Notes on magnetic curves in 3D semi-Riemannian manifolds

Zehra (Bozkurt) ZDEMIR1 ;Ismail GK2 ;Yusuf YAYLI3 and Faik Nejat EKMEKCI4
1

zbozkurt@ankara.edu.tr, 2 igok@science.ankara.edu.tr, 3 yayli@science.ankara.edu.tr,

4

ekmekci@science.ankara.edu.tr,

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Ankara, TURKEY

Abstract
A magnetic eld is dened by the property that its divergence is zero in three dimensional
semi-Riemannian manifolds. Each magnetic eld generates a magnetic ow whose trajectories are
curves

called as magnetic curves. In this paper, we investigate the eect of magnetic elds on

the moving particle trajectories by variational approach to the magnetic ow associated with the
Killing magnetic eld on three dimensional semi-Riemannian manifolds. Then, we investigate the
trajectories of these magnetic elds and give some characterizations and examples of these curves.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. 37C10, 53A04.
Key words and phrases. Special curves, vectorelds, fows, ordinary dierential equations

Introduction

A charged particle moves along a regular curve in 3-dimensional space. The tangent, normal and
binormal vectors describe kinematic and geometric properties of the particle. These vectors aect
trajectory of the charged particle during motion of in a magnetic eld. Also, time dimension aects its
trajectory. Therefore, motion of the charged particle in a magnetic vector eld should be investigated
considering time dimension. In this article, we investigate eects of magnetic elds on charged particle
trajectories by variational approach to magnetic ow associated with Killing magnetic eld on a three
dimensional semi-Riemannian manifold M .
A divergence free vector eld denes a magnetic eld in a three dimensional semi-Riemannian manifold M . It is known that V 2

(M n ) is Killing if and only if LV g = 0 or, equivalently, rV (p) is a

skew-symmetric operator in T p(M n ), at each point p 2 M n . It is clear that any Killing vector eld on
(M n ; g) is divergence-free. In particular, if n = 3, then every Killing vector eld denes a magnetic eld
which will be called a Killing magnetic eld(see for details ref.[3]).
Lorentz force

associated with the magnetic eld V is dened by

( 0) = V

and trajectories

called magnetic curves satisfy

r

= ( 0) = V
1

(1)

where r is the Levi-Civita connection of the manifold M (in this article we call these curves as Tmagnetic curves to avoid confusion with other denitions): Using Eq.(1) we can study the magnetic
eld in a space which has non-zero sectional curvature C. So, this gives more important and realitic
approach than the classical approach. Also, this equality and the Hall eect (explains the dynamics of
an electric current ow in R3 when exposed to a perpendicular magnetic eld V ) have some important
applications in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, atmospheric science, geochemistry, cyclotron, proton,
cancer therapy and velocity selector. Solutions of the Lorentz force equation are Kirchho elastic rods.
This provides an amazing connection between two apprently unrelated physical models and classical
elastic theory. The Lorentz force is always perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the
magnetic eld created it. When a charged particle moves in a static magnetic eld, it traces a helical
path and the axis of helix is parallel to the magnetic eld. The speed of particle remains constant.
Since the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the motion, the magnetic eld does no work on an
isolated charge. If the charged particle moves parallel to magnetic eld, the Lorentzian force acting on
the particle is zero. When the two vectors (velocity and the magnetic eld) are perpendicular to each
other, the Lorentz force is maximum (see for details ref. [2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9]).
When a charged particle moves along a curve

in the magnetic eld velocity (tangent vector), normal

and binormal vectors be exposed to the magnetic eld. Then forces associated with the magnetic eld
for motion in the normal and binormal directions of the curve are given by
(N ) = V

N and (B) = V

B;

and the trajectories of charged particle are changed according to this equation. For example; when a
charged particle moves in a static magnetic eld in 3D Riemannian space the particle has a two dierent
paths. If one of the tangent or binormal vectors is exposed to this eld, it traces a circular helix path.
On the other hand, if the normal vector is exposed the this eld, it traces a slant helical path. Also,
their axes are parallel to the magnetic eld (see ref. [5]).

Preliminaries

Let (M; g) be a 3 dimensional semi-Riemannian manifold with the standard at metric g dened by
g(X; Y ) = x1 y1 + x2 y2

x3 y3

(2)

for all X = (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ); Y = (y1 ; y2 ; y3 ) 2 (M ):

The Lorentz force of a magnetic eld F on M is dened to be a skew symetric operator given by
g( (X); Y ) = F (X; Y )

(3)

for all X; Y 2 (M ):
The T-magnetic trajectories of F are curves
r

on M which satisfy the Lorentz equation

0

= ( 0 ):

(4)

Furthermore, the cross product of two vector elds X; Y 2 (M ) is given by

X

Y = (x2 y3

x3 y2 ; x3 y1
2

x1 y3 ; x2 y1

x1 y2 ):

(5)

Then, the mixed product of the vector elds X; Y; Z 2 (M ) is dened by

g(X

Y; Z) = dvg (X; Y; Z)

(6)

where dvg denotes a volume on M:

Let V be a Killing vector eld and FV = {V dvg be the corresponding Killing magnetic force on M ,
where { denotes the inner product. Then the Lorentz force of the FV given as
(X) = V
for all X 2

X:

(M ): Consequently, the T-magnetic trajectories

(7)
determined by V are solutions of the

Lorentz force equation written as

r
A unit speed curve
along

=V

(8)

is a T-magnetic trajectory of the magnetic eld V if and only if V can be written

as
V (s) = f (s)T (s) + g(s)B(s)

(9)

where T and B are the tangent and binormal vectors of the curve , respectively (see ref. [4]).
Lemma 1 Let

: I

R ! M be a non-null immersed curve in a 3D semi-Riemannian manifold

(M; g) with sectional curvature C and V be a vector eld along the curve .
(s; 0) = (s);

@
@s (s; t)

: ( "; ")

I ! M satisfy

= V (s): In this setting, we have the following functions,

1. The speed function v(s; t) =

@
@s (s; t)

2. The curvature function {(s; t) of

3. The torsion function (s; t) of

t (s);

t (s):

The variations of these functions at t = 0;

V (v) =
V ({) =

@v
(s; t)
@s
@{
(s; t)
@s

"1 g(rT V; T );

(10)

t=0

t=0

= 2"2 g(r2T V; rT T ) + 4"1 { 2 g(rT V; T )

(11)

+ 2"2 g(R(V; T )T; rT T );

V( )=

@
(s; t)
@s

2"2 g((1={)r3T V

({ 0 ={ 2 )r2T V

(12)

t=0

"1 C({ 0 ={ 2 )V; B);

+ "1 ("2 { + (C={))rT V

where "1 = g(T; T ); "2 = g(N; N ), "3 = g(B; B), R and C are curvature tensor and sectional curvature
of M; respectively [4, 7]:
Also, if V (s) is the restriction to (s) of a Killing vector eld then the vector eld V satisfy following
condition
V (v) = V ({) = V ( ) = 0
[4].

(13)

Proposition 2 Let

be a unit speed spacelike or timelike space curve with (s)2

{(s)2 6= 0: Then

is a slant helix (which is dened by the property that the normal vector makes a constant angle with a
xed straight line) if and only if
("3

{2

{2
+ "1

0
2)

is a constant function. Where "1 = g(T; T ); "2 = g(N; N ) and "3 = g(B; B) (see ref. [1]).
Proposition 3 Let

be a unit speed non-null curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g) with the

Frenet apparatus fT; N; B; {; g. Then the Serret-Frenet formula is given by

3
32
3 2
2
T
0
"2 {
0
r T
7
76
6 T 7 6
7
76
7 6
6
6 rT N 7 = 6 " 1 {
0
"3 7 6 N 7
5
54
5 4
4
B
0
"2
0
rT B

(14)

where "1 = g(T; T ); "2 = g(N; N ) and "3 = g(B; B) [7].

Magnetic curves in 3D oriented semi-Riemannian manifolds

3.1

T-magnetic curves

In this section, we give some characterizations for T-magnetic curves in semi-Riemannian manifolds.
Proposition 4 Let

be a unit speed non-null T-magnetic curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g)

with the Frenet apparatus fT; N; B;

2
(T )
6
6
6 (N )
4
(B)

{; g. Then the Lorentz force in the Frenet frame written as

32
3
3 2
0
"2 {
0
T
76
7
7 6
76
7
7 6
(15)
7 = 6 "1 {
0
"3 $ 7 6 N 7
54
5
5 4
0
"2 $
0
B

where $ is a certain function dened by $ = g( (N ); B).

Proof. Let

be a unit speed T-magnetic curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g) with the Frenet

apparatus fT; N; B; {; g. From the denition of the magnetic curve we know that
(T ) = "2 {N:
Since (N ) 2 span fT; N; Bg ; we have
(N ) = T + N + B
Then using the following equalities
= "1 g( (N ); T ) =

"1 g( (T ); N ) =

= "2 g( (N ); T ) = 0;
= "3 g( (N ); B) = "3 $;
we get
(N ) =

"1 {T + "3 $B:

4

"1 {;

Similarly, we can easily obtain that

(B) =

Proposition 5 Let
curve

"2 $N:

be a unit speed non-null curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g). Then the

is a T-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic eld V if and only if the vector eld V can be written

along the curve

as
V = "3 ($T + {B):

Proof. Let

(16)

be a unit speed T-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic eld V: Using Proposition 4 and

Eq.(7), we can easily see that

V = "3 ($T + {B)
Conversely, we assume that Eq.(16) holds. Then we get V

T = (T ): So, the curve

is a N-magnetic

trajectory of the magnetic vector eld V .

Theorem 6 Let

be a unit speed T-magnetic curve and V be a Killing vector eld on a simply connected

space form (M (C); g): If the curve

is one of the T-magnetic trajectories of (M (C); g; V ) then its

curvature and torsion hold the following equations

$
+ ) + "1 A
2
{3
"3 C{ +
B{
2
{2(

"3 { 00

"2 { ($ + )

(17)

(18)

where C is curvature of the Riemannian space M and A; B are constant.

Proof. Let V be a magnetic eld in a semi-Riemannian 3D manifold M . Then V satisfy Eq.(16).
Dierentiating Eq.(16) with respect to s, we have
rT V = " 3 $ 0 T

"1 {($ + )N + "3 { 0 B

(19)

and dierentiation of Eq.(19) give us

r2T V = { 2 ($ + )T

("1 ${ 0 + 2"1 { 0 + "1 { 0 )N + ("3 { 00

"2 { $

"2 {

)B:

(20)

Lemma 1 implies that V (v) = 0: So, considering Eq.(19) we get

$ = const:
Then, if Eq.(19) and Eq.(20) are considered with V ({) = 0 in Lemma 1, we obtain
{2(

$
+ ) + "1 A = 0
2

(21)

Similarly, Eq.(19) and Eq.(20) are considered with V ( ) = 0 in Lemma 1, we can easily see that,
"3 { 00

"2 { ($ + )

"3 C{ +

{3
2

B{ = 0:

(22)

Corollary 7 Let

be a unit speed T-magnetic curve and V be a Killing vector eld on a simply con-

nected space form (M (C); g): If the function $ is equal to zero, then the curvature and torsion of the
curve

is given by
"1 { 2
2"3 { 00 + { 3

2"2 {

2"3 C{

2B{

0:

So, we know that these two equations are just the Euler Lagrange equations for elasticae (see for details
ref. [7]) in M (C):
It is easily seen that a T-magnetic curve is a general helix in Lorentzian 3-space. Some characterizations and examples about it are detailed in the articles [4, 6].

3.2

N-magnetic curves

In this section, we dene a new kind of magnetic curve called N-magnetic curve in 3D semi-Riemannian
Manifold M . Moreover, we obtain some characterizations and examples of this curve. Also we draw the
image of these curves using the programme Mathematica.
Denition 8 Let

:I

R !M be a non-null curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g) and FV be

a magnetic eld on M: We call the curve

to be a N-magnetic curve if its normal vector eld satisfy

the Lorentz force equation, that is,

r 0 N = (N ) = V
Proposition 9 Let

N:

be a unit speed non-null N-magnetic curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g)

with the Frenet apparatus fT; N; B; {; g. Then the Lorentz force in the Frenet frame can be written
as

2
6
6
6
4

(T )

7 6
7 6
(N ) 7 = 6
5 4
(B)

"2 {

"3 $1

"1 {

"3

"1 $ 1

"2

where $1 is a certain function dened by $1 = g( (T ); B).

Proof. Let

32

76
7
76
7
76 N 7
54
5
B

(23)

be a unit speed N-magnetic curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g) with the Frenet

apparatus fT; N; B; {; g. Since (T ) 2 span fT; N; Bg ; we have

(T ) = T + N + B:
Then using the following equalities
= "1 g( (T ); T ) = 0;
= "2 g( (T ); N ) =

"2 g( (N ); T ) =

"2 g(rT N; T ) = "2 {;

= "3 g( (T ); B) = "3 $1 ;
we get
(T ) = "2 {N + "3 $1 B:
6

Similarly, we can easily obtain that

Proposition 10 Let
curve

(N ) =

"1 {T

"3 B;

(B) =

"1 $1 T + "2 N:

be a unit speed non-null curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g). Then the

is a N-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic eld V if and only if the vector eld V can be written

along the curve

as
V =

Proof. Let

"3 T

"3 $1 N + "3 {B:

(24)

be a unit speed N-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic eld V: Using the Proposition 9 and

Eq.(7), we can easily obtain Eq.24.

Conversely, we assume that Eq.(24) holds. Then we get V

N =

(N ): So, the curve

is a

N-magnetic trajectory of the magnetic vector eld V .

Theorem 11 (Main result) Let

be a unit speed N-magnetic curve and V be a Killing vector eld

on a simply connected space form (M (C); g): If the curve

is one of the N-magnetic trajectories of

(M (C); g; V ) then its curvature and torsion satisfy the equation

"3 { 00 + "1

02

+ 2"1 (

)0

"2 C{ +

where C is curvature of the Riemannian space M and

{ 3 + "2 {
2

(25)

is a constant.

Proof. Let V be a magnetic eld in a semi-Riemannian 3D manifold M . Then V satisfy Eq.(24).

Dierentiating Eq.(24) with respect to s, we have
0

rT V = ( " 3

"3 $01 N + ("3 { 0 + $1 )B.

"2 $1 {)T

(26)

Eq.(14) and dierentiation of Eq.(26) give us

r2T V =

"2 $01 {T + ( "3 $001

"1 { 0 + "2

$1 )N + ("3 { 00 +

$1 + 2$01 )B:

(27)

Lemma 1 implies that V (v) = 0: So, considering Eq.(26) we get

$ 1 = "1

(28)

Then, if Eq.(26) and Eq.(27) are considered with V ({) = 0 in Lemma 1, we obtain
"3 $001

"1 { 0 + "2

$1 + "1 g(R(V; T )T; N ) = 0:

In particular, since C is constant, g(R(V; T )T; N ) = Cg(V; N ) =

"3 $001

"1 { 0 + "2

"3 C$1 we have

$1 + "2 C$1 = 0:

(29)

Similarly, Eq.(26) and Eq.(27) are considered with V ( ) = 0 in Lemma 1, we can easily see that,
[(1={)("3 { 00 +

$1 + 2$01

"2 C{)]0 +
7

{ 2 + "2
2

= 0:

(30)

Finally, integration of Eq.(30) and Eq.(28) give us

"3 { 00 + "1
where

02

+ 2"1 (

)0

"2 C{ +

{ 3 + "2 {
2

is a arbitrary constant.

Example 12 Let M be a three dimensional sphere and the curve

the constant function : If we get ,{(s) = 1;

be timelike N-magnetic curve. and

= 3=2 and (s) = y(s) in Eq.(25) we obtain following

second-order nonlinear di erential equation

2y(s)02 + 4y(s)y 00 (s)

y(s)2 = 0:

Using the programme Mathematica we obtain solution of Eq.(31)

p 2 0 p6c + p 32 s 1
2

y(s) = c2 e

log@e

(31)

p2

p3

0
p
log@e 6c1 + e
p

Thus, the curve having the curvature {(s) = 1 and torsion (s) = c2 e

1
A

are N-

magnetic curves in three dimensional sphere.

Corollary 13 Let V be a Killing vector eld on 3D semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g). Then each
trajectory of the magnetic eld V makes an angle (s)with the normal vector eld of the magnetic curve.
For the angle (s) we have the following cases;
Case 1. If N and V are spacelike vectors and these vectors span spacelike plane,
g(N; V ) = kN k kV k cos

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (24) and g(N; N ) = "2 = 1 we obtain

g(N;V )
kN kkV k

g(N; "3 T

"3 $ 1 N +"3 {B)

kV k

"3 $ 1
.
j"1 2 +$21 +"3 { 2 j
Case 2. If N and V are spacelike vectors and these vectors span timelike plane,

cos =

g(N; V ) = kN k kV k cosh

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (24) and g(N; N ) = "2 = 1 we obtain

g(N;V )
kN kkV k

g(N; "3 T

"3 $ 1 N +"3 {B)

kV k

"3 $ 1
.
j"1 2 +$21 +"3 { 2 j
Case 3. If N and V are timelike vectors in the same timecone,

cosh =

g(N; V ) =

kN k kV k cosh

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (24) and g(N; N ) = "2 =

g(N;V )
kN kkV k

g(N; "3 T

1 we obtain

"3 $ 1 N +"3 {B)

kV k

"3 $ 1
.
j"1 2 $21 +"3 { 2 j
Case 4. If N spacelike (resp. timelike) and V timelike (resp. spacelike) vectors in the future timecone,

cosh =

g(N; V ) = kN k kV k sinh

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (24) and g(N; N ) = "2 we obtain sinh

q

"3 $ 1

j "1

2 +"

2
2
2 $ 1 +"3 {

g(N;V )
kN kkV k

g(N; "3 T

"3 $ 1 N +"3 {B)

"2 kV k

Corollary 14 Let

be a unit speed non-null N-magnetic curve in Lorentzian 3-space. If the function

$1 is non-zero constant, then the curve

Proof. We assume that

is a slant helix whose axis is the vector eld:

is a N-magnetic curve in Lorentzian 3-space with non-zero constant function

$1 , then from Eq.(28) and Eq.(29), we get

"1

"3
8

{0

= $1

(32)

which implies that

"1 { 2 + "3

= const:

Also, Eq. (32) carry out the following equation with the dierent point of view, we get
{0 + {

"3 $1 ("3 { 2 + "1

) = const:

or
{2
("3 { 2 + "1

0
2 )3=2

= const:

where $1 is a constant function. By Proposition 2 we obtain that

is a slant helix in Lorentzian

3-space.
Example 15 We consider a spacelike N-magnetic curve

with timelike normal vector in Lorentzian

space dened by
0

B
B
(s) = B
@

p
p
p 3p 2
cos( 3
2 3( 3+2)
p
p
p 3p 2
sin( 3
2 3( 3+2)

The picture of the spacelike N-magnetic curve

p
p 3+2
p
2 3( 3 2)
p
p
2)s + 2p3(3+2
3 2)
cos
2s
p
2 3

+ 2)s +
+

p
cos( 3
p
sin( 3

2)s;

C
C
2)s; C
A

is rendered in Figure 1. The curve

has the following

curvature and torsion

{(s) = cos 2s;
(s) = sin 2s;
[10]. By using the Corollary 14 we can easily see that $1 = 2: So,

is a N-magnetic curve.

Figure 1. Spacelike N-magnetic cuve with $1 = 2:

Example 16 We consider a spacelike N-magnetic curve

with spacelike normal vector in Lorentzian

3 space dened by
(s) = (

4 sinh 3s 1
2
1
;
sinh 8s + sinh( 2s);
cosh 8s
15
40
5
40

The picture of the spacelike N-magnetic curve

2
cosh( 2s))
5

is rendered in Figure 2. The curve has the following

curvature and torsion

{(s) = 4 cosh 3s;
(s) = 4 sinh 3s;

[10]. By using the Corollary 14 we can easily see that $1 = 3: So

is a N-magnetic curve.

Figure 2. Spacelike N-magnetic curve with $1 = 3:

Example 17 We consider a timelike N-magnetic curve in Lorentzian 3 space dened by
p
1
3
1
3
3
(s) = (
cosh 2s; cosh 3s + cosh( s); sinh 3s + sinh( s))
2
6
2
6
2
The picture of the timelike N-magnetic curve

is rendered in Figure 3. The curve has the following

curvature and torsion given by

{(s) =

3 sinh 2s;

(s) =

3 cosh 2s;

[10]. By using the Corollary 14 we can easily see that $1 =

2: So,

is a N-magnetic curve.

Figure 3. Timelike N-magnetic curve with $1 =

Corollary 18 Let
then

2:

be a non-null N-magnetic curve in Lorentzian 3 space. If the function $1 is zero

is a circular helix whose axis of the circular helix is the vector eld V:

Proof. It is obvious from Eq. (23).

10

3.3

B-magnetic Curves

In this section, we dene a new kind of magnetic curve called B-magnetic curve in 3D semi-Riemannian
manifold: We obtain some characterizations and examples of this curve. Also, we draw the image of
these curves using the programme Mathematica.
Denition 19 Let

:I

R ! M be a non-null curve in 3D semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g) and

FV be a magnetic eld on M: We call the curve

is a B-magnetic curve if the binormal vector eld of

the curve satisfy the Lorentz force equation, that is,

r 0 B = (B) = V
Proposition 20 Let

(33)

be a unit speed non-null B-magnetic curve in 3D semi-Riemannian manifold

(M; g) with the Serret-Frenet apparatus fT; N; B; {; g. Then the Lorentz force in the Frenet frame
written as

2
6
6
6
4

(T )

7 6
7 6
(N ) 7 = 6
5 4
(B)

"2 $ 2

"3

"2

"1 $ 2
0

where $2 is a certain function dened by $2 = g( (T ); N ).

Proof. Let

32

76
7
76
7
76 N 7
54
5
B

(34)

be a unit speed non-null B-magnetic curve in 3D semi-Riemannian space with the Frenet

apparatus fT; N; B; {; g. Since we have,

(T ) = T + N + B:
Then using the following equalities
= "1 g( (T ); T ) = 0;
= "2 g( (T ); N ) = "2 $2 ;
= "3 g( (T ); B) =

"3 g( (B); T ) =

"3 g(rT B; T ) =

"3 g("3 N; T ) = 0:

we get
(T ) = "2 $2 N:
Similarly, we can easily obtain that
(T ) =

"1 $2 T

"3 B;

(T ) = "2 N:

Proposition 21 Let
curve

be a unit speed non-null curve in semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g): Then the

is B-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic eld V if and only if the magnetic vector eld V can be

written along the curve

as
V =

"3 T + "3 $ 2 B

11

(35)

Proof. Let

be a unit speed B-magnetic trajectory of a magnetic eld V: Using the Proposition 20

and Eq.(7), we obtain Eq.35

V =

"3 T + "3 $ 2 B

Conversely, we assume that Eq.(35) holds. Then we get (B) = V

B. So, the curve

is a B-magnetic

trajectory of the magnetic eld V:

Theorem 22 (main result) Let

be a unit speed B-magnetic curve and V be a Killing vector eld

on a simply connected space form (M (C); g): If the curve

is one of the B-magnetic trajectories of

(M (C); g; V ) then its curvature and torsion satisfy the equation

"3 ({ 0 )2 + ("2

"2

C
2

){ 2

(2a"2

where C is curvature of the Riemannian space M , a;

Proof. Let

and

+ 3"2 C){ +

{4
= :
4

(36)

are constants.

be a magnetic eld in a 3D semi-Riemannian manifold. Then V satisfy Eq.(35). Dier-

entiating Eq.(35), we have

rT V =

$2 )N + "3 $02 B

"3 T + "1 ({

(37)

Lemma 1 implies that V (v) = 0: So Eq.(37) gives us

0

= 0:

(38)

If we dierentiate Eq.(37) with respect to s,

r2T V = { ($2

{)T + "1 ({ 0

2$02 )N + ("3 $002 + "2

"2

$2 )B:

(39)

Then, if Eq.(37) and Eq.(39) are considered with V ({) = 0 in Lemma 1, we obtain,
["1 ({ 0

2$02 )]0 + g(R(V; T )T; N ) = 0

In particular, since C is constant, g(R(V; T )T; N ) = Cg(V; N ) = 0 we have

({ 0

2$02 ) = 0

(40)

Similarly, if we combine Eq.(37) and Eq.(39) wih V ( ) = 0 in Lemma 1 we get

1
[ ("3 $002 + "2
{

"2 $2

"2 C$2 )]0 +

{2
2

= 0;

= const:

(41)

If we integrate the Eq. (41) we obtain,

"3 $002 + "2

"2 $ 2

"2 C$2 +

{3
2

B{ = 0;

= const:

(42)

Finally, if Eq.(42) is combined with Eq.(40) and is multiplied by 2{ 0 , we get

2"3 { 00 { 0 + (2"3

"2 C

2B){{ 0

(2a"2

+ 3"2 C){ 0 + { 3 { 0 = 0;

= const:

(43)

whose integration given

"3 ({ 0 )2 + ("2

"2

C
2

){ 2

(2a"2

12

+ 3"2 C){ +

{4
= ;
4

= const:

(44)

Example 23 Let M be three dimensional sphere and

= a = 1;

2 and

be a non-null B-magnetic curve. If we get

= 5 in Eq.(44) then we obtain following rst-order nonlinear ordinary

di erential equation
y(t)4
5=0
4
we obtain Figure 4 and Figure 5 by using the programme Mathematica:
y 0 (t)2 + 4y(t)2

5y(t) +

Figure 4. Plots of sample individual solution

Figure 5. Sample solution family

Corollary 24 Let V be a Killing vector eld on 3D semi-Riemannian manifold (M; g). Then each
trajectory of the magnetic eld V makes an angle (s)with the binormal vector eld of the magnetic
curve. For the angle (s) we have the following cases;
Case 1. If B and V are spacelike vectors and these vectors span spacelike plane,
g(B; V ) = kBk kV k cos

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (35) and g(B; B) = "3 = 1 we obtain

g(B;V )
kBkkV k

g(B;

T +$ 2 B)
kV k

$2
:
j"1 2 +$22 j
Case 2. If B and V are spacelike vectors and these vectors span timelike plane,

cos =

g(B; V ) = kBk kV k cosh

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (35) and g(B; B) = "3 = 1 we obtain

g(B;V )
kBkkV k

g(B;

T +$ 2 B)
kV k

$2
:
j"1 2 +$22 j
Case 3. If B and V are timelike vectors in the same timecone,

cosh =

g(B; V ) =

kBk kV k cosh

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (35) and g(B; B) = "3 =

cosh =

g(B;V )
kBkkV k

g(B;

T +$ 2 B)
kV k

:
j 2 $22 j
Case 4. If N spacelike (resp. timelike) and V timelike (resp. spacelike) vectors in the future timecone,

g(B; V ) = kBk kV k sinh

1 we obtain

q $2

ref.[11].

Then using Eq. (35) and g(B; B) = "3 we obtain

sinh =

g(B;V )
kBkkV k

g(B; "3 T +"3 $ 2 B)

"3 kV k

j "1

$2
2 +"

2
3 $2

13

Corollary 25 Let

be a non-null B-magnetic curve in a Lorentzian 3 space with $2 constant, then

is a circular helix whose axis is the vector eld V:

Proof. It is obvious from Eq. (36).
Example 26 We consider a timelike B-magnetic curve in Lorentzian 3 space dened by
s
s
s
(s) = (cosh p ; p ; sinh p )
2
2
2
[10]. The picture of the B-magnetic curve

is rendered in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Timelike B-magnetic curve.

The curve

has the following curvature and torsion

{(s) = (s) =

Using Corollary 25 we can easily see that

1
:
2

is a B-magnetic curve.

Example 27 We consider a timelike B-magnetic curve in Lorentzian 3 space dened by

s
1
1
(s) = ( p sinh s; p ; p cosh s)
2
2
2
[10]. The picture of B-magnetic curve

is rendered in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Spacelike B-magnetic curve.

The curve

has the following curvature and torsion

1
{(s) = (s) = p :
2

Using the Corollary 25 we can easily see that

is a B-magnetic curve.
14

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