2/18/2013

Bending theory

CE2182
07/02/13

Lecture Outline
Section properties: centroids

Second moment of area

Theory of bending

Assumptions
Second moment of area
Elastic section modulus

Section properties

Area of a section

Atotal = Ai

Centre of gravity and centroid

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Centroid

Position of centroid?

Second moment of area I

If

I yy =

bd 3
db 3
and I zz =
12
12

determine the second moments of area for

the shapes

Bending stress
When a beam is loaded,
it will deflect. At every
cross section internal
strains and stresses are
introduced.

Their distribution across
the depth of the cross
section is not uniform

Their distribution along
the length of the beam
is not uniform

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Bending stress
Lets assume that the
beam is made up of
different layers

If there is no bond/
adhesion between the
layers they will deform
independently

A real beam will deflect
without any relative
slipping between layers

Bending stress

Basic kinematic assumption

Plane sections though a beam taken normal
to its axis remain plane after the beam is
subjected to bending
The top fibres are in compression and the
bottom fibres are in tension.
The distribution of strains and stresses is
changes across the depth of the beam,
therefore there is a layer which is neither in
compression nor in tension!

Bending stress

The deformed shape of a

loaded beam is assumed
to be a circular arc with a
centre of curvature O
and radius R to the
neutral level of the beam.

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Bending stress
We will take a small
segment of our beam
ABCD

Before loading
AB=AB and CD=CD

After loading
AB<AB and CD>CD

Therefore we can draw a diagram of

the change in length (ds) of any layer

Bending stress

If we express the change in length/ original

length then that will give the strain
distribution across the depth of the beam

Bending stress

One of the important theoretical assumptions is

that the strain distribution is linear. Also, the strain
distribution in a layer is proportional to the distance
from the neutral axis

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Bending stress

For elastic analysis = E

Or the stress is directly proportional to
strain

Bending stress

The resultants of the stress blocks are

thus C and T, which act through the
centroids of the blocks (triangles)

Bending stress

The resultant forces are:

bd
= max
2
4
b d max bd

T = average stress x area= max

=
2
2
4
Therefore, T=C
C = average stress x area=

max b d
2

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Bending stress
T=C, acting in opposite directions,
therefore they form a couple

M =C

2d max bd 2d max bd 2
=

=
3
4
3
6

Example: Minimum height of a rectangular

beam with width 150mm if M=30kNm and
max bending stress is 30MPa?
M=

max bd 2
6

30 106 =

30 150d 2
;
6

d 2 = 40000

Bending stress : I

Lets have a look at an irregular cross

section

Bending stress : I
Force in the thin strip = b y

Moment of that force about NA = b y y
y1

Total moment of the forces = bydy

y2

The total moment M =

max
y1

because

y1

by dy
2

y2

max
y1

y1

Here,

I=

by dy
2

y2

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I for rectangular section

For a rectangular cross section

y1

I=

d /2

y3
d 3 d 3 bd 3
by 2 dy = b
= b + =
3
d /2
24 24 12
d /2
d /2

by dy =
2

y2

Elastic section modulus

Therefore to calculate the bending stress:

Myi
;
I
I
M = max
yi

i =

top =

Mytop
I

b =

Myb
I

In structural design an elastic section modulus

Z is used where
Z=

I
ymax

thus

M=

max
Z