Tables

Table 1: Assumed preliminary data required for the analysis of the frame
Table 2: General data collection and condition assessments of building

Figures
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

List of the figures

Slab with columns
Solid Flat Slab
Coffered Flat Slab
Solid Flat Slab with Drop panels
Grid Floor System
Grid Slab Plan View
Flat Slab Plane View
Grid Slab 3-D View
Flat slab 3-D View
Grid Slab Elevatoin
Flat Slab Elevation
Grid Slab Elevation and 3-D View
Flat Slab Elevation and 3-D View
Geometry of the structure and also the sections

15

assigned
Illustrates the Equivalent static gravity and

16
17

lateral loads Applied on the structure

Illustrates the lateral static load EQX
Illustrates the use of seismic weight as mass

18

source and the mass lumped at each story level

Model load case set to calculate the mode

19

shapes
Load cases set to perform the linear static
analysis

Graphs
S.No.
1

List of the graphs

Story Drifts in X-Direction comparison for Flat

and Grid slabs

Shear force comparison for Flat and Grid slabs

for exterior columns

Shear force comparison for Flat and Grid slabs

for interior columns

Moments comparison for Flat and Grid slabs

for exterior columns

Moments comparison for Flat and Grid slabs

for interior columns

Axial forces comparison for Flat and Grid

slabs for exterior columns

Axial forces comparison for Flat and Grid

slabs for interior columns

Shear Storey in X-Direction comparison for

Flat and Grid slabs.

Lateral load in X-Direction comparison for
Flat and Grid slabs.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORY BUILDING FOR

FLAT AND GRID FLOOR SYSTEM USING ETABS

ABSTRACT
With the increase in population and development of civilization, the demand for
HOUSING is increasing at a peak rate. Especially in towns due to rapid industrialization, the
demand is very high. Adapting the construction of Multi-storeyed Building not only matches
with demand but also decreases the price of the single house.

Hence an Engineer to be knowledgeable about the planning and designing of such Multistoreyed Buildings. Advancements of computer packages have given many tools to the designer
towards achieving the best and accuracy in their work.
In our project, a G+11 Structure with flat slab and grid slab is analyzed and designed
individually for Gravity loads Lateral loads. The complete process of Modeling, Analysis of
whole structure is carried by using ETABS Packages and the designs of typical structural
elements (beam, column, and slab) are done by manually. The typical flat slab is design in SAFE
by using finite element method.
Punching shear reinforcement is an efficient method to increase not only the strength but also the
deformation capacity of flat slabs supported by columns. Especially, the increase in deformation
capacity is desired so that the load can be distributed to other supports preventing a total collapse
of the structure in the case of the occurrence of a local failure

Key words: Flat slab, Grid floor, ETABS, SAFE, pinching shear, gravity and lateral loads.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
General:
Now days, there is an increase in housing requirement with increased population and
urbanization. Therefore, building sector has gained increasing prominence. However, the fact
that the suitable lands for building/construction- especially in the areas in which people live
intensively- are limited and expensive shows that there is a necessity for optimal evaluation of
these lands. Additionally, continuously increasing prices leads to increase in building costs; so,
both dimensional and cost optimization becomes necessary and even indispensable.
When a building is projected, geometrical dimensions of elements belonging to carrier system
of the structure are usually determined by using engineering capability and experiences gained
over time. In sizing, the tensile forces to which the material to be subjected to should comply
with the specifications. In the building design, the pre-sizing details provided are generally not
changed much; sizes obtained in second or at most third solution are taken as carrier system
sizes. In fact, carrier system can be sized in infinite possibilities in a manner to ensure all the
necessary conditions; and the cost of each carrier system alternative can be different from each
other. The basic aim in the engineering is to find a design having lowest cost, and ensuring
predicted limitations.
Flat slab
Flat slabs system of construction is one in which the beams used in the conventional
methods of constructions are done away with. The slab directly rests on the column and load
from the slab is directly transferred to the columns and then to the foundation. To support heavy
loads the thickness of slab near the support with the column is increased and these are called
drops, or columns are generally provided with enlarged heads called column heads or capitals.
Absence of beam gives a plain ceiling, thus giving better architectural appearance and also less
vulnerability in case of fire than in usual cases where beams are used.

Basic definition of flat slab

In general normal frame construction utilizes columns, slabs & Beams. However it may
be possible to undertake construction without providing beams, in such a case the frame system
would consist of slab and column without beams. These types of Slabs are called flat slab, since
their behavior resembles the bending of flat plates.
A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams

Fig: 1.1 slabs with columns

COMPONENTS OF FLAT SLABS
DROPS To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the contact of slab and column
Support, the drop dimension should not be less than one -third of panel length in t hat direction.
COLUMN HEADS Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the
column at the support. To resist this negative moment the area at the support needs to be
increased .this is facilitated by providing column capital/heads.
Flat slabs are appropriate for most floor situations and also for irregular column layouts,
curved floor shapes, ramps etc. The benefits of choosing flat slabs include a minimum depth
solution, speed of construction, flexibility in the plan layout (both in terms of the shape and
column layout), a flat soffit (clean finishes and freedom of layout of services) and scope and
space for the use of flying forms.
The flexibility of flat slab construction can lead to high economy and yet allow the
architect great freedom of form.

Examples are; solid flat slab, solid flat slab with drop panel, solid flat slab with column
head, coffered flat slab, coffered flat slab with solid panels, banded coffered flat slab.

Fig: 1.2 Solid Flat Slab

Fig: 1.3 Coffered Flat Slab

Fig: 1.4 Solid Flat slab with Drop Panels

A flat slab is a flat section of concrete. These slabs are classically used in foundations,
although they can also be used in the construction of roadways, paths, and other structures.
Depending on the size and complexity of a flat slab, it may need to be designed by an engineer
who is familiar with the limitations and needs of slabs, or it may be possible for a handy do it
yourself to make one in an afternoon for a simple project.
Typically, a flat slab is made with reinforced concrete, in which rebar is criss-crossed in
the forms to provide support and reinforcement once the concrete is poured and hardened. The
slab design is designed to be reinforced in several directions so that it can withstand stresses such
as shifting ground, earthquakes, frost, and so forth. Failure to fully reinforce a flat slab can cause
it to crack or give along weak lines in the concrete, which will in turn cause instability.
For some sites, a flat slab is poured in situ. In this case, the site is prepared, forms for the
concrete are set up, and the reinforcing rebar or other materials are laid down. Then, the concrete

is mixed, poured, and allowed to cure before moving on to the next stage of construction. The
time required can vary considerably, with size being a major factor; the bigger the slab, the more
complex reinforcement needs can get, which in turn adds to the amount of time required for set
up. Once poured, the slab also has to be examined and tested to confirm that the pour was good,
without air pockets or other problems which could contribute to a decline in quality.
In other cases, a flat slab may be prefabricated off site and transported to a site when it is
needed. This may be done when conditions at the site do not facilitate an easy pour, or when the
conditions for the slab's construction need to be carefully controlled. Transportation of the slab
can be a challenge if it is especially large. Barges, cranes, and flatbed trucks may be required to
successfully move it from the fabrication site to the site of the installation.
The flat slab foundation is not without problems. It can settle on uneven ground, allowing
the structure to settle as well, for example, and during seismic activity, a slab foundation cannot
hold up if the soils are subject to liquefaction. A flat slab can also become a major source of
energy inefficiency, as structures tend to lose heat through the concrete.
Advantages of flat-slab reinforced concrete structures are widely known but there are also
known the disadvantages concerning their earthquake resistance. It is remarkable that both Greek
codes, Reinforced Concrete Code and Seismic Code do not forbid the use of such structural
systems however both Codes provide specific compliance criteria in order such structures to be
acceptable. The advantages of these systems are:
The ease of the construction of formwork.
The ease of placement of flexural reinforcement.
The ease of casting concrete
The free space for water, air pipes, etc between slab and a possible furred ceiling.
The free placing of walls in ground plan.
The use of cost effective pressurising methods for long spans in order to reduce slab
thickness and deflections as also the time needed to remove the formwork.
The reduction of building height in multi-storey structures by saving one storey height in
every six storeys thanks to the elimination of the beam height.
These structural systems seem to attract global interest due to their advantages mainly in
countries in which the seismicity is low. The application of flat-slab structures is restrained due

to the belief that such structures are susceptible to seismic actions. Moreover, it is known that in
Central America, at the beginning of 1960s, flat-slab structures displayed serious problems
during earthquake actions.
GRID SLAB
Grid floor systems consisting of beams spaced at regular interval in perpendicular
directions, monolithic with slab. They are generally employed for architectural reasons for large
rooms such as auditoriums, theatre halls, show rooms of shop where column free spaced void
formed in the ceiling is advantageously utilized for concealed architectural lighting. The sizes of
the beam running in perpendicular directions are generally kept the same. Instead of rectangular
beam grid, a diagonal.

Fig: 1.1 Grid floor systems

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this study is to identify various parameters that affected the
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORY BUILDING FOR FLAT AND GRID FLOOR
SYSTEM USING ETABS. The ETABS stands for extended 3D (Three-Dimensional) Analysis of
Building Systems. This is based on the stiffness matrix and finite element based software. The
analysis and design is done to satisfy all the checks as per Indian standards. Finally data base is
prepared for various structural responses.
SCOPE OF WORK
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORY BUILDING FOR FLAT AND GRID
FLOOR SYSTEM USING ETABS. The structure is analyzed for both gravity and lateral loads
(seismic and wind load). The individual structural elements are designed for worst load
combinations.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
BASKARAN (2007) has worked on irregular flat slabs designed according to structural
membrane approach. Flat slabs are less labor intensive, simplify the installation of services and
can accommodate more floors within restricted heights. However, the span influencing their
design is the longest and they require more steel compared to two-way slabs. Other drawbacks of
flat slabs are vulnerability to punching shear failure and higher deflections. To avoid punching
shear failure drop panels, column heads or shear reinforcement are used. If span in flat slabs is
reduced then both deflection and punching shear problems can be avoided. However, architects
prefer to have few exposed columns in usable areas. This inevitably leads to columns in an
irregular layout, hidden inside partitions or walls. Flat slab construction with columns in an

irregular layout is a viable solution in constructing buildings that satisfy their functional
requirements in urban environments.
Hisabe has worked on Fatigue Life Extension of Damaged RC Slabs by Strengthening with
Carbon Fiber Sheets Attaching Method. A series of wheel trucking fatigue tests were conducted
on the intentionally damaged reinforced concrete slabs of highway bridges strengthened with
carbon fiber sheets attached by the grid bonding method. As a result of this experiment, it was
found that grid-bonding method where carbon fiber sheets were bonded with intervals on the
bottom surface of concrete decks was roughly 10 times higher than that of a non-strengthened
RC slab, and there was no problem in adhesiveness in grid bonding parts.
Graf (1992) has worked on analysis and testing of a flat slab concrete building. A 14-storey
reinforced concrete flat slab concrete building in southern California was assessed for earthquake
risk. The mid-1960s design uses frame action between the slab and columns for lateral
resistance. Unlike other flat slab buildings damaged in past earthquakes, this building has large,
deep, pyramid-shaped drop panel to reinforce the critical slab-column joint. Preliminary linear
analysis identified probable structural weakness and seismic demands on structure, but the
earthquake performance of the drop panel could not assessed. Testes at the university of
California, Gerkelty campus investigated the ductility of the slab-column connection, and
provided data for analytical model refinement. Results showed stiffness degradation as excepted,
but loss of strength with in anticipated maximum drifts was negligible.
George has worked on applications of flat-slab r/c structures in seismic regions. It is known that
the Greek codes allow flat-slab structural systems, however they provide specific compliance
criteria. In the present study an extended parametric investigation was carried out in order to
identify the seismic response of structural systems consisting of a) slabs-columns b) columnsparametric beams c) columns shear walls-slabs d) columns-shear walls-slabs and parametric
beams. The aforementioned systems were studied for all possible storey heights in Greece by
means of F.E.M. Code SAP2000 ver.9. The compliance criteria provided by the Greek Code for
earthquake resistance are related to second order effects, torsion flexibility, capacity design and
the sensitivity of masonry infill. Conclusions were extracted concerning the number of storey
which can be applied to each case.

Altug (2004) has worked on Fragilityanaly sis of flat-slab structures. Flat-slab RC buildings
exhibit several advantages over conventional moment-resisting frames. However, the structural
effectiveness of flat-slab construction is hindered by its alleged inferior performance under
earthquake loading. Although flat-slab systems are widely used in earthquake prone regions of
the world, fragility curves for this type of construction are not available in the literature. This
study focuses on the derivation of such fragility curves using medium-rise flat-slab buildings
with masonry infill walls. The study employ ed a set of earthquake records compatible with the
design spectrum selected to represent the variability in ground motion. Inelastic response-history
analysis was used to analyze the random sample of structures subjected to the suite of records
scaled in terms of displacement spectral ordinates, whilst monitoring four performance limit
states. The fragility curves developed from this study were compared with the fragility curves
derived for moment-resisting RC frames. The study concluded that earthquake losses for flat-slab
structures are in the same range as for moment-resisting frames. Differences, however, exist. The
study also showed that the differences were justifiable in terms of structural response
characteristics of the two structural forms.
Porco (2013) has worked on About the Reliability of Punching Verifications in Reinforced
Concrete Flat Slabs. Abstract: Reinforced concrete slabs are a widely diffused structural solution
either in Italy, or abroad; this for a series of advantages connected to their structural conception
and their performances. However, this series of advantages is obtained as a result of proper
design, especially oriented to appropriately sizing the thickness of the plate itself. Moreover, for
flat structures with concentrated loads, as the case of flat slabs on punctual supports,
phenomenon of punching can't be neglected, as it inevitably affects the structure and so it must
be taken into account even in the early stages of the project. In this paper an attempt to evaluate
the reliability of punching verifications has been made, referring to some in force regulations;
this has been possible making a comparison between the mean resisting values of punching,
obtained applying law prescription and the real collapse load for some columns belonging to a
building that collapsed during the early stages of its construction. For the specific case study
analyzed, there has been the opportunity to perform an on-site investigation, collecting a great
amount of information regarding the mechanical properties of the used materials, the real
positioning of the rebar in the structural elements, the real amount of concrete cover and so on.
Since in a punching failure mechanism a crucial element is the resistance of the concrete, the

precise definition of its properties attains great importance, especially when existing buildings
are involved.
Fayazuddin (2012) has worked on Comparative Analysis of Flat Plate Multistoried Frames With
and Without Shear Walls under Wind Loads. AbstractFlat plate is the term used for a slab
system without any column flares or drop panels. Although column patterns are usually on a
rectangular grid, flat plates can be used with irregularly spaced column layouts. In flat plate
loads directly to supporting columns, which is different from other two way systems by the lack
of beams, column capitals, and drop panels? In tall multistoried structures the flat plate floor
system has week resistance to lateral loads like wind, hence special features like shear walls,
structural Walls are to be provided if they are to be used in High rise constructions. In the present
investigation numerical studies for 20,40,60,80 storied for frames with normal conventional
beam supported slab system, flat plate floor system, flat plate floor system with Shear walls has
been conducted. A Comparison the Critical Column Axial Forces, Column moments, Lateral
Drift (in mm) due to static and wind loads on the structures located at Hyderabad at a basic wind
speed of 44 m/s has been observed during analysis.
Sandesh (2012) has worked on Dynamic Analysis of Special Moment Resisting Frame Building
with Flat Slab and Grid Slab. A popular form of concrete building construction uses a flat
concrete slab (without beams) as the floor system. This system is very simple to construct, and is
efficient in that it requires the minimum building height for a given number of stories.
Unfortunately, earthquake experience has proved that this form of construction is vulnerable to
failure, when not designed and detailed properly, in which the thin concrete slab fractures around
the supporting columns and drops downward, leading potentially to a complete progressive
collapse of a building as one floor cascades down onto the floors below. Grid floor system
consisting of beam spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular directions, monolithic with
slab .They are generally employed for architectural reasons for large room such as, auditoriums,
theaters halls, show room of shops. Analysis and Design of flat slabs are still the active areas of
research and there is still no general agreement on the best design procedure. The present day
Indian Standards Codes of Practice outline design procedures only for slabs with regular
geometry and layout. But in recent times, due to space crunch, height limitations and other

factors, deviations from a geometry and regular layout are becoming quite common. Also
behavior and response of flat slabs during earthquake is a big question.
Kiran (2013) has worked on Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab with Drop Panel.
In this present study optimum design of reinforced concrete flat slab with drop panel according
to the Indian code (IS 456-2000) is presented. The objective function is the total cost of the
structure including the cost of slab and columns. The cost of each structural element covers that
of material and labor for reinforcement, concrete and formwork. The structure is modeled and
analyzed using the direct design method. The optimization process is done for different grade of
concrete and steel. The comparative results for different grade of concrete and steel is presented
in tabulated form. Optimization for reinforced concrete flat slab buildings is illustrated and the
results of the optimum and conventional design procedures are compared. The model is analysed
and design by using MATLAB software. Optimization is formulated is in nonlinear
programming problem (NLPP) by using sequential unconstrained minimization technique
(SUMT).
Viswanathan (2012) has worked on Shear stress distribution of flat-plate using Finite Element
Analysis. The development of a linear numerical model of flat-plate to predict shear stress
distribution around slab column connection is presented in this paper. An attempt is made to
model the slab, flexural reinforcement and shear reinforcement using three dimensional solid
elements. The proposed finite element model has been proved to be capable of simulating the
shear behavior of slab-column connection and to be suitable for analysis of structural
performance of flat plate structures. Numerical results obtained from this model have good
agreement with the available results of other researchers numerical model with one dimensional
rebar element.
Sable (2012) has worked on Comparative Study of Seismic Behavior of Multistory Flat Slab and
Conventional Reinforced Concrete Framed Structures. Tall commercial buildings are primarily a
response to the demand by business activities to be as close to each other, and to the city centre
as possible, thereby putting intense pressure on the available land space. Structures with a large
degree of indeterminacy is superior to one with less indeterminacy, because of more members
are monolithically connected to each other and if yielding takes place in any one of them, then a
redistribution of forces takes place. Therefore it is necessary to analyze seismic behavior of

building for different heights to see what changes are going to occur if the height of conventional
building and flat slab building changes.
Kandale(2013) has worked on Comparative study of Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Flat Slab
and RCC Flat Slab A simple prestressed flat slab is generally supported by a network of columns
without beam. The design of a typical simple flat slab involves the analysis of moments in the
two principal directions so that cables may be arranged to resist these moments. The slab is
analyzed as a one way slab and the total number of cables required to resist the moments in each
of the two principal directions are determined. The column strips being stiffer than the middle
strips, greater percentage of the tendons are housed in the column strips. The proportioning of the
tendons between the column and middle strips may be based on the provision of codes, such as
IS: 456 and BS: 8110, where column strips share a higher proportion of the total moment. Since
it is not generally possible to vary the spacing of cables for positive and negative moments in
either the column or the middle strips, the total number of cables required in any direction is
apportioned in the ratio of 65 and 35 percent between the column and middle strips.
Gupta(2012) has worked on Seismic Behaviors of Buildings Having Flat Slabs with drops.
As flat slab building structures are significantly more flexible than traditional concrete
frame/wall or frame structures, thus becoming more vulnerable to seismic loading. Therefore, the
characteristics of the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings suggest that additional measures for
guiding the conception and design of these structures in seismic regions are needed. To improve
the performance of building having flat slabs under seismic loading, provision of part shear walls
is proposed in the present work. The object of the present work is to compare the behavior of
multi-storey buildings having flat slabs with drops with that of having two way slabs with beams
and to study the effect of part shear walls on the performance of these two types of buildings
under seismic forces. Present work provides a good source of information onthe parameters
lateral displacement and storey drift.
Sathawane has worked on Analysis and Design of Flat Slab and Grid Slab And Their Cost
Comparison.The FLAT slab system of construction is one in which the beam is used in the
conventional methods of construction done away with the directly rests on column and the load
from the slabs is directly transferred to the columns and then to the foundation. Drops or

columns are generally provided with column heads or capitals. Grid floor systems consisting of
beams spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular directions, monolithic with slab. They are
generally employed for architectural reasons for large rooms such as auditoriums, vestibules,
theatre halls, show rooms of shops where column free space is often the main requirement. The
aimof the project is to determine the most economical slab between flat slab with drop, Flat slab
without drop and grid slab. The proposed construction site is Nexus point apposite to
VidhanBhavan and beside NMC office, Nagpur. The total length of slab is31.38 m and width is
27.22 m. total area of slab is 854.16 sqm. It is designed by using M35 Grade concrete and Fe415
steel. Analysisof the flat slab and grid slab has been done both manually by IS 456-2000 and by
using software also. Flat slab and Grid slab hasbeen analyzed by STAAD PRO. Rates have been
taken according to N.M.C. C.S.RIt is observed that the FLAT slab with drop is more economical
than Flat slab without drop and Grid slabs.
NGUYEN-MINH has worked on punching shear resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete flat
slabsthis paper deals with behavior and capacity of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) flat
slabs under punching shear force. A total of twelve small-scale flat slabs of different dimensions
that consisted of nine SFRC and three control steel reinforced concrete (SRC) ones were tested.
Effect of steel fibers amount on punching shear cracking behavior and resistance of the slabs was
investigated. The results show a significant increase of the punching shear capacity and
considerable improvement of cracking behavior as well as good integrity of column-slab
connection of the slabs with fibers. The slabs without fibers failed suddenly in very brittle
manner, while, the fiber reinforced ones collapsed in more ductile type. At serviceability limit
state, a strong reduction of average crack width up to approximately 70.8% of the SFRC slabs in
comparison with SRC ones was observed. In addition, based on experimental data obtained from
the authors study and literature, the paper performed an evaluation of accuracy of existing
models and formulas in previous studies that used to predict punching shear resistance of SFRC
slabs. The results from the evaluation show that the existing formulas gave inaccurate results
with a large scatter in comparison with the testing results, and thus, a new formula should be
proposed for more accurate estimation of punching shear resistance of SFRC slabs.

CHAPTER-3
METHODLOGY

INTRODUCTION

An earthquake is a sudden tremor or movement of the earths crust, which originates

naturally at or below the surface. The word natural is important here, since it excludes shock
waves caused by nuclear test, man-made explosions, etc. About 90% of all the earthquakes
results from tectonic events, primarily movements on the faults. The remaining is related to
volcanism, collapse of subterranean cavities or manmade effects. Tectonic earthquakes are
triggered when the accumulated strain exceeds the shearing strength of the rocks.

The destruction an earthquake causes depends on its magnitude and duration, or the
amount of shaking that occurs. A structures design and the materials used in its construction also
effects the amount of damage the structure incurs. Earthquake varies from small, imperceptible
shaking to large shocks felt over thousands of kilometers. Earthquake can deform the ground,
make buildings and other structures collapse, and create tsunamis (large sea waves). Lives may
be lost in the resulting destruction.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE

Structures on the earth are generally subjected to two types of loads i.e.; STATIC AND
DYNAMIC. Static loads are constant with time while dynamic loads are time varying. In
general, the majority of Civil Engineering structures are designed with the assumptions that all
applied loads are static. The effects of dynamic load are not considered because the structure is
rarely subjected to dynamic loads; more so, its consideration in the analysis makes the solution
more complicated and time consuming. This feature of neglecting the dynamic forces may
sometimes become the cause of disaster, particularly in case of earthquake.
Nowadays there is a growing interest in the process of designing Civil Engineering structures
capable to withstand dynamic loads, particularly, earthquake induced loads.
STATIC AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM:
The basic equation of static equilibrium under displacement method of analysis is given by,
F(ext)=ky
Where, F(ext) is the external applied static force
k is the stiffness resistance and
y is the resulting displacement
The resisting force (ky) resists the applied force , F(ext).

Now, if the applied static force changes to dynamic force or time varying force the equation of
static equilibrium becomes one of the dynamic equilibrium and has the form
F(T)=my+cy+ky
Where, my is the inertia forces acting in the direction opposite to that of the seismic
motion applied to the base of the structure, whose magnitude is the mass of the

structure times

its acceleration.
cy is the damping force acting in a direction opposite to that of seismic motion.
ky is the restoring force.
Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution to
different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral load resisting elements
The dynamic force may be an earthquake force resulting from rapid movement along the plane
of faults within the earth crust. This sudden movement of the faults releases great energy in the
form of seismic waves, which are transmitted to the structure through their foundation, and
causes motion in the structure. These motions are complex in nature and induced abrupt
horizontal and vertical oscillations in structure, which result accelerations, velocity and
displacement in the structure. The induced accelerations generate inertial forces in the structure,
which are proportional to acceleration of the mass and acting opposite to the ground motion.
The energy produced in the structure by the ground motion is dissipated through internal friction
within the structural and non-structural members. This dissipation of energy is called damping.
The restoring forces in the structure is proportional to the deformation induced in the structure
during the seismic excitation. The constant of proportionality is referred as stiffness of structure.
INERTIA FORCES IN STRUCTURES
Earthquake causes shaking of the ground. So a building resting on it will experience motion at its
base. From Newtons First Law of Motion, even though the base of the building moves with the
ground, the roof has a tendency to stay in its original position. But since the walls and columns

are connected to it, they drag the roof along with them. This is much like the situation that you
are faced with when the bus you are standing in suddenly starts; your feet move with the bus,but
your upper body tends to stay back making you fallbackwards!! This tendency to continue to
remain in the previous position is known as inertia. In the building, since the walls or columns
are flexible, the motion of the roof is different from that of the ground (Figure 1).

Consider a building whose roof is supported on columns (Figure 2). Coming back to the
analogy of yourself on the bus: when the bus suddenly starts, you are thrown backwards as if
someone has applied a force on the upper body. Similarly, when the ground moves, even the
building is thrown backwards, and the roof experiences a force, called inertia force. If the roof
has a mass M and experiences an acceleration a, then from Newtons Second Law of Motion, the
inertia force FI is mass M times acceleration a, and its direction is opposite to that of the
acceleration. Clearly, more mass means higher inertia force. Therefore, lighter buildings sustain
the earthquake shaking better.

EFFECT OF DEFORMATIONS IN STRUCTURES:

The inertia force experienced by the roof is transferred to the ground via the columns,
causing forces in columns. These forces generated in the columns can also be understood in
another way. During earthquake shaking, the columns undergo relative movement between their
ends. In Figure 2, this movement is shown as quantity u between the roof and the ground. But,
given a free option, columns would like to come back to the straight vertical position, i.e.,
columns resist deformations. In the straight vertical position, the columns carry no horizontal
earthquake force through them. But, when forced to bend, they develop internal forces. The
larger is the relative horizontal displacement U between the top and bottom of the column, the
larger this internal force in columns. Also, the stiffer the columns are (i.e., bigger is the column
size), larger is this force. For this reason, these internal forces in the columns are called stiffness
forces. In fact, the stiffness force in a column is the column stiffness times the relative
displacement between its ends.
FLOW OF INERTIA FORCES TO FOUNDATION:
Under horizontal shaking of the ground, horizontal inertia forces are generated at level of
the mass of the structure (usually situated at the floor levels). These lateral inertia forces are
transferred by the floor slab to the walls or columns, to the foundations, and finally to the soil
system underneath (Figure 4).

So, each of these structural elements (floor slabs, walls, columns, and foundations) and
the connections between them must be designed to safely transfer these inertia forces through
them. Walls or columns are the most critical elements in transferring the inertia forces. But, in
traditional construction, floor slabs and beams receive more care and attention during design and
construction, than walls and columns. Walls are relatively thin and often made of brittle material
like masonry. They are poor in carrying horizontal earthquake inertia forces along the direction
of their thickness. Failures of masonry walls have been observed in many earthquakes in the
past. Similarly, poorly designed and constructed reinforced concrete columns can be disastrous.

HOW BUILDINGS TWIST DURING EARTHQUAKES

WHY A BUILDING TWISTS:
In your childhood, you must have sat on a rope swing - a wooden cradle tied with coir
ropes to the sturdy branch of an old tree. Consider a rope swing that is tied identically with two
equal ropes. It swings equally, when you sit in the middle of the cradle. Buildings too are like
these rope swings; just that they are inverted swings (Figure 1). The vertical walls and columns
are like the ropes, and the floor is like the cradle. Buildings vibrate back and forth during
earthquakes. Buildings with more than one storey are like rope swings with more than one
cradle.

Again, let us go back to the rope swings on the tree: if you sit at one end of the cradle, it twists
(i.e., moves more on the side you are sitting). This also happens\ sometimes when more of your
friends bunch together and sit on one side of the swing. Likewise, if the mass on the floor of a
building is more on one side (for instance, one side of a building may have a storage or a
library), then that side of the building moves more underground movement (Figure 3). This
building moves such that its floors displace horizontally as well as rotate.

Similarly, in buildings with unequal vertical members (i.e., columns and/or walls) also
the floors twist about a vertical axis (Figure 4b) and displace horizontally. Likewise, buildings,
which have walls only on two sides (or one side) and thin columns along the other, twist when
shaken at the ground level (Figure 4c). Buildings that are irregular shapes in plan tend to twist
under earthquake shaking. For example, in a propped overhanging building

(Figure 5),the overhanging portion swings on the relatively slender columns under it.

EFFECT OF TWIST TO BUILDING MEMBERS:

Twist in buildings, called torsion by engineers, makes different portions at the same floor level to
move horizontally by different amounts. This induces more damage in the columns and walls on
the side that moves more (Figure 6). Many buildings have been severely affected by this
excessive torsional behaviour during past earthquakes. It is best to minimize (if not completely
avoid) this twist by ensuring that buildings have symmetry in plan (i.e., uniformly distributed
mass and uniformly placed vertical members). If this twist cannot be avoided, special
calculations need to be done to account for this additional shear forces in the design of buildings;
the Indian seismic code (IS 1893, 2002) has provisions for such calculations. But, for sure,
buildings with twist will perform poorly during strong earthquake shaking.

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS:
The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged even
during the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust and also too expensive.
Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant; such buildings resist
the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but would not collapse
during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and contents is assured in earthquakeresistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is a major objective of seismic design
codes throughout the world.
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY:
The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:
(a) Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical and
horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may
sustain repairable damage.
(b) Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable damage,
while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even have to be
replaced after the earthquake; and
(c) Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable)
damage, but the building should not collapse.

The consequences of damage have to be kept in view in the design philosophy. For example,
important buildings, like hospitals and fire stations, play a critical role in post-earthquake
activities and must remain functional immediately after the earthquake. These structures must
sustain very little damage and should be designed for a higher level of earthquake protection.
Collapse of dams during earthquakes can cause flooding in the downstream reaches, which itself
can be a secondary disaster. Therefore, dams (and similarly, nuclear power plants) should be
designed for still higher level of earthquake motion.
Earthquake-resistant buildings, particularly their main elements, need to be built with ductility in
them. Such buildings have the ability to sway back-and-forth during an earthquake, and to
withstand earthquake effects with some damage, but without collapse. Ductility is one of the
most important factors affecting the building performance. Thus, earthquake-resistant design
strives to predetermine the locations where damage takes place and then to provide good
detailing at these locations to ensure ductile behaviour of the building.
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS:
For example, consider the common urban residential apartment construction the multi-storey
building made of reinforced concrete. It consists of horizontal and vertical members, namely
beams and columns. The seismic inertia forces generated at its floor levels are transferred
through the various beams and columns to the ground. The correct building components need to
be made ductile. The failure of a column can affect the stability of the whole building, but the
failure of a beam causes localized effect. Therefore, it is better to make beams to be the ductile
weak links than columns. This method of designing RC buildings is called the strong column
weak-beam design method (Figure 4).

By using the routine design codes (meant for design against non-earthquake effects), designers
may not be able to achieve a ductile structure. Special design provisions are required to help
designers improve the ductility of the structure. Such provisions are usually put together in the
form of a special seismic design code, e.g., IS 13920-1993 for RC structures. These codes also
ensure that adequate ductility is provided in the members where damage is expected.

EARTHQUAKE EFFECT ON RC BUILDING:

A typical RC building is made of horizontal members (beams and slabs) and vertical members
(columns and walls), and supported by foundations that rest on ground. The system comprising
of RC columns and connecting beams is called a RC Frame. The RC frame participates in
resisting the earthquake forces. Earthquake shaking generates inertia forces in the building,
which are proportional to the building mass. Since most of the building mass is present at floor
levels, earthquake-induced inertia forces primarily develop at the floor levels. These forces travel
downwards - through slab and beams to columns and walls, and then to the foundations from
where they are dispersed to the ground. As inertia forces accumulate downwards from the top of
the building, the columns and walls at lower storeys experience higher earthquake-induced
forces (Figure 1) and are therefore designed to be stronger than those in storeys above.

Floor slabs are horizontal plate-like elements, which facilitate functional use of buildings.
Usually, beams and slabs at one storey level are cast together. In residential multi-storey
buildings, thickness of slabs is only about 110-150mm. When beams bend in the vertical
direction during earthquakes, these thin slabs bend along with them (Figure 2a). And, when
beams move with columns in the horizontal direction, the slab usually forces the beams to move
together with it. In most buildings, the geometric distortion of the slab is negligible in the
horizontal plane; this behaviour is known as the rigid diaphragm action (Figure 2b).

After columns and floors in a RC building are cast and the concrete hardens, vertical spaces
between columns and floors are usually filled-in with masonry walls to demarcate a floor area
into functional spaces (rooms). Normally, these masonry walls, also called infill walls, are not
connected to surrounding RC columns and beams. When columns receive horizontal forces at
floor levels, they try to move in the horizontal direction, but masonry walls tend to resist this
movement. Due to their heavy weight and thickness, these walls attract rather large horizontal
forces (Figure 3).

However, since masonry is a brittle material, these walls develop cracks once their ability to
carry horizontal load is exceeded. Thus, infill walls act like sacrificial fuses in buildings; they
develop cracks under severe ground shaking but help share the load of the beams and columns
until cracking. Earthquake performance of infill walls is enhanced by mortars of good strength,
making proper masonry courses, and proper packing of gaps between RC frame and masonry
infill walls.

HORIZONTAL EARTHQUAKE EFFECT:

Gravity loading (due to self weight and contents) on buildings causes RC frames to bend
resulting in stretching and shortening at various locations. Tension is generated at surfaces that
stretch and compression at those that shorten (Figure 4b). Under gravity loads, tension in the
beams is at the bottom surface of the beam in the central location and is at the top surface at the
ends. On the other hand, earthquake loading causes tension on beam and column faces at

locations different from those under gravity loading (Figure 4c); the relative levels of this tension
(in technical terms, bending moment) generated in members are shown in Figure 4d. The level of
bending moment due to earthquake loading depends on severity of shaking and can exceed that
due to gravity loading. Thus, under strong earthquake shaking, the beam ends can develop
tension on either of the top and bottom faces. Since concrete cannot carry this tension, steel bars
are required on both faces of beams to resist reversals of bending moment. Similarly, steel bars
are required on all faces of columns too.

STRENGTH HIERARCHY:
For a building to remain safe during earthquake shaking, columns (which receive forces from
beams) should be stronger than beams, and foundations (which receive forces from columns)
should be stronger than columns. Further, connections between beams & columns and columns
& foundations should not fail so that beams can safely transfer forces to columns and columns to
foundations.

INDIAN SEISMIC DESIGN CODES

IMPORTANCE OF SEISMIC DESIGN CODES:
Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause forces and deformations in structures.
Structures need to be designed to withstand such forces and deformations. Seismic codes help to
improve the behaviour of structures so that they may withstand the earthquake effects without
significant loss of life and property. Countries around the world have procedures outlined in
seismic codes to help design engineers in the planning, designing, detailing and constructing of
structures. An earthquake resistant building has four virtues in it, namely:
(a) Good Structural Configuration: Its size, shape and structural system carrying loads are such
that they ensure a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to
the ground.
(b) Lateral Strength: The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that it can resist is such that the
damage induced in it does not result in collapse.
(c) Adequate Stiffness: Its lateral load resisting system is such that the earthquake induced
deformations in it do not damage its contents under low-to moderate shaking.
(d) Good Ductility: Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe earthquake shaking
even after yielding, is improved by favourable design and detailing strategies. Seismic codes
cover all these aspects.

INDIAN SEISMIC CODES:

Seismic codes are unique to a particular region or country. They take into account the local
seismology, accepted level of seismic risk, building typologies, and materials and methods used
in construction. Further, they are indicative of the level of progress a country has made in the
field of earthquake engineering.
The first formal seismic code in India, namely IS 1893, was published in 1962. Today, the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has the following seismic codes:
IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
(5th Revision)
IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design and
Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision)
IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen
Buildings
IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low
Strength Masonry Buildings
IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
IS 13935, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings
The regulations in these standards do not ensure that structures suffer no damage during
earthquake of all magnitudes. But, to the extent possible, they ensure that structures are able to
respond to earthquake shakings of moderate intensities without structural damage and of heavy
intensities without total collapse.

IS 1893:
IS 1893 is the main code that provides the seismic zone map (Figure 1) and specifies
seismic design force. This force depends on the mass and seismic coefficient of the structure; the
latter in turn depends on properties like seismic zone in which structure lies, importance of the
structure, its stiffness, the soil on which it rests, and its ductility.

CHAPTER-IV
CASE STUDY

The Layout of plan having 4X4 . The buildings considered are Reinforced concrete ordinary
moment resisting space frames of 11storey symmetric . Stiffness of the infill is neglected in order
to account the Nonlinear Behavior of Seismic demands. All these buildings has been analyzed by
Seismic coefficient method. The storey height is kept uniform of 3m for all kind of building
models which are as below. The analysis illustrates the step-by-step procedure for determination
of forces.
Table 4.1 Assumed Preliminary data required for the Analysis of the frame
Grid slab
Sl.no

Variable

Type of structure

Moment Resisting Frame

Number of Stories

11

Floor height

3m

Live Load

3.0 kN/m2

Dead load

1.0 kN/m2 and wall load of 12KN/m

Materials

Data

Concrete (M20) and Reinforced with HYSD bars

(Fe415)

Size of Columns
7
500X500 mm
300x230mm
8

Size of Beams

Depth of slab

150mm thick

10

Specific weight of RCC

25 kN/m3

11

Zone

II

12

Importance Factor

13

Response Reduction Factor

14

Type of soil

Medium

Flat slab
Sl.no

Variable

Type of structure

Moment Resisting Frame

Number of Stories

11

Floor height

3m

Live Load

3.0 kN/m2

Dead load

1.0 kN/m2 and wallload of 15KN/m

Materials

Data

Concrete (M20) and Reinforced with HYSD bars

(Fe415)

Size of Columns
7
500X500 mm
300x230 mm
8

Size of Beams
Depth of slab

150mm thick

Thickness of Drop

200mm thick

9
10

Specific weight of RCC

25 kN/m3

11

Zone

II

12

Importance Factor

13

Response Reduction Factor

14

Type of soil

Medium

Grid Slab plan view

Flat Slab plan view

Grid Slab 3-D View

Flat Slab 3-D View

Grid Slab Elevation view

Flat Slab Elevation view

Elevation and 3-D view of Grid slab

Elevation and 3-D view of Flat slab

4.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF THE BUILDING

The foundation system is isolated footings with a depth of the Foundation being set to 3m. The
column and beam dimensions are detailed in Table 4.1.In the calculation the unit weights of the
materials adopted, have been taken according to the

IS-875 (Part 1) and the live load

consideration in loads according to IS-1893 (Part 1): 2002 i.e. 25% of the live load has to be
considered if the LL > 3.0kN/m2.

Grid slab

Flat slab

Figure. 4.8: Geometry of the structure and also the sections assigned.

4.2 DATA COLLECTION

The building models are 11 storeys located in zone II. Tables 4.0 and Table 4.2present a
summary of the building parameters.
Table 4.2 General data collection and condition assessment of building
Sl.No
.

Description

Information

Remarks

Building height
1

11-storey

33 m

Number of basements below

ground

Open ground storey

Yes

Including the
foundation level
-------

Special hazards

None

----

Type of building

Regular/Irregula
r Space frames

Horizontal floor system

Beams and slabs

----

Software used

Etabs2013

----

IS 1893:2002
Clause 7.1

4.3 ANALYSIS METHODS

Analysis methods are broadly classified as linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear static and
nonlinear dynamic methods. During earthquake loads the structural loading will reach to collapse
load and the material stresses will be above yield stresses. so in that case material nonlinearity
and geometric nonlinearity should be incorporated into the analysis to get better results. These
methods also provide information on the strength, deformation and ductility of the structures as
well as distribution of demands.

4.3.1 Equivalent Static Method

Equivalent static method of analysis is a linear static procedure, in which the response of
building is assumed as linearly elastic manner. The analysis is carried out as per IS1893-2002
(Part 4).

Grid and Flat slab load patterns

Figure 4.12: Illustrates the Equivalent static gravity& lateral loads Applied on the Structure.

Flat and Grid slab seismic load patterns

Figure 4.13: Illustrates the lateral static Load Eq x.

Grid and Flat slab Wind load

Figure 4.14: Illustrates the use of seismic weight as mass source and the mass lumped at each
storey level.

Figure 4.16: Modal load case set to calculate the mode shapes.

Figure 4.17: Load cases set to perform the linear static analysis.

CHAPTER-V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The Results obtained are of different parameters such as Storey drifts, Base shear ,Modal Period ,
Shear force, moments, lateral loads, Axial loads, shear storey,

Maximum story Drifts in EQX

0
0
0

Flat slab

Drifts 0
0

Grid slab

0
0
0

10

12

14

Story level

Figure 5.1: Storey Drifts in X-Direction comparison for Flat and Grid Slabs.

Shear forces in Exterior columns

40
30
Flat slab

Shear 20

Grid slab

10
0
0

10

12

Story level

Figure 5.2: Shear force comparison for Flat and Grid Slabs for exterior column.

Shear forces in Interior columns

70
60
50
40

Flat slab

Shear 30

Grid slab

20
10
0
0

10

12

Story level

Figure 5.3: Shear force comparison for Flat and Grid slabs for interior column.

Moments in Exterior columns

70
60
50
Flat slab

40
Monents 30

Grid slab

20
10
0
0

10

12

Story level

Figure 5.4: Moment force comparison for Flat and Grid slabs for exterior column.

Moments in Interior columns

15
10
5
Monents

Flat slab

0
0
-5

10

12

Grid slab

-10
-15
Story level

Figure 5.5: Moment force comparison for Flat and Grid slabs for interior column.

Axial force in Exterior columns

2000
1500
Flat slab

AXial force 1000

Grid slab

500
0
0

10

12

Story level

Figure 5.6: Axial force comparison for Flat and Grid slabs for exterior column.

Axial force in Interior columns

2500
2000

AXial force

1500

Flat slab

1000

Grid slab

500
0
0

10

12

Story level

Figure 5.7: Axial force comparison for Flat and Grid slabs for interior column.

Shear story in EQX

0
0
-20

-40
Shear

10

12

14

Flat slab

-60

Grid slab

-80
-100
-120
Story level

Figure 5.8: Shear Storey in X-Direction comparison for Flat and Grid slabs.

Lateral loads in EQX

30
25
20

Flat slab

Loads 15
10

Grid slab

5
0
0

10

12

14

Story level

Figure 5.9: Lateral load in X-Direction comparison for Flat and Grid slabs.

Lateral load in EQX

30
25
20

Flat slab

Lateral load 15
10

Grid slab

5
0
0

10

12

14

Story level

Figure 5.9: Lateral load to story comparison for Flat and Grid slabs.

Displacement for diaphragm in EQX

20
15
Flat slab

load 10

Grid slab

5
0
0

10

12

14

Story level

Figure 5.9: Displacements for diaphragm comparison for Flat and Grid slabs.

Modal Periods and frequency

3
2.5
2

Flat slab

Time 1.5
1

Grid slab

0.5
0
0

10

12

14

Modal

Figure 5.9: Modal Periods and frequency comparison for Flat and Grid slabs.

Column Design
Column size = 500x500

fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Axial load of the column, Pu = 1528.876 KN
Self weight of column = 0.50x0.50x25
= 6.25 x 3(ht. of column)
= 18.75 KN
Factor of safety = 1.5x18.75
= 28.125 KN
Total load = 1528.876+28.125
= 1557 KN
Effective length of the column = 0.80xl
= 0.80x[3-0.23]
= 2.216m
= 2216mm
Minimum eccentricity:
Eccentricity in x- direction = L/500+D/30
= 3000/500+500/30
= 22.67mm
= 0.023m
Moment due to eccentricity
Moment about x-axis Mx = Pu ex

= 1528.876x0.023
= 35.164 KNm
Moment about y-axis My = Pu ey
= 1528.876x0.023
= 35.164 KNm
Check for slenderness ratio:
Lex/D = 2216/500 = 4.432 < 12
Ley/D = 2216/500 = 4.432 < 12
So, design column as short column
Total design moment, Mx = Mex+Max
= 35.164 KNm
Total design moment, My = Mey+May
= 35.164 KNm
Design of Bi-axial bending column:
( Pu/fck b D) = (1528.876x1000)/(20x500x500)
= 0.306
(Pu/fck)

= 1/20 = 0.05

Assuming 20mm bar

Area of 20mm bar ast = /4 x202 = 314.16mm
Effective cover for column = 40mm
Effective cover + d/2 = 40+20/2

d1 = 50mm
d1/D = 50/500 =0.1
d1/b = 50/500 =0.1
From SP-16 ,
d1/D = 0.1
Considering d1/D = 0.20 , fck =20 N/mm2 , fy = 415 N/mm2 ,(Mu/ fck b D) =0.09
Mu = 0.09x20x500x5002
= 225x106 Nmm
= 225 KNm
Mux= 225 KNm
Muy= 225 KNm
Check for Bi-axial bending :
From I.S. 456
(Mux/Mux1)+( Muy/Muy1) 1.0
= (0.667+1.667 Pu/Puz)
Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.67fyAs
= 0.45x20x500x500+0.67x415x900
= 2.500x106KN
Assuming 1% of bar
Pt = 100 Ast/bd
Ast = 1x500x500/100

= 900
Puz = 2.500x106 N
= 2500 KN
Substitute Puz in
= 0.667+1.667 Pu/Puz
= 0.667+1.667 (1528.876x1000)/(2500x1000)
= 1.69
Substitute this value in above equation
(Mux/Mux1)+( Muy/Muy1) 1.0
(35.164/225)1.69+(35.164/225)1.69 1.0
0.0861.0
Hence Safe.
Ast/ast =900/(/4x122)
= 7.96
No. of bars are 8

Beam Design
Beam size = 300x230

fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415N/mm2
Dead load of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Live load = 3
Floor finished load = 1
Total load = 7.75
Slab load = 7.75x1.5
= 11.625 KN/m2
Wall load = (3-0.23)x18x0.2
= 9.97
Self weight of beam = 0.3x0.23x25
= 1.725KN
Total load = 23.32 KN/m
For shorter beam = wlx/3
= 23.32x5/3
= 38.87KNm
Maximum bending moment = wl2/12
Mu = 38.87x52/12
= 80.97KNm
Shear force = wl/2
= 38.87x5/2

= 97.175 KN
Check for effective depth:
Mu = 0.138fckbd2
Effective depth of the beam, d = (80.97x106/0.138x20x300)
= 312.71mm
Over all depth D = d+cover+(d/2)
= 312.71+25+(16/2)
= 345.71mm
So, provide 300x350 mm
Mu/bd2 = 80.97x106/300x2302
= 5.10N/mm2
From SP-16,
For Mu/bd2 = 5.10Nmm, fck = 20N/mm2, fy = 415N/mm2
Pt = 0.9%
Ast = Ptxbd/100
Ast = (0.9x300x350)/100
= 945 mm2
Provide 12mm bars
No of bars = Ast/ast = 945//4x122
= 8.36
8 bars of 12 mm is provided

Check for shear reinforcement :

Nominal shear reinforcement , v = Vu/bd
= (97.175x1000)/(300x230)
= 1.41 KN
Permissible shear stress ,Mu/bd2 = 1
Pt = 100Ast/bd
= 100x8x/4x122/300x230
= 1.31%
For Pt =1.31% & fck = 20 N/mm2
From IS 456
c = 0.682
v > c
Hence shear reinforcement should be designed
Design for shear reinforcement , Vu = Vuc+Vus
Vuc = c bd
= 0.682x300x230
= 47058 N
= 47.06KN
By using SP-16
Vus = Vu Vuc
= 97.175-47.06

= 50.12 KN
Spacing for stirrups = Vus/d
= 50.12/(/4x82)
= 0.997
From SP-16, for Vus & 0.997 we get the spacing as follows
So, Provide 2 legged 8mm bars spacing of 200mm C/C

Slab Design
lx = 5m
ly = 5m
lx/ly =5/5=1<2
Design two way slab
fcx = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
From IS 456 , D = l/35x0.8
D = effective shorter span/35x0.8
Effective cover = 0.2
Effective shorter span = 5+0.2/2+0.2/2

= 5.2m
D = 5.2x1000/35x0.8
= 185.7mm
So, provide 200mm thick depth of slab
Load calculation :
Self weight of the slab = 0.2x25 = 5KN/m2
Live load = 3KN/m2
Floor finished load = 1KN/m2
Total load = 9KN/m2
Total factored load =1.5x9 = 13.5 KN/m2
Calculating for 1m strip = 13.5x1 = 13.5KN/m
Maximum factored moment :
From IS 456,
lx/ly = 1 , x = 0.062, y =0.062
Maximum moment Mx = xwlx2
= 0.062x13.5x5.22
= 22.63KNm
Maximum moment My = y wly2
= 0.062x13.5x5.22
= 22.63KNm
Check for effective depth, for fy = 415 N/mm2

From IS 456,
Xu/d = 0.48
From SP-16,
Mu/fckbd2 = 0.138
22.63/20x1000xd2 =0.138
d = 90mm
Provide overall depth (D) = 90+15+10/2
= 110mm
So, provide over all depth of 150mm
Ast required in shorter direction :
Mux/bd2 = 22.63x106/1000x1302 = 1.34KN/mm2
From SP-16,
Pt =0.584

for Mux/bd2 = 1.34 KN/mm2

Pt = 100Ast/bd2
Ast = Ptx1000x130/100
= 0.584x1000x130/100
= 759mm
Distribution steel:
Minimum steel = 0.12bd/100
= 0.12x1000x130/100
= 156 mm2

Spacing = ast/Ast x1000

= (/4x82 /759)x1000
= 66.23mm
= 75mm
So, provide 8mm bars @ 75mm C/C
Ast in longer direction :
Muy/bd2 = 22.63x106/1000x1302
= 1.34N/mm2
From SP-16 ,
Pt = 0.584

for Muy/bd2 = 1.34 N/mm2

Ast = Ptx1000x130/100
= 0.584x1000x130/100 = 759mm
Minimum steel = 0.12x1000x130/100
= 156 mm2
Spacing = ast/Ast x1000
= (/4x82 /759)x1000
= 66.23mm
= 75mm
So, provide 8mm bars @ 75mm C/C

Footing Design
Axial load P = 1528.876 KN
Self weight of footing = 1528.876/10
= 152.8876KN/m2
Total load = 1681.76KN/m2
Soil bearing capacity (SBC) = 180KN/m2
Area of footing = total load/SBC
= 1681.76/180
= 9.34m2
l = 3.06m , b = 3.06m
Soil reaction for the factored load, qu = 1.5P/BxB

= 1.5x1528.876/3.06x3.06
= 244.92KN/m2
= 0.245 KN/m2
Depth of footing :
Consideration of shear, depth of the footing should be provided.
Considering a section x-x @ a distance d from face of the column
Vu = soil pressure from shaded area
= qu B(B-b/2-d)
= 0.245x3060(3060-300/2-d)
= 749.7(1380-d)
Assuming 0.2% steel , for M20 grade of concrete
c = 0.394 N/mm2
Minimum depth required = c bd
0.394x3060xd = 749.7(1380-d)
d = 529mm
Provide 600mm
Check for bending :
Mulimit = 0.36fckBxulimit(d-0.42xulimit)
= 0.36fckBxulimit/d(1-0.42xulimit/d)d2
Xulimit/d = 0.48
Mulimit = 0.138fckbd2

= 0.138x20x3060x6002
= 3040.42x106 N-mm
Mu

= qu B(B-b)2/8
= 0.245x3060(3060-300)2/8
= 713.86x106 N-mm
Mu < Mulimit

So, provide depth is safe.

Check for two way shear :
Critical section is at a distance d/2 from the face of column
Perimeter of critical section = 4(b+d)
= 4(300+600)
= 3600mm
Area of critical section = 3600xd = 3600x600
= 2160000mm2
Two way shear stress = upward pressure in shaded area/Area of critical section
= qu[BxB-{(b+d)(b+d)}]/Area of critical section
= 0.245[( 3060x3060)-(900x900)/3600x600
= 0.9702N/mm2
Maximum shear stress permitted = 0.25fck
= 1.118N/mm2 > 0.9702N/mm2
Hence safe in shear.

Ast required :
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1-(Astfy/Bxdxfck)]
713.86 x106 = 0.87x415xAstx600[1-(Astx415/3060x600x20)]
4495072.5Ast2 3.9773268x1011 + 1.31064696x1015 = 0
Ast = 3428 mm2
Using 20 mm bar
No. of bars = Ast/ast
= 3428//4x202
= 14
Spacing = (/4x202/3428)x1000
= 74.23mm
Provide 20 mm bars @ 50mm C/C
Ptprovided = (/4x202/50x600)x100
= 0.85
c from IS 456,
c = 0.584
v = Vu/bd = [0.245x3060{(3060-300/2)-600}/3060x600
=0.3185
v < c
Hence shear reinforcement is safe.

Seismic Response Spectrum

Height between the floor = 3m
Live load = 3KN/m2
Dead load = 1KN/m2
Floor finish = 1KN/m2
Weight of the partition load = 2 KN
Column size = 500x500
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Slab thickness = 0.15m

Beam = 0.3x0.23
Area = 15x15
= 225 m2
Calculation of beam = 0.3x0.23x25
= 1.725KN
Total length of the beam = (15x15)x1.725
= 388.125KNm2
Column = 0.5x0.5x25
= 6.25KN
Total length of the column = 16x3x6.25
= 300KNm2
Slab = 0.15x25 = 3.75KN/m
Total length of slab = 3.75x15x15
= 843.75KNm
Wall load = Total length of the wall x thickness x story height x unit weight of
Masonary.
= (5x15+5x16)x0.20x3x20
= 1860KN
Load on the floor = self weight of the slab+floor finish+25% of imposed load+wall
load +dead load
Imposed load = 0.25

= 1+1+0.25x3
=2.75KN/m2
= 843.75+300+388.125+1860+(2.75x225)
= 4010.625KN
Roof = slab load+1/2column load+1/2wall load
= 843.75+300/2+1860/2
= 1923.75KN
Total seismic load of the building = (4010.625x10)+ 1923.75
= 42030KN
Fundamental natural period[Ta] :
It is the first modal time period of vibration of the structure
Ta = 0.075h0.75 for RCC frame structures , without brick infill
Ta = 0.085h0.75
Ta = 0.09h/d

for steel structures, without brick infill

with infill

Where h = height of the building

d = base dimension of the building
Ta = 0.09x3x11/15
= 0.767 sec
Horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah = Z I Sa/2xRg
Sa/g = 1.36/T
= 17.73

Zone factor, Z = 0.10 for Zone II

Important factor, I = 1
Response reduction factor, R = 5
Ah = 0.10x1x17.73/2x5
= 0.1773
Base shear = Ahxtotal seismic weight
= 0.1773x42030
= 7451.919 KN
Mass No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Wi KN
1923.75
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625
4010.625

H m
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
6
3
---

Wi h2
2094963.75
3609562.5
2923745.625
2310120
1768685.625
1299442.5
902390.625
577530
144382.5
36095.625
0
Total = 15666918.75

Flat slab
Column Design
Column size = 500x500

Wi h2/Wi h2

Q=VBxWih2/Wi

h2
0.133719
996.4627009
0.230394
1716.876675
0.18662
1390.670107
0.1474521
1098.801072
0.1128930106 841.2695709
0.082942
618.0756031
0.0575985
429.2191688
0.0368630
274.700268
-3
9.21576x10
68.67506701
2.30394x10-3 17.16876675
0
0

fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Axial load of the column, Pu = 1610.3401 KN
Self weight of column = 0.50x0.50x25
= 6.25 x 3(ht. of column)
= 18.75 KN
Factor of safety = 1.5x18.75
= 28.125 KN
Total load = 1610.3401+28.125
= 1638.47KN
Effective length of the column = 0.80xl
= 0.80x[3-0.23]
= 2.216m
= 2216mm
Minimum eccentricity:
Eccentricity in x- direction = L/500+D/30
= 3000/500+500/30
= 22.67mm
= 0.023m
Moment due to eccentricity
Moment about x-axis Mx = Pu ex

= 1610.3401x0.023
= 37.04 KNm
Moment about y-axis My = Pu ey
= 1610.3401x0.023
= 37.04 KNm
Check for slenderness ratio:
Lex/D = 2216/500 = 4.432 < 12
Ley/D = 2216/500 = 4.432 < 12
So, design column as short column
Total design moment, Mx = Mex+Max
= 37.04 KNm
Total design moment, My = Mey+May
= 37.04 KNm
Design of Bi-axial bending column:
( Pu/fck b D) = (1610.3401x1000)/(20x500x500)
= 0.322
(Pu/fck)

= 1/20 = 0.05

Assuming 20mm bar

Area of 20mm bar ast = /4 x202 = 314.16mm
Effective cover for column = 40mm
Effective cover + d/2 = 40+20/2

d1 = 50mm
d1/D = 50/500 =0.1
d1/b = 50/500 =0.1
From SP-16 ,
d1/D = 0.1
Considering d1/D = 0.20 , fck =20 N/mm2 , fy = 415 N/mm2 ,(Mu/ fck b D) =0.09
Mu = 0.09x20x500x5002
= 225x106 Nmm
= 225 KNm
Mux= 225 KNm
Muy= 225 KNm
Check for Bi-axial bending :
From I.S. 456
(Mux/Mux1)+( Muy/Muy1) 1.0
= (0.667+1.667 Pu/Puz)
Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.67fyAs
= 0.45x20x500x500+0.67x415x900
= 2.500x106KN
Assuming 1% of bar
Pt = 100 Ast/bd
Ast = 1x500x500/100

= 900 mm2
Puz = 2.500x106 N
= 2500 KN
Substitute Puz in
= 0.667+1.667 Pu/Puz
= 0.667+1.667 (1610.3401x1000)/(2500x1000)
= 1.74
Substitute this value in above equation
(Mux/Mux1)+( Muy/Muy1) 1.0
(37.04/225)1.74+(37.04/225)1.74 1.0
0.08661.0
Hence Safe.
Ast/ast =900/(/4x122)
= 7.96
No. of bars are 8

Beam Design
Beam size = 300x230

fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415N/mm2
Dead load of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Live load = 3
Floor finished load = 1
Total load = 7.75
Slab load = 7.75x1.5
= 11.625 KN/m2
Wall load = (3-0.23)x18x0.2
= 9.97
Self weight of beam = 0.3x0.23x25
= 1.725KN
Total load = 23.32 KN/m
For shorter beam = wlx/3
= 23.32x5/3
= 38.87KNm
Maximum bending moment = wl2/12
Mu = 38.87x52/12
= 80.97KNm
Shear force = wl/2
= 38.87x5/2

= 97.175 KN
Check for effective depth:
Mu = 0.138fckbd2
Effective depth of the beam, d = (80.97x106/0.138x20x300)
= 312.71mm
Over all depth D = d+cover+(d/2)
= 312.71+25+(16/2)
= 345.71mm
So, provide 300x350 mm
Mu/bd2 = 80.97x106/300x2302
= 5.10N/mm2
From SP-16,
For Mu/bd2 = 5.10Nmm, fck = 20N/mm2, fy = 415N/mm2
Pt = 0.9%
Ast = Ptxbd/100
Ast = (0.9x300x350)/100
= 945 mm2
Provide 12mm bars
No of bars = Ast/ast = 945//4x122
= 8.36
8 bars of 12 mm is provided

Check for shear reinforcement :

Nominal shear reinforcement , v = Vu/bd
= (97.175x1000)/(300x230)
= 1.41 KN
Permissible shear stress ,Mu/bd2 = 1
Pt = 100Ast/bd
= 100x8x/4x122/300x230
= 1.31%
For Pt =1.31% & fck = 20 N/mm2
From IS 456
c = 0.682
v > c
Hence shear reinforcement should be designed
Design for shear reinforcement , Vu = Vuc+Vus
Vuc = c bd
= 0.682x300x230
= 47058 N
= 47.06KN
By using SP-16
Vus = Vu Vuc
= 97.175-47.06

= 50.12 KN
Spacing for stirrups = Vus/d
= 50.12/(/4x82)
= 0.997
From SP-16, for Vus & 0.997 we get the spacing as follows
So, Provide 2 legged 8mm bars spacing of 200mm C/C

flatSlab Design
Interior panel = 5x5m
Live load = 3 KN
Floor finished load = 1 KN
fck = 20N/mm2
fy = 415N/mm2
Column size = 500x500
Thickness of slab :
Thickness of slab = 40, if mild steel
= 32, if fy415 or fy500
Thickness of slab, d = span/32

= 5000/32
d = 160mm
Take cover as 40mm
d = 160+150 = 310mm
D = d+40 = 200mm
Drop = 1/3xspan
= 1/3x5
= 1.68m
Provide drop of 2mx2m
Provide a drop of 150mm thick
Total thickness = slab+drop
D = 200+150
= 350mm
Self weight of slab = 0.35x25
= 8.75 KN/m2
Floor finished load = 1 KN/m2
Live load = 3KN/m2
Total load = 8.75+1+3 = 12.75 KN/m2
Design factored load, Wu = 1.5x12.75 = 19.125 KN/m2
Clear span = 5-0.5 = 4.5m
Design load, Wo = Wuxlexlx

= 19.125x5x4.5
Wo = 430.31KN
Design total moment, Mo = Wlx/8
= 430.31x4.5/8
= 242.05 KNm
Negative design moment = 0.65xMo
Positive design moment = 0.35xMo
Total negative moment = 0.65x242.05
= 157.3325KNm
Total positive moment = 0.35x242.05
= 84.71KNm
Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 2000mm =2m

Negative moment
Positive moment

Column strip
0.75x157.33 = 117.9KNm
0.60x84.71 = 50.826KNm

Mulimit = 0.138fckbd2
= 0.138x20x2000x3102
= 530.472x106 Nmm
= 530 KNm
Mulimit = 530 KNm
Mu = 242KNm

Middle strip
0.25x157.33 = 39.33KNm
0.4x84.71 = 33.88KNm

Mulimit > Mu
Hence thickness is safe and sufficient.
Check for shear :
Critical section is at distance d/2 = 310/2 = 155mm
It is square in size = column size +155+155
= 500+155+155
= 810mm
V = Total load Wox0.810x0.810
= 19.125x5x5 19.125x0.810x0.810
= 465.5KN
Nominal shear, v = 465.5x1000/4x810x310
= 0.46 N/mm2
Shear strength = Ksc
Ks = 0.5+c
c = L1/L2 = 5/5 = 1
Ks = 1
c = 0.25fck = 0.2520 =1.118N/mm2
c > v
Hence slab is safe in shear.
Reinforcement :
For negative moment in column strip :

Mu = 117.9KNm
d = 310mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1-Astfy/bdfck]
117.9x106 = 0.87x415xAstx310[1-Astx415/2000x310x20]
= 111925.5 Ast[1- Ast/29879.5]
Ast = 1093.30mm2
Width = 2000mm
Using 12mm bar spacing requirement is
S = (/4x122/1093)x2000
= 206.94mm
Provide 12mm bars at 200 mm C/C.
For positive moment column strip :
Mu = 50.82x106 KNmm
d = 160mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1-Astfy/bdfck]
50.82x106 = 0.87x415xAstx160[1-Astx415/2000x160x20]
= 57768 Ast[1 20.75Ast/320000]
Ast = 937mm2
Using 10mm bar spacing requirement is
S = (/4x102/937)x2000
= 167.71mm
Provide 12mm bars at 150 mm C/C.

For negative moment in middle strip :

Mu = 39.33KNm
d = 160mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1-Astfy/bdfck]
39.33x106 = 0.87x415xAstx160[1-Astx415/2000x160x20]
= 57768 Ast[1- 20.75Ast/320000]
Ast = 713mm2
Width = 2000mm
Using 10mm bar spacing requirement is
S = (/4x102/713)x2000
= 220.3mm
Provide 10mm bars at 200 mm C/C.
For positive moment middle strip :
Mu = 33.88x106 KNmm
d = 160mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1-Astfy/bdfck]
33.88x106 = 0.87x415xAstx160[1-Astx415/2000x160x20]
= 57768Ast[1 20.75Ast/320000]
Ast = 610mm2
Using 10mm bar spacing requirement is
S = (/4x102/610)x2000
= 257.5mm

Provide 12mm bars at 250 mm C/C.

Footing Design
Axial load P = 1610.34 KN
Self weight of footing = 1610.3401/10
= 161.034KN/m2
Total load = 1771.37KN/m2
Soil bearing capacity (SBC) = 180KN/m2
Area of footing = total load/SBC
= 1771.37/180
= 9.84m2
l = 3.14m , b = 3.14m
Soil reaction for the factored load, qu = 1.5P/BxB
= 1.5x1610.03401/3.06x3.06
= 257.92KN/m2

= 0.257KN/m2
Depth of footing :
Consideration of shear, depth of the footing should be provided.

Considering a section x-x at a distance d from face of the column

Vu = soil pressure from shaded area
= qu B(B-b/2-d)
= 0.257x3060(3060-300/2-d)
= 786.42(1380-d)
Assuming 0.2% steel , for M20 grade of concrete
c = 0.394N/mm2
Minimum depth required = c bd
0.39x3060xd = 786.42(1380-d)
d = 545mm
Provide 600mm
Check for bending :
Mulimit = 0.36fckBxulimit(d-0.42xulimit)
= 0.36fckBxulimit/d(1-0.42xulimit/d)d2
Xulimit/d = 0.48
Mulimit = 0.138fckbd2
= 0.138x20x3060x6002
= 3040.42x106 N-mm
Mu

= qu B(B-b)2/8
= 0.257x3060(3060-300)2/8
= 748.83x106 N-mm

Mu < Mulimit
So, provide depth is safe.
Check for two way shear :
Critical section is at a distance d/2 from the face of column
Perimeter of critical section = 4(b+d)
= 4(300+600)
= 3600mm
Area of critical section = 3600xd = 3600x600
= 2160000mm2
Two way shear stress = upward pressure in shaded area/Area of critical section
= qu[BxB-{(b+d)(b+d)}]/Area of critical section
= 0.257[( 3060x3060)-(900x900)]/3600x600
= 1.02N/mm2
Maximum shear stress permitted = 0.25fck
= 1.118N/mm2 > 1.02N/mm2
Hence shear is safe.
Ast required :
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1-(Astfy/Bxdxfck)]
748.83x106 = 0.87x415xAstx600[1-(Astx415/3060x600x20)]
4495072.5Ast2 3.9773268x1011 + 1.37485188x1015 = 0
Ast = 3603 mm2

Using 20 mm bar
No. of bars = Ast/ast
= 3603//4x202
= 12
Spacing = (/4x202/3603)x1000
= 70.62mm
Provide 20 mm bars @ 50mm C/C
Ptprovided = (/4x202/50x600)x100
= 0.85
c from IS 456,
c = 0.584KN/mm2
v = Vu/bd = [0.257x3060{(3060-300/2)-600}/3060x600
=0.3341KN/mm2
v < c
Hence shear reinforcement is safe.

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER-VI

6.1 CONCLUSIONS
The choice of the system for slab in the tall building is very
resist the internal forces and stability

important

to

Base shear of flat slab building is less than the base shear in grid slab building in both X
and Y- directions.
Axial force in end columns of flat slab building is less as compared to grid slab building
Axial force in intermediate columns of flat slab building is same as compared to grid
slab building.
Building drift in grid slab building is less as compared to flat slab building
in each story in both X and Y-directions.
The natural time period increases as the height of building ( No. of stories)
increases, irrespective of type of building viz. conventional structure, flat slab
structure
In comparison of the conventional R.C. building to flat slab building, the time
period is less for conventional building than flat slab building because of
monolithic construction.
Story drift in buildings with flat slab construction is significantly more as
compared to conventional R.C.C building. As a result of this, additional moments
are developed. Therefore, the columns of such buildings should be designed by
considering additional moment caused by the drift.
Shear force in exterior and interior column in flat slab is more compared to grid
slab.
Moment in exterior column in flat slab is more compared to grid slab.
Moment in interior column in flat slab is less compared to grid slab.
Lateral loads in EQX are less in flat slab compared to grid slab
Shear story in EQX are more in flat slab compared to grid slab.
Displacement of diaphragm is more in flat slab compared to grid slab.

6.2 SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

NON LINEAR STATIC PUSHOVER ANALYSIS for flat and grid slab.
Analytical Approach to Study Effect of Shear Wall on Flat Slab & Grid Slab .
Comparative Study of RCC and Prestressed Concrete Flat Slabs.

REFERENCES
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures by A. K. Jain
Illustrated design of reinforced concrete buildings by Dr.V.L. Shah &
Dr.S.R.Karve

Basic Principles of Analysis and Design of an RCC Framed Structures by

Prof. H. R.
Surya Prakash S. Krishna Murthy

Design of R.C.C structural elements by S.S. Bhavikatti

Design of R.C.C slabs by K.C.Jain
R.C.C Design and Drawing by Neelam Sharma
Treasure of R.C.C Designs by Sushil kumar
Design of R.C.C structures by prof.N.Krishna Raju
Design of R.C.C structures by prof.S.Ramamrutham
R.C.C design by S.Unnikrishina pillai & Devdas Menon
The code books referred for this project are:
SP 16 (design aids for IS 456)
Agarwal Pankaj, Shrikhande Manish (2009), Earthquake resistant design of structures,
PHI learning private limited, New Delhi.
2. Arlekar Jaswant N, Jain Sudhir K. and Murty C.V.R, (1997), Seismic Response of
RC Frame Buildings with Soft First Storeys. Proceedings of the CBRI Golden Jubilee
Conference on Natural Hazards in Urban Habitat, 1997, New Delhi.
3. Awkar J. C. and Lui E.M, Seismic analysis and response of multi-storey semi rigid
frames, Journal of Engineering Structures, Volume 21, Issue 5, Page no: 425-442, 1997.
4. Chopra, Anil k. (1995), Dynamics of structures, Prentice Hall.
5. Concrete structures by P.DAYARATNAM
6. Limit state design by ASHOK K JAIN.
Fahim Sadek, Bijan Mohraj, Andrew W.taylor and Riley M.Chung "A method of
estimating the parameters of tuned mass dampers for seismic applications ". Earthquake
Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol 26, 617-635 (1997).
J.Ormondroyd and J.P. Den hartog ," the theory of dynamic vibration absorber",Trans.
ASME APM-50-7, 1928, pp. 9-22
Jonathan Chambers and Trevor Kelly "Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis-the only option for
irregular structures." 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver,
Canada. August 1-6, 2004. Paper No.1389
K.S.Jagadish, B.K.R.Prasad and P.V.Rao,"The Inelastic Vibration Absorber Subjected To
Earthquake Ground Motions."Earthquake engineering and Structural Dynamics. 7, 317326 (1979).

 IS 1893(part-1) 2002 criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures Part-1 general
provision & buildings
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1 General Provisions and
Buildings (Fifth Revision) IS 1893(part1)2002.
Indian standard Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice Fourth Revision IS:
456:2000.
Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures to Seismic Forces IS 13920:1993 [5]
M.Anitha, B.Q.Rahman, JJ.Vijay, Analysis

M. Altug E r b e r i k a n d A m r S . Elnashai Loss Estimation Analysis of Flat-Slab

Structures. Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, February 1, 2006

B. A. Izzuddin, X. Y. Tao; a nd A . Y. Elghazouli,

Composte and Reinforced Concrete Floor

Realistic

Modeling

of

Dynamic Analysis of Multistory RCC Building Frame with Flat Slab and Grid Slab Ravi Kumar Makode, Saleem Akhtar, Geeta Batham

Gasparini, D. (2002). Contributions of C. A. P. Turner to Development of Reinforced

Concrete Flat Slabs 19051909. J. Struct.

Pan, A. and Moehle, J. P. (1989). Lateral Displacement Ductility of R/C Flat Plates.
ACI Structural Journal.

Esteva, L., the Mexico City Earthquake of Sept. 19, 1985- Consequences, Lessons,
and Impact on Research and Practice, Earthquake Spectra Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 413425, Oakland, CA, USA, 1988.

Bertero, V. V. (1989), Lessons Learned from the 1985 Mexico Earthquake, EERI, El
Cerrito, CA, USA.