; however, the availability of synchrotron equipment
is very limited, primarily to research laboratories.
WELLSITE EVALUATON
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
Platinum Sponsor:
Silver Sponsor:
Bronze Sponsors:
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STRINGERS
ENLARGEMENT
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PERFORMANCE INTERVENTION
Depth (ft)
6000
Agressive/Unlimited bit
8500
Conventional bits
10 000
11 500
13 000
Contact us:
Aberdeen:
+44 1224 561313
Houston:
+1 713 557-7542
Stavanger:
+47 51 95 11 70
Rio de Janeiro: +21 3497-5083
14 500
5
10
Time (days)
15
20
REGIONAL REPORT
UKCS
Recent tax breaks are showing signs of revival on the UKCS; however, technical
and commercial challenges remain
CATHERINE PLOWDON, ZAKI HASAN, ALEX GORMAN and ANDR SHARMA, Deloitte Petroleum Services Group
Since the first UK licenses were issued in 1964, 42 Bbbl of
oil have been produced from the British North Sea, and it is estimated that there could be up to 24 Bbbl remaining. Since the
production peak in 2009, output has declined steadily, due in part
to increasing basin maturity, lower drilling activity levels and a
changing fiscal regime. However, the recent introduction of tax
breaks for brownfield projects, small fields and HPHT fields, to
name a few, could spark renewed activity on the UK Continental
Shelf (UKCS).
RECENT UKCS ACTIVITY
North Atlantic Drillings West Phoenix harsh-environment semisubmersible (left) has been drilling production wells at Totals development of Loggan and Tormore gas/
condensate elds in the Southern North Sea (photo courtesy of North Atlantic Drilling). At ConocoPhillips Britannia complex (center), output from the Britannia satellites,
Brodgar and Callinash, began in 2008. Work continues on a new mono-column design compression facility for the Britannia platform. When it comes online this year, it will
increase Britannias gas production by 90 MMcfd (photo courtesy of ConocoPhillips). Dana Petroleums Triton FPSO, in the Central North Sea, produces oil and gas from
Bittern, Clapham, Pict, Saxon, Guillemot West and North West elds, about 120 mi east of Aberdeen (photo courtesy of Dana Petroleum).
88JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
numbers seen in 2011, the exploration and appraisal wells spudded during 2013 were down to 47, following a total of 65 in 2012.
NORTH SEA CHALLENGES
The Southern North Sea comprises more than 300 gas fields
and 75 Tcf of recoverable gas. The principle source of gas in the
Southern North Sea is folded and faulted Carboniferous strata
below the regional base Permian unconformity, which underlies
the Lower Permian sandstones.
Key operators. Perenco operates 32 fields in the Southern
North Sea, followed by ConocoPhillips (23), Centrica (15)
and Shell (13). Other active operators in the area are RWE
DEA, Tullow Oil, E.ON, GDF Suez, Alpha Petroleum, Bridge
Energy, Eni, Ithaca Energy and Wintershall. Perenco became
a major player in the Southern North Sea, following acquisition of BPs gas fields between 2003 and 2012, and operates
five compression hubs, allowing it to transport third-party
gas, as well as its own. ConocoPhillips operates the Caister
World Oil/JULY 201489
EnQuest
BP
Dana Petroleum
Shell
Talisman
Shell
RWE DEA
Centrica
Perenco
ConocoPhillips
EnQuest
Maersk Oil
CNR International
TAQA
Talisman
BP
90JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
Total
Major developments. As
Murdoch System (CMS),
stated in Deloittes Year End
consisting of the Murdoch Fig. 1. Signicant operators in each UK basin, and their numbers of
operated elds.
Review for North West Europe,
complex, the Caister satellite
six new developments were replatform and the gas trunk
35
ported in the Southern North
line to the Theddlethorpe
30
Sea. Projects listed for future
gas terminal. The CMS acts
25
development in the area inas a hub for Caister, Boul20
clude RWE DEA-operated
ton, CMS III, Katy, Kelvin,
15
Crosgan and Kepler, the Dana
Munro and Murdoch fields,
10
Petroleum-operated Platypus,
and also provides third-party
5
0
Pharos and 47/10-8 discovtransportation.
eries, the Apache-operated
West Sole Stream. LocatOlympus discovery, and the
ed approximately 65 km eastGDF-Suez-operated Cygnus
northeast of the Dimlington
project. The area, once thought
gas terminal, the West Sole
West of
Northern North Sea
Southern North Sea
Central Graben
to be mature, has seen an influx
Stream includes West Sole,
Shetland
of activity, due to the shallow,
Hyde, Hoton and Newsham
sometimes small nature of its
fields, and is a major proFig. 2. Distribution of UK offshore wells
gas fields. Large shallow-water
duction hub in the Southgas fields qualify for relief of up to 500
ern North Sea. The West Sole stream is drilled, by basin, during rst-quarter 2014.
million, when reserves of the field and any
operated by Perenco, which transports
8%
8%
17%
related field total 20 Bcm or less. Small gas
its own and third-party gas through its
fields also qualify for relief, depending on
Dimlington terminal. West Sole field is
42%
25%
the size of the field.
the first commercial discovery made on
Platypus. Located 18 km northwest
the UKCS in 1965. It produced first gas
of the West Sole facilities, the Platypus gas
in 1968, and like most of the producing
accumulation was discovered in 2010 by
gas fields around it, exploits a Leman
Central North Sea
Moray Firth
Dana Petroleum. The field lies in shallow
Permian sandstone reservoir. Initial reWest of Shetland
Southern North Sea
water, with good Permian reservoir qualserves were quoted as 1.133 Tcf, and reEast Irish Sea
ity. Parkmead indicates a best estimate of
maining reserves are estimated, as of Jan.
103 Bcf of recoverable reserves. Dana and
1, 2013, to be 109.6 Bcf. Babbage, Hyde Fig. 3. The rst phase of production at
three partners are now looking to progress
and Hoton fields, among others, tie back RWE DEAs Breagh eld is scheduled to
run from 2014 to 2018, owing from seven
to field development, with a final Field
to West Sole.
to the Breagh A platform (photo
Development Plan (FDP) to be submitted
Breagh. Sitting 100 km north-north- wells
courtesy of RWE DEA).
during 2014.
west of the West Sole stream, Breagh gas
Given the prosperous nature of this
field was discovered in 1997, and developarea, and the potential eligibility of accument was approved in July 2011. First gas
mulations developed for small field and
was achieved in October 2013. The field is
shallow-water allowances, operators are
operated by RWE DEA (70%) with partactively seeking to develop field clusters.
ner Sterling Resources UK (30%). The
Dana seeks to develop the Platypus disfield represents the first UK offshore decovery jointly with the Possum, Pharos
velopment of the Carboniferous Yoredale
and Blackadder gas prospects and the
formation, and potentially a new play in
47/10-8 discovery, which are interpreted
the Southern North Sea.
as all being part of a consistent structure,
The reservoir is contained within a
on strike with West Sole field.
four-way dip closure under the Permian
Zechstein formation. Field reserves are
estimated at 19.8 Bcm, with the three first
CENTRAL NORTH SEA
wells brought into production at an initial
The Central North Sea is an area where
flowrate of 2.75 MMcmgd.
operators are challenged technically, due
The first phase of production, durto the HPHT prospects and developing which an annual volume of 1.1 Bcm
ments. In some areas, ultra-HPHT develis predicted, will run from 2014 to 2018,
opments often combine the challenges of
by means of seven wells to the Breagh
complex structural setting and relatively
A platform (Fig. 3) on the fields west
poor seismic imaging, as a result of deep
side. The gas from Breagh field flows to Coatham Sands near
depth and destructive multiple interference from shallower hoTeesside, from which it continues to the gas treatment facilrizons. Completion designs are also complex for HPHT field
ity in Teeside. Phase 2 of the Breagh development will add
wells, and a number of projects have experienced failures as a rea new platform, Breagh Bravo, and wells tied in on the east
sult of technical issues, in particular with downhole equipment.
of the field.
An example is the ConocoPhillips-operated Jasmine HPHT
Fig. 4. Map showing the Greater Stella Area and Catcher Area
within the Central North Sea.
Erne
Gill
Beverley
Egret
Milburn Madoes Seagull
Heron
022/27 (Area 1)
022/30 (Area 16)
022/28 (Area 2)
Orchid
Pierce
Erskine
Corfe 29/3b
Glenelg
Banff
Elgin; Franklin
Cougar
Carnaby
Rocket
Vincent Centurion
Catcher Area
Tiger
Burgman
Bonneville
Puffin
Curlew A
Acorn
Curlew West
Beechnut
Kessog
Stella
Jasmine
Julia Horne
Jill
Harrier
Isabella
Jessica
0 3.5 7
14 Km
Legend
Open blocks
Licensed area
Produced using PetroView
Andromeda
AUK
Midwin
The Catcher Area development concept was agreed in December 2012, and final governmental sanction of the project was
expected during second-quarter 2014. All of the fields will be
subsea tie-backs to the Catcher FPSO. Continuous development
drilling of 14 producers and eight water injectors will commence
in 2015. First oil is scheduled for 2017, with production expected
to peak at 50,000 bopd. The newbuild FPSO will have a processing capacity of 60,000 bopd and storage capacity of 650,000 bbl.
Capital expenditure for the development is estimated at $2.2 billion, including 30% for allowances and contingencies. Catcher
will account for approximately 6% of all UKCS output and create
a new production hub in the Central North Sea.
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20 Km
Clair
Legend
Open blocks
Licensed area
Produced using PetroView
ED50 UTM Zone 31 North
Remedial
Cementing Forum
August 19, 2014 | 10 a.m. CDT / 11 a.m. EDT
Photo courtesy of Baker Hughes
Remedial cementing procedures are required during the life of all wells.
Remedial work is fundamentally different from primary cementing.
Where primary cementing materials and techniques are used to seal
and maintain casing or liners in a drilled hole, there are two categories
of remedial cementing: squeeze cementing and plug cementing.
Speaker:
William K. (Bill) Ott, P.E.
Founder
Well Completion Technology
Moderator:
Joe D. Woods
President
International Pinpoint
Sponsored by:
The UKCS is truly a diverse oil and gas province, with both
opportunities and challenges across its key basins. There still remains significant potential to unlock additional reserves, production and value in the UKCS. Opportunities include the revival of
the Southern North Sea with recent interest and key gas developments; development of HPHT fields in the Central North Sea,
the continuing investment in Northern North Sea infrastructure
for new tie-ins, and the potential that lies in major redevelopments off the West of Shetland.
CATHERINE PLOWDON is a senior oil and gas analyst at Deloitte
Petroleum Services Group in London. She researches eld development
and start-up activity and also works on eld economics across North
West Europe. Ms. Plowdon joined Deloitte in March 2010, having
completed a BS joint honours degree in geology and geography at The
University of Birmingham. Email: cplowdon@deloitte.co.uk
ZAKI HASAN is an oil and gas analyst at Deloitte Petroleum Services
Group. He tracks upstream activities across the region, with a focus
on eld developments and eld economics. Mr. Hasan earned an MS in
energy nance from CEPMLP, University of Dundee, and a BE degree in
mechanical engineering. He worked as a planning engineer at FLSmidth
prior to pursuing a masters degree.
ALEX GORMAN is an oil and gas analyst for Deloitte Petroleum Services
Group in London. She produces the Weekly Service for North West
Europe, a weekly report detailing licensing and drilling activity across
North West Europe. Ms. Gorman earned an MGeol degree with honours
in Applied and Environmental Geology from the University of Leicester
in 2013. She previously worked as an exploration geologist. Email:
agorman@deloitte.co.uk.
ANDR SHARMA is a senior oil and gas analyst for Deloitte Petroleum
Services Group in London. He monitors and tracks upstream oil and
gas sector activity, focusing specically on drilling, licensing and eld
developments across North West Europe. Mr. Sharma earned a BS
degree with honours in Geological Sciences from the University of
Leeds in 2009, as well as an MS in Structural Geology with Geophysics
from the same institution in 2010. He worked as a geophysicist at
Petroleum Geo-Services prior to joining Deloitte. Email: andsharma@
deloitte.co.uk
Supported by
THE WORLDS NEW MEETING POINT FOR OIL & GAS PROFESSIONALS
MINISTERIAL DEBATES
CEO PANEL DISCUSSIONS
111+
37+
400+
COMPANIES
COUNTRIES
SPEAKERS
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SESSIONS
BREAKFAST
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INDUSTRY
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ORGANISED BY
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coveries. Never has there been a more expansive, technologically sophisticated list
of development and production enhancement projects underway. By all appearances, the health of the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) couldnt be better.
Yet, there are concerns that this prosperous markets future could be jeopardized by one common factor: cost.
Governmental officials and company
executives all worry that costs for just
about everything are high, particularly
for drilling. The good news is that government and the industry already have
begun to work together, to find ways to
contain costs.
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Fig. 1. As Norwegian oil production has declined, and gas output has increased or
remained level, the split between the hydrocarbons, in terms of boes, has become nearly
even.
300
250
200
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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
Discoveries after 2005
Discoveries before 2005
Fields in 2004
Goal for reserve growth
2005 RNB prognosis for total reserve growth
2005 RNB prognosis for reserve growth in elds
102JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
Meanwhile,
subsea processing Fig. 5. During the next two years, NPDs Nyland expects up to
is becoming increas- 13 additional eld development projects to be sanctioned (map
courtesy of Norsk Olje & Gass).
ingly important to
us for future projects, said Bjrngulf
Eidesen, Statoils
leader of Technology and Subsea
Systems. We established a subsea
factory (SSF) strategy in 2013 that
has been approved
by our leadership.
Further work on
developing the SSF
concept is planned
to be carried out by
an operator JIP. InFig. 6. Statoil Senior V.P. for Strategy and
deed, subsea is one
Portfolio Rannfrid Skjervold says that as
of our companys four priorities, said An- the worlds largest offshore operator, her
dr Maerli, project leader for Subsea Tech- company is working to perfect an offshore
process, to fast-track
nology and Operations. More than half of manufacturing
projects (photo by Kjetil Alsvik, Statoil
Statoils production is coming from subsea ASA).
wells. Our total of 526 subsea wells, all in
Norway, is second only to Petrobras.
ConocoPhillips. One of the firms premerger predecessors, Phillips Petroleum,
became involved offshore Norway when
activity began in 1965. Phillips went on
to become the countrys first operator of
commercial production, when Ekofisk oil
field went onstream in June 1971 after being discovered in 1969.
Today, ConocoPhillips produces
118,500 boed, including non-operated assets. The company operates four
fieldsEkofisk, Eldfisk, Embla (an
HPHT field) and Tor, known as the 2/4Z, subsea installation Ekofisk 2/4VB,
Greater Ekofisk Area (GEA), which cov- other facilities, and the drilling of 44 wells.
ers PL 018, Fig. 9. Four other fields were It will raise the Ekofisk recovery rate 2.5%.
The second major project, Eldfisk II,
shut down in 1997, when the Ekofisk II
comprises a new, integrated platform, with
re-development went onstream.
When production started at Ekofisk in 40 new wells planned for production and
1971, we estimated that it was possible to water injection. It will improve Eldfisk
extract 17% to 18% of the hydrocarbons, fields recovery rate by 6.5%. These insaid Hroar Hermansen, technical manager, vestments will allow the fields to produce
partner operated assets. But that figure, effectively for the next 40 years, said Herdue mostly to water injection, has risen mansen. At the same time that were addsteadily, and we now estimate that it will hit ing platforms, we also disposed of nine
52% in 2028. Indeed, by the end of 2013, older platforms between 2008 and 2013.
The third large project is Ekofisk 2/4L,
the GEA fields had produced 5.6 Bboe, ina new accommodation and field center
cluding 3.9 Bboe from Ekofisk.
As of spring 2014, 18 GEA platforms platform with 552 beds, all in single cabins.
Total. The French company has been
were operating. New, ongoing GEA development projects involve investment of active on the NCS from the beginning.
NOK 83 billion ($13.54 billion). Among After a 10-year lull of not expanding its
the three largest projects is Ekofisk South, holdings, the firm is re-establishing itself as
consisting of wellhead platform Ekofisk a leading operator. As of mid-2014, Total
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104JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
development, in production since 1996. It is going to be redeveloped to produce more oil. Goliat is still under development and will be interesting to follow. Two other interesting
projects are Osegard and its subsea compression, and Totals
Martin Linge. And, of course, the Wisting Central discovery
in the Barents Sea is very interesting. Well know more about
that one before Christmas.
WO: What are your goals for Norwegian oil and gas
policy?
Lien: I have three objectives. The first one is to keep a sustained level of oil and gas production I am responsible for
creating production. Norway has been a stable exporter for
decades, and this has created enormous value for the country.
Weve also created confidence in the reliability of our supplies.
My second objective is to implement Carbon Capture and
Sequestration (CCS) in Europe. To that end, I was fortunate
to travel with U.S. Energy Secretary Moniz to Mississippi,
to visit a project underway there. I do hope to contribute to
moving CCS forward and see a European operation created.
My third objective relates to electricity being in my portfolio. We want to contribute to a more renewable Europe and
also ensure a reliable, future electricity supply for Norway. So,
we need to keep increasing our production of renewables.
WO: How is the effort progressing, to improve the oil
recovery rate?
Lien: The oil companies have done a good job. Statoil is
the lead company on this effort, and it has goals to do even
better. This is a job that the companies have been working
on very hard for some time. Its also about creating a framework that makes it economically viable to increase recovery
rates, and also about having the technologists and the technology available, through research and education, to get it
done. Worldwide, the average recovery rate is 22%. I believe
that for the Shelf, and the North Sea in general, we are above
40% (Statoil is at 46%), heading toward 50%, and hopefully
higher. If subsea compression turns out to be the success that
were all hoping it will be, then that will make more resources
commercially and economically viable.
WO: Due to the Russian-Ukraine situation, is there
concern about Western European gas supplies? Do you
foresee increased development of Norwegian gas supplies?
Lien: The E.U. states have been developing their gas infrastructure for many decades. To have a good market, you need
to have good infrastructure. That will strengthen the security
of supply. And they (E.U. states) have LNG capacity thats
equal to almost half their annual consumption.
We built production and infrastructure to help support the
E.U. countries. The players on the Shelf will have to make decisions on commercial viability and where to sell the gas. If we
are to continue making large investments, the companies will
have to see the security of the infrastructure. As for short-term
output increases, I will say this90% of pipeline capacity is
already in use. We could, for a short while, increase gas output
maybe 10%,but only for a short period, or we would ruin
the pressure in Troll field!
Fig. 7. Assuming that a PDO is approved within the next year, then the four platforms
in phase one of the Johan Sverdrup development will be installed during 2018 and 2019
(image courtesy of Statoil).
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the year in a regular, 2-on, 4-off work pattern, and then the other half of the year,
they will be onshore, integrating control
from the new building, explained Tiffen.
BP. Offshore Norway, BP operates five
fieldsUla, Valhall, Hod, Tambar and
Skarvthrough 13 platforms and one
FPSO. BPs completion of two major development projects at Skarv and Valhall
fields, has significantly increased production. Following the fields start-up, BPs net
output roughly doubled in 2013 to 48,100
boed. During first-quarter 2014, net average production jumped to 70,000 boed.
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Fig. 9. The venerable Ekosk eld complex is an example of production extending far
beyond initial expectations, thanks to technical advances and improved recovery rates
(photo courtesy of ConocoPhillips).
Lange partners postponed the fields Offshore Compression Project. The decision
was based on an updated economic assessment incorporating new cost information
for the current concepts.
Marathon Oil. After many years of
NCS operations, Marathon Oil announced
on June 2, 2014, that it would sell its Norwegian business to DNO for $2.7 billion.
The deal includes the sale of the Alvheim
FPSO, 10 company-operated licenses and
a number of non-operated interests.
Principal operated asset is the Alvheim
area (65%), comprising three licenses. Alvheim field was developed with an FPSO
and subsea wells, and went onstream in
2008. Oil is transported via shuttle tanker,
and gas is piped to the UKs SAGE system.
Output peaked at more than 93,000 boed
in 2009. The fields total resource has increased through development drilling. An
infill program was planned for unswept
areas in 2014/2015. In addition, Marathon
has been developing the Byla discovery
as a subsea tieback to Alvheim. Start-up is
expected in early 2015.
Talisman Energy. Talisman operates
Blane, Gyda, Yme and Varg fields. During
2013, Talismans Norwegian production
averaged 15,000 boed across nine fields.
Last year, the company said that it would
sell all of its Norway assets, a process that
is ongoing.
Also in 2013, the company reached an
agreement with the Yme platform contractor to terminate the Yme field re-development contract. Removal of the Yme
Fig. 10. Martin Tiffen, managing director
of Total Norge E&P AS, says that his rm
is working hard to expand its presence on
the NCS, including development of Martin
Linge eld (photo courtesy of Total Norge
E&P AS).
106JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
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59,913 visitors
34 exhibiting nations
www.ons.no
One of the most basic of changes associated with ONS 2014 is clear from
this years program, with the event scheduled to begin on a Monday, instead of a
Tuesday. This switch will see an expected
60,000 visitors flock to the Stavanger Forum venue, which this year features a new
exhibition hall, as well as a new hotel,
said Jon Are Rrtveit, V.P. of marketing
and information for ONS. The Stavanger
Forum facilities, overall, will offer nearly
25,000 sq m of exhibition stands for 1,250
exhibitors, up from the 21,077 sq m of
space in 2012, said Rrtveit.
The new space, Hall E, will have room
for 4,000 attendees and can seat 8,000
people in concert hall configuration, said
Stavanger Forum Managing Director Cornelius Middlethon. During ONS, Hall E
will host about 5,000 sq m of space. He
added that a second new exhibition building, Hall V, is under construction across
Nearly 60,000 attendees visited ONS 2012, with at least as many forecast to attend this
years event. Photo credit: ONS/Kallen.
The Emerson logo is a trademark and a service mark of Emerson Electric Co. 2014 Emerson Electric Co.
112JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
a.m. to 12 p.m., with a preliminary welcome from Cato Meling, head of the ONS
Conference, and opening remarks from
Gro Brkken, chair of the ONS Conference committee. Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg will follow, speaking to
the conference theme of Changes, with
Statoil President and CEO Helge Lund
up next to discuss a sustainable energy
future. Rounding out the morning presentations will be IEA Executive Director
Maria van der Hoeven, who will speak to
changing approaches to energy security,
followed by keynote speaker Elon Musk,
CEO and founder of Tesla Motors.
The plenary session will be followed
by a City of Stavanger luncheon, from
12:30 to 2 p.m., with the afternoons parallel sessions starting immediately after,
and running until 4 p.m. One session,
again moderated by Pillai, will focus on
Mega projectsmega opportunities,
and will feature topics including Shells
Prelude FLNG, unconventional gas, and
Exxon Mobils Hebron and Sakhalin
fields. The second session, moderated by
Arne Hjeltnes, will cover We must work
smarterthe need for cultural change,
and includes presentations entitled,
What change is needed? Game changing collaboration, Working smarter, increased recovery at lower cost, and Preparing for the future.
On the conferences last day, Norwegian politician and Litteraturhuset Director Aslak Sira Myhre will moderate
a morning plenary session called Sneak
peek into the future: What will happen
in the next 40 years? Covering a variety
TUESDAY, AUG. 26
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Pemex, Schlumberger, Siemens Industry Inc, Special Metals Corporation, Weatherford and more.
Grant Affleck
Business Development Manager
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Chris Kocurek
Staff Subsea Facilities
Engineer
Pramod Kulkarni
Editor
Brian Skeels
Engineering Technologies Director
Ian Penman
Global Advisor, Completion Tools
Bob Sokoll
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Houston, Texas
Image courtesy of Schlumberger
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INTERNATIONAL
RACE TO PRODUCTION
STEADILY RAMPING UP
MELANIE CRUTHIRDS, News Editor
As the U.S. shale oil and gas industry enters
an era in which development has become fiscally
beneficial for the right kind of producer, operators
and NOCs in certain other parts of the world seem
poised to follow suit. Unconventional production
is already online in Argentina, and wells across Poland and Australia are being drilled and cased every
day, with fracing scheduled in the near, foreseeable
future. Even where regulatory, social or technological challenges exist, as is the case in the UK, Spain,
Russia and China, steady progress is being made to,
in the very least, survey and estimate the presence of
shale oil and gas.
It often seems to be the case, internationally, that
development is stalled by one of two scenarios: a
lack of technical knowledge and equipment, or a
lack of public or governmental support. In some
cases, progress has stalled indefinitely, as is true in
France, where hydraulic fracturing has been outlawed completely. This report will look at a few of
todays most active international shale plays.
116JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK
When considering hydrocarbon resources outside of the U.S., the International Energy Agency
(IEA) provides an annual, five-year, oil market outlook, the latest of which was released last month.
This year, the agency said it is likely that the unconventional supply revolution seen in North America
over the past several years will expand outside those
borders by 2019. IEA also projected a slowdown
in global oil demand growth and OPEC capacity
growth facing headwinds.
The IEA report, Medium-Term Oil Market Report
2014, goes on to point out that a handful of countries are seeking to play catch-up with the U.S. as
a producer of shale and light, tight oil (LTO). By
2019, it estimates, tight oil supplies outside of the
U.S. could hit 650,000 bpd, including 390,000 bpd
from Canada, 100,000 bpd from Russia and 90,000
bpd from Argentina. In the same period, however,
the IEA forecasts that the U.S. will double its LTO
output to 5 MMbpd.
SHALETECH / INTERNATIONAL
WESTERN EUROPE
Fig. 1. Cuadrilla Resources is seeking permission to drill, frac and ow-test gas from wells at two
shale sites in the UK, including one at Preston New Road (photo courtesy of Cuadrilla Resources).
118JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
INTERNATIONAL / SHALETECH
ing shale. In the meantime, the PEDL
139/140 partnership has completed 3D
seismic acquisition on the licenses, as part
of a $46.5-million work program, which
will include drilling and testing a vertical
exploration well, and associated well pad
construction, with potential for a second,
horizontal appraisal. Elsewhere this year,
IGas drilled the Irlam-1 well on its Barton
Moss concession in March.
Meanwhile, Cuadrilla Resources has,
since April, worked steadily to submit, and
receive approvals for, a handful of shale
projects in the county of Lancashire, on
the UKs western coast. By late June, the
company had received validation and acceptance of applications for up to four shale
gas exploration wells, each, at two sites,
Roseacre Wood and Preston New Road;
the second of which is shown in Fig. 1. The
company is seeking permission to drill, frac
and flow-test gas from wells in an area called
the Fylde, from which they can tap into the
underlying Bowland shale. The company
estimates that its Lancashire licenses could
hold up to 200 Tcf of trapped shale gas.
Another UK operator, Egdon Resources, recently expanded its onshore
POLAND
ing companies to conduct basic exploration and drilling campaigns without major hindrances, business has not been as
quick-paced as some had anticipated. After
Exxon Mobil, Marathon Oil and Talisman
pulled out of the country, a handful of players remain, and operations are moving
steadily ahead, as companies get better at
connecting technology and technique in
the largely unexplored geography.
Chevron retained four shale concessions in southeastern Poland (Frampol,
Grabowiec, Krasnik and Zwierzyniec) for
a total of 1.1 million acres. Last year, the
major drilled its first exploration wells in
the Zwierzyniec and Krasnik concessions,
and a 3D seismic survey was underway
on the Grabowiec tract, with completion
slated for second-quarter 2014. Chevron
planned to explore throughout 2014.
Operator San Leon Energy is moving
forward with its exploration and drilling
schemes, leveraging farm-ins and commercial agreements with the goal of bringing
its fields closer to production, Fig. 2. In
early July, the company signed a JV with
Palomar Natural Resources (PNR) covering seven concessions in Polands Perm-
HEAD OFFICE
WEBSITE : www.pipamas.com
FACTORY
Jl Tenggiri No.1 Batu Ampar
Pulau Batam,
Batam, Indonesia
Phone 6262-778 412522 ,
Fax 6262-778 412557 , 62
62--778 412910
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REPAIRSHOP
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Duri, Riau, Indonesia
Phone 6262-765 560030, 62
62--765 560730
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e-mail : sec.pdf@pipamas.com
SHALETECH / INTERNATIONAL
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120JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
INTERNATIONAL / SHALETECH
exploration wells, and collected 3D seismic, cores and well logs at Upper Salym.
According to the JV, oil reserves at Upper
Salym total 25 million t.
Gazprom Neft has also seen movement on its other unconventional projects.
In April, the operator tested a new well
at 50 m3/d from the Bazheno-Abalaksky
formation, in the Palyanovskaya zone. As
the company prepares for commercial development of unconventional oil reserves,
it said it plans to continue to study the
Bazheno-Abalaksky complex, with four inclined wells approved for drilling in 2014.
The company is also investigating shale
resource potential through a second JV
with Shell, the Khanty-Mansi Oil and Gas
Union, which is conducting geological research on the Yuilsk-4, Yuilsk-5, and South
Lungorsky-1 sites in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District. And, in March, one of
its subsidiaries, Gazpromneft-Khantos,
was granted a license for geological exploration of the deep oil-saturated prospective
horizons in the Achimov and Bazhenov
formations at southern Priobskoye field.
Other Russian companies also have
partnered with foreign E&Ps to learn
more about unconventional plays. In May,
Lukoil signed an agreement with Total to
create a JV for exploring and developing
the Bazhenov formations tight oil potential in Western Siberia. Initially, the JV
will assess the technical feasibility of developing the tight oil potential on four licenses in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous
District. The companies said seismic acquisition was scheduled to start this year,
with exploration drilling slated for 2015.
Around the same time, in late May, Rosneft signed an agreement with a unit of
BP to implement a joint, two-phase pilot
project to develop the Domanik shale formations, and any future unconventional
resource potential in the plays.
Fig. 3. 3Legs Resources owed gas from a single-stage frac at its ebie LE1 well December 2010,
and has since focused on its other Polish wells (photo courtesy of 3Legs Resources).
CHINA
A Clearer Image
www.pgs.com
MultiClient
Marine Contract
Imaging & Engineering
Operations
SHALETECH / INTERNATIONAL
tW
&t,^DD
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For more about WavePoint, visit:
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122JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
ners, is also making progress on its unconventional projects, most notably on its
Changning development in the Sichuan
basin. In March, the operator announced
that it had implemented its first synchronized zipper frac on four horizontal shale
gas wells in its Changning H2 group. Soon
after, CNPC announced that it had also
begun drilling another well, this time in
the Changning H3 group, with roughly 50
wells planned for the block.
AUSTRALIA
July 2014
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT TO
Copyright 2014 Gulf Publishing Company. All rights reserved. For additional copies,
contact Gulf Publishing Company. Phone: +1 (713) 529-4301. Fax: +1 (713) 520-4433
(World Oil, Attention: Reprints Department). Mailing address: Gulf Publishing Company,
PO Box 2608, Houston, TX 77252 USA.
slb.com/shale
S127
S129
S135
Editor Jim Redden examines how operators and service companies are
improving drilling efficiency through best practices, and reducing waste streams from E&P
activity. Insights on drilling efficiency are the result of an interview with BHP Billitons Derek
Cardno, V.P. of Drilling and Completions.
S139
dates back more than 60 years, but the technology is continuing to evolve.
Contributing Editor Eldon Ball reveals that while the plug-and-perf technique is used for more
than 85% of multi-stage completions, the proppant is not distributed evenly across the multiple perforation clusters, leaving gaps in the fracture stimulations. Among the new solutions
is intrastate diversion through the use of self-removing, chemical diverting agents.
S143
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In addition to understanding conventional reservoir parameters, operators developing unconventionals also have to derive
the unique properties of shale and other tight formations. These
parameters include formation brittleness, total organic content
(TOC), maturity, natural fracture patterns and the in-situ stress
fields of the formation. Once assembled, this information enables
operators to define the sweet spots.
However, because each unconventional basin has different
characteristics, and there is a high degree of heterogeneity within
each individual reservoir, operators must use flexible, creative
workflows to gather information from all available sources.
The process of imaging, characterizing, and interpreting
shale plays is complex, said Dopkin. With conventional seismic
data, we use seismic reflection data to establish a structural and
stratigraphic framework, and to derive some basic reservoir properties. Both of these can contribute to the geometric and physical description of the reservoir. Its not so simple with a shale resource play. We not only need to know the depth to the shale with
a high degree of accuracy, but we also need to understand the
structural and compositional fabric of the shale, and understand
how it changes laterally and vertically.
SEISMIC ACQUISITION
The science of applying seismic data to shale plays puts tremendous pressure on geophysicists and the geophysical method,
said Dopkin. For example, we have to use best practices to remove overburden effects.
If we are just interested in getting a good depth position to
land the well and to geosteer through the formation, depth imaging, if properly applied, is strongly positioned to achieve this, said
Dopkin. Today, we also want to understand the internal properties of the shale that will make us successful in terms of production. That is why the industry has developed tools to help achieve
that understanding.
World Oil/JULY 2014S129
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U.S 2014
owned
and
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over 50
Copyright
Modern
Group
Inc. All rights
RANCODESERTAD
WORLDOIL 4/14
years.
A recent paper by Exxon Mobil concluded that the performance of liquids-rich reservoirs is dependent on in-place fluid
composition and phase behavior. The study presented an overview of fluid types in tight reservoirs, from black oil to dry gas,
and described their impact on key reservoir characteristics, based
on the extent of organic matter development and the physics of
the related fluid production.
The study found that, unlike conventional liquids reservoirs,
the most promising unconventional resources have gas-dominated transport mechanisms, so understanding the phase behavior
of liquids, and its impact on well performance, is a critically important economic consideration.
Because unconventional reservoirs have extremely low permeability, high drawdowns are required for production, so it is
difficult to obtain single-phase fluid samples. Representative,
initial fluid samples are needed to accurately forecast future performance, but obtaining these is, currently, impractical for some
rich-liquid systems.
Core and fluid sampling. Halliburton has addressed this
need by developing a system that captures core samples, at reservoir pressure, and seals them downhole. The companys wirelinedeployed CoreVault system takes large-diameter cores and recovers 100% of the fluid contained in the core sample, Fig. 2.
WIRELINE AND LWD LOGGING
Wireline logging also faces challenges in unconventional reservoirs. Shale and other tight reservoirs require a more targeted
suite of measurements than conventional reservoirs, said John
Dahl, product line manager, Petrophysics, at Baker Hughes. After the initial pilot well logs, data acquisition becomes more challenging in long horizontal wells.
Also, Archies equation (for water saturation) doesnt apply in
shale reservoirs, so you cant use conventional methods to calculate barrels in place. Production is driven by stimulation effectiveness, so you are more interested in understanding mineralogy,
geomechanics and total organic carbon, Dahl said.
Log datataken by either conveyance methodcan be difficult to interpret, according to Martina Nardi, Global LWD Formation Evaluation manager at Weatherford. Log responses
especially
from
gamma raycan
differ significantly Fig. 2. Halliburtons CoreVault system takes
in shale reservoirs, large-diameter cores and recovers 100% of
the uid contained in the core sample.
due to their organic content, Nardi
said.
In conventional reservoirs,
the gamma ray is
a lithology indicator that distinguishes between
shale (high gamma ray) and sand
(low gamma ray).
In shale plays, the
organic content is
often associated
with high uraniWorld Oil/JULY 2014S131
The images from Encanas well were used to map fracture systems, faults and stresses in the field. With the knowledge obtained
from these LWD images, completions have been redesigned to
optimize fracture treatments, enabling increases in well productivity of up to 20%, compared to offset wells.
DEEP SHEAR WAVE IMAGING
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logs are useful in determining the effective permeability of unconventional formations,
down to the nanodarcy range. NMR logs can provide a better picture than density, neutron and resistivity measurements.
NMR gives a clear estimate of total porosity and an effective
means of validating our petrophysical interpretation, said Dan
Buller, principal petrophysicist at Halliburton. The company
discussed the use of NMR technology in unconventional formations, in a paper delivered at a recent conference.4 Density and
neutron measurements dont always respond to these subtle alterations and changes within the rock. In addition, porosity measurements provide no indication of permeability.
However, because NMR measurements directly measure
the rocks pore size, they can detect variations in porosity and
permeability within the formation. The direct measurement of
effective porosity provides a fairly accurate evaluation of reservoir storage capacity. The pore size measurement, achieved by
the relaxation measurement of the NMR device, enables the
calculation of relative permeability, matching the permeability
measured in cores in the lab.
INTEGRATED WIRELINE EVALUATION
MICROSEISMIC
MONITORING
There
have shear, wave imaging system facilitates
been a number detection of subseismic faults.
of studies6, 7 using microseismic
techniques
to
quantify
stimulated rock volume
produced during
fractured completions, to measure
hydraulic fracture
half-lengths during
fracturing,
and to map the
geomechanics of
shale reservoirs. In
addition to being
central to extensive
engineering projects, microseismic
technology has become a commercial service in most
unconventional
plays. For example, Pinnacle, a Halliburton service, is working
with operators in the Eagle Ford, Marcellus, Wolfcamp and other
unconventional plays to help evaluate hydraulic fracturing on a
practical basis.
The trend in fracturing is toward tighter perforating clusters
and smaller spacing for wells, said Charlie Waltman, Microseismic product champion at Pinnacle. Operators are using microseismic during fracing to determine how close to space the wells,
and to decide whether to stagger them in TVD or stack them.
Microseismic monitoring helps determine whether the lateral is
placed at the right depth by measuring the height of the frac and
determining if there is any out-of-zone growth.
Pinnacle recently introduced a new service in fracture diagnostics. FracHeight service involves a new hybrid tool, deployed
in an offset monitor well, that combines fiber optic wirelineconveyed microseismic receivers with Pinnacles downhole tiltmeter sensors that directly measure the formation movement
associated with fracture dilation.
INTEGRATING RESERVOIR DATA
With a wide range of technologies for reservoir characterization, it is easy for operating companies to be overwhelmed with
data and potentially overlapping services. The whole process can
be optimized, using software tools that combine data and models
to facilitate collaboration as a project is being implemented.
A recent paper by BHP Billiton8 described a workflow process that the company has used to develop assets in the Eagle
Ford. Recognizing the uncertainties that exist in reservoir and
completion parameters, BHP Billiton used a history-matching
process to optimize drilling, well spacing and landing points for
laterals, as well as stage lengths and completion and hydraulic
fracturing design.
WEB EXCLUSIVE: Visit WorldOil.com to view references for this article.
| bakerhughes.com
170
168
110,000
70
Ten wells with
More
than
Up to
HSE footprint, myriad safety and environmental issues continue to put many
of the shale plays squarely in the public
and regulatory crosshairs. The industry,
to be sure, has responded accordingly,
as reflected in the recent development of
safer, less waste-inducing technologies,
among them remote pipe racking, which
essentially renders the derrickman a
misnomer, water-based drilling fluids incorporating nanotechnology, and fluids
cycle automation.
Joining in the wave of new HSE-directed innovations, the public and privately-funded Environmentally Friendly
Drilling (EFD) program is conducting
field trials, aimed at providing unbiased
research into the technical, economic
and societal feasibilities of candidate
technologies to address distinctive air,
water and land issues, Fig. 1. Within its
wide-ranging Technical Integration Program (TIP), the EFD initiative works
with industry, academic, governmental
and environmental representatives on a
host of studies, including unprecedented
tailgate emission studies to validate gasfueled drilling technologies; evaluate the
onshore environmental benefits of dope-
Fig. 1. The Texas A&M Global Petroleum Research Institute (GPRI) analytical lab on
location in the Eagle Ford. The unit is being used in a RPSEA research project to
determine the best technology for re-using and recycling make-up and produced water.
(photo courtesy of the Environmentally Friendly Drilling program).
Fig. 2. A Nabors Pace-X rig on contract with BHP Billiton making hole in the Haynesville
shale while surrounded by a sound barrier (photo courtesy of BHP Billiton).
well control and the efficiency of unconventional drilling programs is the automation of key components of the fluids
cycle, says Jason Norman, managing partner of Houston's OnSite Integrated Services. Norman co-founded the company
in January 2013 after working on drilling
automation initiatives at Shell, Chevron
and, more recently, Apache.
At OnSite, Norman focuses on the
drilling fluids cycle, where proprietary
patent-pending diagnostic software is
combined with Coriolis metering technology to measure and interpret flowrate, density, mass flowrate, and temperatures going in and out of the wellall
in real time. Norman said incorporating
process control functionality is particularly helpful in identifying early kick
detection, by allowing the driller to instantly distinguish between a kick and
ballooning.
The bottom line is, rather than having the driller unable to determine if
the well is ballooning or taking a kick,
if you have a well control package and
process control thats not driven by human beings, you can remove all doubt
from an incident. Early kick detection is
extremely vital, as kicks cost so much to
deal with. Even if it's a kick that is controlled, they have to circulate it out, and
that takes rig time and leads to NPT
(non-productive time).
Along with kick detection, automated
process control of the fluids cycle can go
a long way toward improving efficiencies
and eliminating the costs of unnecessary
sweeps and other preventative measures
that have become standard inclusions in
many authorizations for expenditures
(AFE). Rather than pumping a periodic
sweep as a matter of course, Norman said
data generated from Coriolis meters placed
strategically on the flow line, as determined
by a rig survey and analyzed through diagnostic software, provide a definitive snapshot of hole cleaning efficiency, Fig. 3.
We infer some diagnostics from the
data we receive, he said. We can determine hole cleaning efficiency, sweep efficiency, and mud pump efficiency, and we
can monitor losses and provide data on
the severity of those losses. This also allows us to detect the difference between
ballooning and a kick. We do that by
looking at the signature of the data on every connection, so we can look back and
determine if this is a normal flow-back
signature or an abnormal signature.
In many cases, well see drilling programs calling for sweeps every 500 ft
to 1,000 ft, whether they need it or not,
because thats the way we've always
done it. Many drillers might also go two
to eight times bottoms-up, and you ask
them why and, again, theyll say thats
the way theyve always done it. On many
Eagle Ford operations, they may routinely
pump six to eight times bottoms-up. What
weve done is develop a clear-cut means of
determining the effectiveness of remedial
hole cleaning and not just a gut feel.
Once the diagnostics have established
a clean hole, Norman said examination
of the mass balance circulation can determine the amount of circulating time
necessary prior to pulling out of the hole.
Graphical representations of the measurements gives the driller clear evidence
of the rig time being expended by circulating needlessly. Norman said a number
of drilling contractors have wholeheartedly embraced the instrumentation concept. They recognize that this (automation) will become commonplace in two
to five years time, whether its instrumentation at its basic level to just measure flow and density going in and out of
their well, or doing the whole enchilada
with automated mud mixing, salinity,
water cut, particle size distribution, and
what have you. At a minimum, everybody
will be doing flow and density. Its just the
right thing to do. It's a cheap insurance
policy to maintain a good safety record.
REDUCING WASTE STREAM
Fig. 3. Coriolis meters placed strategically on the ow line deliver measurements, both in
and out of the well, on owrate, density, and mass owrate, with the ensuing data used to
infer a number of diagnostics, including hole-cleaning efficiency. Photo courtesy of OnSite
Integrated Services.
separation of ultra-fine low gravity solids (LGS) from invert emulsion drilling
fluids, allowing operators to reuse oilbased drilling fluids over multiple wells,
without the need for high rates of dilution, says Michael Joling, a technical services engineer and project manager for
M-I SWACO Environmental Solutions.
The company claims the technology has
been proven to reduce solids below 1%
while drilling.
FINGERTIP PIPEHANDLING
Weve been pursuing onshore synthetics, parallel with what we are doing
with synthetics offshore and many of the
same issues are at play. Certainly, one of
the key issues is the base fluids, which
are driven by availability that changes
as manufacturers change their product
mix, said M-I SWACO Manager of Environmental Affairs John Candler.
Candler said a prototype syntheticbased mud (SBM) introduced in the
Marcellus shale delivered impressive results in balancing the high inhibition and
other performance characteristics of a
non-aqueousbased mud with the environmental benefits of its water-based
counterpart. Linear paraffin demonstrates excellent onshore performance,
both from bioremediation and toxicity
perspectives he said, adding that new
testing criteria for evaluating onshore
SBM is now under investigation.
M-I SWACO also is advancing nanosilica-based products for water-based
muds to physically, rather than chemically, block water intrusion into shales.
By enhancing the shale inhibition of water-based drilling fluids without the use
of chemicals, the nanoparticles not only
improve wellbore stability, but reduce
the waste volume generated at the rigsite,
Candler said.
Essentially, nanoparticles provide
wellbore stability by mechanically plugging pores down to a few nanometers in
size, effectively decreasing the permeability of the older and more non-reactive
shales normally deposited in the production zones. That combination reduces the
waste generated and improves the efficiency of getting the hole down, Candler said.
M-I SWACO also introduced the
RHE-USE solids control technology
that relies on mechanical and chemical
S138JULY 2014/Shale Technology Review
Fig. 1. Heterogeneous rock properties and formation closure stresses between perforation
clusters can affect where the fractures initiate and grow (image courtesy of Haliburton).
PLANNED
K
PLANNED
Dh
PLANNED
Plug-and-perf simply cannot deliver predictable frac results, and neither can open-hole packers
Dh
right where you plan them and proppant volume in every frac is exactly what you want. Cemented,
>
WZ,^
ncsfrac.com
+1 281.453.2222
info@ncsfrac.com
Leave nothing behind.
2014, NCS Energy Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Multistage Unlimited and Leave nothing behind. are trademarks of NCS Energy Services, LLC. Patents pending.
Fig. 3. Baker Hughes Shadow frac plug can be left downhole during production, which
eliminates the plug drill-out phase of plug-and-perf completions.
Sequence technique provided 46% savings in completion time and 68% savings
in plug costs, helping the operator achieve
a higher rate of return, Schlumberger says.
SHADOW FRAC PLUG
Baker Hughes, meanwhile, has introduced its Shadow series frac plug, (Fig.
3), a permanent millable plug designed
to be left downhole during productiona capability that the company
says eliminates the plug drill-out phase
of plug-and-perf completions. The plug
features a large flow-through inner diameter (ID) and uses the companys disintegrating frac balls, so that production can
flow with the plugs in place. The plugs
cut days off of completion times, Baker
Hughes says, and eliminate the cost
and risk associated with coiled tubing
(CT) intervention.
The frac plugs are run in-hole on
wireline and are set in sequence along the
lateral section of the wellbore to isolate
zones for treatment, just like composite
plugs. The initial reservoir entry point is
created using Baker Hughes own sleeve
pressure-actuated valve, rather than a perforating gun run in on CT. After all zones
have been perforated and fractured, the
plugs stay in the well, and production can
be turned on without intervention, and
with no reduction in production volume.
The Baker Hughes IN-Tallic disintegrating frac balls are made of controlled
electrolytic metallic (CEM) nano-constructed materiala technology pioneered by Baker Hughes. The balls hold
pressure during fracturing operations,
and then completely disintegrate in the
well when exposed to produced fluids,
preventing production blockages and
eliminating debris.
Baker Hughes cites a field application
in which an operator in the Horn River
basin of northern British Columbia
wanted to significantly improve overall
well site efficiency and reduce time on
location during plug-and-perf hydraulic
fracturing operations. The operator had
a seven-well pad and agreed to complete
two of the wells with Shadow frac plugs.
The other five wells were completed
with conventional composite plugs. Baker Hughes set 27 Shadow plugs in the
first well and 25 in the second. Because
of the plugs large ID, the wells were
ready to be put on production, as soon as
fracturing operations were complete, the
company says.
API Guidance Document HF2, Water Management Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing ( June 2010), describes fluid requirements for successful fracturing. These requirements
are the result of the geology, the operating environment, the
frac design, the scale of the development process, and the results required for total project success.
The document boils it down to this: What does the
reservoir rock need, and what will the rock give back after
fracturing?
It also points out that understanding the in-situ reservoir
conditions is critical to successful stimulations, and in the design of the fracture treatment and fluid used. While the concepts and general practices are similar, the details of a specific
fracture operation can vary substantially from resource to resource, from area to area, from operator to operator, and even
from well to well.
The ideal properties of a fracturing fluid relate to its compatibility with the formation rock; its compatibility with the formation fluids; its ability to transfer enough pressure throughout the entire fracture to create a wide fracture, and be able to
transport the proppant into the fracture, while breaking back
down to a low-viscosity fluid for cleanup after the treatment.
EPA STUDY
Tel.: 1-800-337-0777
www.veoliawaterstna.com
Water.info@veolia.com
Omni Water Solutions platforms are intended for applications where contaminated water has complex, variable and/
or unpredictable levels of heavy metals, organic compounds
Fig. 2. Interior of the FracPure crystallization plant (image
courtesy of Integrated Water Technologies).
FORWARD OSMOSIS
Forward
osmosis
In forward (or direct) osmosis (FO), water from one solution selectively passes through a membrane to a second solution,
based solely on the difference in the chemical potential (concentration) of the two solutions. The process is spontaneous and
can be accomplished with very little energy expenditure. Thus,
FO can be used, in effect, to exchange one solute for a different
solute, specifically chosen for its chemical or physical properties.
For desalination applications, the salts in the feed stream could be
exchanged for an osmotic agent, chosen specifically for its ease of
removal, e.g. by precipitation, Fig. 3.3
Oasys Water uses forward osmosis to
produce clean water from produced water, which can have salt concentrations Fig. 3. Block diagram illustrating strategy for applying FO and thermal precipitation of an
up to five times higher than seawater and osmotic agent to accomplish desalination.
is often laced with radioactive materials.
Q
25C
AB recycle
The companys Membrane Brine Concentrator (MBC) is a movable system
Very dilute
Dilute AB
Sea water
Sea water
Dilute AB
AB
that can treat up to 4,000 bpd or 116 gpm
HX
HX
Ambient
80C
80C
60C
5C
25C
of produced water, industrial brines, or
Low
RO concentrate, Fig 4. It says the system
press.
Precip.
HX
has successfully treated challenging, proQ
RO
Very conc.
Pptd.
duced water streams and has demonstratConc. brine
Conc. brine
AB
AB
Mixer
ed the ability to reduce disposal volumes
80C
80C
Ambient
by more than 80%, reducing the total cost
Q
Q
of water treatment by up to 30%.
Fresh water
Heat
Feed water stays in liquid form, requirpump/recovery
ing significantly less energy. The nonmetallic process uses readily available
World Oil/JULY 2014S145
H2S gas from the incoming feed water, coagulation and flocculation to remove fracing chemicals, and a multimedia filter
to remove suspended solids. The final product or distillate
from the system can be reused as fracing source water, or it
can be discharged.
REDUCING TRANSPORTATION COSTS
Unlike the science of water treatment, which offers numerous avenues of investigation, the logistics of water tend to have
predictable and unchanging componentstrucks, trains and
pipelines. But within the physical constraints of transportation,
new ideas do emerge.
In an effort to reduce the costs of transporting water, LTR
has developed a way to transfer water long distances that eliminates most trucking, at less cost than traditional poly pipe lines.9
A high-rate, high-pressure, lay-flat discharge hose decreases
costs by decreasing set-up time and equipment.
Available in 8-in. and 10-in. sizes, the long sections and fewer joints reduce the chance for leaks and enable fast set-ups by
the companys field technicians. This method can reduce labor
costs, as well as truck traffic. The polyurethane hose operates in
a wide range of temperatures.
USING PRODUCED AND BRACKISH WATER
According to Apache Corporation, the company is expanding its use of alternative water sources in an effort to minimize
freshwater used in hydraulic fracturing operations.10 The company says that it has increased its use of produced water and
Compliant,
enclosed
combustors
introduced
AEREON, a single-source supplier
of environmentally compliant gas
and vapor combustion, handling
and recovery equipment, has
launched a new line of regulatorycompliant, enclosed combustor
solutions. The Quad-O Design
Enclosed Combustor (QDEC) is
a completely smokeless system,
offering quiet operation, with no
visible flame, reducing emissions to
comply with NSPS Subpart OOOO.
QDEC does not require electrical,
steam or assist gas utilities to
achieve smokeless performance,
which reduces capital, operational
and maintenance expenses.
www.aereon.com
Vacuworx, a manufacturer of
innovative vacuum lifting technology and heavy-duty materialhandling equipment, has launched
a lightweight pipe-handling system
to lift and position drillstems in
horizontal and directional drilling
operations. The HDD Pipe Handling
System utilizes wireless, remote
controller operation, and the latest
vacuum-lifting technology, to
tilt and place drillstems at angles between 0 and 30, without the use
of ropes or slings. Suitable for use with Vacuworx MC Series lifters, the
HDD unit is significantly lighter in weight than competing technologies,
and requires only one worker to lift drill stem and transfer pipe into a
drilling rig, reducing exposure to risk of injury in a pipe yard or on a job
site. The equipment features a 360 hydraulic rotator that gives operators
complete control over drill stem, and allows for the precise placement of
pipe joints with fewer workers on the ground.
www.altronic-llc.com
www.vacuworx.com
Activator-free
proppant sets in
low temperatures
Santrol, a Fairmount Minerals
company, has commercialized
its CoolSet curable resin-coated
proppant that sets in fractures to
prevent flowback at a reservoir
temperature of 100F. With
robust, unconfined compressive strength and enhanced
conductivity, 20/40 CoolSet
proppant increases hydrocarbon
production. The technology,
which is frac fluid- and breakerfriendly, also ensures better crush
resistance, minimized proppant
embedment, and significantly
reduced fines generation.
Customers can source the proppant from Santrols eight Permian
basin terminals, in addition to
receiving it in other regions, such
as the Midcontinent.
www.fairmountminerals.com/
santrol.aspx
FT{eT_Pac]TaTSfXcW_d\_X]VbTaeXRTb_a^eXSTab^]fT[[bX]SXTaT]c
shale plays, delivering high-conductivity results on every job. Operators
continue to choose Rainbow because they know we work side-by-side
with their completions team to maximize every wells performance.
We engineer, manufacture and supply ceramic proppants that meet or
exceed API and ISO quality standards. With distribution and transloading
facilities across major shale plays including the Bakken, Eagle Ford,
Permian Basin, Haynesville and Green River Basin; we supply best-in-class,
cost-competitive proppants used in hydraulic fracturing.
Your success depends on how well the proppant you pump performs.
Let us help pump performance into your next well.
rainbowceramics.com
1.888.618.PROP (7767)
info@rainbowproppants.com
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT TO
Copyright 2014 Gulf Publishing Company. All rights reserved. For additional copies,
contact Gulf Publishing Company. Phone: +1 (713) 529-4301. Fax: +1 (713) 520-4433
(World Oil, Attention: Reprints Department). Mailing address: Gulf Publishing Company,
PO Box 2608, Houston, TX 77252 USA.
CARBO
U.S. MESH
MICRONS
12/18
16/20
20/40
30/50
40/70
U.S. MESH
MICRONS
20/40
30/50
+12
+1,700
16+20
1180+850
12+16
1,700+1,180
91
20+30
-850+600
60
16+20
1,180+850
93
30+40
600+425
35
79
20+30
850+600
90
40+50
425+300
17
30+40
600+425
90
50
300
40+60
425+250
97
60+70
250+212
70
212
30/50
635
473
30/50
@5,000 PSI
1.0
0.8
@7,500 PSI
5.2
2.8
16/20
20/40
30/50
40/70
1,374
1,001
730
522
334
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
12/18
12/18
16/20
20/40
30/50
40/70
@7,500
PSI
17.9
14.0
5.2
2.5
2.0
@10,000
PSI
19.3
8.3
5.8
4.4
2 LB/FT2
2LB/FT2
20/40
30/50
2,000
6,300
4,150
4,000
5,500
3,300
6,000
4,100
2,550
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
8,000
2,500
1,600
10,000
1,300
975
MICRONS
40/80
+40
+425
-40+50
-425+300
68
50+80
300+180
30
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
12/18
16/20
20/40
30/50
40/70
2,000
38,795
24,630
10,700
4,640
2,200
4,000
24,560
17,780
8,900
3,740
1,660
6,000
9,940
9,035
6,000
2,870
1,270
8,000
4,840
4,625
3,700
1,900
870
10,000
2,235
2,400
2,000
1,270
555
12,000
650
340
U.S.
MESH
MICRONS
12/18
16/30
325
12
1700
12+14
1700+1400
42
20/40
30/60
40/70
40/80
14+16
1400+1180
40
@5,000 PSI
0.50
16+18
1,180+1,000
15
28
@7,500 PSI
2.00
18+20
1,000+850
46
20+30
850+600
23
75
30+40
600+425
21
68
2LB/FT2
40+50
425+300
28
70
2,000
1,570
50+70
300+210
26
4,000
1,210
70
210
6,000
890
% BY WEIGHT FINES
8,000
610
10,000
360
12/18
16/30
20/40
30/60
40/70
1,328
936
672
453
324
12/18
16/30
20/40
30/60
40/70
CLOSURE
STRESS,
PSI
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@10,000
PSI
@12,500
PSI
14.0
5.0
20.0
2.8
9.4
2.3
5.3
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
12/18
2,000
30,940
4,000
12/18
16/30
20/40
30/60
40/70
2,000
42,265
18,410
8,170
3,720
2,170
4,000
36,530
14,150
6,595
3,235
1,865
6,000
23,460
10,635
5,370
2,790
1,585
8,000
12,520
7,385
4,285
2,345
1,250
10,000
5,380
5,430
3,405
1,850
1,000
12,000
3,600
3,975
2,720
1,335
765
14,000
2,325
2,975
2,140
925
565
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
16/30
20/40
30/60
40/70
13,400
7,290
2,870
1,680
22,040
10,920
5,840
2,440
1,350
RESIN TYPE
6,000
12,260
7,940
4,820
2,010
1,015
EQUILIBRIUM pH
8.9-9.3
8,000
6,750
4,620
3,540
1,575
770
RESIDUAL ACIDITY
< 0.1
PHENOLIC
10,000
3,810
2,930
2,400
990
570
12,000
2,270
2,120
1,900
665
440
WEIGHT, %
WATER
< 0.2
ALKALINE WATER
Cured
< 0.2
< 0.2
Brine
< 0.3
< 1.0
Oil
U.S. MESH
MICRONS
12/18 16/30
20/40
30/60
40/70
12
1,700
12+14
1,700+1,400 27
14+16
1,400+1,180
43
16+18
1,180+1,000
27
30
18+20
1,000+850
55
20+25
850+710
12
45
25+30
710+600
40
30+40
600+425
11
70
40+50
425+300
25
74
50+70
300+212
19
70
212
SHELF-LIFE, years
< 1.0
> 3 estimated
SUBSTRATE
PHYSICAL STATE
SOLID, PARTICULATE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
2.55 0.05
0.047
87 4
16/30
956
20/40
697
30/60
430
Roundness
0.7
Sphericity
0.7
40/70
350
PARTICLE SIZE DIST.
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
12/18
16/30
20/40
30/60
40/70
@10,000
PSI
9.3
0.7
0.6
@12,500
PSI
13.0
3.8
1.4
1.3
1.4
@15,000
PSI
2.7
2.3
2.3
Meets or exceeds
ISO 13503-2
TURBIDITY, (NTU/FTU)
< 250
> 99.8
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
20/40
30/50
40/70
2,000
6,080
3,585
1,200
4,000
5,110
2,770
1,050
6,000
3,155
1,345
800
8,000
1,520
640
545
10,000
735
365
315
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
6,000
30/50
40/70
AVAILABLE SIZES
SUBSTRATE
PHYSICAL STATE
SOLID, PARTICULATE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
2.55 0.05
0.047
87 4
0.7
Sphericity
0.7
Meets or exceeds
ISO 13503-2
TURBIDITY, (NTU/FTU)
< 250
> 99.8
0.32
0.28
8,000
0.91
0.52
10,000
2.11
3.90
1.14
12,000
4.04
2.06
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
15,000
8.31
2.88
PHENOLIC
EQUILIBRIUM pH
8.9-9.3
RESIDUAL ACIDITY
< 0.1
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
20/40
30/50
40/70
2,000
4,715
2,460
1,430
4,000
4,160
2,305
1,300
6,000
2,720
1,800
1,060
8,000
1,615
1,125
635
10,000
795
540
275
WEIGHT, %
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
< 0.2
ALKALINE WATER
30/50
40/70
6,000
1.13
0.41
0.26
Uncured
< 1.0
8,000
3.20
1.42
0.57
Cured
< 0.2
10,000
6.30
2.44
0.99
< 0.2
12,000
10.20
4.49
1.76
Brine
< 0.3
15,000
17.80
8.93
3.12
< 1.0
Oil
SHELF-LIFE, years
< 1.0
> 3 estimated
COORSTEK
CERAPROP
PHENOLIC
EQUILIBRIUM pH
8.9-9.3
RESIDUAL ACIDITY
< 0.1
MICRONS
16/30
20/40
-16+20
850-1,180
71
WEIGHT, %
-20-30
600-850
29
91
WATER
< 0.2
-30+40
425-600
-40+50
300-425
ALKALINE WATER
Uncured
< 1.0
-50+70
212-300
Cured
< 0.2
-70
<212
< 0.2
Light brine
<0.3
< 1.0
Oil
< 1.0
SHELF-LIFE, years
30/50
40/70
89
92
5
> 3 estimated
SUBSTRATE
CARBOLITE
PHYSICAL STATE
SOLID, PARTICULATE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
2.60 0.03
0.046
96 4
MESH
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/70
7,500
1.4
1.3
1.1
0.8
10,000
6.2
4.8
3.7
1.8
12,500
8.4
7.7
7.5
3.1
13,000
10.5
9.2
14,000
10.8
8.7
15,000
6.2
MESH
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/70
2,000
17578
7990
4679
2292
Roundness
0.9
4,000
12281
6139
3589
2078
Sphericity
7605
5065
3014
1827
0.9
6,000
Meets or exceeds
8,000
3537
2845
2160
1079
ISO 13503-2
10,000
2359
1946
1499
654
TURBIDITY, (NTU/FTU)
< 250
12,000
1255
964
417
> 99.8
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
2 LB/FT2
12/18
16/20
20/40
30/50
2,000
24,670
14,355
7,715
2,985
4,000
22,315
12,855
6,960
2,755
6,000
17,640
10,910
6,025
2,415
8,000
9,525
7,340
4,580
1,910
10,000
6,310
4,870
3,580
1,445
12,000
3,655
3,270
2,605
965
14,000
1,825
MESH
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/70
2,000
887
403
230
131
4,000
640
320
181
121
6,000
393
262
146
100
8,000
177
142
107
61
10,000
120
99
78
39
53
52
26
12,000
TEST
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/70
APPARENT SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
2.63
2.61
2.66
2.66
SPHERICITY,
KRUMBEIN AND
SLOSS
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
ROUNDNESS,
KRUMBEIN AND
SLOSS
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
9 5.1
94.7
93.7
92.3
ACID SOLUBILITY
12/3 HCL/HF, %
WEIGHT LOSS
3.1
2.5
4.1
5.6
TURBIDITY, NTU
28
31
35
24
111
104
53
26
MESH SIZE
30/50, 40/70
10,000
160-450*
Premium resin
coated sand
40/70
10,000
150-400
Resin coated
sand
SB EXCEL PROPPANTS
MESH SIZE
20/40
8,000
160-375*
Resin coated
sand
MOMENTIVE
SIBERPROP PROPPANTS
MESH SIZE
16/30, 20/40
8,000
130-200**
OILPLUS PROPPANTS
MESH SIZE
16/30, 20/40,
30/50, 40/70
8,000 (16/30)
10,000 (20/40,
30/50, 40/70)
160-400*
Enhanced
oil ow resin
coated sand
Low-temp.
resin coated
sand
CURABLE CERAMICS
XRT CERAMAX P PROPPANTS
16/30, 20/40,
30/50
8,000 (16/30,
20/40) 10,000
(30/50)
90-160
16/30, 20/40
8,000
70-160
CURABLE SANDS
SB PRIME PROPPANTS
MESH SIZE
20/40
10,000
160-450*
MESH SIZE
20/40
14,000***
175-450
Resin coated
bauxite
14+40
14,000
175-450
Resin coated
ceramic
20/40
12,000
175-450
Resin coated
ceramic
*
At temperatures below 160F, use AcTivator consolidation aid.
** At temperatures below 130F, use AcTivator consolidation aid.
*** XRT Ceramax P proppant uses bauxite, which is the highest strength ceramic. Conductivity testing
conducted up to 14,000 psi.
Visit momentive.com/oileld or fracline.com for additional information and specications.
Premium resin
coated sand
RAINBOW
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/70
2,000
8,157
3,663
1,677
U.S. MESH
MICRONS
30/50
40/70
4,000
6,443
2,882
1,489
20+30
-850+600
6,000
4,429
2,238
1,292
2,334
1,562
889
30+40
-600+425
60
8,000
40+50
-425+300
39
82
10,000
1,249
826
486
50+70
-300+212
16
12,000
741
527
70
-212
% BY WEIGHT
FINES
@7,500 PSI
@10,000 PSI
30/50
40/70
7.1
2.7
12.0
6.7
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/70
2,000
426
194
84
4,000
345
155
76
6,000
245
124
67
8,000
136
90
48
10,000
77
51
28
12,000
48
34
CLOSURE/STRESS,
PSI
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/70
2,000
151
91
4,000
113
74
6,000
69
54
8,000
35
30
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/70
19
16
U.S.
MESH
MICRONS
10,000
16+20
1,180+850
74
20+30
850+600
25
94
30+40
600+425
60
40+50
425+300
40
77
MICRONS
20/40
30/50
40/70
50+70
300+212
21
16+20
1,180+850
70
212
20+30
850+600
95
0.5
30+40
600+425
81
40+50
425+300
18
74
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/70
@7,500 PSI
0.6
0.5
@10,000
PSI
5.6
2.0
1.3
1.0
50+70
300+212
0.5
25
70
212
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@5,000 PSI
20/40
30/50
40/70
0.6
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/70
@7,500 PSI
3.0
1.5
1.3
CLOSURE
STRESS,
PSI
@10,000
PSI
7.5
2.5
2.7
2,000
14,920
8,314
3,061
1,564
4,000
11,607
6,868
2,566
1,380
6,000
7,256
5,323
2,080
1,150
8,000
4,202
3,478
1,611
956
10,000
2,345
2,250
926
765
12,000
1,435
634
2 LB/FT2
16/30
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
SIEVE NO
20/40 BAUXLITE
20
5
60
2,000
865
509
187
96
30
4,000
700
432
161
87
40
35
MPD* (mm)
0.65
6,000
456
343
134
73
8,000
282
232
106
62
10,000
167
159
64
52
12,000
107
47
SIEVE NO
30/50 BAUXLITE
30
40
75
SAINT-GOBAIN PROPPANTS
SAINT-GOBAIN BAUXLITE/VERSALITE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
BULK DENSITY
2.85
1.6
50
20
MPD* (mm)
0.47
40/80 BAUXLITE
40
4
90
SIEVE NO
12/18 BAUXLITE
70
12
80
14
38
MPD* (mm)
0.33
18
57
MPD* (mm)
1.35
16/20
16/30
VERSALITE
16/20 BAUXLITE
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
12/18
SIEVE NO
16
6,000
1.5
18
55
8,000
16
20
40
10,000
20
16
12
MPD* (mm)
0.97
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
20/40
PLUS
20/40
30/50
40/80
6,000
1.5
16/30 BAUXLITE
8,000
16
10,000
20
84
30
12
MPD* (mm)
0.95
VERSALITE
18
25
56
40
36
MPD* (mm)
0.74
20
30
82
40
10
MPD* (mm)
0.71
12/18
16/20
16/30
VERSALITE
VERSAPROP
18
8
56
2,000
33,555
18,725
16,185
9,735
25
4,000
27,145
15,165
13,360
7,435
40
36
MPD* (mm)
0.74
6,000
13,350
10,390
9,555
5,190
8,000
7,435
6,495
6,070
3,445
10,000
4,395
4,260
4,140
2,155
12,000
2,975
2,815
3,005
1,365
SIEVE NO
30/50 INTERPROP
30
40
75
CLOSURE
STRESS,
PSI
20/40
PLUS
20/40
30/50
40/80
2,000
8,490
6,515
3,045
1,500
6,000
4,925
3,955
1,890
1,060
8,000
3,340
2,670
1,420
845
10,000
2,270
1,750
995
700
SIEVE NO
40/80 INTERPROP
525
40
70
90
1,165
695
SAINT-GOBAIN INTERPROP/VERSAPROP
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
BULK DENSITY
3.2
1.88
1,300
0.47
6,710
1,410
2,435
20
MPD* (mm)
4,000
12,000
5,285
50
80
MPD* (mm)
0.33
35/140 IP-H
35
SIEVE NO
12/18 INTERPROP
50
35
12
80
50
14
38
140
10
18
57
MPD* (mm)
0.28
MPD* (mm)
1.35
CLOSURE
STRESS,
PSI
12/
18
84
7,500
30
12
10,000
MPD* (mm)
0.95
12,500
SIEVE NO
16/30 INTERPROP
16
20
20/40 INTERPROP
20
30
82
40
10
MPD* (mm)
0.71
16/
30
VERSAPROP
20/
40
2.2
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.9
1.5
13
4.4
3.5
2.5
1.2
1.7
7.6
5.9
2.6
3.1
30/
50
40/
80
35/
140
choice.
VersaProp
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Zx{x(Z
proppants.saint-gobain.com
Made in the USA
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Propel SSP
CoolSet
PowerProp
SpearProp
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
12/18
16/30
VERSAPROP
2,000
34,915
16,560
9,120
SIEVE NO
30
40
75
4,000
25,251
13,100
6,930
50
20
6,000
14,137
8,950
5,027
MPD* (mm)
0.47
8,000
7,428
5,630
3,292
10,000
4,222
3,180
2,238
12,000
2,621
2,260
1,397
SIEVE NO
14,000
40
CLOSURE
STRESS, PSI
70
90
20/40
30/50
40/80
35/140
2,000
7,830
3,138
1,330
936
80
MPD* (mm)
0.33
4,000
6,585
2,525
1,088
735
6,000
5,230
2,043
910
539
8,000
3,615
1,721
739
361
10,000
2,375
1,299
593
242
20/40
40/80
994
416
153
ULTRAPOP
30/50
1,720
CLOSURE
STRESS,
PSI
16/30
12,000
302
105
7,500
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
14,000
BULK DENSITY
3.5
2.04
16
20
10,000
2.5
1.2
1.5
0.6
0.5
12,500
4.5
2.2
0.9
15,000
1.5
2.1
CONDUCTIVITY (MD-FT)
CLOSURE
STRESS
(PSI)
16/30
20/40
ULTRAPROP
30/50
40/80
2,000
16,375
7,065
8,535
2,710
1,324
4,000
12,210
5,980
6,640
2,220
1,118
6,000
9,505
5,030
5,649
1,875
947
8,000
7,155
4,140
4,552
1,430
792
10,000
4,875
2,800
3,469
1,100
642
84
30
12
MPD* (mm)
0.95
12,000
3,515
2,030
2,348
845
501
14,000
2,470
1,595
1,727
615
379
SIEVE NO
20
30
82
40
10
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
BULK DENSITY
MPD* (mm)
0.71
3.9
2.2
SAINT-GOBAIN TITAN
SIEVE NO
ULTRAPROP
SIEVE NO
30/50 TITAN
18
30
25
56
40
75
40
36
50
12
MPD* (mm)
0.74
MPD
0.47
30/50
20,000
<2
25,000
<5
30,000
<6
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT3
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
ABSOLUTE
VOLUME,
GAL/LB
40/70
2.55
96.8
1.55
0.04650.0469
30/50
2.55
96.8
1.55
0.04650.0469
20/40
2.55
96.8
1.55
0.04650.0469
16/30
2.55
96.8
1.55
0.04650.0469
KRUMBEIN
ROUNDNESS
KUMBREIN
SPHERICITY
TEMP. STABILITY, F
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
CONDUCTIVITY (MD-FT)
CLOSURE STRESS, PSI
30/50
6,000
2693
8,000
2182
10,000
1747
12,000
1494
14,000
1253
16,000
1046
18,000
882
20,000
709
SANTROL
SANTROL COOLSET CURABLE RESIN-COATED PROPPANT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT2
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
ABSOLUTE
VOLUME,
GAL/LB
CRUSH RESISTANCE,
8,000 PSI
40/70
869
730
525
322
215
MESH
30/50
2,023
1,680
1,031
602
313
20/40
92.4
1.48
0.0467
4.2%
20/40
4,490
3,954
2,842
1,029
452
16/30
8,623
4,509
1,909
880
340
KRUMBEIN ROUNDNESS
KRUMBEIN SPHERICITY
0.8
0.8
CRUSH RESISTANCE
CONDUCTIVITY, MD-FT @ 2 LB/FT2, 2% KCI
MESH
20/40
TEST
TEMP.,
F
2,000
125
1,862
4,000
1,486
6,000
1,202
8,000
786
10,000
MESH
4,000
8,000
40/70
0.8%
4.2%
30/50
2.3%
5.1%
20/40
3.4%
5.9%
16/30
3.9%
6.8%
224
20/40
150
2,732
2,183
1,544
1,103
262
20/40
250
3,157
2,791
1,879
1,307
433
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
20/40
0.1
0.6
1.9
4.2
MESH
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
40/70
44
38
29
18
13
30/50
109
92
58
38
21
20/40
238
219
161
62
29
16/30
238
98
49
20
24 HR @ 1,000
PSI
12 HR @ 1,000
PSI
12 HR @ 1,500
PSI
110
110
100
MESH
1 HR @
1,000
PSI
6 HR @
1,000
PSI
12
HR @
1,000
PSI
18
HR @
1,000
PSI
24
HR @
1,000
PSI
48
HR @
1,000
PSI
40/70
125
445
800
920
950
955
30/50
125
385
660
800
855
860
20/40
125
325
550
700
760
765
16/30
135
220
300
360
410
415
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
ABSOLUTE
VOLUME,
GAL/LB
MESH
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT3
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
ABSOLUTE
VOLUME,
GAL/LB
0.04640.0468
40/70
2.54
93
1.49
0.04690.0473
1.48
0.04640.0468
30/50
2.54
93
1.49
0.04690.0473
1.48
0.04640.0468
20/40
2.54
93
1.49
0.04690.0473
TEMP. STABILITY, F
16/30
2.54
93
1.49
0.04690.0473
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
KUMBREIN
SPHERICITY
ACID
TURBIDITY,
SOLUBILITY FTU
0.7
KRUMBEIN
ROUNDNESS
TEMP.
STABILITY,
F
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
MESH
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT3
40/70
2.57
92.4
1.48
30/50
2.57
92.4
20/40
2.57
92.4
KRUMBEIN
ROUNDNESS
KUMBREIN
SPHERICITY
0.7
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
40/70
920
30/50
2,215
755
560
322
260
1,780
1,175
655
357
20/40
5,601
4,940
3,810
1,359
763
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
40/70
980
862
730
560
330
30/50
1,986
1,843
1,269
687
379
20/40
4,670
3,943
2,950
1,700
906
16/30
6,230
5,600
3,945
2,100
900
10,000
40/70
47
41
30
18
16
30/50
121
99
67
38
21
20/40
290
278
220
96
47
CRUSH RESISTANCE
MESH
4,000
8,000
40/70
0.5%
1.4%
CRUSH RESISTANCE
MESH
4,000
30/50
1.0%
2.5%
20/40
1.0%
3.0%
16/30
1.2%
3.7%
8,000
40/70
0.5%
2.0%
30/50
2.0%
3.5%
20/40
3.0%
4.9%
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
40/70
56
50
44
35
22
30/50
109
102
72
40
22
20/40
245
198
160
105
55
16/30
350
306
205
131
50
6 HR @
1,000
PSI
12
HR @
1,000
PSI
18
HR @
1,000
PSI
24
HR @
1,000
PSI
48
HR @
1,000
PSI
40/70
255
530
800
1,050
1,180
1,200
30/50
225
480
735
955
1,060
1,080
20/40
225
460
675
865
980
1,000
MESH
MESH
1 HR @
1,000
PSI
6 HR @
1,000
PSI
12
HR @
1,000
PSI
18
HR @
1,000
PSI
24
HR @
1,000
PSI
48
HR @
1,000
PSI
40/70
255
635
900
1,115
1,270
1,290
30/50
255
635
880
1,085
1,240
1,260
20/40
255
635
850
1,050
1,190
1,210
16/30
160
510
765
890
965
985
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT3
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
ABSOLUTE
VOLUME,
GAL/LB
40/70
2.57
96.8
1.55
0.04640.0468
30/50
2.57
96.8
1.55
0.04640.0468
20/40
2.57
96.8
1.55
0.04640.0468
16/30
2.57
96.8
1.55
0.04640.0468
KRUMBEIN
ROUNDNESS
KUMBREIN
SPHERICITY
ACID
TURBIDITY,
SOLUBILITY FTU
TEMP.
STABILITY,
F
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT3
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
ABSOLUTE
VOLUME,
GAL/LB
40/70
2.51
91.8
1.47
0.04750.0479
30/50
2.55
94.9
1.52
0.04680.0472
20/40
2.56
99.3
1.59
0.0467.0471
KRUMBEIN
ROUNDNESS
KUMBREIN
SPHERICITY
ACID
TURBIDITY
SOLUBILITY
TEMP.
STABILITY,
F
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
40/70
1,380
1,121
848
664
373
226
170
30/50
3,320
3,003
2,366
1,508
818
502
20/40
5,009
3,847
3,008
1,969
1,190
626
334
CRUSH RESISTANCE
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
40/70
869
706
470
245
124
30/50
1,583
1,272
856
419
207
121
20/40
5,035
3,629
2,014
987
503
9,950
6,730
3,120
4,000
10,000
12,000
40/70
0.0%
0.8%
1.4%
30/50
0.0%
1.2%
2.4%
20/40
0.0%
2.0%
3.7%
MESH
16/30
MESH
1,156
513
MESH
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
40/70
74
63
50
41
24
16
13
30/50
178
169
141
94
54
36
20/40
268
218
176
119
76
41
23
CRUSH RESISTANCE
MESH
4,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
40/70
0.8%
1.9%
3.7%
5.9%
30/50
0.9%
2.1%
3.9%
6.9%
20/40
1.0%
2.6%
4.2%
7.8%
16/30
1.76%
7.3%
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT3
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
ABSOLUTE
VOLUME,
GAL/LB
40/70
2.52
93
1.49
0.04730.0477
30/50
2.52
93
1.49
0.04730.0477
20/40
2.52
93
1.49
0.04730.0477
KRUMBEIN
ROUNDNESS
KUMBREIN
SPHERICITY
ACID
TURBIDITY,
SOLUBILITY FTU
TEMP.
STABILITY,
F
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.7
0.7
< 2%
< 250
600
0.8
0.8
< 2%
< 250
600
2,000
4,000
6,000
40/70
48
40
27
15
30/50
86
71
49
25
13
20/40
272
201
115
59
31
16/30
530
360
174
69
32
8,000
10,000
12,000
MESH
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
40/70
1,090
980
762
485
305
30/50
1,990
1,866
1,230
790
400
202
100
20/40
6,743
4,302
3,011
1,753
995
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@ 12,500
PSI
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/80
5.6
2.1
1.6
0.7
1.8
1.2
@ 15,000
PSI
CRUSH RESISTANCE
MESH
4,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
40/70
0.4%
0.8%
1.5%
3.5%
30/50
0.4%
1.2%
2.2%
3.7%
CLOSURE
STRESS,
PSI
2 LB/FT2
16/30
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/80
20/40
0.6%
1.6%
2.6%
4.3%
2,000
8,060
4,408
1,447
4,000
6,909
3,780
1,267
6,000
9,742
6,023
3,265
1,130
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
8,000
7,356
4,901
2,806
989
40/70
60
55
43
28
21
10,000
5,455
3,833
2,341
850
30/50
105
101
70
46
25
15
12,000
4,013
2,903
1,815
712
20/40
328
249
178
103
61
14,000
3,053
2,116
1,383
574
16,000
1,647
1,000
438
ACID
SOLUBILITY
TURBIDITY
(NTU)
100
0.3%
MESH
ABSOSPECIFIC
LUTE
GRAVVOLUME,
ITY
GAL/LB
100
<250
2.51
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
CRUSH
RESISTANCE K-VALUE
(% FINES)
1.43
1.9 @ 8,000
PSI / 3.7 @
15,000 PSI
COATING CLUSTERS
>99%
17
ROUNDNESS AND
SPHERICITY
7.0, 7.0
<10%
SINTEX
CLOSURE
STRESS,
PSI
2 LB/FT2
16/30
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2,000
542
302
102
4,000
480
264
90.9
6,000
664
432
234
82.2
8,000
516
363
205
73.3
10,000
397
293
175
64.3
12,000
303
229
139
54.7
14,000
240
172
108
45.1
16,000
138
80.6
35.1
2 LB/FT2
40/80
SINTERBALL BAUXITE
SINTERLITE BAUXITE
MICRONS
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/80
16+20
1,180+850
84
U.S. MESH
20+30
850+600
14
79
16+20
1,180+850
86
850+600
13
77
MICRONS
12/18
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/80
30+40
600+425
17
77
20+30
40+50
425+300
18
84
30+40
600+425
21
47
425+300
43
54
50+70
300+212
13
40+50
70
212
50+70
300+212
34
70
212
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@ 7,500
PSI
15.3
16/30
20/40
9.4
30/50
4.0
40/80
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/80
@ 7,500
PSI
2.6
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@ 10,000
PSI
5.1
4.4
1.4
0.8
2 LB/FT2
40/80
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@ 12,500
PSI
10.7
8.3
2.9
1.5
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@ 15,000
PSI
3.8
2.3
1.8
2 LB/FT2
12/18
2,000
34,018
16,509
9,249
3,308
2,044
4,000
23,124
14,124
7,526
2,759
1,644
6,000
12,888
9,834
5,515
2,299
1,274
8,000
6,941
6,439
3,643
1,753
904
10,000
3,994
3,488
2,061
1,252
576
12,000
2,847
2,033
1,100
773
343
2 LB/FT2
16/30
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
12/18
2 LB/FT2
16/30
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/80
2,000
2,013
1,012
563
205
124
4,000
1,447
893
472
175
102
6,000
847
643
355
150
80.7
8,000
474
436
243
117
58.5
10,000
283
244
142
85.8
38.1
12,000
209
147
78
54.2
23.2
SINTERPROP BAUXITE
TYPICAL SIEVE ANALYSIS (WEIGHT % RETAINED)
U.S. MESH
MICRONS
16/30
20/40
30/50
40/80
16+20
1,180+850
49
20+30
850+600
46
80
30+40
600+425
12
51
40+50
425+300
43
47
50+70
300+212
47
70
212
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
2 LB/FT2
16/30
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/80
2,000
13,752
8,773
3,001
1,597
4,000
11,392
7,758
2,567
1,244
6,000
9,157
6,543
2,198
1,113
8,000
6,682
5,015
1,785
985
10,000
4,819
3,200
1,356
821
12,000
3,417
1,988
969
658
14,000
2,311
1,198
623
501
2 LB/FT2
16/30
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/80
2,000
855
554
193
104
4,000
728
499
168
82.8
6,000
600
430
147
75.2
8,000
451
338
121
67.6
10,000
335
223
94.1
57.3
12,000
245
143
69.2
46.9
14,000
171
88.6
46.2
36.4
SUN
SINTERPROP BAUXITE
SUN FRACKBLACK HT
TYPICAL SIEVE ANALYSIS (WEIGHT % RETAINED)
U.S. MESH
MICRONS
20/40
30/50
40/70
16+20
1,180+850
MESH
20+30
850+600
95
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BULK
DENSITY,
LB/FT3
BULK
DENSITY,
G/CM3
KRUMBEIN
ROUNDNESS
TYPICAL
TEMP
RANGE,
F
30+40
600+425
96
40+50
425+300
88
14/40
1.05
41.2
0.66
0.9
< 275
30/80
1.05
41.2
0.66
0.9
< 275
50+70
300+212
11
70
212
30/50
40/70
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@ 7,500
PSI
4.0
3.5
1.4
% BY
WEIGHT
FINES
@ 10,000
PSI
9.6
7.1
3.7
4,000
6,000
8,000
14/40
2,000
14,100
2,600
500
300
30/80
2,000
400
80
50
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/70
2,000
4,000
10,737
5,202
2,519
8,789
4,3112
2,112
6,000
6,359
3,093
1,614
8,000
3,697
1,804
954
10,000
2,077
1,044
511
12,000
1,107
587
288
2 LB/FT2
20/40
2 LB/FT2
30/50
2 LB/FT2
40/70
2,000
594
291
142
4,000
501
249
115
6,000
374
184
91
8,000
225
110
61.4
10,000
132
64.8
35.2
12,000
72.7
37.4
23
Frac-specic experience.
Frac-specic
technology.
Copyright
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www.fmctechnologies.com
Superior Performance
Inc., a premium threaded
tubing and casing products
and services specialist,
has appointed Mitch
Thibodeaux as president. Headquartered in
Lafayette, La., Thibodeaux
will oversee the companys
field service operations,
rental tool equipment
line and new product
development. He has been
in the oil and gas industry
for more than 25 years,
and has served at Superior
Performance for more than
17 years.
MicroSeismic, Inc.
announced that Jeff Foster
has been named president
and CEO. Founder of the
company and past CEO,
Peter M. Duncan, will continue with MicroSeismic
as co-chairman. Foster
brings more than 25 years
of diverse oilfield drilling
and completion experience
to the role, having worked
for a major operator, a
major service provider, and
a small cap products and
service company. In addition to his role as president
and CEO, Foster will serve
on the board of directors.
InterMoor, an Acteon
company, has appointed
Lesley Maxwell as
group human resources
manager and Nick Knight
as business development
manager for InterMoor
Marine Services Ltd.
Maxwell has more than
20 years of international
experience as a senior
manager in management
consulting and human
resources roles across
different sectors, and will
be based in Aberdeen.
Knight, who will also be
based in Aberdeen, joins
InterMoor from UK-based
Viking SeaTech.
Hoover Container
Solutions has promoted
Gabriela Blanco to
international client services
manager. Blanco joined
Hoover in February 2012 in
the international customer
service department and
worked to support international sales. She worked
previously for National
Oilwell Varco in Houston
as liaison between outside
sales representatives
and customers in Latin
America, and was with
Weatherford earlier.
Solution monitors
subsea BOP
conditions
Cameron has debuted two new
products: the Cognition Stack
Instrumentation Infrastructure
package and the EVO 300 Bonnet
technology. The Cognition package
offers a new way to monitor subsea BOP stack functions from the
surface, while the stack is deployed
subsea. The Cognition package
provides a network of new sensors,
resilient communication paths to
transmit sensor data to the surface,
and the analytics, alerts and alarms
to turn the data into insights
about the condition of the subsea
BOP. In addition to the Cognition
package, Cameron also introduced
the EVO 300 Bonnet. The product
addresses drillers need to shear
stronger, thicker tubulars and
provides 54% greater ram closing
force versus earlier bonnets.
www.c-a-m.com
DOT/DNV-certied
mud skips/cutting
boxes added to
product line
Hoover Container Solutions, a
subsidiary of Hoover Group, Inc.,
has added a new DOT/DNVcertified mud skip/cutting box
to its offshore product line for
transportation and safe handling
of hydrocarbon-contaminated
drill cuttings, to and from offshore
platforms. The mud skips/cutting
boxes have patented sliding doors
and a removable crank handle,
and the units provide a safe,
efficient means for containment
of drilling waste for transportation
to treatment or disposal sites. The
units are designed and manufactured to DNV 2.7-1/EN 12079/DOT
49CFR176.340 standards, and
have certified slings, complete
with shackles, in accordance with
DNV 2.7-1/EN 12079 standards.
www.hooversolutions.com
Subsea ROV
accommodates
large payloads
Deep Blue Engineering UK Ltd. has
introduced the Shuttle Sub, a new
lift and deployment system in the
form of a large-payload-carrying,
remotely operated vehicle (ROV).
It does not require an additional
ROV to conduct visual monitoring
or connector installation activities subsea; instead, technicians
on a support vessel carry out
these tasks remotely. The Shuttle
Sub is unique, in that it is also
the payload carrier, transferring
deployment and retrieval tasks
to the ROV, providing optimum
control and removing the need for
lift line-based operations.
www.deepblueengineering.
co.uk
Innovations
customized for oil,
gas needs
SKF has introduced several new
products for the oil and gas
industry, including tapered roller
thrust bearings, locking T-seals
and low-torque operator gate
valve assemblies. The companys
roller thrust bearings for top drives
are characterized by their high
load-carrying capacity and ability
to accommodate shock loads. The
patented SKF locking T-seals offer
a robust replacement option for
conventional T-seals and spring
back-up seals. Additionally, the
designs of SKFs low-torque operator gate valve assemblies for highpressure wellhead systems simplify
installation and field retrofit.
www.skf.com
Mooring
component allows
for quick release
www.sofraser.com
www.delmarus.com
www.EnventureGT.com
MARKETPLACE
CHERYL.WILLIS@GULFPUB.COM / +1 (713) 525-4633
CUSTOM
ARTICLE
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FROM
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for details about
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total audience circulation of
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www.masterbond.com
INDIA
AUSTRALIA
NORTH AMERICA
TX
Don DePugh
Phone/Fax: +1 (713) 520-4435
Don.DePugh@GulfPub.com
TX, AL, DC, FL, IA, IL, IN, GA, KY, MD, MI, MN, OH,
TN, VA, WI, AND WESTERN CANADA
Andy McDowell, Sales Manager
Phone/Fax: +1 (713) 520-4463
Andy.McDowell@GulfPub.com
TX, AR, AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, LA, MO, MS, MT, ND,
NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY
Bailey Simpson
Phone/Fax: +1 (713) 525-4660
Bailey.Simpson@WorldOil.com
CT, DE, MA, ME, NC, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, SC, VT, WV
AND EASTERN CANADA
Merrie Lynch
Phone: +1 (617) 357-8190, Fax: +1 (617) 357-8194
Merrie.Lynch@GulfPub.com
174JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
Brian Arnold
Phone: +61 (8) 9332-9839, Fax: +61 (8) 9313-6442
Australia@GulfPub.com
BRAZIL
Alfred Bilyk
Brazmedia
Phone/Fax: +55 (11) 23 37 42 40,
Cell: +55 (11) 85 86 52 59
Brazil@GulfPub.com
JAPAN
Yoshinori Ikeda
Pacific Business Inc.
Phone: +81 (3) 3661-6138, Fax: +81 (3) 3661-6139
Japan@GulfPub.com
Manav Kanwar
Phone: +91-22-2837 7070/71/72 Fax: +91-22-2822 2803
India@GulfPub.com
KOREA
Young-Seoh Chinn
JES Media, Inc.
Phone: +82 (2) 481 3411/3, Fax +82 (2) 481 3414
jesmedia@unitel.co.kr
PAKISTAN
S. E. Ahmed
Intermedia Communications
Phone: +92 (21) 663-4795, Fax: +92 (21) 663-4795
RUSSIA, FSU
Lilia Fedotova
Anik International & Co., Ltd.
Phone/Fax: +7 (495) 628-10-33
Lilia.Fedotova@GulfPub.com
Archer........................................................................96
www.archerwell.com
Astican-Astander ...................................................79
www.astican.es
Cameron ..................................................................... 5
www.TheMomentumIsBuilding.com
Chevron .....................................................................16
www.chevron.com/careers
CJ Winter .................................................................45
www.cjwinter.com
Dresser-Rand ......................................................... 44
www.datum.dresser-rand.com
Elsteel ........................................................................92
www.elsteel.com
Halliburton ............................................................... 10
www.halliburton.com/Complete1
Hytorc........................................................................43
www.hytorc.com
Intellian ...................................................................100
www.intelliantech.com
Marine Cybernetics................................................76
www.marinecybernetics.com
NCS ENERGY......................................................S141
www.ncsfrac.com
OneSubsea...............................................................35
www.onesubsea.com/engineer
Polarcus .................................................................... 74
www.polarcus.com
Schlumberger ..........................................................18
www.slb.com/CoreFlow
Schlumberger ..........................................................13
www.slb.com/saturn
Schlumberger .......................................................180
www.drilco.com
Schlumberger ...................................................S124
www.slb.com/shale
Shawcor ....................................................................54
www.shawcor.com
Technogenia .............................................................15
www.technogenia.com
Tenaris ........................................................................12
www.tenaris.com
Tomax AS .................................................................87
www.tomax.no
Weatherford .............................................................14
www.MPDanswers.com
This index and procedure for securing additional information are provided as a service to World Oil advertisers and a convenience to our readers. Gulf Publishing Company is not responsible for omissions or errors.
JULY
SPE Forum, Well Construction
Efficiency: NPT, Reliability,
and Process Improvement,
Jul. 1318, Santa Fe, N. M.
(See box for contact information)
Gulf Publishing Company Events,
Artificial Lift Technology Forum,
Jul. 15, Norris Conference
Center, City Centre,
Houston, Texas
(See box for contact information)
AUGUST
IADC, 2014 Asset Integrity &
Reliability Conference,
Aug. 20, Norris Conference
Center, CityCentre, Houston, Texas
(See box for contact information)
4th Atlantic Conjugate Margins
Conference, Aug. 20,
Delta St. Johns Hotel,
St. Johns, Newfoundland,
Canada
P: +1 (709) 758-6610
www.noia.ca/News-Events
NAPE South, Aug. 2022,
George R. Brown Convention
Center,
Houston, Texas
P: +1 (817) 847-7700
info@napeexpo.com
www.napeexpo.com
IADC/SPE, 10th Asia Pacific
Drilling Technology Conference,
Aug. 2527, Bangkok
International Convention Centre
at Central World, Bangkok,
Thailand
(See box for contact information)
ONS (Offshore Northern Seas)
2014, Aug. 2528, Stavanger
Forum, Stavanger, Norway
P: +47 51849046
jar@ons.no
ons.no/2014
SPE/AAPG/SEG, Unconventional
Resources Technology
Conference (URTeC), Aug. 2627,
Colorado Convention Center,
Denver, Colo.
P: +1 (918) 560-2618
sknowlton@urtec.org
www.urtec.org/registration
SEPTEMBER
Oil Sands Trade Show &
Conference, Sept. 910,
Suncor Community Leisure
Centre, Fort McMurray,
Alberta, Canada
P: +1 (403) 209-3555
www.oilsandstradeshow.com
176JULY 2014/WorldOil.com
OCTOBER
IADC, Drilling Africa 2014
Conference & Exhibition,
Oct. 12, Le Meridien Etoile Hotel,
Paris, France
(See box for contact information)
IADC, Contracts & Risk
Management Conference 2014,
Oct. 1415, Norris Conference
Center, CityCentre,
Houston, Texas
(See box for contact information)
Marine Technology Society
(MTS), Dynamic Positioning
Conference, Oct. 1416,
Venue TBA, Houston, Texas
P: +1 (202) 717-8705
www.mtsociety.org/conferences/
Dynamic
NOVEMBER
Gulf Publishing Company Events,
Womens Global Leadership
Conference, Nov. 45, Hyatt
DECEMBER
IADC, Well Control Europe
Conference & Exhibition, Dec.
23, Aberdeen Exhibition &
Conference Center, Aberdeen, UK
(See box for contact information)
SPE, Heavy Oil Conference and
Exhibition, Dec. 810, Hilton
Kuwait Resort, Mangaf, Kuwait
(See box for contact information)
IPTC (International Petroleum
Technology Connference), Dec.
1012, Kuala Lumpur Convention
Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
F: +60 3 2182 3030
iptcreg@iptcnet.org
www.iptcnet.org
International Association of
Drilling Contractors (IADC)
P: +1 (713) 292-1945
info@iadc.org
www.iadc.org/events
Society of Petroleum
Engineers (SPE)
P: +1 (972) 952-9393
spedal@spe.org
www.spe.org/events/
calendar
World Oil/Gulf Publishing
Company Events
P: +1 (713) 529-4301
events@gulfpub.com
www.worldoil.com/
gpc-events.aspx
Eagle Ford
World Oil is pleased to announce that we will be holding technical breakfasts in North Americas major
shale plays. At the breakfasts, youll hear presentations from leading experts in the region and have
the opportunity to network with fellow oil and gas professionals.
We invite you to join us for the rst breakfast, focusing on the Eagle Ford shale play, on August 12, 2014
beginning at 7 a.m. CDT in San Antonio, TX at the Wyndham St. Anthony Riverwalk. In San Antonio,
youll hear from Rod Skaufel, Asset PresidentShale, BHP Billiton and other speakers to be announced.
Featured Presentation:
BHP Billiton is one of the largest producers in the Eagle Ford shale and aims to
produce 200,000 barrels of liquids per day within 23 years. Skaufel will address how
the company is consistently pursuing productivity improvements in its Eagle Ford
operations. He will discuss how the company is improving efficiencies in its operations
while reducing costs, benchmarking to identify optimal performance, and employing
analytical and numerical models to help target trials and accelerate learning.
Breakfast at a Glance:
7 a.m................ Coffee
7:30 a.m. ........ Continental Breakfast
89 a.m........... Technical Presentations
Supported by:
JUST
THE
FACTS.
More than 60 million people worldwide have put their trust and safety in us.
At Bristow, we take pride in delivering safe, reliable and timely offshore helicopter services that help
make your business protable and efcient. And the results of our operational excellence are evident.
Visit our website for more facts about how we can take your business places.
bristowgroup.com
Tubulars &
Inspection
Services
drilco.com
Hevi-Wat
Hevi
Hev
-Wat
-Wa
Wate is a mark
mark of Scchhlu
hlumber
erger.
ger. 2014 Schl
h umbe
mberger
rger. 14-DT14-DT-0086
008