Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas

PATERNITY AND FILIATION MODULE

Physical Features similarities in hair color, eye color, facial features, color of
skin, etc.
ABO/Rh Blood Grouping
Is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood
transfusion; the associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usuallyIgM antibodies,
which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental
substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses.

Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas

Genealogical DNA Test

3 Types:
1. Y-STR (tests Y-chromosome; FATHER - SON)
Y chromosome passes down almost unchanged from father to son, i.e., the nonrecombining and sex-determining regions of the Y chromosome do not change. A
man's test results are compared to another man's results to determine the time
frame in which the two individuals shared a most recent common ancestor, or
MRCA, in their direct patrilineal lines. If their test results are a perfect, or nearly
perfect match, they are related within genealogy's time frame.
Y-DNA testing involves looking at the "junk" DNA segment of DNA on the Y
chromosome trunk, to look for STRs and SNPs. STRs and SNPs are called DNA
markers
STR markers
A Y-chromosome contains sequences of repeating nucleotides known as short
tandem repeats (STRs). The number of repetitions varies from one person to
another and a particular number of repetitions is known as an allele of the marker.
A match of 50 STRs between two males means they are brothers, the less matches
the less relatedness but the compared males have to have same SNP (Y haplogroup
or subclade).

2. mDNA (tests X-chromosome; MOTHER SON/DAUGHTER)

MtDNA is passed down by the mother unchanged, to all children. A perfect match is
found to another person's mtDNA test results indicates shared recent ancestry. More
distant matching to a specific haplogroup or subclade may be linked to a common
geographic origin.
mtDNA, by current conventions, is divided into three regions. They are the coding
region and two Hyper Variable Regions. All test results are compared to the mtDNA
of a European in Haplogroup H2a2a. This early sample is known as the Cambridge
Reference Sequence (CRS).
A list ofsingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is returned. The relatively few
"mutations" or "transitions" that are found are then reported simply as differences
from the CRS.
3. Autosomal DNA (tests AUTOSOMES*)
Generally, a genealogical DNA test might use either autosomal STRs or autosomal
SNPs. (STR's are Short Tandem Repeats; SNPs are single-nucleotide polymorphisms.)
STRs
Like Y-DNA STRs, autosomal STRs are counts of repeated genetic code. As
autosomal DNA recombines each generation, the number of markers shared with a
specific ancestor is reduced by half each generation.

Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas

* remember: Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex
chromosomes (the X chromosome and the Y chromosome).

Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas

Medical Jurisprudence Midterm Expanded Outline Sam Tirthdas