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DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY USED IN MOLE CONCEPT

1. TbeMole

What is a Mole? A mole is the amount of pure substance containing the same number of chemical units as
there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.

2. Avogadro's law
Avogadro's Law is a principle stated in 1811 by the Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro (17761856) that "equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same
number of molecules regardless of their chemical nature and physical properties". This
number (Avogadro's number) is 6.022 X 1023. It is the number of molecules of any gas present in
a volume of 22.41 L and is the same for the lightest gas (hydrogen) as for a heavy gas such as
carbon dioxide or bromine.
The law can be stated mathematically

v-

-=k
ti

where:
V is the volume of the gas.
n

is the amount of substance of the gas.

k is a proportionality constant.

The most important consequence of Avogadro's law is that the ideal gas constant has the same
value for all gases. This means that the constant

]J21-;

-~-

T2 . '112

= corisiarii

where:
is the pressure of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas

has the same value for all gases, independent of the size or mass of the gas molecules.
One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 liters (dm") at STP, and occupies 24.45 litres at RTP
(Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure = 273K and 1 atm or 101.325 lcPa).This volume is
often referred to as the molar volume of an ideal gas. Real gases may deviate from this value.

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Or to put it another way "the principle that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature
and pressure contain the same number of molecules. Thus, the molar volume of all ideal gases at
0 C and a pressure of 1 atm. is 22.4 liters"
Avogadro's number is one of the fundamental constants of chemistry. It permits calculation of
the amount of pure substance (mole), the basis of stoichiometric relationships. It also makes

possible determination of how much heavier a simple molecule of one gas is than that of another,
as a result the relative molecular weights of gases can be ascertained by comparing the weights
of equal volumes.
Avogadro's number (conventionally represented by N' in chemical calculations) is now
considered to be the number of atoms present in 12grams of the carbon-12 isotope (one mole of
carbon 12) and can be applied to any type of chemical entity.

3.

1 mole of any substances is equivalent to 6.022 x 1023 atoms or molecules or particles or


ions

Converting moles to number of particles


Determine the number of particles present in:
1. 2 moles of Al metal

2. 0.006 moles of Ch

3. 1.65 moles of CO2

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Convert the following number'Df parti~s;to

==z;

4.2.6

1026 . atoms ofmagnejum

5.3.2 x 1030 molecules of oxygen

6. 1.036 x 10 16 formula units of Calcium Chloride

Molarmass
The atomic-, molecular-, or formula weight of a substance is the ratio of its mass to 1112the
mass of a C12 atom, and being a ratio, is dimensionless. But at the same time, this weight is also
the mass of one mole (NA) of these entities, so we frequently emphasize this by stating it
. explicitly as so many grams (or kilograms) per mole: g mol-I.
Don't let this confuse you; it is very important to always bear in mind that the mole is a number
and not a weight. But a mole of any specific substance corresponds to a certain weight of that
substance.
Relative Molecular Mass
This is numerically equivalent to the relative molecular mass (Mr) of a molecule, frequently
referred to by the term molecular weight, which is the ratio of the mass of that molecule to 1/12
of the mass of carbon-12 and is a dimensionless number. Mr is the ratio between the molar mass
of two species.

Relative atomic mass is a synonym for atomic weight and closely related to average atomic
mass (but not a synonym for atomic mass), the weighted mean of the atomic masses of all the

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atoms of a chemical element found in a particular sample, weighted by isotopic abundance. This
is the ratio of the number of atoms between two species ..
Molar volume

The mol~r volume, symbol Vm,[1) is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (chemical
element or chemical compound) at agiven temperature and pressure.

Work out the formula for the following ionic chemicals


1. Zinc II Chloride
2. Sodium Oxide

3. Aluminium Fluoride
4. Iron III Chloride

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Aluminium Oxide
Zinc I Hydroxide
Copper II Nitrate
Barium Sulphate
Sodium Carbonate
10. Calcium Hydrogencarbonate
11. Lead IV Iodide
12. Nickel II Sulphate
13. Ammonium Carbonate
14. Manganese IV Oxide
15. Sodium Bromide
16. Magnesium Ethanoate
17. Silver Nitrate
18. Mercury II Chloride
19. Magnesium Nitride
20. Potassium Phosphate
What are the names of the following chemicals?
1.

CuBr2

2. K20

3. K2Cr207
4. KN03
5. AlCh

FeCh
7. FeS
8. Na2S203
9. Ah(S04)3
6.

10. Mg(OH)2
11. Pb(CH3C02)2
12. Na2Zn(OH)4
13. Pb(N03)2
14. KMn04
15. Pb02
16. Ni(N03)2
17. Na2S03
18. Ca(HC03)2
19. CuO
20. MgC03
Determine the molar mass of each of the following compounds

Convert the following from mass to mole,moles to mass.number of particles to moles,moles to


particles,mass to particles,particles to mass,moles to volumes and vice versa.

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