Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas

BIOMETRICS AND BEHAVIOMETRICS MODULE

BIOMETRICS
Fingerprints
(see http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.83.3331&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
Forensic Odontology (Forensic Dentistry)
The proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence, which will be
then presented in the interest of justice; the evidence that may be derived
from teeth, is the age (in children) and identification of the person to whom the
teeth belong. This is done using dental records including radiographs, ante-mortem
(prior to death) and post-mortem photographs and DNA.
The other type of evidence is that of bite marks, left on either the victim (by the
attacker), the perpetrator (from the victim of an attack), or on an object found at
the crime scene. Bite marks are often found on children who are abused.
Forensic dentists are responsible for six main areas of practice:

Identification of found human remains

Identification in mass fatalities
Assessment of bite mark injuries
Assessment of cases of abuse (child, spousal, elder)
Civil cases involving malpractice
Age estimation

Iris Patterns (Iris Recognition)

Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that uses
mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of the irides of an
individual's eyes, whose complex random patterns are unique and can be seen from
some distance.
It uses camera technology with subtle infrared illumination to acquire images of the
detail-rich, intricate structures of the iris externally visible at the front of the eye.
Digital templates encoded from these patterns by mathematical and statistical
algorithms allow the identification of an individual or someone pretending to be that
individual.
Retinal Configuration (Retinal Scan)
A retinal scan is a biometric technique that uses the unique patterns on a
person's retina blood vessels.
The human retina is a thin tissue composed of neural cells that is located in the
posterior portion of the eye. Because of the complex structure of the capillaries that
supply the retina with blood, each person's retina is unique. The network of blood
vessels in the retina is not entirely genetically determined and thus even identical
twins do not share a similar pattern.

Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas

Although retinal patterns may be altered in cases of diabetes, glaucoma or retinal

degenerative disorders, the retina typically remains unchanged from birth until
death. Due to its unique and unchanging nature, the retina appears to be the most
precise and reliable biometric, aside from DNA.
A retinal scan is performed by casting an unperceived beam of low-energy infrared
light into a persons eye as they look through the scanner's eyepiece. This beam of
light traces a standardized path on the retina. Because retinal blood vesselsabsorb
light more readily than the surrounding tissue, the amount of reflection varies
during the scan. The pattern of variations is digitized and stored in a database.

Finger-Vein Patterns
Finger vein recognition is a method of biometric authentication that uses
pattern-recognition techniques based on images of human finger vein patterns
beneath the skin's surface.
To obtain the pattern for the database record, an individual inserts a finger into an
attester terminal containing a near-infrared LED (light- emitting diode) light and a
monochrome CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. The hemoglobin in the blood
absorbs near-infrared LED light, which makes the vein system appear as a dark
pattern of lines. The camera records the image and the raw data is digitized,
certified and sent to a database of registered images. For authentication purposes,
the finger is scanned as before and the data is sent to the database of registered
images for comparison.
The finger vein ID system can only authenticate the finger of a living person
Facial Patterns (Facial Recognition System)
A facial recognition system is a computer application for
automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video
frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing
selected facial features from the image and a facial database.
Traditional
Some facial recognition algorithms identify facial features by extracting landmarks,
or features, from an image of the subject's face. For example, an algorithm may
analyze the relative position, size----, and/or shape of the eyes, nose, cheekbones,
and jaw.[2] These features are then used to search for other images with matching
features.[3] Other algorithms normalize a gallery of face images and then compress
the face data, only saving the data in the image that is useful for face recognition. A
probe image is then compared with the face data.

Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas

3-dimensional recognition
A newly emerging trend, claimed to achieve improved accuracies, is threedimensional face recognition. This technique uses 3D sensors to capture information
about the shape of a face. This information is then used to identify distinctive
features on the surface of a face, such as the contour of the eye sockets, nose, and
chin.

BEHAVIOMETRICS
Behaviometrics, or behavioral biometrics, is a measurable behavior used to
recognize or verify the identity of a person. Behaviometrics focuses on behavioral
patterns rather than physical attributes.