010-04!00!00 Air Law - Personnel Licensing Amend0

010-04-00-00 Air Law / Personnel Licensing
1st Edition
Textbook
JAR FCL 1
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Nothing in this publication is meant to conflict with aviation legislation.

Where there is any doubt the legislation must be regarded as definitive.
The precise standards and recommendations are set out in the appropriate
official Regulations.
This textbook will not be amended.
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Introduction
European aviation systems had developed in the past with great variations in
structures and details.
Therefore, it has been necessary to write harmonised requirements.
The Civil Aviation Authorities of certain European States have agreed common
comprehensive and detailed aviation requirements, referred to as the Joint
Aviation Requirements (JAR). The aim is to minimise type certification problems
on joint ventures, to facilitate the export and import of aviation products, to make
it easier for maintenance carried out in one European State to be accepted by the
Civil Aviation Authority in another European State and to regulate commercial air
transport operations, and for the issuance and maintenance of pilot and flight
engineer licences.
JARFCL is the code developed for all categories of pilot and flight engineer
licences so as to permit use of licences and ratings without further formality in
any participating States.
JAR-FCL 1
applies to aeroplane licences
JAR-FCL 2
applies to helicopter licences
JAR-FCL 3
applies to medical Requirements
JAR-FCL 4
will apply to Flight Engineers
JAR-FCL 5
will apply to balloon and Glider licences
ICAO Annex 1 has been selected to provide the basic structure of JARFCL, the
JAR for licensing, but with additional sub-division where considered appropriate.
The content of Annex 1 has been used and added to where necessary by making
use of existing European regulations.
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Twenty-nine states from within the European Union (EU), European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) and Eurocontrol blocks set out to pursue JAA membership.
At the end of September 2004 the following nations had passed the Licensing
Inspection to become fully approved JAA Member states:
BELGIUM - JAR-FCL 1, 2 & 3

CZECH REPUBLIC - JAR-FCL 1, 2 & 3
DENMARK - JAR-FCL 1,2, 3 & 4
FINLAND - JAR-FCL 1,2 & 3
FRANCE - JAR-FCL 1, 3 & 4
GERMANY - JAR-FCL 1, 2, 3 & 4
GREECE - JAR-FCL 1 & 3
ICELAND - JAR-FCL 1,2 &3
IRELAND - JAR-FCL 1, 2, 3 & 4
MALTA - JAR-FCL 1 & 3
NETHERLANDS - JAR-FCL 1, 2, 3 4
NORWAY - JAR-FCL 1,2 & 3
PORTUGAL - JAR-FCL 1, 2 & 3
ROMANIA - JAR-FCL 1, 2 & 3
SLOVENIA - JAR-FCL 1 & 3
SPAIN - JAR-FCL 1 & 3
SWEDEN - JAR-FCL 1, 2 & 3
SWITZERLAND - JAR-FCL 1 & 3
UNITED KINGDOM - JAR-FCL 1,2 & 3
A definitive list of Member States currently recommended for mutual recognition

is available on the JAA website www.jaa.nl. Please refer to the website for any
updates.
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JAR FCL Structure
The Joint Aviation Authoritys Requirements for Flight Crew Licensing, JAR FCL
are split into 4 parts:
JAR FCL 1
Aeroplanes
JAR FCL 2
Helicopter
JAR FCL 3
Medical
JAR FCL 4
Flight Engineers
The JAR FCL is divided into Subparts A to J and 2 Sections.
Section 1 is regulatory material (two columns per page)
Section 2 contains AMC and IEM (single column).

AMC Acceptable Means of Compliance.
IEM Interpretative and Explanatory Material.
JAR FCL 1
aeroplanes subparts
General Requirements
Student Pilot
Private Pilot Licence
Commercial Pilot Licence
Instrument Rating
Type and Class Ratings
Airline Transport Pilot Licence
Instructor Ratings
Examiners
Theoretical Knowledge Requirements
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Subpart A
1.001 Definitions and Abbreviations
Flight Time
The total time from the moment an aircraft first moves for the purpose of
taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight.
Instrument
Time during which a pilot is receiving instruction in simulated instrument flight
Ground Time
in synthetic training devices (STDs).
Instrument Flight
Time during which a pilot is controlling an aircraft in flight solely by reference
Time
to instruments.
Professional Pilot
A pilot who holds a licence which permits the piloting of aircraft in operations
for which remuneration is given.
Renewal
The administrative action taken after a rating or approval has lapsed that
renews the privileges of the rating or approval for a further specified period
consequent upon the fulfillment of specified requirements.
Revalidation
The administrative action taken within the period of validity of a rating or

approval that allows the holder to continue to exercise the privileges of a
rating or approval for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment
of specified requirements.
Route Sector
A flight comprising take-off, departure, cruise of not less than 15 minutes,

arrival, approach and landing phases.
Skill Test
Skill tests are demonstrations of skill for licence or rating issue, including such
oral examination as the examiner may require.
Student Pilot-in-
Flight time during which the flight instructor will only observe the student acting
Command
as pilot-in command and shall not influence or control the flight of the aircraft.
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1.001 Definitions and Abbreviations
AMC
Acceptable Means of Compliance
AMC
Aeromedical Centre
AME
Aeromedical Examiner
CFI
Chief Flying Instructor
CGI
Chief Ground Instructor
HAT
Head of Training
FI
Flight Instructor
FIE
Flight Instructor Examiner
FTO
Flight Training Organisation
IR
Instrument Rating
IRI
Instrument Rating Instructor
IRE
Instrument Rating Examiner
MCC
Multi-crew Co-operation
MET
Multi-engine Turbo prop
MPA
Multi-pilot Aeroplane
PIC
Pilot in Command
PICUS
Pilot in Command under Supervision
SE
Single-engine
SET
Single-engine Turbo prop
SFI
Synthetic Flight Instructor
SFE
Synthetic Flight Examiner
SPIC
Student Pilot in Command
TRTO
Type Rating Training Organisation
TRI
Type Rating Instructor
TRE
Type Rating Examiner
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1.010 Basic authority to act as a flight crew member
(a)
Licence and rating
(1)
A person shall not act as a flight crew member of a civil aeroplane

registered in a JAA Member State unless that person holds a valid licence
and rating complying with the requirements of JARFCL and appropriate
to the duties being performed, or an authorisation as set out in JARFCL
1.085 (Student Pilot) and/or 1.230 (special authorisation of type and class
ratings). The licence shall have been issued by:
(i)
a JAA Member State; or
(ii)
another ICAO Contracting State and rendered valid in accordance

with JARFCL. (conversion or validation).
(2) Pilots holding national motor gliders licences/ratings/authorisations are also

permitted to operate touring motor gliders under national regulations.
(3) Pilots holding a restricted national private pilots licence are permitted under
national regulations to operate aeroplanes registered in the State of licence issue
within that States airspace.
(b) Exercise of privileges.

The holder of a licence, rating, or authorisation shall not exercise privileges other
than those granted by that licence, rating, or authorisation.
(c) Appeals, Enforcement

(1) A JAA Member State may at any time in accordance with its national
procedures act on appeals, limit privileges, or suspend or revoke any licence,
rating, authorisation, approval or certificate it has issued in accordance with the
requirements of JARFCL if it is established that an applicant or a licence holder
has not met, or no longer meets, the requirements of JARFCL or relevant
national law of the State of licence issue.
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(2) If a JAA Member State establishes that an applicant or licence holder of a

JARFCL licence issued by another JAA Member State has not met, or no longer
meets, the requirements of JARFCL or relevant national law of the State in
which an aircraft is being flown, the JAA Member State shall inform the State of
licence issue and the Licensing Division of the JAA Headquarters. In accordance
with its national law, a JAA Member State may direct that in the interest of safety
an applicant or licence holder it has duly reported to the State of licence issue
and the JAA for the above reason may not pilot aircraft registered in that State or
pilot any aircraft in that States airspace.
Minimum requirements for the issue of a JARFCL licence/authorisation on

the basis of a national licence/authorisation issued in a JAA Member State Pilot licences
A pilot licence issued by a JAA Member State in accordance with the national
requirements of that State may be replaced by a JARFCL licence subject
according certain conditions.
-
ATPL(A) and CPL(A) holder shall complete as a proficiency check,

type/class and instrument rating (IR if applicable) and revalidation
requirements for class and type ratings relevant to the privileges of the
licence held.
In addition, for ATPL(A) and CPL(A) demonstrate to the satisfaction of the

Authority that a knowledge of the relevant parts of JAROPS 1 and JAR
FCL has been acquired;
For PPL(A) only demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Authority that a

knowledge of the relevant parts of JAA has been acquired;
Demonstrate a knowledge of English if IR privileges are held;
However, the applicable requirements depend upon the experience of the licence
holder.
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1.015 Acceptance of licences, ratings, authorizations, approvals or

certificates
(a) Licences, ratings, authorisations, approvals or certificates issued by JAA

Member States
A JAA FCL licence, rating, authorisation, approval or certificate issued by a JAA

Member State in accordance with the requirement of JAR FCL shall be accepted
in all other JAA Member States.
(b) Licences issued by non-JAA States

A licence issued by a non-JAA State may be rendered valid at the discretion of
the Authority of a JAA Member State.
Validation of a professional pilot licence and a private pilot licence with instrument
rating shall not exceed one year from the date of validation, provided that the
basic licence remains valid. There is no validation of flight instructor ratings.
A validation shall only be issued if the following are also met:
(a)
complete, as a skill test, the type or class rating revalidation requirements

relevant to the privileges of the licence held;
(b)
demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Authority that a knowledge of the

relevant parts of JAROPS and JARFCL has been acquired;
(c)
demonstrate a knowledge of English;
(d)
hold a valid JARFCL Class 1 medical certificate;
(e)
meet any published additional requirements that the JAA Member State
deems necessary; and
(f)
comply with the experience requirements set out in the following table
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Licence held
Total flying experience
Conditions of validation
ATPL(A)
>1500 hrs PIC multi-pilot aeroplanes
PIC in multi-pilot aeroplanes

for commercial air transport
ATPL(A) or *CPL(A)/IR
>1500 hrs pilot time multi-pilot
Co-pilot in multi-pilot
aeroplanes
aeroplanes for commercial air

transport
CPL(A)/IR
>1000 hrs PIC since gaining IR in
PIC in single-pilot aeroplanes
commercial air transport
for commercial air transport
>1000 hrs PIC or co-pilot on single-pilot Co-pilot in single-pilot

aeroplanes for operational purposes
aeroplanes for commercial air

transport
CPL(A)
>700 hours in aeroplanes other than
Non commercial air transport
TMGs, including 200 hours in the
flight only
activity role for which validation is

sought, and 50 hours in that role in the
last 12 months
* CPL(A)/IR holders shall have demonstrated ICAO ATPL(A) knowledge prior to issue of
validation
Private pilot licences with Instrument Rating

A private pilot licence with instrument rating issued in accordance with ICAO
Annex 1 by a non-JAA State may be validated subject to conditions by a JAA
Member State in order to permit flights (other than flight instruction) in aeroplanes
registered in that JAA Member State.
To validate such licences, the holder shall:
(a)
complete, as a skill test, the type/class and instrument rating;
(b)
demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Authority in accordance with

Subpart J, that a knowledge of Air Law and the Aeronautical Weather
codes, subject number 050 10 03 01, as well as the Flight Planning &
Performance (IR), subject number 030 00 00 00, Human Performance
subject number 040 00 00 00 in accordance with Appendix 1 to JAR-FCL
1.470 has been acquired;
(c)
demonstrate a knowledge of English;
(d)
hold at least a valid JAR-FCL Class 2 medical certificate including hearing

requirements;
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(e)
hold R/T privileges acceptable to the Authority,
(f)
comply with the experience requirements set out in column (2) of the
following table:
Licence held
Total flying hours experience
PPL/IR
> 100 hrs PIC instrument flight time
c)
Conversion of a licence issued by a non-JAA State.
A professional pilot licence and/or IR issued by a non-JAA State may be

converted to a JARFCL licence provided that an arrangement exists between
the JAA and the non-JAA State.
A licence converted according to such an arrangement shall have an entry
indicating the non-JAA State upon which the conversion is based. Other Member
States shall not be obliged to accept any such licence.
A private pilot licence issued by a non-JAA State may be converted to a JAR-FCL

licence with a single-pilot aeroplane class/type ratings.
The minimum requirements for the conversion of a private pilot licence issued by
a non-JAA Member State to a JAR-FCL licence are:
(a) the applicant shall hold a licence issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1
(b) the applicant shall hold at least a JAR-FCL Class 2 medical certificate
(c) to hold R/T privileges acceptable to the Authority
(d) the applicant shall comply with the flying experience requirements set out in
the table below:
National licence
Experience requirement
Any further JAR-FCL requirements
Current and valid
>100 hours as pilot of
(a) Pass a written examination in Air Law and
national ICAO
aeroplanes
Human Performance and Limitations
held
PPL
(b) Pass the PPL skill test

(c) Fulfil the relevant requirements of Subpart F
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1.016 Credit given to a holder of a licence issued by a non-JAA state
An applicant for a JARFCL licence and IR, if applicable, already holding at least
an equivalent licence issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1 by a non-JAA
State shall meet all the requirements of JARFCL, except that the requirements
of course duration, number of lessons and specific training hours may be
reduced.
The holder of an ATPL(A) issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1 who meets
the 1 500 hours flying experience requirements on multi-pilot aeroplanes as PIC
or co-pilot of Appendix 1 to JAR-FCL 1.015 may be exempted from the
requirements to undergo approved training prior to undertaking the theoretical
knowledge examinations and the skill test, if that licence contains a valid multipilot type rating for the aeroplane to be used for the ATPL(A) skill test.
1.017 Authorizations/Ratings for special purposes
A licence holder may be issued with a rating for special purposes, i.e. towing or
dropping of parachutists. These ratings are issued in accordance with the
requirements specified by the JAA Member State for use only within that States
airspace. Other JAA Member States may agree for the privileges of this rating to
be exercised in their airspace.
1.020 Credit for military service
Military flight crew members applying for licences and ratings specified in JAR
FCL shall apply to the Authority of the State for which they serve.
The knowledge, experience and skill gained in military service will be credited
towards the relevant requirements of JARFCL licences and ratings at the
discretion of the Authority. The policy for the credit given shall be reported to the
JAA. The privileges of such licences shall be restricted to aircraft registered in the
State of licence issue until the requirements set out in the Appendix 1 to JAR
FCL 1.005 are met.
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1.025 Validity of licences and ratings
Licence validity is determined by the ratings on the licence and the medical
certificate. Although the licence may be valid it is the licence holders
responsibility to remain competent as specified by the relevant requirements of
JAR FCL.
A licence will be issued for up to 5 years. The authority may re-issue the licence
with this 5 year period for any of the following reasons:
-
Initial issue or renewal of a rating
When rating sign off section of licence is full
Administrative
At authorities discretion on re-validation of rating.
All valid ratings shall be transferred to the new licence.

When the licence is approaching its expiry date, the licence holder shall apply for
re-issue of the licence and accompany the application with the appropriate
documentation.
1.026 Recent experience for pilots not operating in accordance with JAROPS 1
(a) A pilot shall not operate an aeroplane carrying passengers as pilot-incommand or co-pilot unless he has carried out at least three take-offs and
three landings as pilot flying in an aeroplane of the same type/class or a flight
simulator of the aeroplane type/class to be used, in the preceding 90 days; and
(b) The holder of a licence that does not include a valid instrument rating
(aeroplane) shall not act as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane carrying
passengers at night unless during the previous 90 days at least one of the takeoffs and landings required above has been carried out by night.
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1.035 Medical fitness
The holder of a flight crew licence must be mentally and physically fit to safely
exercise the privileges of that licence. He must hold a current medical certificate
appropriate to the privileges of the licence held.
A professional pilot requires a Class 1 medical which is valid for 12 months if the
applicant is under 40 years old or 6 months if over 40 years old.
A private pilot requires a Class 2 medical which is valid for the periods stated
below:
Age
Medical validity
Under 30
5 years
30 49
2 years
50 64
1 year
65 plus
6 months
Aeromedical disposition
Following examination by an authorised Medical Examiner (AME) the applicant
shall be informed whether he is fit, unfit or his condition requires referral to the
authority.
Under certain conditions an applicant may be deemed unfit to fly an aircraft

without a safety pilot. In these cases the authority will issue advisory material for
use by the safety pilot indicating his function and responsibilities.
Operational Multicrew Limitation (OML Class 1 only).

The limitation valid only as or with qualified co-pilot is to be applied when the
holder of a CPL or an ATPL does not fully meet the class 1 medical certificate
requirements but is considered to be within the accepted risk of incapacitation.
This limitation is applied by the Authority in the context of a multi-pilot
environment. This limitation can only be issued or removed by the Authority.
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The other pilot shall be qualified on the type, not be over the age of 60, and not
be subject to an OML.
Operational Safety Pilot Limitation (OSL Class 2 only).

A safety pilot is a pilot who is qualified to act as PIC on the class/type of
aeroplane and carried on board the aeroplane, which is fitted with dual controls,
for the purpose of taking over control should the PIC holding this specific medical
certificate restriction become incapacitated.
An OSL can only be issued or removed by the Authority.
1.040 Decrease in medical fitness
Licence holders and student pilots shall not exercise their privileges if they are
aware of a decrease in their medical fitness that may affect the safety of any
proposed flight.
They should immediately consult an AME, AMS or AMC if any of the following
occur:
-
a hospital or clinic admission for more than 12 hours
a surgical operation or invasive procedure
medication is being used on a regular basis
the need for regular use of correcting lenses
The authority shall be informed in writing:

-
Immediately of any personal injury stopping a flight crew member from

exercising the privileges of his licence.
Immediately on becoming pregnant
If an illness prevents a flight crew member from exercising the privileges of

his licence for 21 days or more.
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The authority shall suspend the flight crew members medical certificate until the
flight crew member has been medically examined and shown to be fit to exercise
the privileges of his licence.
In the case of becoming pregnant the authority may either restrict or suspend the
flight crew members medical certificate.
Following the pregnancy the authority shall remove the suspension of her
medical certificate once she has been medically examined and is fit to exercise
the privileges of her licence.
JARFCL 1.045 Special circumstances
(a) It is recognised that the provisions of all parts of JARFCL will not cover every
possible situation. Where the application of JARFCL would have anomalous
consequences, or where the development of new training or testing concepts
would not comply with the requirements, an applicant may ask the Authority
concerned for an exemption. An exemption may be granted only if it can be
shown that the exemption will ensure or lead to at least an equivalent level of
safety.
(b) Exemptions are divided into short term exemptions and long term exemptions
(more than 6 months). The granting of a long term exemption may only be
undertaken in agreement with the JAA Licensing Sectorial Team.
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1.050 Crediting of flight time and theoretical knowledge
Flight time
The flight time required by JAR-FCL, unless stated otherwise, shall be flown in
the same category of aircraft that will appear on the subsequent licence or rating.
The following flight time may be credited in full towards licence or rating:
Pilot In Command (PIC)
-
PIC Flight Time
Solo
Dual Instruction
Graduates of an ATPL and/or CPL/IR integrated flying raining course may

credit up to 50 hours of Student Pilot in Command Time (SPIC) towards the
required PIC time for issue an ATPL or CPL and a multi-engine type or class
rating.
Co-pilot
-
A licensed co-pilot performing the duties of Pilot In Command Under

Supervision (PICUS) of the pilot in command, provided the supervision is
approved by the authority.
The holder of a pilot licence when acting as co-pilot.
Theoretical Knowledge
Since the theoretical syllabus for aeroplanes and helicopters are very similar JAR
FCL gives exemptions from further theoretical instruction and examination.
*However, a bridging course and examination based on the difference between
aeroplanes and helicopters is required.
Licence / rating held
Licence / rating sought
IR (A or H)
IR (H or A)
*PPL (A or H)
PPL (H or A)
*ATPL (A or H)
CPL (H or A) or ATPL (H or A)
*CPL (A or H) with ATPL (A or H) theoretical ATPL (H or A)

knowledge examination passed
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1.055 Training establishments
All training for issue of a flight crew licence or rating must be undertaken at Flight
Training Organisations (FTOs), Type Rating Training Organisations (TRTOs) or
registered facilities.
Flight Training Organisations require approval from the authority to offer training
for issue of professional licences whereas Type Rating Training Organisations
require this approval to offer type rating training to existing licence holders.
Students wishing to obtain a Private Pilot Licence (PPL) must undergo training at
either a facility that is registered with the authority or at a FTO discussed above.
1.060 Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or more
(a) Age 6064. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 60 years
shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport
operations except:
(1) as a member of a multi-pilot crew and provided that,
(2) such holder is the only pilot in the flight crew who has attained age 60.
(b) Age 65. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 65 years
shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport
operations.
1.065 State of licence issue
The state in which the training and examinations, both theoretical knowledge and
flight for initial licence issue is the state of licence issue. Subsequent ratings may
be obtained in any other JAA Member State but will have to be entered onto the
licence by the State of licence issue.
The licence holder may for administrative reasons transfer the state of licence
issue to another JAA Member State where he is either employed or resident.
A pilot may only hold one JAR-FCL licence.
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1.075 Format and specifications for flight crew licences
All JAR-FCL licences shall conform to a standard format. The licence shall be
printed in the national language and english on white paper.
1.080 Recording of flight time
Details of all flights flown as a pilot shall be kept in a reliable record in a logbook
format acceptable to the Authority
Details of flights flown under JAROPS 1, may be recorded in an acceptable
computerised format maintained by the operator. In this case, the details must be
made available to the crew member on request.
The record shall contain the following information:

Pilots name and address
Flight details
Name of pilot in command
Date
Departure and arrival points and times
Flight time and total accumulated flight time
Make and model of aircraft
Single or multi-engine
Simulator details
Make and approval number of training device
Date
Training time and accumulated training time
Pilots function
PIC,
Co-pilot
Flight Instructor / Examiner
Dual
Operational Conditions
IFR
Night
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A pilots logbook shall be presented to the authority, on their request.
A student pilot shall carry his logbook with him on all solo cross country flights as
proof of the required instructor authorisations.
Logging of flight time

Pilot in Command
The following shall be logged as pilot in command time:
-
Pilot in command
Solo and SPIC when countersigned by the instructor
Acting as an instructor
Acting as an examiner
A co-pilot acting as pilot in command in a multi-crew aircraft when

countersigned by the pilot in command
Flights upon the same day returning on each occasion to the same place of
departure and the interval between successive flights does not exceed thirty
minutes, such series of flights are to be recorded as a single entry.
Co-pilot flight time

A co-pilot may log all flight time in a multi-crew aircraft as co-pilot time when more
than one pilot is required on this type of aeroplane.
Cruise relief co-pilot flight time

A cruise relief co-pilot pilot may log all flight time as co-pilot when occupying a
pilots seat.
Instruction
All instructional time shall be logged and countersigned by the instructor.
PICUS (Pilot-in-command under supervision)

A co-pilot may log as PIC flight time flown as PICUS, when all of the duties and
functions of PIC on that flight were carried out, such that the intervention of
the PIC in the interest of safety was not required.
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Subpart B
1.085 Requirements
(a) A student pilot shall meet requirements specified by the Authority in the State
in which the student intends to train. In prescribing such requirements the
Authority shall ensure that the privileges granted would not permit student pilots
to constitute a hazard to air navigation.
(b) A student pilot shall not fly solo unless authorised by a flight instructor.
1.090 Minimum age
A student pilot shall be at least 16 years of age before the first solo flight.
A student pilot shall not fly solo unless that student pilot holds a valid Class 1 or
Class 2 medical certificate.
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Subpart C
Private Pilot Licence
1.100 Minimum Age
An applicant for a PPL(A) shall be at least 17 years of age.
An applicant for or holder of a PPL(A) shall hold a valid Class 1 or Class 2

medical certificate.
1.110 Privileges and conditions
A PPL holder is entitled to act as Pilot in Command (PIC) or co-pilot of any

aircraft category, type and/or class, stated on his licence, provided he receives no
remuneration and the flight is a non-revenue flight.
1.120 Experience and crediting
An applicant for a PPL(A) shall have completed at least 45 hours flight time as a
pilot of aeroplanes; a total of 5 hours of this 45 hours may have been completed
in a FNPT or a flight simulator.
Holders of pilot licences or equivalent (privileges for helicopters, microlight
helicopters, gyroplanes and microlights having) fixed wings and moveable
aerodynamic control surfaces acting in all three dimensions, gliders, selfsustaining gliders or self-launching gliders may be credited with 10% of their total
flight time as pilot-in-command in such aircraft up to a maximum of 10 hours
towards a PPL(A).
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1.125 Training course
(a) General.
An applicant for a PPL(A) shall complete at an FTO or an accepted registered
facility the required instruction.
(b) Flight instruction.

An applicant for a PPL(A) shall have completed on aeroplanes, having a
certificate of airworthiness issued or accepted by a JAA Member State, at least
25 hours dual instruction and at least 10 hours of supervised solo flight time,
including at least five hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one
cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at
two aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.
When the applicant has been credited for pilot-in-command flight time on other
aircraft, the requirement for dual instruction on aeroplanes may be reduced to not
less than 20 hours.
(c) Night qualification.

If the privileges of the licence are to be exercised at night, at least five additional
hours flight time in aeroplanes shall be completed at night comprising 3 hours of
dual instruction including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and five solo
take-offs and five solo full-stop landings.
This qualification will be endorsed on the licence.
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1.130 Theoretical knowledge examination
The examination shall be in written form and may be taken on one or more days.
There shall be a total of at least 120 questions.
The times shall not exceed the following:
Subject
Time
(not more than)
Air Law and ATC Procedures
0h45
Aircraft General Knowledge
0h30
Flight Performance and Planning
1h00
0h30
Meteorology
0h30
Navigation
1h00
Operational Procedures
0h30
Principles of Flight
0h45
Communications
0h30
Total
6h00
The majority of the questions shall be multiple choice.
The examinations will be provided in the language(s) considered appropriate by

the Authority. The Authority shall inform applicants of the language(s) in which
the examinations will be conducted.
A pass in a Subject will be awarded to an applicant achieving at least 75% of the

marks allocated to that Subject. Marks shall only be awarded for correct answers.
Subject to any other conditions in JARFCL, an applicant shall be deemed to

have successfully completed the theoretical examinations for the PPL(A) when
awarded a pass in all parts within a period of 12 months.
A pass in the theoretical knowledge examination will be accepted for the grant of
the private pilot licence during the 24 months from the date of successfully
completing the examinations.
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1.135 Skill
A PPL applicant must pass a skill test on the type/class of aircraft he has
received instruction in.
The skill test must be completed with 6 months of finishing the flight instruction.
A skill test for the grant of a PPL must be undertaken in a single-engine aircraft.
However, if the applicant has a minimum of 70 hours pilot in command time in
that category of aircraft he may take the test in a multi-engine aircraft.
A failure in more than one section of the skill test shall require a full retest.
If only one section was failed then only that section requires re-testing. Failure of
any part on a retest shall require the whole test to be taken again.
All sections of the skill test must be completed with 6 months.
Additional training may be required following initial failure of a skill test. If the
retest is failed then the authority shall determine the additional training required.
An applicant may attempt the skill test as many times as he wishes.
To successfully pass a skill test the applicant shall demonstrate the ability to:
operate the aeroplane within its limitations;
complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;
exercise good judgment and airmanship;
apply aeronautical knowledge; and
maintain control of the aeroplane at all times in such manner that the
successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver is never seriously in
doubt.
The following limits are for general guidance.

The FE will make allowance for turbulent conditions and the handling qualities
and performance of the aeroplane used.
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Height
normal flight
+/ -150 feet
with simulated engine failure
+/ -200 feet
Heading/ Tracking of radio aids

normal flight
+/ - 10
+/ - 15
take-off and approach
+ 15/ - 10 knots
all other flight regimes
+/ - 15 knots
Speed
SECTION 1
PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND DEPARTURE
Use of checklist, airmanship (control of aeroplane by external visual reference, anti/deicing procedures, etc.) apply in all sections.
a
Pre-flight documentation and weather brief
Mass and balance and performance calculation
Aeroplane inspection and servicing
Engine starting and after starting procedures
Taxiing and aerodrome procedures, pre take-off procedures
Take-off and after take-off checks
Aerodrome departure procedures
ATC liaison compliance, R/T procedures
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SECTION 2
GENERAL AIRWORK
ATC liaison compliance, R/T procedure
Straight and level flight, with speed changes
Climbing:
i. Best rate of climb
ii. Climbing turns
iii. Levelling off
Medium (30 bank) turns
Steep (45 bank) turns (including recognition and recovery from a

spiral dive)
Flight at critically low airspeed with and without flaps
Stalling:
i. Clean stall and recover with power
ii. Approach to stall descending turn with bank angle 20, approach configuration
iii. Approach to stall in landing configuration
Descending:
i. With and without power
ii. Descending turns (steep gliding turns)
iii. Levelling off
SECTION 3
EN-ROUTE PROCEDURES
Flight plan, dead reckoning and map reading
Maintenance of altitude, heading and speed
Orientation, timing and revision of ETAs, log keeping
Diversion to alternate aerodrome (planning and implementation)
Use of radio navigation aids
Basic instrument flying check (180 turn in simulated IMC)
Flight management (checks, fuel systems and carburettor icing, etc.)

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SECTION 4
APPROACH AND LANDING PROCEDURES
Aerodrome arrival procedures
*Precision landing (short field landing), cross wind, if suitable conditions

available
*Flapless landing
*Approach to landing with idle power (SINGLE ENGINE ONLY)
Touch and go
Go-around from low height
Actions after flight
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SECTION 5
ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
This section may be combined with Sections 1 through 4.

a
Simulated engine failure after take-off (SINGLE-ENGINE ONLY)
* Simulated forced landing (SINGLE-ENGINE ONLY)
Simulated precautionary landing (SINGLE-ENGINE ONLY)
Simulated emergencies
SECTION 6
SIMULATED ASYMMETRIC FLIGHT AND RELEVANT CLASS/TYPE ITEMS

a
Simulated engine failure during take-off (at a safe altitude unless carried
out in a flight simulator)
Asymmetric approach and go-around
Asymmetric approach and full stop landing
Engine shutdown and restart
ATC liaison compliance, R/T procedures, Airmanship
As determined by the Flight Examiner any relevant items of the

class/type rating skill test to include, if applicable:
i. Aeroplane systems including handling of auto pilot
ii. Operation of pressurisation system
iii. Use of de-icing and anti-icing system
Oral questions
* some of these items may be combined at the discretion of the Flight Examiner.]
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Subpart D
Commercial Pilot Licence
1.140 Minimum Age
An applicant for a CPL(A) shall be at least 18 years of age.
An applicant for and/or holder of a CPL(A) shall hold a valid Class 1 medical
certificate.
The privileges of a CPL(A) are:

(1) exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL(A);
(2) act as pilot-in-command or co-pilot of any aeroplane engaged in operations
other than commercial air transportation;
(3) act as pilot-in-command in commercial air transportation of any single pilot
aeroplane;
(4) act as co-pilot in commercial air transportation.
The IR rating will be included if an instrument rating course and a is passed.
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The minimum flying experience required for the issue of a JAA CPL depends
upon the course.
1. Integrated Course Aeroplane

150 hours as pilot of aeroplanes having a certificate of airworthiness issued or
accepted by a JAA Member State, of which:
- 70 hours are PIC of which:
20 hours are cross country flights with one flight of at least 300nm
with landings at 2 Aerodromes different to the point of departure.
5 hours in an aeroplane certificated for the carriage of at least four
persons and have a variable pitch propeller and retractable landing
gear.
- 10 hours of instrument instruction of which:
5 hours may be instrument ground time.
- 5 hours of night flying including a 1 hour cross country flight and 5 solo
landings and take-offs during night. (full stop)
However, up to 20 of the required 150 hours may have been flown in a helicopter
and/or touring motor glider.
Modular Course Aeroplane
Before commencing a CPL(A) modular course an applicant shall be the holder of

a PPL(A) issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1;
Before commencing the flight training an applicant shall:
(i)
have completed 150 hours flight time as a pilot; and
(ii)
have complied with the requirements for Type and Class Ratings if
a multi-engine aeroplane will be used on the skill test.
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200 hours as pilot of aeroplanes having a certificate of airworthiness issued or

accepted by a JAA Member State, of which:
100 hours are PIC of which:
20 hours are cross country flights with one flight of at least 300nm
with landings at 2 aerodromes different to the point of departure.
5 hours in an aeroplane certificated for the carriage of at least four
persons and have a variable pitch propeller and retractable landing
gear.
10 hours of instrument instruction of which:
5 hours may be instrument ground time
5 hours of night flying including 1 hour of cross country flight and 5 solo
night circuits (full stop)
However, up to 30 hours of the required 200 hours may have been flown as PIC
in helicopter, touring motor glider or glider. Up to 100 hours PIC time can be
credited if the applicant has a CPL(H).
1.160 Theoretical knowledge
A CPL applicant must have completed an approved course of theoretical

knowledge instruction at either an approved Flying Training Organisation (FTO)
or an approved organisation which specializes in theoretical knowledge
instruction. The theoretical course shall be combined with the flying training.
The FTO shall ensure that before being admitted to the course the applicant has
sufficient knowledge of mathematics and physics.
The theoretical knowledge instruction shall comprise of at least:

-
200 hours for a CPL modular course
300 hours (500 hours with IR) for a CPL integrated course
750 hours for an ATPL integrated course.
The course of theoretical knowledge shall be completed within 18 months.
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1.165 Flight Instruction
An applicant for a CPL(A) shall have completed an approved course of integrated

or modular flying training on aeroplanes having a certificate of airworthiness
issued or accepted by a JAA Member State at an approved flying training
organisation. The course should be combined with a theoretical knowledge
training course.
1.170 Skill
An applicant for a skill test for the CPL(A) shall have satisfactorily
completed all of the required training.
The skill test may be undertaken on a single-engine aeroplane or, subject
to the experience, on a multi-engine aeroplane. The aeroplane used for
the skill test shall meet the requirements for training aeroplanes and shall
be certificated for the carriage of at least four persons, have a variable
pitch propeller and retractable landing gear.
The administrative arrangements for confirming the applicants suitability

to take the test, will be determined by the Authority.
An applicant shall pass sections 1 through 5 of the skill test, and section 6
if a multi-engine aeroplane is used.
If any item in a section is failed, that section is failed.
Failure in more than one section will require the applicant to take the
entire test again.
All sections of the skill test shall be completed within six months.
Further training may be required following any failed skill test.

There is no limit to the number of skill tests that may be attempted.
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The applicant shall demonstrate the ability to:
exercise good judgment and airmanship:
successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is never seriously in doubt.

Height
normal flight
+/-100 feet
+/-150 feet
Tracking on radio aids
+/- 5
Heading
normal flight
+/- 10
+/- 15
take-off and approach
+/- 5 knots
all other flight regimes
+/- 10 knots
Speed
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Contents of the skill test for the issue of a CPL(A)

SECTION 1
Use of checklist, airmanship (control of aeroplane by external visual reference, anti/deicing procedures, etc. apply in all sections
a
Pre-flight, including:
Documentation, Mass and balance determination, Weather brief
Aeroplane inspection and servicing
Taxiing and take-off
Performance considerations and trim
Aerodrome and traffic pattern operations
Departure procedure, altimeter setting, collision avoidance (lookout)

SECTION 2
GENERAL AIRWORK
Control of the aeroplane by external visual reference, including straight and level,
climb, descent, lookout
Flight at critically low airspeed including recognition of and recovery from incipient
and full stalls
Turns, including turns in landing configuration. Steep turns 45
Flight at critically high airspeeds, including recognition of and recovery from spiral
dives
Flight by reference solely to instruments, including:

i. Level flight, cruise configuration, control of heading, altitude and airspeed
ii. Climbing and descending turns with 10 30 bank
iii. Recoveries from unusual attitudes
iv. Limited panel instruments
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SECTION 3
EN ROUTE PROCEDURES
a
Control of aeroplane by external visual reference, including cruise configuration

Range / Endurance considerations
Orientation, map reading
Altitude, speed, heading control, lookout
Altimeter setting. ATC liaison compliance, R/T procedures
Monitoring of flight progress, flight log, fuel usage, assessment of track error and
re-establishment of correct tracking
Observation of weather conditions, assessment of trends, diversion planning
Tracking, positioning (NDB or VOR), identification of facilities (instrument flight).

Implementation of diversion plan to alternate aerodrome (visual flight)
SECTION 4
APPROACH AND LANDING PROCEDURES
Arrival procedures, altimeter setting, checks, lookout
ATC liaison: compliance, R/T procedures
Go-around action from low height
Normal landing, crosswind landing (if suitable conditions)
Short field landing
Approach and landing with idle power (single-engine only)
Landing without use of flaps
Post flight actions

SECTION 5
ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
This section may be combined with sections 1 through 4.

a
Simulated engine failure after take-off (at a safe altitude), fire drill
Equipment malfunctions Including alternative landing gear extension, electrical

and brake failure
Forced landing (simulated)
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SECTION 6
SIMULATED ASYMMETRIC FLIGHT AND RELEVANT CLASS/TYPE ITEMS
a
Simulated engine failure during take-off (at a safe altitude unless carried out in a
flight simulator)
Asymmetric approach and go-around
Asymmetric approach and full stop landing
Engine shutdown and restart
ATC liaison compliance, R/T procedures, Airmanship
As determined by the Flight Examiner any relevant items of the class/type

rating skill test to include, if applicable:
i. Aeroplane systems including handling of autopilot
ii. Operation of pressurisation system
iii. Use of de-icing and anti-icing system
Oral questions
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Subpart E
Instrument Rating
An IR applicant must hold a valid medical certificate appropriate to the licence he

intends to add the IR to.
1.175 Circumstances in which an IR(A) is required
A pilot flying an aircraft under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) must hold an
instrument rating appropriate to that category of aircraft. However, this does not
apply if the pilot receives dual instruction or is undertaking a skill test.
For night operations in states where VFR at night is not permitted, holders of a
night rating will be permitted to operate in VMC at night under IFR.
National qualifications shall be restricted to use of the airspace of the State of

licence issue only.
The holder of an instrument rating is permitted to pilot any category of aircraft

specified on the rating under IFR with a minimum decision height of 200 feet.
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1.185 Validity, revalidation and renewal
An IR is valid for one year. It may be revalidated in a flight simulator or a flight

and navigation procedure trainer (FNPTII). Holders restricted to multi crew
operations must revalidate the IR in a multi-pilot operation.
If the IR is to be renewed, the pilot will be required to complete the revalidation

procedure plus any other requirements specified by the authority.
If the privileges of an instrument rating have not been exercised within the
preceding 7 years then the IR theoretical knowledge examinations will have to be
retaken.
1.190 Experience
An applicant for an IR(A) shall hold a PPL(A) including a night qualification or

CPL(A) and shall have completed at least 50 hours cross-country flight time as
pilot-in-command in aeroplanes or helicopters of which at least 10 hours shall be
in aeroplanes to which IR will pertain.
An IR applicant must have completed an approved course of theoretical

or an approved organisation who specializes in theoretical knowledge instruction.
This course of training should be combined with the flying training.,
An approved modular IR(A) course shall comprise at least 200 hours and shall be
completed within 18 months.
1.200 Use of English language
An applicant for an IR must be able to communicate and understand the English

language. The R/T privilege must be in English.
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An applicant for an IR(A) shall have participated in a course of integrated flying

training or shall have completed an approved modular flying training course.
Flight training requirements depend on the course type.
If the applicant is the holder of an IR(H) the total amount of flight instruction may
be reduced to 10 hours, either single or multi engine.
Single-engine IR(A) course

-
50 hours instrument time under instruction of which

-
20 hours may be instrument ground time in a FNPT I, or
35 hours in a flight simulator or FNPT II, if agreed by the Authority.
Multi-engine IR(A) course

-
55 hours instrument time under instruction of which

-25 hours may be instrument ground time in a FNPT I, or
-40 hours in a flight simulator or FNPT II, if agreed by the Authority.
The remaining instrument flight instruction shall include at least 15
hours in multiengine aeroplanes.
The holder of a CPL(A) issued in accordance with ICAO may have the total
amount of training required reduced by 5 hours.
The holder of a single-engine IR(A) with a multi-engine type or class rating

wishing to obtain a multi-engine IR(A) needs at least:
-
5 hours instruction in instrument flying in multi-engine aeroplanes, of

which
-
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1.210 Skill
An IR applicant must pass a skill test on the type of aircraft he has received
instruction and wants to have the rating for. (single or multi-engine)
The administrative arrangements for confirming the applicants suitability to take

the test, will be determined by the Authority.
An applicant shall pass sections 1 through 5 of the test/check, and section 6 if a

multi-engine aeroplane is used.
If any item in a section is failed, that section is failed.
Failure in more than one section will require the applicant to take the entire test
again.
An applicant failing only one section shall take the failed section again.
Failure in any section of the re-test, including those sections that have been
passed on a previous attempt, will require the applicant to take the entire test
again.
All sections of the skill test shall be completed within six months.
Further training may be required following any failed test/check.
There is no limit to the number of skill tests that may be attempted.
complete all maneuvers with smoothness and accuracy;
successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver is never seriously in doubt.
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Height
Generally
+/- 100 feet
Starting a go-around at decision height
+ 50 feet/- 0 feet
Minimum descent height/ MAP/ altitude
+ 50 feet/- 0 feet
Tracking
on radio aids
+/- 5
Precision approach
half scale deflection, azimuth

and glide path
Heading
all engines operating
+/- 5
+/- 10
+/- 5 knots
+10 knots/-5 knots
Speed
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Contents of the skill test/proficiency check for the issue of an IR(A)
SECTION 1
Use of checklist, airmanship, anti/de-icing procedures, etc., apply in all sections.
a
Use of flight manual (or equivalent) especially a/c performance calculation, mass
and balance
Use of Air Traffic Services document, weather document
Preparation of ATC flight plan, IFR flight plan/log
Pre-flight inspection
Weather Minima
Taxiing
Pre-take off briefing. Take off
Transition to instrument flight
Instrument departure procedures, altimeter setting
ATC liaison - compliance, R/T procedures

SECTION 2
GENERAL HANDLING
Control of the aeroplane by reference solely to instruments, including: level flight

at various speeds, trim
Climbing and descending turns with sustained Rate 1 turn
Recoveries from unusual attitudes, including sustained 45 bank turns and steep
descending turns
d*
Recovery from approach to stall in level flight, climbing/descending turns and in

landing configuration
Limited panel, stabilised climb or descent at Rate 1 turn onto given headings,
recovery from unusual attitudes.
* May be performed in a Flight Simulator or FNPT II

+ May be performed in either Section 4 or Section 5
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SECTION 3
EN-ROUTE IFR PROCEDURES
a
Tracking, including interception, e.g. NDB, VOR, RNAV
Use of radio aids
Level flight, control of heading, altitude and airspeed, power setting, trim
technique
Altimeter settings
Timing and revision of ETAs (En-route hold if required)
Monitoring of flight progress, flight log, fuel usage, systems management
Ice protection procedures, simulated if necessary
ATC liaison and compliance, R/T procedures

SECTION 4
PRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURES
Setting and checking of navigational aids, identification of facilities
Arrival procedures, altimeter checks
Approach and landing briefing, including descent/approach/landing checks
d+
Holding procedure
Compliance with published approach procedure
Approach timing
Altitude, speed heading control, (stabilised approach)
h+
Go-around action
i+
Missed approach procedure / landing

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SECTION 5
NON-PRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURES
a
Setting and checking of navigational aids, identification of facilities
Arrival procedures, altimeter settings
Approach and landing briefing, including descent/approach/landing checks
d+
Holding procedure
Compliance with published approach procedure
Approach timing
Altitude, speed, heading control, (stabilised approach)
h+
Go-around action
i+
Missed approach procedure/landing

SECTION 6 (if applicable)
Simulated asymmetric flight
Simulated engine failure after take-off or on go-around
Asymmetric approach and procedural go-around
Asymmetric approach and landing, missed approach procedure

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Subpart F
Class and Type Rating
1.215 Class Ratings
Single-pilot aeroplanes not requiring a type rating are subdivided into following
classes:
All touring motor gliders
All single-engine piston aeroplanes (land)
All single-engine piston aeroplanes (sea)
Single-engine turbo-prop aeroplanes by manufacturer (land)
Single-engine turbo-prop aeroplanes by manufacturer (sea)
All multi-engine piston aeroplanes (land)
All multi-engine piston aeroplanes (sea)
Class ratings for aeroplanes will be issued according to the list of class of
aeroplanes.
In order to change to another type or variant of the aeroplane within one class
rating, differences or familiarization training is required
1.220 Type Ratings
Type ratings for aeroplanes shall be established for:
each type of multi-pilot aeroplane; or
each type of single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane fitted with turbo-prop or

turbojet engines; or
each type of single-pilot single-engine aeroplane fitted with a turbojet

engine; or
any other type of aeroplane if considered necessary.
Type ratings for aeroplanes will be issued according to the list of types of
aeroplanes.
In order to change to another variant of the aeroplane within one type rating,
differences or familiarisation training is required
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1.221 High performance single pilot aeroplanes
Certain single-pilot aeroplanes are designated as high performance aircraft

(HPA).
Additional knowledge instruction is required for this type of aeroplane if the
applicant for the type rating is not the holder of an ATPL(A) or has no theoretical
knowledge credit at ATPL(A) level.
Type of power plant;
provision and capabilities of airframe systems;
cabin pressurisation;
capabilities of navigation systems;
performance both airfield and en route;
handling characteristics
have to be considered.
Aeroplanes designated as high performance are listed within the relevant class or
type rating list using the annotation HPA
1.225 Circumstances in which type or class ratings are required
A pilot flying an aircraft must be type or class rated on that particular type or
class. This does not apply if the pilot is receiving dual instruction or is undertaking
a skill test.
When a class or type rating is issued limiting the privileges to acting as co-pilot
only, or to any other conditions agreed within JAA, such limitations shall be
endorsed on the rating.
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1.230 Special authorisation of type or class ratings
For special purpose flights, such as aircraft testing, a special authorisation may
be issued by the Authority. These authorisations are limited in validity to the
specific task and are for non-revenue flights only.
1.235 Type and class ratings Privileges, number and variants
There is no JARFCL limit to the number of ratings that may be held at one time.
JAROPS, however, may restrict the number of ratings that can be exercised at
any one time.
If the variant has not been flown within a period of 2 years following the
differences training, further differences training or a proficiency check in that
variant will be required except for types or variants within the SEP class rating.
Differences training requires additional knowledge and training on an appropriate

training device or the aeroplane.
Familiarisation training requires the acquisition of additional knowledge.
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1.240 Type and class ratings Requirements (incl. 1.250, 1.255, 1.260,
1261)
The requirements differ upon the requested rating.
Type rating for a multi-pilot type of aeroplane
Pass the ATPL theoretical knowledge examination
Complete satisfactorily a course of Multi-crew Co-ordination training (MCC),

except the MCC is included in the Type training. (Special requirements for
Type Training)
Have at least 100 hours as PIC on the category of aircraft for which the type
rating is sought.
Have a valid multi-engine instrument rating
Complete an approved training course on the aircraft type given by a TRTO

or a FTO.
Pass the written type rating examination (Pass Mark 75%)
Pass the skill test as pilot in command or as co-pilot.
Type rating for a single-pilot type of aeroplane
Complete an approved training course on the aircraft type provided by a

TRTO or a FTO.
Pass the written type rating examination (Pass mark 75%)
Pass the skill test
For multi-engine aircraft have at least 70 hours as pIC on the category of

aircraft that the type rating is sought.
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Class rating for a class of aeroplanes
An applicant for an aeroplane class rating must meet following requirements:

-
Complete an approved training course on the aeroplane class provided by a

TRTO or a FTO.
Pass the skill test
For multi engine aeroplanes have at least 70 hours as PIC of aeroplanes.
The type rating course, including theoretical knowledge, shall be completed

within the 6 months preceding the skill test.
Special requirements exist for class and type ratings contained in a licence
issued by a non-JAA State.
A valid type rating may be transferred to a JAR-FCL licence provided the

applicant is in current flying practice and has not less than 500 hours flying plus
proficiency check plus the appropriate FCL requirements.
A valid class rating may be transferred to a JAR-FCL licence provided the

applicant is in current flying practice and has not less than 100 hours flying plus
proficiency check plus the appropriate FCL requirements.
At the discretion of the Authority restrictions to aeroplanes registered in non-JAA

State, or operated by an operator of non-JAA States exist.
The restriction may be removed when the holder has completed at least 500
hours of flight as a pilot on the type/class and complied with the revalidation
requirements
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1.245 Validity, revalidation and renewal
Type ratings and multi-engine class ratings, aeroplane
Type ratings and multi-engine class ratings for aeroplanes are valid for one year
from the date of issue, or the date of expiry if revalidated within the validity
period.
Revalidation
-
a proficiency check in the relevant type or class of aeroplane within the

three months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and
at least 10 route sectors as pilot of the relevant type or class of aeroplane,

or
1 route sector as pilot of the relevant type or class of aeroplane flown with
an examiner
The revalidation of an IR(A), if held, should be combined with the

type/class rating proficiency check
Single-pilot single-engine class ratings
Single-pilot single-engine class ratings are valid for two years from the date of
issue, or the date of expiry if revalidated within the validity period.
Revalidation of all single-engine piston aeroplane class ratings (land) and all
touring motor gliders ratings must be within the three months preceding the
expiry date of the rating.
-
Pass a proficiency with an authorised examiner
within the 12 months preceding the expiry of the rating complete 12 hours
flight time in the relevant class including:
-
6 hours of pilot-in-command
12 take-offs and 12 landings; and
a training flight of at least one hours duration with a FI(A) or

CRI(A). This flight may be replaced by any other proficiency check
or skill test
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When the applicant holds both a single-engine piston aeroplane (land) class
rating and a touring motor glider rating, he may complete the requirements in
either class or in a mixture of the classes, and achieve a revalidation of both
ratings.
Single-engine turbo-prop aeroplanes (land) single-pilot
Revalidation.
For revalidation of single-engine turbo-prop (land) class ratings the applicant shall
within the three months preceding the expiry date of the rating, pass a proficiency
check with an authorised examiner on the relevant class of aeroplane.
An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check

before the expiry date of a type or class rating shall not exercise the privileges of
that rating until the proficiency check has successfully been completed.
Expired Ratings
If a type rating or multi-engine class rating has expired, the applicant shall meet
any refresher training requirements as determined by the Authority and complete
a proficiency check
If a single-pilot single-engine class rating has expired, the applicant shall
complete the skill test for issue of that class rating.
1.250 Type rating, multi-pilot - Conditions
see 1.240
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1.251 Type, class ratings for single pilot high performance aeroplanes
Conditions
An applicant for a first type or class rating for a single-pilot high performance
aeroplane (HPA) shall have:
-
at least 200 hours total flying experience and
hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of a pre-entry approved course to

be conducted by a FTO or a TRTO; or
have passed at least the ATPL(A) theoretical knowledge examinations; or
hold a valid ICAO ATPL(A) or CPL/IR with theoretical knowledge credit for
ATPL(A);
1.255 Type rating, single pilot Conditions
Experience multi-engine aeroplanes only

An applicant for a first type rating on a single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane shall
have completed at least 70 hours as pilot-in-command of aeroplanes.
1.260 Class rating Conditions
Experience multi-engine aeroplanes only

An applicant for a class rating for a single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane shall have
completed at least 70 hours as pilot-in-command of aeroplanes.
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1.261 Type and class ratings knowledge and flight instruction
Theoretical knowledge instruction and checking requirements
An applicant for a class or type rating for single- or multi-engine aeroplanes shall
have completed the required theoretical knowledge instruction and pass a skill
test.
An applicant for a single-pilot multi-engine class rating shall have completed not
less than 7 hours theoretical knowledge instruction in multi-engine aeroplane
operation.
Flight instruction
An applicant for a class/type rating for single-engine and multi-engine single-pilot
aeroplanes as well as for multi-pilot aeroplanes shall have completed an
approved course of flight instruction related to the skill test..
Multi-engine aeroplanes only.

An applicant for a single-pilot multi-engine class/type rating shall have completed:
not less than 2 hrs 30 min dual flight training under normal conditions of
multi-engine aeroplane operation, and
not less than 3 hrs 30 min dual flight training in engine failure procedures
and asymmetric flight techniques;
All courses must be approved by the Authority and shall be conducted by a FTO
or a TRTO. Training courses may also be conducted by a facility or a subcontracted facility provided by an operator or a manufacturer or, in special
circumstances, by an individually authorised instructor.
Training courses for a single-engine aeroplane class rating or touring motor glider
class rating may be conducted by an FI or a CRI.
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Multi-crew co-operation training
The course is intended for students attending an ATP integrated course or for
PPL/IR or CPL/IR holders, who wish to obtain an initial type rating on multi-pilot
aeroplanes.
The MCC course shall comprise at least 25 hours of theoretical knowledge

instruction and exercises and 20 hours of MCC training.
Students attending an ATP integrated course may have the practical training
reduced by 5 hours.
Wherever possible, the MCC training should be combined with the initial type
rating course on multi-pilot aeroplanes. In this case the practical MCC training
may be reduced to not less than 10 hours if the same flight simulator is used for
both the MCC and type rating training.
The MCC training shall be accomplished within six months within an approved
training course in an approved FTO or an approved TRTO or on an approved
training course conducted by an operator.
A FNPT II or a flight simulator shall be used.
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1.262 Type and class ratings Skill (see also 1.240)
The following matters shall be specifically checked when testing/checking

applicants for the ATPL(A) or a type rating for multi-pilot aeroplanes extending to
the duties of a pilot-in-command, irrespective of whether the applicant acts as PF
or PNF:
management of crew co-operation:
maintaining a general survey of the aeroplane operation by appropriate

supervision; and
setting priorities and making decisions in accordance with safety aspects

and relevant rules and regulations appropriate to the operational situation,
including emergencies.
The test/check should be accomplished as far as possible in simulated

commercial air transport environment under IFR. An essential element is the
ability to plan and conduct the flight from routine briefing material.
ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE
successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is never seriously in
doubt.
understand and apply crew co-ordination and incapacitation procedures, if

applicable; and
communicate effectively with the other crew members, if applicable.
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The following limits are for general guidance. The FE will make allowance for
turbulent conditions and the handling qualities and performance of the aeroplane
used.
Height
Generally
+/ - 100 feet
Starting a go-around at decision height
+ 50 feet/- 0 feet
Minimum descent height/ altitude
+ 50 feet/- 0 feet
Tracking
on radio aids
+/ - 5
Precision approach
half scale deflection,

azimuth + glide path
Heading
+/ - 5
+/ - 10
+/ - 5 knots
+10 knots/-5 knots
Speed
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Contents of the ATPL/type rating/training/skill test and proficiency check

on multi-pilot aeroplanes
Manoeuvres / Procedures
FTD,FS, A,
OTD
Section 1
1
1.1
1.2
Flight preparation
Performance Calculation
Aeroplane ext. Visual inspect; location of each item and purpose
of inspection
1.3
Cockpit inspection
1.4
Use of checklist prior to starting engines, starting procedures,

radio and navigation equipment check, selection and setting of
navigation and communication frequencies
1.5
Taxying in compliance with air traffic control or instructions of

instructor
1.6
Before take-off checks
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FTD,FS, A,
OTD
Section 2
2
Take-offs
2.1
Normal take offs with different flap settings, including expedited

take off.
2.2
Instrument take-off;
Transition to instrument flight is required during rotation or
immediately after becoming airborne.
2.3
Cross wind take-off (A, if practicable)
2.4
Take-off at maximum take-off mass (actual or simulated maximum

take-off mass)
2.5
2.5.1
Take-offs with simulated engine failure

shortly after reaching V2 or in aeroplanes which are not
certificated as transport category aeroplanes (JAR/FAR 25) or as
commuter category aeroplanes (SFAR 23), the engine failure shall
not be simulated until reaching a minimum height of 500ft above
runway end. In aeroplanes having the same performance as a
transport category aeroplane regarding take-off mass and density
altitude, th instructor may simulate the engine failure shortly after
reaching V2.
2.5.2
between V1 and V2, or
2.5.3
as close as possible after V1, when V1 and V2 or V1 and VR are

identical.
2.5.4
Rejected take-off at a reasonable speed before reaching V1,

giving due consideration to aeroplane characteristics, runway
length, surface conditions, wind direction, brake heat energy, and
any other factors that might adversely affect safety.
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FTD,FS, A,
OTD
Section 3
3
Flight Manoeuvres and Procedures
3.1
Turns with and without spoilers.
3.2
Tuck under and Mach buffets after reaching the critical Mach
number and other specific flight characteristics of the aeroplane
(e.g. Dutch Roll)
3.3
Normal operation of systems and controls engineers panel
3.4
Normal and abnormal operations of following systems
3.4.0
Engine (if necessary propeller)
3.4.1
Pressurization and air conditioning
3.4.2
Pitot / Static system
3.4.3
Fuel system
3.4.4
Electrical system
3.4.5
Hydraulic system
3.4.6
Flight control and Trimsystem
3.4.7
Anti- and de-icing system, Glare shield heating
3.4.8
Autopilot / Flight director
3.4.9
Stall warning devices or stall avoidance devices, and stability

augmentation devices
3.4.10 Ground proximity warning system Weather radar, radio altimeter,

transponder
3.4.11 Radios, navigation equipment, instruments. Flight management
system
3.4.12 Landing gear and brake
3.4.13 Slat and flap system
3.4.14 Auxiliary power unit
3.5
TCAS
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3.6
Abnormal and emergency procedures:
3.6.1
Fire drills e.g. Engine, APU, cabin, cargo compartment, flight

deck, wing and electrical fires including evacuation
3.6.2
Smoke control and removal
3.6.3
Engine failures, shut-down and restart at a safe height
3.6.4
Fuel dumping (simulated)
3.6.5
Windshear at Take off / landing
3.6.6
Simulated cabin pressure failure / Emergency descent
3.6.7
Incapacitation of flight crew member
3.6.8
Other emergency procedures as outlined in the appropriate

aeroplane Flight Manual
3.7
Steep turns with 45 bank, 180 to 360 left and right
3.8
Early recognition and counter measures on approaching stall (up

to activation of stall warning device) in take-off configuration (flaps
in take-off position), in cruising flight configuration and in landing
configuration (flaps in landing position, gear extended)
3.8.1
Recovery from full stall or after activation of stall warning device in

climb , cruise and approach configuration
3.9
Instrument flight procedures
3.9.1
Adherence to departure and arrival routes and ATC instructions
3.9.2
Holding procedures
3.9.3
ILS-approaches down to a decision height (DH) not less than 60m

(200ft)
3.9.3.1 manually without flight director

3.9.3.2 manually with fight director
3.9.3.3 automatically with autopilot
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3.9.3.4 manually, with one engine simulated inoperative; engine failure

has to be simulated during final approach from before passing the
outer marker (OM) until touchdown or through the complete
missed approach procedures.
In aeroplanes which are not certificated as transport category
aeroplanes (JAR/FAR 25) or as commuter category aeroplanes
(SFAR 23), the approach with simulated engine failure and the
ensuing go-around shall be initiated in conjunction with the NDB
or VOR approach as described in 3.9.4. The go-around shall be
initiated when reaching the published obstacle clearance height
(OCH/A), however, not later than reaching a minimum descent
height/altitude (MDH/A) of 500ft above runway threshold
elevation. In aeroplanes having the same performance as a
transport category aeroplane regarding take-off mass and density
altitude, the instructor may simulate the engine failure in
accordance with 3.9.3.4
3.9.4
NDB or VOC/LOC-approach down to the MDH/A
3.9.5
Circling approach under following conditions:
a)
approach to the authorized minimum circling approach altitude at

the aerodrome in question in accordance with the local instrument
approach facilities in simulated instrument flight conditions;
followed by:
b)
circling approach to another runway at least 90 off centreline from

final approach used in item a), at the authorised minimum circling
approach altitude;
Remark: if a) and b) are not possible due to ATC reasons a simulated low
visibility pattern may be performed
FTD,FS, A,
OTD
Section 4
4
Missed Approach Procedures
4.1
Go-around with all engines operating after an ILS approach on

reaching decision height.
4.2
Other missed approach procedures
4.3
Go-around with one engine simulated inoperative after an ILS

approach on reaching DH (see also 3.9.3.4).
4.4
Rejected landin at 15m (50ft) above runway threshold and goaround
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Section 5
FTD,FS, A,
OTD
Landings
5.1
Normal landings also after an ILS approach with transition to

visual flight on reaching DH
5.2
Landing with simulated jammed horizontal stabiliser in any out-oftrim position
5.3
Cross wind landings (a/c if practicable)
5.4
Traffic pattern and landing without extended or with partly

extended flaps and slats
5.5
Landing with critical engine simulated inoperative
5.6
Landing with two engines simulated inoperative
Aeroplanes with three engines: the centre engine and one

outboard engine as far as practicable according to data of the
AFM.
Aeroplanes wit four engines: two engines at one side
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FTD,FS, A,
OTD
Section 6
6.
Additional authorisation on a type rating for instrument

approaches down to a decision height of less than 60m (200ft)
(CAT II/III)
The following manoeuvres and procedures are the minimum
training requirements to permit instrument approaches down to a
DH of less than 60m (200ft). During the following instrument
approaches and missed approach procedures all aeroplane
equipment required for type certification of instrument approaches
down to a DH of less than 60m (200ft) shall be used.
6.1
Aborted take-off at minimum authorised RVR.
6.2
ILS Approaches
In simulated instrument flight conditions down to the applicable DH, using

flight guidance system. Standard procedures of crew co-ordination (task
sharing, call out procedures, mutual surveillance, information exchange
and support) shall be observed.
6.3
Go-around
After approaches as indicated in 6.2 on reaching DH.

The training also shall include a go-around due to (simulated) insufficient
RVR, wind shear, aeroplane deviation in excess of approach limits for a
successful approach, and ground / airborne equipment failure prior to
reaching DH and, go-round with simulated airborne equipment failure
6.4
Landing(s)
With visual reference established at DH following an instrument approach.

Depending on the specific flight guidance system, an automatic landing
shall be performed
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Subpart G
Airline Transport Pilot Licence
1.265 Minimum Age
An applicant for an ATPL(A) shall be at least 21 years of age.
An applicant or holder of an ATPL(A) shall hold a valid Class 1 medical certificate

to exercise the privileges of his licence.
An ATPL holder is entitled to

-
exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL(A), a CPL(A) and an

IR(A); and
act as pilot-in-command or co-pilot in aeroplanes engaged in air

transportation.
An applicant for an ATPL(A) shall have fulfilled the requirements for the issue of
an ATPL(A) containing a type rating for the aeroplane type used on the skill test.
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The minimum flying experience required for issue a JAA ATPL are:
1500 hours of flight time
-
100 hours of flight time may have been completed in FS and FNPT
(max25 hours)
500 hours in multi-pilot operations on JAR/FAR25 or JAR/FAR23

category,
250 hours either as pilot-in-command or at least

-
100 hours as pilot-in-command and
150 hours as co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the

pilot-in-command the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command;
200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least

-
100 hours shall be as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot performing

under the supervision of the pilot-in-command the duties and
functions of a pilot-in-command,
75 hours of instrument time of which not more than 30 hours may be

instrument ground time; and
100 hours of night flight as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot.
Holders of helicopter licences will be credited with up to 50% of the above hours
towards their ATPL (A).
Holders of a flight engineer licence will be credited with up to 50% of their flight
engineer time up to a maximum of 250 hours.
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An ATPL applicant must have completed an approved course of theoretical

or an approved organisation specialized in theoretical knowledge instruction.
The ATPL theory must be completed within a period of 18 months.
The theoretical knowledge instruction shall comprise of at least:

-
750 hours for an ATPL integrated course
650 hours for an ATPL modular course (the applicant must hold a PPL)
Holders of a CPL(A)/IR may have the theoretical instruction reduced by 350

hours.
Holders of a CPL(A) may have the theoretical instruction hours reduced by 200
hours and
holders of an IR may have the theoretical instruction hours reduced by 200 hours.
ATPL integrated course

The course shall last for between 12 and 36 months. Special arrangements may
be made with the approval of the Authority to extend the course beyond 36
months where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the
FTO.
An applicant for an ATPL(A) shall be the holder of a CPL(A), a multi-engine

instrument rating(A) and have received instruction in multi-crew co-operation
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1.295 Skill
An applicant for an ATPL(A) shall perform the skill test, as pilot in command on
an aeroplane type certificated for a minimum crew of two pilots under IFR the
procedures and manoeuvres described with a degree of competency appropriate
to the privileges granted to the holder of an ATPL(A).
The ATPL(A) skill test may serve at the same time as a skill test for the issue of
the licence and a proficiency check for the revalidation of the type rating for the
aeroplane used in the test and may be combined with the skill test for the issue of
a multi-pilot type rating.
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Subpart H
Instructor Ratings
1.300 Instruction - General
Flight Instruction for the issue of a pilot licence or rating can only be undertaken
of a person holding:
a pilot licence containing an instructor rating; or
a specific authorisation granted by a JAA Member State in cases where

new aeroplanes are introduced; or
vintage aeroplanes or aeroplanes for which no person has an instructor
rating; or
training is conducted outside JAA Member States by instructors not
holding a JARFCL licence
To undertake synthetic flight instruction a person must hold a FI, TRI, IRI, or SFI
authorisation.
1.305 Instructor ratings and authorizations - Purposes
6 instructor categories are recognised.

(a)
Flight instructor rating aeroplane (FI(A)).
(b)
Type rating instructor rating aeroplane (TRI(A)).
(c)
Class rating instructor rating aeroplane (CRI(A)).
(d)
Instrument rating instructor rating aeroplane (IRI(A)).
(e)
Synthetic flight instructor authorisation aeroplane (SFI(A)).
(f)
Multi crew Co-operation instructor Authorisation Aeroplanes (MCCI(A)).
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1.310 Instructor ratings General
All instructors shall hold at least the licence, rating and qualification for which
instruction is being given and shall be entitled to act as pilot in command during
such training.
An instructor may concurrently hold a FI, TRI, CRI, SFI and IRI or any
combination of these.
Applicants for further instructor ratings may be credited with the teaching and
learning skills already demonstrated.
1.315 Period of validity
All instructor ratings and authorisations are valid for a period of 3 years.
An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check

before the expiry date of an instructor rating shall not exercise the privileges of
that rating.
1.320 Flight Instructor rating FI(A) Minimum Age
An applicant for a flight instructor rating shall be at least 18 years.
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1.325 Restricted privileges
The privileges of a flight instructor are initially restricted due to the lack of
experience in this role. The restricted privileges apply until the instructor has:
100 hours of flight instruction time,
supervised at least 25 student solo flights, and
recommended by the supervising FI.
The restrictions are:
To undertake flight instruction under the supervision of a FI up to private

pilot level and undertake type/class rating instruction on single-engine
aircraft only.
Not to authorise first solo either by day or night
Not to authorise first solo cross country either by day or night
Not to undertake night instruction.
1.330 FI(A) Privileges and requirements
The privileges of the holder of a FI(A) rating are to conduct flight instruction for:
a)
the issue of the PPL(A) and class and type ratings for single-engine
aeroplanes. For type ratings the FI(A) must have completed at least 15
hours on the relevant type in the preceding 12 months;
(b)
the issue of a CPL(A),

The FI(A) has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot of
aeroplanes including at least 200 hours of flight instruction;
(c)
night flying,
-
A night qualification must be held,
The ability to instruct at night has been demonstrated to an FI(A)

authorised to conduct FI(A) training in accordance with JAR-FCL
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(d)
the issue of an IR(A) single / multi-engine aeroplanes,

-
At least 200 hours flight time in accordance with instrument flight

rules, of which up to 50 hours may be instrument ground time in a
flight simulator or FNPT II; and
Completed an approved course of training and passed the

appropriate skill test.
(e)
the issue of a single-pilot multi-engine type or class rating,

-
completed at least 500 hours flight time as a pilot of aeroplanes;
completed at least 30 hours as PIC on the applicable type or class

of aeroplane of which at least 10 hours shall be in the last 12
months;
completed an approved course at an approved FTO or TRTO

including at least 5 hours flight instruction on the aeroplane or a
flight simulator given by an instructor approved for this purpose
(f)
passe a skill test
the issue of a FI(A) rating, provided that the instructor:

-
has completed at least 500 hours of instruction in aeroplanes; and
has demonstrated to a FI(A) examiner the ability to instruct a FI(A)

during a skill test, and
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1.335 Pre-requisite requirements
Before starting an approved course of training for a FI(A) rating an applicant shall
have:
200 hours of flight time of which at least

-
100 hours shall be as pilot in command if holding an ATPL(A) or

CPL(A) or
150 hours as pilot-in-command if holding a PPL(A);
met the knowledge requirements for a CPL(A)
30 hours on single engine piston powered aeroplanes of which at least

-
5 hours shall have been completed during the six months

preceding the pre-entry flight test
10 hours instrument flight instruction of which

-
5 hours maximum may be instrument ground time in a FNPT or a

flight simulator;
20 hours of cross country flight as pilot-in-command,

-
including a flight not less that 540 km (300 nm) with full stop
landings at two different aerodromes; and
Undertake a pre-entry flight test within a period of six months prior to

starting the course
1.340 FI(A) Course
A FI applicant must complete an approved flight instructor course consisting of

both, theoretical knowledge and flight instruction.
The graduate from such a course will be trained to give flight instruction up to
PPL level in single-engine/single-pilot aircraft.
The flight instruction shall consist of at least 25 hours of dual instruction plus 5
hours of mutual flying (2 applicants fly together).
5 hours of the 25 hours of dual instruction may be in an instrument ground
trainer.
The skill test is not included in the total 30 hours flight instruction.
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1.345 FI(A) Skill
A FI applicant must demonstrate to an FI examiner his ability to instruct a student

pilot to PPL level. The applicant will be examined not only on his ability to fly and
instruct whilst in the aircraft. Also pre-flight, post-flight procedures and the
theoretical knowledge will be examined.
Contents of the flight instructor rating (FI(A)) skill test, oral theoretical knowledge
examination and proficiency check
SECTION 1
THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE ORAL
a
Air law
Aircraft General Knowledge
Flight Performance and Planning
Meteorology
Navigation
Operational Procedures
Principles of Flight
Training Administration
SECTIONS 2 AND 3 SELECTED MAIN EXERCISE:

SECTION 2
PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING
a
Visual Presentation
Technical Accuracy
Clarity of Explanation
Clarity of Speech
Instructional Technique
Use of Models and Aids
Student Participation
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SECTION 3
FLIGHT
a
Arrangement of Demo
Synchronisation of Speech with Demo
Correction of Faults
Aeroplane Handling
General Airmanship/Safety
Positioning, use of Airspace

SECTION 4
OTHER EXERCISES
Additional flight exercises requested by the examiner, prior to the skill test, in addition to
the main exercise covered in section 3 above
SECTION 5
MULTI-ENGINE EXERCISES
a
*Actions
following an Engine failure shortly after take-off
*A single-engine approach and go around
*A single-engine approach and landing
* These exercises shall be demonstrated at the skill test for the single-pilot multi-engine
class rating instructor rating.
SECTION 6
INSTRUMENT EXERCISES
Additional exercises requested by the examiner prior to the skill test for an instrument
instructor rating.
SECTION 7
POSTFLIGHT DE-BRIEFING
a
Visual Presentation
Technical Accuracy
Clarity of Explanation
Clarity of Speech
Use of Models and Aids
Student Participation
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1.350 FI(A) Rating issue
An applicant for a FI(A) rating must complied with the conditions specified in
JARFCL and must fulfill the requirements for the issue of a FI(A) rating.
Initial restrictions exist.
1.355 Revalidation and renewal
For revalidation of a FI(A) rating the holder shall fulfil two of the following three
requirements:
Completed at least 100 hours of flight instruction on aeroplanes as FI,

CRI, IRI or as examiner during the period of validity of the rating,
including:
-
30 hours of flight instruction within the 12 months preceding the

expiry date of the FI rating,
-
10 hours of this 30 hours shall be instruction for an IR if the

privileges to instruct for IR are to be revalidated;
Attended a FI refresher seminar as approved by the Authority, within the

validity period of the FI rating;
Passe, as a proficiency check within the 12 months preceding the expiry

date of the FI rating.
If the rating has lapsed, the applicant shall attend a FI refresher seminar and
passe a proficiency check within the last 12 months before renewal
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1.360 TRI(MPA) - Privileges
The privileges of the holder of a TRI(MPA) rating are to instruct licence holders
for the issue of a MPA type rating, and the instruction required for multi-crew cooperation
If the TRI(A) training is carried out in a flight simulator only, the TRI(A) rating will
be restricted to exclude emergency/abnormal procedure training in an aircraft. To
remove this restriction additional training will be required.
1.365 TRI(MPA) Requirements
An applicant for the initial issue of a TRI(MPA) rating shall met following
requirements:
Successfully completed an approved TRI course at an approved FTO or

TRTO
1500 hours flight time as a pilot of multi-pilot aeroplanes;
30 route sectors, as pilot-in-command or co-pilot on the applicable

aeroplane type, of which max. 15 sectors may be completed in a flight
simulator; within the last 12 month.
3 hours of flight instruction on a complete type rating course on the

applicable type of aeroplane and/or flight simulator under the supervision
and to the satisfaction of a TRI notified by the Authority for this purpose.
Extensions to further MPA types, require:

-
15 route sectors, within the preceding 12 months, including take-offs and

landings as pilot-in-command or co-pilot on the applicable aeroplane type,
of which 7 sectors may be completed in a flight simulator;
satisfactorily completed the relevant technical training content of an

approved TRI course at an approved FTO or TRTO
3 hours of flight instruction on a complete type rating course related to the

duties of a TRI(MPA under the supervision and to the satisfaction of a
TRI(A).
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1.370 TRI Revalidation and renewal
For revalidation of a TRI(MPA) rating, the applicant shall within the last 12
months conduct one of the following parts of a complete type
rating/refresher/recurrent training course:
-
one simulator session of at least 3 hours; or
one air exercise of at least 1 hour comprising a minimum of 2 take offs

and landings; or
receive TRI(A) refresher training acceptable to the Authority.
To renew a lapsed TRI rating the following is required within the 12 months
preceding the application:
-
30 route sectors, to include take-offs and landings as pilot-in-command or

co-pilot, of which 15 sectors may be completed in a flight simulator;
successfully completed the relevant parts of an approved TRI(MPA)

course, agreed by the Authority
conducted on a complete type rating course at least 3 hours of flight

instruction related to the duties of a TRI(MPA) under the supervision and
to the satisfaction of a TRI(A) notified by the Authority for this purpose.
passed a skill test
Before the privileges of the rating are extended to another type or class of
aeroplane, the holder shall within the past 12 months have completed at least 10
hours flight time on aeroplanes of the applicable class or type
1.375 CRI(SPA) - Privileges
A class rating instructor (single pilot aeroplane) may give type and class rating
instruction to current licence holders on single-pilot aeroplanes. If suitably
qualified he may instruct on single or multi-engine aeroplanes.
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1.380 CRI(SPA) Requirements
An applicant for the issue of a CRI(SPA) rating for multi-engine aeroplanes shall
have:
-
500 hours flight time as a pilot of aeroplanes;
30 hours as PIC on the applicable type or class of aeroplane, 10 hours

shall be in the last 12 months;
completed an approved including at least five hours flight instruction on

the aeroplane
passed a skill test
An applicant for the issue of a CRI(SPA) rating for single-engine aeroplanes shall
have:
-
300 hours flight time as a pilot of aeroplanes;
30 hours as PIC on the applicable type or class of aeroplane (10 hours

shall be in the last 12 months)
completed an approved course at an approved FTO or TRTO of at least

three hours flight instruction
passed a skill test
Before the privileges of the rating are extended to another type or class of
aeroplane, the holder shall within the past 12 months have completed at least 10
hours flight time on aeroplanes of the applicable class or type
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1.385 Revalidation and renewal
For revalidation of a CRI(SPA) rating the applicant shall within the 12 months
preceding the expiry date of the rating:
-
10 hours flight instruction; or
conduct refresher training, or
receive a refresher training as a CRI(A).
If the rating has lapsed, the applicant shall have within the 12 months preceding
the application:
-
received refresher training as a CRI(A), and
passed as a proficiency check
1.390 Instrument rating instructor rating (aeroplane) (IRI(A)) Privileges
An IRI is only permitted to give instruction for the issue of an instrument rating on
single or multi engine aeroplanes
1.395 IRI(A) Requirements
An IRI(A) applicant rating shall have:

-
800 hours flight time under IFR, of which at least 400 hours shall be in
aeroplanes;
successfully completed at an approved FTO an approved course

comprising theoretical knowledge instruction and at least 10 hours of flight
instruction on an aeroplane, flight simulator or FNPT II; and
passed a skill test
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1.400 IRI(A) Revalidation and renewal
For revalidation of a IRI (A) rating the holder shall fulfil two of the following three
requirements:
Completed at least 100 hours of flight instruction on aeroplanes as FI,

CRI, IRI or as examiner during the period of validity of the rating,
including:
-
30 hours of flight instruction within the 12 months preceding the

expiry date of the FI rating,
-
10 hours of this 30 hours shall be instruction for an IR if the

privileges to instruct for IR are to be revalidated;
Attended a FI refresher seminar as approved by the Authority, within the

validity period of the FI rating;
Passe, as a proficiency check within the 12 months preceding the expiry

date of the FI rating.
If the rating has lapsed, the applicant shall attend a refresher seminar and passe
a proficiency check within the last 12 months before renewal
1.405 Synthetic flight instructor authorisation (aeroplane) (SFI(A))

Privileges
A SFI is only permitted to give instruction on a flight simulator and where

applicable multi-crew co-operation instruction
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1.410 SFI(A) Requirements
An applicant for a SFI(A) authorisation shall:

-
hold or have held a professional pilot licence issued by a JAA Member

State or a non JARFCL professional licence acceptable to the Authority;
have completed the simulator content of the applicable type rating course
at an approved FTO or TRTO;
1500 hours flying experience as pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes;
have completed an approved TRI(A) course
have conducted on a complete type rating course at least 3 hours of flight

instruction related to the duties of a TRI(A)
a proficiency check within the preceding 12 month
3 route sectors as an observer on the flight deck of the applicable type

(within the preceding 12 month)
If the privileges are to be extended to further types of multi-pilot aeroplanes the

holder shall have:
-
completed the simulator content of the relevant type rating course; and

instruction related to the duties of a TRI(A) on the applicable type
1.415 SFI(A) Revalidation and renewal
To revalidate a SFI authorisation a SFI must complete the following within the last
12 months preceding the expiry date of the authorisation:
-
conduct one simulator session of at least 3 hours as part of a complete

type rating/refresher/recurrent training course and
completed a proficiency check
If the authorisation has lapsed the applicant shall have:

-
completed the simulator content of the applicable type rating course;
successfully completed an approved TRI(A) course

instruction related to the duties of a TRI(A)
completed a proficiency check
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SUBPART I EXAMINERS
1.420 Examiners Purposes
Six roles of an examiner are recognised:

(a)
Flight examiner aeroplane (FE(A)).
(b)
Type rating examiner aeroplane(TRE(A)).
(c)
Class rating examiner aeroplane(CRE(A)).
(d)
Instrument rating examiner aeroplane(IRE(A)).
(e)
Synthetic flight examiner aeroplane(SFE(A)).
(f)
Flight instructor examiner aeroplane(FIE(A)).
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SUBPART J THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS AND

PROCEDURES FOR THE CONDUCT OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
EXAMINATIONS FOR PROFESSIONAL PILOT LICENCES AND INSTRUMENT
RATINGS
1.470 Contents of theoretical knowledge examinations
An applicant for the ATPL(A) shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate

to the privileges granted in the following subjects :
-
Air Law;
Aircraft General Knowledge;
Flight Performance and Planning;
Human Performance and Limitations;
Meteorology; Navigation;
Operational Procedures;
Principles of flight;
Communications.
1.475 Questions
Each JAA Member State uses the multi-choice questions held in the Central
Question Bank. Each multi-choice question has 4 possible answers.
1.480 Examination procedure
Examination sittings are set by the individual JAA Member State. All papers must
be attempted at the first attempt except for the ATPL examinations where the
Authority may split them into 2 sittings, these 2 sittings count as single attempt.
The examinations will be provided in the language(s) considered appropriate by

the Authority.
Questions for an examination will be selected by the Authority from the CQB
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1.485 Applicants responsibility
An applicant must:
-
Take the full set of examinations in one JAR Member State, and
Provide evidence of the approved training course attended.
1.490 Pass Mark
Each examination paper has a pass mark of 75%.

A partial pass for an examination sitting will be awarded if more than 50% of the
papers are passed.
All failed papers must be re-sat in one sitting. All papers must be passed in 3
sittings. Failure to do so result in the candidate having to re-sit all the examination
papers.
A CPL applicant must have passed all the examinations within a 12 month period
this is stretched to 18 months for an ATPL applicant.
1.495 Validity period
The theoretical knowledge examinations remain valid for 36 months from first
gaining a pass or partial pass.
ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations remain valid for 7 years from last
validity date of the:
-
IR entered in the pilots CPL licence, or
Type rating entered in F/E licence.
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010-04!00!00 Air Law - Personnel Licensing Amend0

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