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MORE ON THE
A COMPARISON OF URALIC AND DRAVIDIAN
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARIES

by

ELLI JOHANNA PUDAS MARLOW, Hum. kand., Fil. kand.

DISSERTATION
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of
The University of Texas at Austin
in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
for the Degree of

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to express my immeasurable gratitude to the
members of my committee, all of whom have been cooperative and
helpful beyond mere duty:
To Dr. Winfred P. Lehmann, for many kinds of assistance, encouragement, guidance, and advice throughout my studies
in linguistics, and for reading my handwritten manuscript and
offering valuable suggestions;
To Dr. Edgar

c.

Polome, for providing firm direction in

my Indian studies, and for his practical suggestions on the

dissertation manuscript;
To Dean Stanley N. Werbow, who from amidst his many
duties, graciously agreed to serve on the committee and take
time to read the dissertation.
And especially to Dr. Andr6e F. Sjoberg, the supervisor
of this disseiation and my teacher of Dravidian languages and
linguistics, whose unselfish effort, endless generosity and
patience, dedication of time and attention in critically and constructively studying the dissertation data at its different
stages of development, and offering of invaluable guidance and
assistance, have made the completion of this study possible.
words can express the full measure of my gratitude.

No

V1
Further, I express thanks to family and friends for
their many kinds of help--particularly to Dr. Royal Skousen
and Orvokki Heinamaki for reading and checking through the core
data, and to Clara June Land, whose devoted, loving care of my
children has made the countless library and conference hours
worry-free, and to husband and children, whose patience and
understanding have made possible what otherwise might not have
been accomplished.
August, 1973

Austin, Texas

-----------------

E.P.M.

~BLE

OF CONTENTS

Chnpter

I.

INTRODUCTION

Presento t1on of the Mn ter1nls

Background Information

The Ural1c Fam11y of Longunges

The Drav1d1on Fom1ly of Languages

3
6

12

ETYMOLOGICftL CORRESPONDENCES

26

~lethodology

II.

Introductory Remllrks 26
Collinder s Urnl1c Word-list,
w1 th Suggested Drtlviditm Purnllels 31
Coll1nd.ers Fenno-Ugr1c Word-list,
wl th Suggested Drav1d1on Pnrnl1els
101

III.
IV.

PHONEMIC CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN

URJ\LIC ftND DRJ\ VIDil\N . . 167
CONCLUSIONS

1~2

BIBLIOGRAPHY 192
1\PPENDICES

v11

. ...

19~

..
LIST OF TABLES
Table

I.
II.
III.

IV.

v.
VI.

FAMILY TREE-DIAGRAM OF THE

U~IC

LANGUAGES

FAMILY TREE-DIAGRAM OF THE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES

PROTO-URALIC "PHONEMES" (ACCORDING TO THE

TRADITIONAL VIEWS OF URALICISTS)

...

16~

PROPOSED REVISION OF THE PROTO-URALIC PHONEMIC

INVENTORY (TENTATIVE)
.

PROTO-DRAVIDIAN PHONEMES

.....
........

170

SUGGESTED INVENTORY OF PROTO URALO-DRAVIDIAN

PHONEMES o o o o o o

v111

17 2

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix

I.

II.

URALIC-DRAVIDIAN PARALLELS IN SWADESH'S

100-WORD-LIST ITEMS

..

19~

SELECTED SEMANTIC PARALLELS IN URALIC AND IN

DRAVIDIAN
199

....

1X

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION
This study addresses itself to the problem of
Uralic-Dravidian parallels, a question that comes to the
fore at various periods during the past century or more.
Specifically it presents probable Dravidian cognates for
the bulk of the native Uralic vocabulary.

There is an

original Uralic lexicon that is generally agreed upon by

scholars, and we now have available the very detailed
Dravidian Etymological Dictionary and its supplements, that
have been compiled by T. Burrow and M.. B. Emeneau.
Although a great deal could

qe said about gram-

matical parallels between Dravidian and Uralic, these will

be discussed only.peripherally herein.

Instead the focus

of the present study is the native lexica of the two

families, insofar as these can be determined at the present
state of knowledge.

Some tentative conclusions can be

drawn from this comparison of vocabulary, and these are

presented in the final chapter.
1

2
This study, it should be emphasized, is an effort
to resolve a long-standing problem in historical linguistics.

A number of Dravidianists, extending from Bishop

caldwell

(1856) to Tyler (1968) have attempted to establish

genetic links of Dravidian with Uralic.

In general, the
....'
Uralicists have been resistant to the notion of UralicDravidian connections.

However, it seems necessary to

keep an open mind on the question--to weigh the evidence

carefully--before we summarily dismiss the possibility of
genetic relationship between these two families.

Presentation of the Materials

Before we proceed to the etymological comparison
per se, it is essential in this chapter to provide certain
background information--viz. the location in time and
space of the Uralic and the Dravidian language groupings.
After that we shall briefly review the past research on
these families insofar as this material bears upon the que~tion of their possible relationship.

I then proceed to

explain why I am able to move beyond the existing research

and offer new findings in this area.

I shall also discuss

the procedures employed within this dissertation.

-------------

3
Chapter II presents the bulk of the native Uralic
vocabulary and matches this with what the author believes
/

to be the most likely Dravidian cognat-e's.

Chapter III discusses the Proto-Uralic and ProtoDravidian phonemic inventories and presents a tentative
reconstruction of the phonemes of the common hypothetical
\

//

ancestor, Proto uralo-Dxavidian (PUD).

A list of regu-

/' \
.
lar phonemic corresp~nden\es between Uralic and Dravidian

is then drawn up.~

. /1 sect1.on,
.
\
.
.
The fula
chapter
IV, 1'1.sts certa1.n
Sl.g\

nificant poi-nts or findings that emerge from this com\

parison

oi

Uralic and Dravidian, offers some tentative

conclu?'ions, and presents specific\suggestions as to the

kindiof
research that might prove f~itful
in helping
.
\
\

t9/resolve the relationship of

Dravidi~n

to other language

families.
Background Information
The Uralic Family
of Languages

The Uralic family comprises two related groupings,

Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic, for which we posit a common
ancestor, proto-Uralic, a language that was spoken perhaps
sometime between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago in the general
region of the northern Ural Mountains (Harms, forthcoming).

--------------~

4
According to Decsy

{1965, 154), the disintegration of

proto-Uralic began about 4,000 B.C.

Such an estimate is

believed to be supported by Raun's lexicostatistic

count

{1956, 153).

These two groupings in turn gave rise

to a variety of subgroups (see Table I) whose descendants

are found today scattered over a very broad expanse of
Eurasia.

The best-known of the languages are those Finno-

Ugric tongues which have a national status in Europe--viz.

Hungarian. Finnish, and Estonian.

Another important Finno-

Ugric speech is Lapp, Which is spoken in the northern

Scandinavian region; the remaining F U languages are found
within the Soviet Union, extending from its western boundaries as far eastward as the Ob River and its tributaries
in Siberia.

The Samoyedic branch today consists of a num-

ber of languages spoken by largely nomadic peoples who are

distributed over an immense area in central and eastern
Siberia and extending as far as the Artie Ocean.

In all

there are perhaps twenty-three million or so speakers of

languages belonging to the broad Uralic family.

' a Uralic language

The earliest written record in

'

I
I

is a Hungarian manuscript, Funeral Oration \{Halotti besUd),

from the thirteenth century.

A short fragment in-Xarelian

TABLE

FAMILY TREE-DIAGRAM OF THE URALIC lANGUAGES

Finno-Ugric

Samoy~

North
Samoyedic

Finnic

Ugric

South
Samoyedic

West Fin

North

Ugric

/1

Finnic

!
i

r.aJp

Merya
Mescher
[ Muroma

Harms

(forthcoming)

Pennie

. Zr.

Ch. Cheremis
Zr. Ziryene
Vty. Votyak

Kamas
Karagas
Koibal
futor
Soyot
Taigi

Vty.

Vg. Vogul
Os. Ostyak
Hu. Hungarian

..
. Hu.

Yr. Yurak
Yn. Yenisei
Tv. Tavgi
V1

6
survives rom the same century.

Soon thereafter, a number

of the languages began to be written in alphabets of their

own (Harms, forthcoming).
As to the Uralic peoples, we can say in general
that they represent a blend of European Caucasoid and
Mongoloid types, with the western groups being primarily
Caucasoid and the eastern groups mainly Mongoloid.
A rather large number of Uralicists have been
seeking to establish genetic ties with other language families.

Much of their effort has been concentrated upon

establishing connections with the neighboring Altaic language groups, and to some degree with Paleosiberian languages such as Yukaghir and Eskimo.

More controversial

have been the proposals for genetic relationships .with

more remote Altaic languages such as Mongolian, with KOrean
(thought by some specialists to be an Altaic language),
and with Indo-European, Dravidian, Sumerian, or Elamite.

The Dravidian Family

of Languages
The Dravidian group comprises 24 or more languages
which are.spoken today by a total of perhaps 140 million
people.

It thus constitutes one of the larger language.

7
~. ~-:cv.-::YV!i4~1 j.J

""t"'1" "' " -

families of the world.

\'.'1

Except for Brahui ~ in Pakistan'i"the

languages of this family occupy a

mor~

j (

r~-t./

or less continuous

area in southern and central India and in the north of

Ceylon.

Almost two million speakers of Tamil (or, less

commonly, Telugu) are found in Southeast Asia, Oceania,

Africa, and the West Indies.
The Dravidian family includes three broad subgroups,
North, Central, and South Dravidian (see Table II).
mon ancestor, proto-Dravidian, is posited.

A com-

Andronov, on

the basis of his lexicostatistic analysis (1964, 170-186),

concluded that the disintegration of proto-Dravidian began
with the separation of Brahui from the rest of the family,
and he dates this event at about the beginning of the
fourth millenium B.C.

Zvelebil (1970, 18) suggests 'that

the separation of South Dravidian took place well before

the middle of the second millenium B.C.

In the course of

time proto-South Dravidian split into a number of groups,

chief among which were proto-Tamil and proto-Kanna9a.
According to Zvelebil, this division occurred in .about the
fourth or third centuries B.C.

"~" i1 ('vi ( I' ,

Andronov, however,

suggests a date of about the third or fourth centuries A.D.

-_1

TABLE

II

FAMILY TREE-DIAGRAM OF THE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES

PSDr~.

Proto-Ta .:..Ka.

..--

.-------. _____---lr.
I

--~r .

PCDr.

~'-

Proto-Te. -Kuvi

-.,

""'

Proto-Ta. -To

/\.

""

Proto-Ta -Kod

.,

'

,"" ,,
,

'
/.

I /\

Proto-Tq'.\.
-Ko.

Ta. Ma. Kod. Ko. To. Ka. Tu. Te. Go.

SOURCE:

Subrahmanyam

(1971, 531)

~ -Kuvi

jProto-Pe.
-' -Manda

Proto-Kui
-Kuvi

' ' '

ProtoAPa.
Proto_{ol
-NK.

P~o-Pa
-Gad.

Proto-Kur.
-Malt.

K~n:.. ~da. Ku~i Kolj. Pa~-. ~ur~- J.

Out of
the earliest
have

~~

-----

proto-T~~~-eventually

9
emerged Old Tamil,

--------

ge of any Dravidian language for which we

tten records generally acceptable to specialists.

The oldest Tamil documents are cave inscriptions in the

north Indian Brahmi script representing a Tamil-Prakrit
hybrid speech; these are dated at somewhere between 250 and
150 B.C.

It is within this period also that we can place

the probable beginnings of the early Tamil literature.

There is some controversy over the precise dating of the
earliest extant work, Tolkappiyam, and of the first of the
Sangam poems.

Both may go back to the first century B.C.

or slightly earlier.
Most authorities assume that the Dravidian people
were not indigenous to India, and that they must have
arrived in the subcontinent before the Indo-Aryans, perhaps several millenia earlier, from some general area to
the north or the west.

(For a general summary of our

present knowledge of the origins of the Dravidians, see

Sjoberg, 1971.)

The speakers of Dravidian languages in

India today are considered generally to belong to the

Proto- (or possibly paleo-) Mediterranean branch of the
Caucasoidrace: many of the peoples also show

7o'

10

~~~~
proto-Australoid traits, acquired no doubt from
intermixture with the indigenous Austric.groups, whose

descendants are still to be found in India, especially in

the central regions.

The Indo-Aryans, also, have inter-

married with indigenous peoples, as well as with the

Dravidians, so that the two broad groups today share numerous traits, both in the area of racial characteristics and
in the realm of culture.

It is extremely difficult to

determine the original physiological and cultural make-up

of the Dravidians, whereas the problem is much simpler in
the case of the Indo-Aryans, for we hdve historical records
concerning these peoples--as well as for the broad IndoEuropean group to which they are related linguistically,

culturally, and racially--that are considerably'~~er and

far more detailed.
Attempts have been made to find gen.etic

connection~

bet~een the Dravidian languages and a variety of different

linguistic groups.

The similarities between Dravidian

ana Indo-Aryan, whi~h almost certainly resulted from mutual

influence between the two groups, have nevertheless in the
Past lent themselves to theories concerning genetic affiliati~,.

Attempts have been made to link Dravidian with

l

I_

11
Basque, Caucasian, Mitanni and Hurrian, and other preIndo-European languages of the circum-Mediterranean and

Middle Eastern regions, Korean, a number of languages of

Africa, Sumerian and Elamite, and above all with Uralic
and/or Altaic.

The most convincing of the arguments have

been for genetic ties with the Uralic group.

Bishop Robert Caldwell, whose classic work,

Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family

of Languages (first published in

1856) , marks the true

beginnings of comparative Dravidian studies, argued for

genetic affiliation between Dravidian and what he called
the "Scythian" languages

(generally coterminous with the

broad Ural-Altaic grouping).

His views were ignored for

almost a century and then were revived, first by Schrader

in 1~25 and later by Burrow, who published an article in

1944 pointing to the numerous Dravidian and Uralic cognates in terms for parts of the body.
Bouda in

Meile in

1949 and

1953 and 1956 provided further data in support of

Dravidian-Uralic genetic ties.

The past five years or so

have seen a new revival of interest in this subject.

Andronov, Aalto, and Austerlitz participated in a special
panel devoted to th!s topic at the Second International

12
conference-Seminar of Tamil Studies, which was held in
Madras in January,

1968 (see Asher, 1971).

Tyler's article, "Dravidian and Uralian:

In

1968 also

The Lexical

Evidence," appeared in the journal Language.

In this

work Tyler offered additional cognates between Dravidian

and Uralic, and he moreover reconstructed the ancestral
forms for these.

Zvelebil

(1970) also indicates that

ethnographic, general historical, anthropological, and

archeological considerations all strengthen the linquistic
arguments for Uralo-Dravidian connections.
different theory is put forth by Andronov

A slightly

(1968); he seeks

to account for the similarities between Dravidian and

Uralic by positing not genetic relationshi.p, borrowing,
or coincidence, but by assuming

tha~

both groups devel-

oped in the same general geographic region and absorbed

elements from some pre-existing, now extinct, language
entity.

Methodology

"-"-......,
As indi."C~

d above, herein I attempt to approach

the problem at hand as ob

/

tively as po'ssible.

For

despite the fact that the Uralo-Dravidian hypothesis has

13
been

~xamined

by a number of different scholars since

caldwell's presentation of it in

1856, various subjective

factors persistently have entered the picture--most prominent of which has been the matter of "linguistic nationalism."

The problem is made all the more difficult by

the lack of any demonstrable cultural or racial ties

between the Uralic and the Dravidian peoples--although it
is freely admitted that our knowledge of both of these
peoples does not extend very far back in time.

We can

only speculate concerning their origins and the early

stages of their existence.

Nevertheless, there is very

strong evidence for linguistic relationships of some kind

between the two families in question, and to dismiss
these data "on language simply on the ground of a lack of
evidence of cultural or racial ties is to fail to recognize that there is no necessary connection between language and culture, and moreover that changes in a
language can in certain circumstances take place more
slowly than alterations over time in the cultural or
physiological make-up of the speakers of that language.
One argument against undertaking a project of
this sort has been that our earliest records both for

---

--------.

14
Oralie and for Dravidian are rather recent in time--e.g.,
in comparison with the sources for Indo-European.

Yet

studies seeking to determine linguistic relationships and

posit ancestral forms are carried out in areas for which
the written records are barely a few centuries old--e.g.,
Oceania, or Negro Africa, or the broad Amerindian region.
Certainly the historical records for Oralie and for
Dravidian are a good deal older than these.
The present work, then, seeks to draw its conclusions strictly from the linguistic data, and abov.e.all on
the basis of etymological comparison.

In other words, the

data to be compared are what the authorities, at the

present state of knowledge, believe to be representative
of the "original, native" vocabularies of the two families
in question.

Considerable evidence from the area of gram-

matical structure can be brought forward, but such, taken

in isolation, might simply point to matters of linguistic
typology, which of course has no necessary relation to
genetic relationship.

The focus, then, of the present work

is the comparison of the Uralic and the Dravidian

etymological vocabulary.

15
Inasmuch as such a comparison has long been
proposed, and a number of attempts have been made in this
direction, what is it that the present study can contribute
in this area?

After all, Caldwell, Schrader, Burrow, Bouda,

and Tyler, among others, have undertaken comparison of

Uralic and Dravidian etyma.

Although these studies have

been impressive, the number of items considered has been

relatively small.

The chief stumbling block has been

the fact that scholars trained in Dravidian have had at

best a very limited knowledge of Uralic, and Uralicists,
for their part,

hav~

until the past decade simply failed

to give any serious consideration to the question of possible connections between Uralic and Dravidian.
Aalto in

Pentti

1968 presented a few parallels between Uralic

and Dravidian root forms, and Parpola et al., in their

attempts to decipher the Indus Valley writing undertook
some research into Dravidian--but none of these persons
seems to have been adequately trained in Dravidian linguistics.

The present author, by virtue of special background

and training, is, however, in a position to tackle the

question of possible Uralo-Dravidian connections on a
more serious basis.

For she is a.native speaker of

Finnish, has some acquaintance with other Uralic

languages, and has in addition been trained in Dravidian
linguistics.
Knowledge of Finnish is in fact very crucial here,
for without it one cannot make proper use of a major
resource:

Suomm kielen etymologinen sanakirja (Etymo-

logical Dictionary of the Finnish Language) , hereinafter

cited as SES.

This dictionary is being published in a

series Lexica Societatis Fenno Ugricae (four volumes have

appeared so far, dated between

1958 and 1969).

With this

work and Burrow and Emeneau's A Dravidian Etymological

Dictionary

(1961} and its supplements, we now have very

fine etymological dictionaries at our disposal, with the

requirement, however, that one must be well acquainted
with the Finnish language in order to read the materials
in the Uralic etymological dictionary.

Other deterrents

to the use of Uralic materials by.Dravidianists have been

the fact that the vast majority of the field materials on
Uralic (collected mainly during the nineteenth century)
are recorded in phonetic writing, rather than being represented phonemically, which makes comparison with the
earliest Dravidian records (i.e., in Old Tamil) extremely

17
slow and cumbersome, for the Dravidian materials were
written in varieties of a script (the Brahmi and its South
Indian derivatives)

that was nearly alphabetical and was

fairly representative of the phonemes of the Dravidian

speech.
In essence, then, the present study approaches
the Uralo-Dravidian problem in a manner different from
that of earlier serious attempts at comparison:

first,

because of the author's knowledge of the vocabulary of

both of the families, the number of etyma compared is far
greater than that in any previous research effort, and
second, the direction of the comparison is different from
that in the two most substantial earlier works--those by
Burrow and by Tyler.

Unlike these authors, I take the

Uralic etyma as the focus of comparison and seek to find

Dravidian cognates for these forms.
My sources for the Uralic etyma against which
Dravidian forms are to be compared are the works of
Collinder, a leading Uralicist of the present day.

One

is his Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary, An Etymological Dictionary

of the Uralic Languages (1955), hereinafter referred to
as FUV.

This work contains about 1,000 entries, which

are, unfortunately unnumbered.

states, deal

~exclusively

The entries, Collinder

with such words as can be attrib-

uted to Common-Fenno-Ugric" (p. 5).

(More accurately,

this should be "Common Uralic and Fenno-Ugric.

~)

In an

appendix to a later work, Comparative Grammar of the

Uralic Languages (1960), abbreviated as CGUL, Collinder
presents some additional etymologies and a list of reconstructions (380 proto-Uralic and 405 proto-Fenno-Ugric
stems) .

He prefaces this listing with the modest state-

ment that ''in many instances the reconstruction of a PU

[proto-Uralic] or PFU (proto-Fenno-Ugric] word is more
uncertain than the etymology which it is based upon .
the readers may therefore put their question marks ad
libitum~

(CGUL, 405) .

Collinder' s vocabulary is a dis-

tillation of the work of numerous Uralic scholars over

some 300 years (one of whomwas Martin Fogel, author of
"De finnicae linguae indole observationes,~ ca. 1669),
and it thus presents a solid body of common Uralic and
common Fenno-Ugric words.

To be sure, a number of

scholars have argued that Collinder presents only a small

number of attested cognates and that these represent only
a minor portion of the many more still to be discovered.

19
The four volumes so far of sES have been routinely
consulted as a- check on and an additional source of details
for almost all of the FUV entries.

The main limitation

of SES is its incompleteness: the last entry is teili on

page

1256 of

Vol~me

4.

Where I have quoted from SES, I

have translated the glosses into English as carefully as

possible.
On the Dravidian side the data sources have been
the monumental works of Burrow and Emeneau.

These are A

Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (OED) and A Dravidian

Etymological Dictionary:

Supplement (DEDS), along with

additional data presented in the Journal of the American

Oriental Society in their two-part article,
Etymolog ica 1 Notes" (DEN).

5,538 entries.

"Dravidian

In a 11 they provide a tota 1 of

I have also cited, where relevant, Burrow

and Emeneau's references to borrowings from Indo-Aryan

in order to rule out the possibility of certain seemingly
Dravidian forms being originally loanwords from Indo-Aryan.
The works of Burrow and Emeneau (particularly OED
and DEDS) must be commended for their excellent indexes

t~

English meanings: without these the present research would

have been seriously handicapped.

I have checked each

--

-~------

20
uralic entry against these indexes in order to discover
semantic parallels to the Uralic forms,

~nd

from the Dra-

vidian forms with appropriate meaning-correspondences I

selected the particular etymon that seemed to be the most
likely cognate, utilizing, of course, the standard
comparative-historical criteria.

Thus, presented in the

core chapter of this dissertation are items from each

language family that agree sufficiently in sound and
meaning to convince me that they are indeed cognate forms.
I have not attempted to reconstruct ancestral forms either
for Dravidian or for Uralic, and least of all for DravidoUralic.

Such would require an extensive separate study.

In Chapter II I present all of the 786 items that

Collinder considers to make up the primitive Uralic lexicon--or more specifically, those for which he has proposed
ancestral forms.

Opposite these 786 items .I list the

Dravidian forms in DED or its supplements that seem to me

to constitute the closest parallels in sound and meaning.
Burrow and Emeneau have not reconstructed ancestral forms
for their Dravidian items; therefore Collinder's reconstructions serve herein simply as key words to mark each

21
item--as was mentioned above, Collinder does not number
his entries.
A number of Uralicists have considered some of
Collinder' s "native Uralic" entries to be either IndoEuropean borrowings or strongly indicativa of "IndoUra 1 ic '' a f fin i ty .

I include these items in Chapter II.

Interestingly, for some of these same etyma Collinder presents Altaic and/or Yukaghir
Indo-European ones.

parallel~,

in addition to

(And, moreover, Dravidian cognates

can easily be found.)

Within the

786 entries note is made

of the Indo-European, Altaic, and Yukaghir cognates suggested by Collinder in his article,
Verwandte?"

"Hat das Uralische

(1.965} (abbreviated herein as HdUV}, and in the

latter part of FUV (pp.

1.28-1.49}.

Similarly, on the Dra-

vidian side, where Burrow and Emeneau suggest Sanskrit or

Prakrit cognates, note is made of these in the appropriate
en tries.

It should be kept in mind, however, that ordi-

narily in OED and its supplements where a Skt. form is

presented it is assumed to be a loan from Dravidian: loans
from Indo-Aryan into Dravidian are listed in Burrow and
Emeneau's Dravidian Borrowings from Indo-Aryan (1962).

22
It should also be remarked that Collinder divides
his entries into two broad categories:
Ugric."

"Ura lie" and "Fenno-

I have followed this organization in my listing

of the 786 i terns.

The "Ura lie" forms, consisting of 380

entries, represent the oldest layer of Uralic vocabulary

having attested cognates in the Samoyedic branch.

The

"Fenno-Ugric" items, numbering 406, are what Collinder

considers to be the oldest layer of vocabulary in what
scholars such as Harms would call the "Finno-Ugric" branch.
The category "Uralic," then, includes both Finno-Ugric and
Samoyedic (see Table I) .
Again, I have sought to match all of the 786 Uralic
etyma with what seem to me to be the most likely parallels
in Dravidian--and although I have sought to be as careful
and objective as possible in my choice of cognates, the
factor of selectivity does enter the picture.

On the

Uralic side, however, once we accept the validity of basing

this study upon Collinder's 786 native Uralic etyma, the
only selectivity employed has been within particular
entries.

Generally I have omitted dialectal variations,

I have reduced some of the more lengthy glosses, and I

have also sought to avoid undue repetition within entries

23
where the various languages evince very similar or
identical forms.

Thus, on the Uralic side at least, the

subjective factor has been minimized.

As to the rest of the entries in FUV, i.e., those
without suggested reconstructions, parallels can be found
in Dravidian with regular consistency.

It is premature

to say just how extensive these parallels are, inasmuch

as they emerged "accidentally" during the systematic
checking of the core

786

words.

I have not listed any of

these in the chapter on etymological comparison.

do,

however, refer to a few of these in the concluding chapter,

as a means of further illustrating the chief patterns that
emerge from the main body of data.
As a further check upon my findings I made a preliminary attempt to apply the statistical methods for
establishing genetic relationships that have been proposed
by Swadesh in his "Perspectives and Problems in Amerindian
Comparative Linguistics" (1954) and elaborated upon by
Cowan (1962) and Bender (1969).

Swadesh's method employs

a mathematical formula for computing the degree of probability that a given number of agreements between any two
languages are due simply to chance factors.

If one

24
disregards all forms that do not contain at least a eve
sequence, the probability of any two languages showing
three eve agreements is calculated at
four eve agreements at 1.4 percent.

5.8

percent and

Inasmuch as Swadesh

accepts five percent as the upper limit on the probability of chance, four eve's is thought to provide a
sound basis for recognizing historical connections of
some kind between the two languages involved (Cowan, 1972,

70) .

Indeed, Bender (1969, 519), on the basis of his

comparisons of the 100 "diagnostic" words in 21 languages

selected from various areas of the world; goes so far as
to state that
the presence of more than two solid eve sound-meaning
correspondences in languages believed to be unrelated
raises a strong possibility that more than chance is
involved.
As noted above, I did consider applying this method
to the Uralic-Dravidian question.

However, too many

problems of choice seemed to be involved:

for example,

whether to collect the data from informants or from dietionaries, how to choose among synonyms, etc.

In addition,

in the Uralic and the Dravid,ian languages some other

phoneme sequences seem as prevalent as the eve type; to

--------------

25
concentrate upon one kind of sequence only would have led
to distortion in the final results.

Nevertheless, as an

independent exercise I did apply Swadesh's method in the

case of Finnish and Tamil.

Taking all of the one hundred

items from his "diagnostic" word list, I discovered that

in Finnish and Tamil there are ten apparent cognates that
involve an initial
Appendix I.

eve sequence.

These are listed in

Certainly the figure ten is far above the

three agreements that the Swadesh approach would accept

as beyond the probability of chance.

I_

I::. trod.u.c ':.orv !ier:wrks

As discussed in

t~e

previous chapter, I begin with

the native vocabulary for "Uralic'' as set forth by Collinder

and then seek to determine whether or not parallel forms
exist in Emeneau's and Burrow's works.

Because Collinder

divided his word list into "Uralic" and "Fenno-Ugric" I

have done

the same.

At the head of each entry I have

placed Collinder's reconstructed form {taken from the

A?pendix to his Comparative Gram:nar of the trralic L=.nquaqes, P?. 405-4 "'.,0,'
_
.

Inasmuch as Collinder coes not num-

ber his items, the materials in his work car. be located

only through these key words.
st~~cted

anqestral forms for

instead I have

~ou~pt

I have not used the reconpur~o~es

of

com~arisoni

to match Collinder's entries with

the most likely parallels in DED, DEOS 1 and DEN.

The following sampie ii:em, with di~..,. w~

ci:hiny

j.r3...:

vidian entry, is explained in detail as a guide to understanding for the reader.

26

27
1.07 m22 --*kan ta
Fi. kanta- "carry, bear''.
Lp.guod'de 1 .ch.kande-,
konde-, Vg. huunt- 1 Os.
kantam, hontam 1 Yr.haana>
Yn.kadda-, Sk.kuenda- 1 Km.
kun.
("It may be that Vg.
kant- 'bear,parere' belongs
here.")
jcf.Fi.kantava "carrying,
pregnant (esp. of cows)";
see SES 1.58 under kanta-:
Lp. Vefs. gwattGt "to carry'~
[Is there original *-rothere as in Fi.tunte-<*tumt3"to know", FUV b 63,332?] l

DED 1.1.93 Ta.kavu "carry on

a shoulder, bear .. on the
arms or on the head". Pa.
kaff-. Ga.kij~,kaff- "carry
with a yoke, kanj- "carry
on shoulders~. Go.kanjana.
Konda kanj- 1 Kuwi kanju./

cf.Skt.kaca-, kaja- "yoke~.

(NB) DED 1.1.87 Ta. kanEu
"young of animals~. Ka.kandu
~foetus of beasts~, kanti,
kandi 'cow that has calved",
kanu 1' to bear, bring forth,
beget" 1 Br. l$:,!taning ''give
birth".
(?DEDS 1301. Malt.qem~e
"carry on the side-.)

Here the first word, *kanta-, is Collinder's reconstruction of the assumed ancestral form.
preceded by an asterisk.
hyphen.

It is, of course,

Verbal roots are followed by a

Preceding the word is the running number (here,

1.07) of the entries as they appear in the present study.

I have numbered them 1. through 786 to facilitate location
and verification of the comparisons tnat I make.

The second

item (m22) refers to the location of each Uralic entry in

FUV:

e.g., m22 is the middle of page 22

page; b22

= bottom

(t22 =top of the

of the page) .

On the second line of each entry the first item is

the key word as given by Collinder; this usually comes from
Finnish, Lapp, or Hungarian.

Not all of the morphophonemic

28
or dialectal variations given by Collinder are presented
herein; only where, for example, the consonant gradation
of the different variants facilitates recognition of the
supposed Dravidian cognate do
forms.

cite these additional

Next on line two comes the gloss (here 'carry,

bear'), often in shortened form, where such is possible

without distortion of meaning.

Additional cognates from

the other Uralic languages are then citeq.

The glosses

to these are not repeated except where they significantly

differ from that of the key word or where they bring
additional nuances into the picture.
Collinder's comments or speculations are presented
within quotation marks directly following the etyma.
in the present example,

"It may be that Vg . .

,,

Thus,
My own

observations are given within square brackets, or, as in

the above instances, in braces.

Where I use

(N.B.] in the

Dravidian column it is to call attention to some particularly salient features or to extraordinarily striking
parallels between Uralic and Dravidian.

In some cases

additional support for the etymologies presented or for

the present author's own comments is supplied via direct

29
quotes from SES:
to page

thus, for example, SES

158 would refer

158 of Suomen kielen etymoloqinen sanakiria.

On the right side of the page, opposite the Uralic

entry, I present what seems to be the closest Dravidian

parallel form.

This is identifiable by its number in

OED, DEDS, or DEN.

Thus DEDS 1301, which appears at the

bottom of the sample item, refers to entry number 1301

in A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary.

Supplement.

Whenever forms are quoted from OED first (e.g.,

OED 1193) and addi.tional forms are drawn out of that section of the Supplement to OED that carries the same number
(e.g., DEDS 1193), I indicate the latter only by (S).
Again, not all of the forms or glosses thereto listed in
OED are cited; only the most important ones are presented.
If there is some doubt about the validity of the Dravidian
choice in my own mind, I indicate this by one or two question marks preceding the entry.

Even greater uncertainty

about a particular cognate is noted via the use of parentheses around the entire Dravidian entry.
Dravidian selection

Also, if the

does not match the Uralic one closely

in form and in meaning--even though it may well be a different derivation from the same or a similar root--I place
the entire item within parentheses or precede it by
question marks.

30
If Burrow and Emeneau list Indo-European or IndoAryan cognates for a particular item, I include these
immediately after the Dravidian entry, separated from it
only by a slash mark (e.g., 107: DED 1193 ... Kuwi
kanju./Cf. Skt. kaca-, kaja- "yoke''.).

L
The following is a list of abbreviations used
in this chapter:
Dravidian
Languages

Uralic
Languages

Other
Languages

Dr.
SDr.

FU.

A.
Arm.
Av.
Chuv.
Goth.
Gk.
H.
Kaz.
Kir.
Lat.
La tv.
Lith.

CDr.
NDr.
Ta.
Ma.

Ko.
To.
I<a.

Kod.

Tu.
Te.
Kol.
Nk.
Pa.
Ga.

Go.

Kanda
Pe.
Man~.

Dravidian
South Dravidian
Central Dravidian
North Dravidian
Tamil
Malayalam
Kota
Toda
Kannada
Koc;3agu
Tulu
Telugu
Kolami
Naiki/or
Naikri
Parji
Gadba
Gondi
Kanda
Pengo
Manga

u.
Ur.
Fi.
Kr.
Lv.
Veps
Vt.
01.

Est.
Lp.
Md.
Ch.
Vty.
Zr.
Vg.
Os.
Hu.
Yr.
Tv.
Yn.
Sk.
Km.

Finno-Ugric
Ugric
Ura lie
Finnish
Karel ian
Livian
Veps
Votic
Olonets
Estonian
Lapp
.t-Drdvin
Cheremis
Votyak
Ziryene
Vogul
Ostyak
Hungarian
Yurak
Tavgi
Yenisei
Selkup
Kamassian

Ma

lob.
OBu.
OHG.
Oir.
ON.
Pkt.
Skt.
Sw.
Tat.

Altaic
Armenian
Aves tan
Chuvash
Gothic
Greek
Hindi
Kazakh
Kirghiz
Latin
La tv ian
Lithuanian
Marathi
lobngolian
Old Bulgarian
Old High
German
Old Irish
Old Norse
Prakrit
Sanskrit
Swedish
Tatar

31

Kui
Kur.
Malt.
Br.

Other
languages

Ura lie
Languages

Dravidian
Languages

Tg.

Kuwi
Kurukh
Mal to
Brahui

Turk.

Tungus
Turkish

Colllnder s Urul1c Word-list,

w1 th Suggested Druv1d1un Purullels
Dravidian

Uralic
1. t2--*oma - Fi.aamu "morning", Karagas.umun; Fi.
ammoin,aamut"long ago", Lp.
oabmed "in old days", Md.
umok. (cf. SES 354:0s.maya
"in olden days". ]

DED4061. Ta. muttalam "morning":

cf. DED4135Ka. muQi "rising of
the sun",Tu.mu~u"east"; DED
411.9 Ta.muu"front, previous,
antiquity"; DED4129 To.mo.
"face, front; former times".

vv
2 t2-- * aca - Lp.acce"father"
Os.asi, at'i. Yk.ecie
HdUV:147 :42 :Turk.a~i "older
brother", Ts. afa "father".

DEDl.2l. Ta.attan "father,

e l de r " , at ta i "mother-inlaw."

3 m2--*aj9o - Fi.aivot
"brain", aimu, Lp.v.uoinas-,
Mc.uj-,Hu.agy, Tv.d'ia,Yn.
ae,ebee,Sk.kUw,kUu9,[also
"head, mind, understanding"].

DED8 Ta.akam,akam"inside,
breast,mind,heart"; Ka.aya,
Te.ayamu.
Cf. DED4299 T.a.
vayiry"belly,womb,centre",
Tu. banj i "id. ,mind ,heart".

641'

4 b2--*ala - Fi.ala "area,

below, down", Vty. ul, Hu. al,
Vg.jol-,Os.yl,Yr.nyl,Tv.

~ED426 Ta. i*i "to lower,

t./

nilea,Sk.yl.Km.ilg~n,Yn.

i~o,iro,

~escend,

fa 11".
Kod.ili-,Tu.iliyuni,iri,Te.
9igu,diggu.

k.-aal,-aan,aat,

aad-.
HdUV:140:l.:A.~laJUigur al,

Mo.aliusun.

5 t3--*olJ 6 - {Hu. a ll"chin,

lower jaw" [c f. 1.03. Lp. oa lol]
Ch.onlas,Os.onel,Yn.na~u,

l<m. orJ aj

DED97 Ta. apa 1 "chin", Ko. ang,

Ka. a!la 1.

32
Ura 1 ic

Dravidian

6 t3--*ana - Hu.angy"wife of DED4292 Kol. Nk.. vanna" (elder)

an elder brother",Lp.vyonje-, brother s wife".
'0 ~
'
(S) Konda, Pe. oni "id"
Zr.ona,v.aauga,
Os.anaga,
I ?<IA. Pkt. vahunni "husband s
Sk.oona.
elder brother's wife".
1

7 m3--*ana+ - Fi.anoppi
"mother-in-law", Lp. vuodnama,
Vg. ~~nap, Yr .lJynap "elder
brother of wife", Yn. inobo.

DED~~2 Ta. ar;r;a "elder brother",

DED133 Ta.appi"elder sister",
Kui api "wife".
[?DED96 Ta.annavi"teacher,
master ,one in authority".']

B m3--*ar 3

DED42 30 Ko. a~ r, Ko 1 . e d "year".

Vty.ar (m) "year",

Zr . a r "autumn " , Vg . ~~ r (e) m
"time",Sk.ara. (cf. Fi.
varahin, Est. vara"early".]
-

*"

9 b3-- surka - Hu.ar"flood".

Vty.~ur,zr.~or,Vg.toor,Os.
jar,~~r,tor,Tv.turku,Yn.

tudio.

DED430~ Ko.va~"appointed
time for event".

DED2353 Ta.cor"to exude,

ooze" ,cura "gush, swell". Ko.
jor-,toyr-,corv-,Ka.sor,
suri 1 Tu.soruni,toruni,Te.
toragu,Kui.tora.Kur.curkhna,
Malt.curge .

~o

t4--*a~k616/askolo

- Fi.
askel "step, pace", Vty. uckyl,
zr.o~kol,voskol,Vg.uo~l;

DED47 Ko.aj "step", To.oj,

Tu.aJe.
DED1238 Ta. kal "foot, leg".
Pe.Man~.kal 7 Kol.kol,Pa.kel,

Sk.aasel-.

Ga.kal,Kui

ka~u.

1~ t4--*aio - Fi.asu-"reside, DED4 3 Kur. a ssgna, Ta. aca i

live,inhabit", Md.ezem,Yr.
lJOOso,lJyysy,Sk.csy.

~2

t4--*soq6 - Hu.av"penetra te ", Lp. suolJa "enter", Md.

suva,Vty.zum,Zr.zun,Vg.tuu,
tuj,Os.ja1J,la1J,tan,Yr.t UlJU.
Yk .on-.
HdUV:144:25:A.sulJ-:Uiq,sy1J-,
Chuv.sonoi-.
1

"to
join with".
(S)a.Konda as-"remain stable
(in vill~ge)".

DED2349 Kol. SOlJ "enter", Ga.

solJg,Kuwi honai. (S)Pe.hoQ-,
ho~ga,Kuwi ho~-

DED2795 b. Ka . tun tu "to make

to enter". a.Ka. tu.!:_u"to
enter".

33
Ura lie

v
V

13 m4--*ajma - Fi. aima

"needle", Lp. a ibme 1 Ch. ime,
Zr.jem, Yr.niibe, Tv.
njaime, Km.niimi, Koibal
neme. Motor.ime.

Dravidian
DED411 Ko. Yb "iron", To. l.b
"needle", Kol. inum"iron,
sword".

HdUV:147:46:Tg.imna,i~m~.

14 b4--*eka - Lp.~kke/~ge
''father's elder brother",
Vg.aki, eekem, Os.aki.
Yr.neeka"elder brother".

DED2 5 Pa. akka "mother's father".

Kui ake "grandfather,
ancestor'', Kuwi akku.

15 b4--*ela - -Fi.ala-al-/
eU!-el-"don' t", imperative of the negative aux.
verb; Liv.al 1al- 1 Lp.le,
Md.ila, Vg.ul, Os.al,at,al,
Km.el- (Yk.-le, Lp.ii-lee,
Yk.legen) [cf. Fi.eli"or",
ilman "without.]
HdUV:148: 54: Mo. Ulti "not".

DED1.98 Ta. al- "be not". Ka.

alla ,Br .all.
(S) Malt. -t- "negative
morpheme."
DED2106 Ta.il-,illai"no, it
is not", Ka. illa, illam "no,
not; or; without". [!]
Te. ledu, leka. (S) Pe. hil"not to be" 1 Man<?. la 1 Kuwi
hille. /PKt. illa "poor".

DED3609 Te. pedavi "lip",

1 t~--*piDso - Lp.pgD~em~,
bavsa"lip," Vg.pet'em,pit'em, peddave, Ga.pedeve.
Os.pelem,petem,Yr.pipti' 1
DED2287 Go.hilvi, hivil
"lip".
Tv.feabteD, Sk.peptel' 1
Ta igi haptende. Yn. fi te ',
pite'.
[Cf. Fi.huuli,Veps.
hul', Vot. ul i, Li v. ul'.]

v'

Nk.

1.7 m5--*pe6pa - Lp.bee obe

"shoulder blade". Yr.pirbe
"hump between shoulder
blades of reindeer".

DED341.1. Ma.pit;ali"nape of
the neck", pitar,piral, Ko.
peftal. (S) Te. pe9amu,
pe<?alu.
[cf. DED3432 Ta.piyal,pical
"nape of the neck, shoulder,
hump as of an ox" 7 Ko. peyl,.
Ka.pegal 1 Kui pakeri.]

1.8 m5--*pel!ka - Lp.b!!ll'~

"thumb", Md. pel'ka, Zr. pel,
pev,pej,Vg.pare,paja, Yr.
piiketea,Tv.feaja, Yn.fii~u,
Km.piidi. ?Fi peukalo; Liv.
- - - -- ,

DED361.3 To.pe fe.~ "thumb;

big toe". DEDS. 5729. Go.
botta "finger, big toe",
botta. DED4436 Ta. viral
"finger, toe" To.pe-~~e

34
Uralic
19 b5--*p~ke - Lp.biekkan
''rough-legged buzzard", Km.
pigije "falcon".

.,..

Dravidian
DED3418 Te.Kol.piFFa, Go.pitte
"bird". (DEN) Ga. pi tOde "id ".
?(DED3281 Ko.pad,To.paG"eagle,
vulture"). (S} Te.ra-bandu
"eagle, vulture''. (DEN) /Skt.
padeka- "hawk, falcon" .

20 b5--*pakse - Lp.biksa/
DED3418 Te. pi t;t;a ''bird".
bivsa "breastbone of a bird", DEDS S413 Kui paki"breastYr. pieta t-ryy "id". Fi.
bone". DED2414 Kuwi hipa ~aki
pat~s/pattaa,Lp.b~tte,biette: [DBIA 233b. Ta.pak~i,pa!:ci,
biette-dakte "id".
patti "bird".
Skt.pak~in
"bird". a. Skt. paksa "wing, side.

21 t6--*pyna - Lp.bin(n)je
"hoard, keep, watch over,
protect" ,binnjej "herdsman",

DEDS3633 Ta. pina i "protect with

loving care", pe~,pe!:pu.
DED3633 Ta. pe~ "protection".

Yr.paer-~a,Yn.fone~e-,

fonedde.

22 t6--*paw3 - Lp.biv(v)a
"k eep warm .. , z r.pym, 0 s.
pam,Yr.pyyw,Tv.feabeme 1
sk.poo,Km.pide-,peloL.

DED4540 Ta. ve- "burn, be hot " 1

To. pay ,Ka. be (ge} , bern "heat",
Kod.be'y-,Tu.bepini,bepavuni,
Br.basing,bising.

23 m6--*pocka - Lp.KOla.
boackas"draught of Lapp
sledge", Yr.pooder, Tv.fodur
"yoke", Yn. fore' ,fode' .
c f. Lp. boagan "belt". Yr. puui
"necktie by which a reindeer
is connected to the sled in
front, tether", Tv. fUj ta
"halter''.

DEDS 5748 Pe. pecpa- "attach

load on kavri", Man~. pOe "to
yoke".

24 m6--*poca - Lp.boazo/
boccu"domesticated reindeer",
Vty.puzej, Vg.paa~i, os.
Pecah, Km.pootu "wild goat",
l<oibal.pooto. [N.B. 1"Fi. poro
"reindeer" is obscure".

DED3747 Ta .pattu"male of
animals", Ka. p5ta "he goat",
Ko9.p(5tu"goat", Te.pc)tu
"male buffalo,male of an
animal".
DED3708 Ta p5r-e!:_U "fighting
bull", Ko. po r "young bullock",

35
Uralic

Dravidian

HdUV:143:17:Golde.pocca 1
Olcha.bocan "red deer".

po ~ry rna v "male deer" 1 Ko~L

po-ri"male buffalo"; Ta.poru
"to fight, dash against".
?DED3754 Ka.h~ri"bull calf,
bullock", Tu.bori"bull, ox".
(DEN)Ta.pori"calf of buffalo".

25 b6--*pu6a - Lp.budda
"leather bag, pouch" bu 6 6 aballo"testicle,scrotum"1 Yr.
paada, Tv.foadaj, Km.bora.

DED3504 Ta.puttai"swelled
testicle", Ka.kol.budde, Te.

26 b6--*boj6a- Lp.buoida/
buoidaga "ermine", Yr .piije,
Tv. fiada, Yn. fiid u ,piid u
Motor.hudja.

??DED3378 Kui baopi,baoli

"wild cat". (S)Pe.boyka"id".

27 b6--*pun~a - Lp.buzesdakte "the patella, the

little bone in the pit of
the femur in the hind leg
of reindeer". Yr.punsu,punco
"pit under patella". [ Cf. Fipotka(SES611) ,Lp.Ko.poaske,
puatski;Md.pukse.][N.B.FUV
119 : Lp. dakte ''bone". Hu. ta tern
"corpse, cone".]

DED3646 Ta.pontu "hollow".

Cf. Skt. bhtlka, "hole", Mar.
bhok. (S)Go.buka,bo~a.
(DEN)Go.bopga.

28 t7--*ca~cu - Kr.caksu,
Veps.saks"unmelted residue
on melted butter", Os.
sahse,Yr.sandu,seencu.

DED1912 Ma. capJ:u "sediment",

Ka.catta"extraneous matter
separated by straining,
sifting, filterint". [?OED
1877 Ta.cakkal"refuse",
Te.cekka"oil cake".]

29 t7--*caka - Lp.coakke/
coage"low water",Sk.cakka"dr y Up II Yk cogunnu e

DEDS.S49 Ta.cakati"mire,
puddle".

30 t7--*cukka- Hu.csuk"to
close, shut",Vty.coktal-/
coktal-, Yr.takalna,Yn.
tekka,Sk. cagaza-/takata.
0
Km. takto, t~kye-.

DED2436 Ta.takai "to enclose,

shut in". Ka.taga,tage.

Pa.bu~~a"testicle".

(S) Kuwi

btl~pa

"id".

36
Ura lie

Dravidian

J.....,
"'
31 m7-- *,saca
- Lp.cacce
"water I I , Os. sec "flood II I
Yr. sada.

DEDS.S394 Te.cittai "rainy

season". (DEN) 2324. :Malt.
cate "leak, fall in drops".
DED2324. 7a coF-~u "drizzle'',
To. swi~.

32 m7--*sele-- Lp.c~l(l)a
"rub the antlers against
something to get the skin
off", Yr.seela-.

?DEDS.S4~2 Ta.cekil"skin,
rind,fisn scales". (Skt.salka-,
sakala-);DEDS.S428 Tu.coli,
sOli "skin,bark,rind".

33 b7--*cars - Lp.cares
"coarse", Vty. curyt "hard,
stiff'', zr.coryd,coryt,
Sk. saral, sarajek "hard,
tough".

DED1945 Ta.caracara "to be

rough", Ma. cara 1, Tu. caraF-e
"what is course" 7 Kui srogu
"rough, coarse, uneven".

34 b7--*se6ma - LpS.ciedme
"kidney".

35 b7--*cake -

Lp.cieg~r/

DED1872 Ta . cakka 1 i "become

ciekkar~ "snow-field,
flattened, compressed", Ma.
trampled and dug up bv rein- cakkari "that has become flat
deer feeding there". Vg .siigr, by pressure".
oor 1 Os.t'agar,agar"solidly trampled ground", Yr.
sehery "winter trail", I<m
soor.
HdUV:163:45:Yk.cuge,
cugo "track, way".
36 rnB--*sukko - Lp.cok'k~
"summi t,mounta in top",
oa i ve-e. "top of the head".
Zr.cuk 7 os.~ak,t'ikap, Sk.
soq,sok,pok"promontary,
hilly cape".

DED70 Ta .a~ukkam"range of
mountains,mountain slope",
a !:ukka! "series ,mountain".
Ka . a ~uku "heap up", Te. a~uku
"to pile up".

37 b8--*surm6 - Lp.cor'bma
''f i s t .. , Yr. soormUIJk.

DED1536a.Ta.kuru"to pound".
b. Ka.gurdu,guddu"strike w.
fist 11 , Te. gruddu "blow with
fist 11 ,c. Te .krummu "to beat
with fist 11 ,Go.kurumana,
kurmsi.

37
Dravidian

Oralie
37A.b8--[ (NB. Yr.sarmik"wolf'!
Lp.cotmA .cf. Lp.cmrb~k "reindeer 6-14 months of age " 1
LpS.cur'me"1 year old
reindeer''.]

DEDS935 Br.kharma "wolf".

DEDS943 Go.kafa "young buffalo", To. ka !' "pen for ca 1 ves
from 6 months to 1-2 years",
Kui ga:ro "bullock/buffalo not
trained to the plough" .

38 t9--*sajko - Lp.cuoi'ga"to ski", Vg.taj-,toj-,Sk.

DEDS.S475 Go.~ay,~aiyana "to.

flee", Kuwi ~eh.

tagas,tay~e,tais.

39 t9--*solco - Lp.cuolce
"pole,rod,lever 7 Yr.sal-.
(iik), Tv.salta,Yn.sodde' i,
Sk.salty,salz,Km.sal'e,
soll'e.

DED1965 Ma.callam boatman's

pole".
DED1968
Ka. ja lle "bamboo pole".
:

40 m9 *to!Jo -:- r.p.duog'IJa./

duog!Ja "to patch, stop" 1 MeL
tavado- 1 ch.tum6s, Zr.dom-,
Yr.to' ,toi,toonda, Tv~t'ui,
Sk.taagada, Km.tujdul-.

DED2643 Ka.dibbana "wooden

stopple ,cork". Koc;l. dimmi.
Te.dibba~amu, dimmu.

41 b9--*e - Fi.e- in ett~

''that" (conj . ) , Est. eg~, ig~ 1
Md.e-te"this", Zr.esy, Os.
it"now",Hu.ez,itt,igy 1 Km.
iida.
HdUV:143 =55 :Ai :Turk. inca,
ida, Mo.edUi,Tg.adu,esi,
I<or.i-.

DED351 i- proximate demonstrative base, "this". Ma.. i-,r-.

Ka. i-di "this" (a -di "that")'.
DEDS351 Pe.i, i"this.

42 tl.O--*e- -Fi.e- in 3sg

pres ei, negative auxiliary
verb {impv.ela,ala) 1 Lp.i-,
~-, ii-, Md. e-, a-, Ch.a-.
o-,i-, Vty.u-,5-,e-,Zr.o-,
e-, Vg.aat,aat'i{m), ~ax(i),
ikem{in combination w. a
finite verb in indic.mood)
"not, Os.ant,endam"not,

DED282 (Ta.a, aku"be,happen,

become :) Te. kani "bad, wrong",
k5du "no
Kui ava ,Kuwi
aiyali ,Br .anning"be ,happen".
"All the languages use this
verb as an auxiliary, except
Kui-Kuwi and Br. " DEDS282
Kui a'~"no"~ a'e "is not,
Kuwi a' e "no".

II.

38
Uralic

Dravidian

nothing, is not"' Sk. as sa,

assa,aha(with a verb not in
impv.)"not", yky,ik"do not",
Km.c-,i-,ej, Yk.oj,ej:oj-le
"no, is not there".
HdUV:147:48:Alt.e-:Mo.ese.
Tg.a-.

43 lltl.O--*el~- Fi. el~- "live".

Lp.el(t)e,Ch.Qle-,ile, Vty.
uly- 1 zr.ol-, Hu.el-,.Yr.
Jiile, Tv.nile-, Yn.i~i, sk.
ela-,ila-, Km.d'ili.

DEDS248 Tu. ali "life,

breath".

44 rro.o--*ema - Fi.ema"mother; DED154 Ta.amma"mother".

Est.ema,Hu.eme,Yr.newe,
Ka.am(m)a. Ko~.amm~.
niemea,Tv.name,Sk.Qmy, Motor Br.amma.
imam,Taigi emrne,imam,Yk.emej.
HdUV:148:49:Kirgis ema, Kor.
omi.

g
v

45 b10--*en~ - Fi. en~ "great

big"(en-in"most"), Lp.B!ldna-,
aenemus"most",Md.ine, Vty.uno,
Zr~una, Vg.j~ni,jcnyg, Os.
efie, Tv.ani'e.

DED96 Ta. ap "upper part",

appal"greatness, superior! ty, great man ,king ,god".
DEDS2 4 Go. ana i "much" . Pe.
a nay "much".

46 b10--*:ic3- Hu.es-"to
fall", Vty.us-,U6-,zr.u~-,
Vg.is-,os.esel-, est-,
"drop,let down,shoot", Sk.
asta-, I<m. usu-"fall", uste"fell, throw".

DED691 Ta.ey,~cu,Ka.esu,
ese J iSU J ey 11 Sh00t, thrOW II J
esuge"shooting,throwing",
Go.esna, Malt.ece"to throw
out". (S) Tu. esaguni ''to
discharge", Pe.ec"to shoot
with a bow".

47 t11--*s~je - Hu.ev,ev
"pus ,rna tter ", Lp. sie (gg)j&,Md.s!(j) ,Ch su(j),Vty.

DED1337 Ta.ci"pus",Kol.sim,
Nk.sim"pus",Kui.sivendi,
sivenji, ~r.kittna,Br.Kish.
(S) Man~. hiven, Kui (K)
hivenji,Kuwi.simesi,simu
"pus",sri"to become bad,
rotten".

si~,vg.sej,os.oj,l~j,tej,

Yr.tiim-,Tv.t'iimi,Yn.
t'iime-,Sk.tee,tembal.

_,_____________________ _

39
Uralic

Dravidian

n
f)

..

;a;

ri

48 m1.1.--*pur3- Hu.far"seat,
rear,rump",Os.pyr,Yr.purdari' ,Sk.paaranna,Km.paar"turn back,around". (Cf.FU
Fi. pedi "rear, back", p .1.07.

DED3591. T.a.puu,piru'anus',
Kod.pu.ri, Tu.pu~i, Te.pu?a
"anus". (S) Br. pun~u "bottom
of a receptacle". DED3452
Ka. pera "hind", Nk. pirra
"buttock".

49 b1.1.--*pala - Hu.fel/fele
'fellow hunter,relative,
friend,, ,Md. pal' na "younger
brother'' ,Ch. -pel, Os. pil, pit,

??DED3449 T.a. pi}..}..ai "child,

daughter", title of Vellala
caste", Ko. payl, Kod. pa}..;te,
To.pe~ xof"to be married to
man", Kur.pello"bride .. , pell
"maidservant", Malt.peli
"woman", Br. pillota .. poor
child,orphan ". (S) Kuwi.
peilia: "to be married".
?DED3685 Tu.podu,.relative
by marriage".
DEDS3685 Pe. potlen "fatherin-law", Man~.putlen.

j1

Yr.peele,Tv.fealea,Yn.fe~e,

:l

ferie, Sk. pal {le) ,Km. pa la,

hele.

./

50 t1.2--*peje- Hu. fo-"boil '',

foz- ''cook", Md. pi (j e)-, pide-,
Zr.pu-,Vg.piit-,Yr.pi"ripen", piwy "cooked", pire"cook",Yn.feri'a,fedi'a,
Km.pu(ne).

DED4540 Ta.v~"burn, be hot,

be boiled", To. poy- "burn'',
Ka be (yu) "be cooked'', Kod.
bey,bekke,bodt,bedi,Tu.becca,
beppu,bisi.
(DED3299 T.a. pa1:u ,.ripen", To.
posi,Ka. pap..)

51. U2 --*puk ta- Hu. fu t- "run,

flee'', Ch. pokte ,os. pot-, Sk.
pakta-.

DED3661. Kur.bo~gna:"to run

a way " , Ma 1 t. bon.ge "to run ,
flee".

52

?DED1.246 Ma.ka{va);tam"bloody
drop ordure tree"; DED1.249.
Ta. kcrvi "red ochre".
?DED962 Ta .kat-t-i "clod,
abscess, tumour", Te.gadda
"1 ump ,clot ,clod, ulcer". {Skt.
kat-hina- "hard, firm, stiff".)

m1.2--*kale+ - Lp.gielo/
gilluma-''clot of coagula ted blood", Vg. kelp, Os. hattap" (menstruation) blood",
hap tap j uh "alder tree", Yr.
sielw. [Cf.Fi.lep~ "blood,
alder"!]

40
Uralic

v
v

53 b12--*kor~a- Lp.goar'gno"climb, rise 11 Kola .gyor' ~ e"land, go on shore". Yr.

hara-,hare~u-,Tv.kari'e-,

?DED1052 Ma .kayaruka ''to

embark,rise,ascent 11 , Te.
kasaru"to increase, rise
high II

Sk. kareta-.

54 b12--*koska - Lp.goas'ke
"mother's sister,older than
one's own mother", (Lule)
"elder female cousin",Yr.
haada "mother's mother", Tv.
kodu'a,Yn.kara'a,kada'a.

?DED1554 To. kux "daughter,

girl", Te.kuturu. DEN Go.
kuco"mother's younger sister", kuci (Mu) "id", (Ma. M)
"father's younger brother's
wife".

55 b12--*kunta - Lp.god'de,
Kola gon'de"wild reindeer",

DED1837 Ka.gonde"bull,ox".
Kol. konda "bull" ,konda
"bullock", Go. kon9a, (A)
kO"nda "bullock".

Vg.kunn~,konka,honge,Yn.

keere' ,hure' ,kede,kede'/

keder-,Km.kouna.
HdUV:146:39:A.*Kanda:Mo.
kcndaga i "red deer 11 Tg.
kandak ''moose".
56 t13--*kuska - Lp.goikes/
Md.
koske ''to dry". Vty. kwas
(my-). zr.kos(my). Yr.haasuj,
kasuj ,haasa-.
goi'ke.Kola.go~'ke 11 dry",

,/

Dravidian

57 t13--*kupsa- Lp.gok'se-/
govse, Inari gop' se "eat/
drink someone's share".
Yr.had~-.

DED1219 Ta. kay-cca 1 "drying",

Ma. kayuka "be hot, grow dry",
kaykka,kacc~l,Ko.kac-"to

dry before fire". Cf.Skt.

kahala-"dry,withered".
DED1025 Ta .kappu"gulp,
gorge",Te.kavvu 11 seize by
mouth 11 (S) Ma. .kauvuka, Pe.
kap- "to bite 11 , Kur. habka
11
bi te 11 , kha uwcrn~ "eat greedily".

DEDS1075 Kuwi.garra"form,
58 t13--*kurs - Lp.gorod
"body ,carcass 11 , Vg. qwar "form", mint".
Os.kor,hor,Yr.har-,Yn.ke~e',
DED1075 Tu.karu,karavi
kere'.
"mold".(??)

59 m13--*kus5- Lp.gos (s)a"to cough 11 ,Kola. gos,M::L

goz,Vty.kyzy-,Zr.kyz-,os.
kol,hut,hotes-,Yr.hoo'-1
hood-,koot,ko'i,Tv.ku',

?DED1496 Ma.. kura "coughing,

barking 11
DED1.s83 Ka. Tu. guru "cough,
asthma".
DEDS1634 Go.kodm"to cough".

41
Uralic

Dravidian

kuda-,Yn.ku' ,kuro-,ko'/kodo-. DEDS.S316 Konpa kok-,koki,

Sk.kut,kot,Km.ku'd,ku'n.
Pe,krok-,Manp.kruk"to cough"o
60 m13--*kutj3- Lp.gu~'jo
"cover,case,tarpaulin", Yn.
ko~ej, kore,kure "cover".

DE01648 Ka. kir "close, cover",

ke!:_e "tank",Kol.get-"to close,
lock up", Pa. kedp- "to shut,
lock up".

61 b13--*kojo - Lp.Kola.
DE01485 Ta.kori,Kol.goria,Ga.
guj j "husband", Vg. huj, hoj,
kuruy "deer". (S) Ma. kuran "hog
os.ku(j..;.) "male, man, husdeer",Kuwi.kurhu.
band", Yr .haajUpa- ,kooj ihp2e-.
DEDS1787 Ta. korun (t) an "husYk. koj , kej "boy, young man";
band".
(1) Cf. Fi. koira "dog" ,koiras
... !?!!:J)~1~91 .._Pe. Jsu:r::nJa;.Y.9_~!1g male
"ma 1 e " , Zr. ky r , Vg
child " .
"male (reindeer) ,stallion",
DEDS1496 Ta.kuran"dog",Skt.
Os.kar,hor,Hu.here,Yr.hoora
kur-"dog".
"male (organ) ,wild reindeer", DED1497 Kol.kurra,Nk.khore
Tv.kuru"uncastrated male rein-"male calf". [cf. DED1811
deer", Yn .ku~a ,kura, Sk. qoory,
Te. koya "tribe of mountaineers",
Km.kora,kura"bull,male".
Go.koitur"a Gond male".Kui
(2) Hu. him (e-) "male", Vty. kum: kui "Kond man/boy". Kuwi. knvinga
sara-kum"Ziryene" ,Zr.komi
"the Parja Khonds ". (S) Kuwi kui
"Ziryene", Vg. kaj m, qom, kum,
(up, above, west ". DED184o Ta.
hum: kym "husband", Sk. qum ,kumkomatti "merchant", Ka. Tu. Te.
(e) "man,human being".
komati"Vaishya shopkeeper".]
HdUV:1sB:13:Yk.koj,kej"boy,
young man".

:kaa.r;haar-..-

62 t14--*ko~k3 - Lp.guog'gom DED1370 Ka. gonke "throat"_. Te.

0
"larnyx,Adam' s apple". Os. ko~ konkulu"the bones on either
li "id" (li "bone") ,Hu.gege
side of the nape of the neck".
"windpipe, larynx, throat",
Yr.h~ku.

63 t14--*kato - Lp.guotto-/
guo~o- "feed,graze ",Yr. hadu.

DED1192 Te.kayu,kacu,Kol.kay
"graze".

64 m14--*apto - Fi.hapsi "long DED1755 Kur.khop~,khoppS

hair",hahtu"fine hair",Lp.
"chignon, coil of hair", Go.
vuok'ta/vuovta,Lule vuop'ta, kupa!, Ta. koppu.

pc

------

-------------------

42
Uralic
Ch. up, Vg. a at, Os. awa t,
uwtym,upat,Yr.noopt,Tv.
Daabta,Yn.iitta,Sk.oopty,
opte,Km.o'pti.

Dravidian

65 b14--*saska - ol.heahku
"mink", Veps. h~l).k "otter, polecat",Ch.~!~ka,~k.t5~te,t5ut.

?DEDS2190 r..t'). cue i "muskrat",

cu~i ''1\louse". (;f. Skt. tu~uma
"mouse, rat".

Km.di .

66 b14--*kyDa- Hu.hiv(o)"call,invite",Yr.haaDa"ask, request,beg", Yn. kaDa -,

Sk.kuera.

DE.Dl.612 Ta . kencu "beg,

beseech". (S) Malt.kewejare
"to entrea ~.

67 t15--*kurn6 - Hu.h6/hava"snow", Yr. hawa ,Est .kaave,

Vty . kym ''thin snow" .
HdUV:160 :23: Yk. ku "snow".

DE.Dl.34 7 Kur. kiba "frost, ice",

Ma 1 t. kiwe "cold ,cool".

68 t15--*kaca Hu.h5s,hes,
hi~s"houng man, husband,
bridegroom, hero",Ch.kaca.

??DED1371 Ma.kunci "young".- tvo

DED1695 Ta. kocca!l"young boy".
DED1810 Ta. ko (n) "emperor,
~ Nc
king, leader".
DEDS.S326 Go.kosur"government servant, outsiders and
strangers",Pe.kosku"peons".

AI

kac~;Vg.kus,kuc,ku~,hau~

"man-servant", Sk. ka z, koc,

kot'e,keece,keet'e"workman, serf". [N. B. J "(The history of the Vg. and the Sk.
words is obscure.)"
I<

69 rn15--*kut<c3 - Hu.hugy /
"star",Vty.ki~il'i,Zr.ko~ul,

't-<.J~,....

DED2175 Ta. cuk ka "star",

Pe.huka,Go.huko,hukka:ukam.

Vg.koorts, Os. kos,hus, Sk.

keska,Krn.kynzigej.
70 rnl.5--kuna- Hu.huny-"shut
eyes", Mci.k6na-,Ch.kume-,
Vty. kyn-, zr.kan-, Vg.hort-,
Os. kon-,hon-, Yr. kaje-.
Cf. Fi.kyyny-(eyes) "half
open".

DED973 Ta. kap "eye", To.

kop,Te.kanu,kannu. DF?1209
Ta .kap "eye", To .kop, Te .kanu,
"see". Skt.k~na-"blind in
one eye".

'?

43
Uralic

Dravidian

71 b15--ima- Fi.ime"suck(le) ", Lp. njam(m)a-,

zr. ~im-, Os. em-,ami,Hu.
em, Yr.nimme-, Tv.nimiri-,
sk.nima, Km.nimer-, Yk.ibi-.
HdUV:150 :61: Turk. em- "suck".

DED2154 Ta.cippu "suck", Ma.

Impuka, Te.cibuku. (S) Tu.
uj umbupa "sucking "

72 t16--*jenc3- Md.i~ks
"slicer, plane", Vg. jinsa"cut", Yr.jeesec,j.nzec~,
j iisir, Yn. josi~ e- "whittle".

DEDs 7 Go.accana, ask- "to

cut", Ma lt.asye "to chise~".

73 t16--*ur3.- MeL irede ''be

intoxiczted", Zr.yro~, Yr.
noor-''to drink", Sk.yra-,
M:>tor. urniam, Taigj...orsu.

DED468 Ta. I1;am "toddy,

arrack", J<a. r~H. DED2235
To. i!:_ "to drink intoxicants",
Ta.uri "to sip,suck", Ma.
urincuka.

74 m16--~urt3 - Hu. irt-,

ort-"weed, root up/out,
ex terminate, clear", Zr. Vty.
~yr-: Os.jgrt-,lort-,tart''cut/saw in to pieces", Yr.
tre83r, Tv.taru-, Sk.taar-,
Km. taar-.

DED1951 Pa. car "be torn",

Go.sarrana, Kur. carrna
"tear,plough for the first
time in the year", Malt.
care "cut".

75 m16--i~a - Fi. isa

"father", Lp.acc~/aie-,Md.
oce "paterna 1 uncle II, Ch.
aza,iza "id. ,elder brother",
Hu.os, Yn.nise,Tv.jase/jaje,
Yn. ese, Sk.asy, es, ~sse.

DED46 Ta.accan "father",

Ka aj j a "grandfather " 1 Tu.
ajje,. Kur.-.ajjos. Probably
<IA:Skt~ arya, Pkt. ajja.

76 m16--itdi - Md.i~ "hang

DEo607 Pa. ut-, u~- "to hang,
up", Yr .~yda-, Tv~ idi' e-,
to suspend", u~ka "ropes of
Yn.iri'a-, idi'a-, Sk. yyty-, carrying yoke", Ka. u~~i,
Km.~ad(e), cde.
o~~i. (S) Nk.uttu "rope for
suspending articles", ~n~a.
uRi "net suspended "

44
Uralic

Dravidian

77 b16--*ica - Fi. itse

"(my /your /etc) self, ipse",
Lp. ies, ieza,Md.es,ch.iske,
~ ske,Vty.Zr.acim,Vg.jis,Os.
/is"soul,spirit,life".Yk.
V ezie, izie: S. ej zi ''shaman s
spirit".

DED554 Ta. ucir "life", Ma. usir,

Ka .usir,usur"breath,life",
Br.ust"heart,mind,inside,
kernel", Ta. uy ir "life, soul,
living being".

7? b16--*ipte Hu.iz(e-)
"taste", u~ "smell ,odour",
Lp.kak'se-/havse-"scent.
.. '
sniff,smell at",Md.opos,
ch.Ups,zr.is(k-),vg.at,os.
ewe 1 ,ep_ at, Yr IJaptie-, Tv.
IJObta,Yn.obto,Km.puptu.

DEDS S593 Ka.hasuku"disagreeable smell",To.pasi"smell,

scent" .
DED1120 Ta. kaviccu "'stench",
ka(v)ul 1 Te.ka(v)ucu"fishsmell, stench". DED1045 Ka..
kamma,kampu"bad smell, fragrance", Tu. gammu ,gamasbJ"fragrance,odour,stink,stench",
Ko.kam,kamp,Nk.kap,Te.gabbu
"stench".

79 t17--*jaro - Fi.jaarun/
jaarume-"curly wood" 1
jaarikka"block,clup,crooked
tree", Yr. jaar "cartilaginous
tuber ... " 1 jarako "cup w.
handle,made of gnarled wood".

DED606 Ka . urugu "be crooked I

bent,distorted",oggu"bend,
bow", Tu. orduni "to bend",
oraguni "recline", Te. O.agu,
oragu"bend/bow down,lean",
ora va "crooked, bent".

80 t17-.!jama- Lp. ja (b) meDED1935 Ta. cama i "kill", Te.

"die",Zr.jomty(ache,hurt",
samayu"die,perish ,camaru
Yr . j e sam a - "be i 11 " , Yn . j e oa- , "to kill".
Yr. j aba -"die ,jambon "dead".
[cf.Fi.jomo-"ache".]
HdUV:157:4:Yk.jaba,joba;
jambon "dead".
81 t17-.!jaka- Fi.jaka-"divide,share,distribute,split
up", Lp. j uokke-/j uoge-, Md.
javo- "separate", Vty. juk-/
l'uk-,Zr.juk(al-),Tv.jagi-,
Yn.johi-,Sk.t'aka-/t'aga-/
caka-,Km.t'egaar-"crumble
to pieces".

DEDS.S377 Kur.ckhna"to
d:!-vide: scatter, sow",Malt.
cage.
DED652 Ka.ekku,yakku"to
divide,separate 1 card wool",
Pa .ek to weed".

Ura

lie

y-

e \~

82 m17 --*j eUi - Lp. ja lakas/

jaaLilas, ''cloudlessness",
v
jal'li-"get bright,lighten",
Yr.jrerele, jal'a"day,sun,
light,bright",Tv.jale,Yn.
jepe,jere,Sk.t'ely,t'eel,
cel,Krn.t'ala,zalo.Yk.
j eloze "sun".

Dravidian
Ta.el(li) "lustre,
splendour,light,sun,daytime",
ilaku "shine", Te. elamu "be
shiny". DED732 Ta. e_!:i, eri ''to
shine", Ma. erikka "to shine (as
sun} ". DED738 Ta. e.!!u "sun",
Te. ers:la II (heat of) sun II ,Go.
addi, eddi. (S} Nk. edde "sunshine".

Y-li1Wt

83 b17-jrjams -Md.jam
''porridge ,gruel, soup" .,Yr.
jewaej "fish soup",Tv.jamaa
"gruel (made of blood, meat,
meal ,and water} ".

DEDi 46 Ta. ampa 1 i "porridge ,

To.obely"watery mess of rice'',
Ko 1. a mba "cooked rice" . Cf.
Mar. abil"gruel". [Tyler :1281
[N.B.] DEN S241Kol.jomma
"broth " 1 Go. jamoo "meat-soup,
curry".

84 b17 --*jaj e -Vty-ja "broad

DED3132 Ka. nevapa, neva fa,
girth-strap, band",Zr.ji, t/ l~v~fa "necklace, .. girdle,
jy "girth,girdle",Yr.ni,
zone",Tu.nevafa "silver or
niina,wija,niiwija,Tv.
gold girdle worn round the
nieja 'Yn. niojo' niej j 0 ' Sk.
loins II' Te. nevas:lamu.
kliti; kundi- "put on a
girdle".
85 u8--* jl'fntb: - Fi. j~nne/
DED2310 Ta. centu "to draw
jan tee- "tendon, string of
~/(as a rope running over a
bow",Ch.jadan,Vg.jaantew, V pulley) ",Te.c~du,cedu "draw/
Os.j8nt4iJh,janta "bowstring
pull (string} ",Ka.sedu,
net-cord",Hu.ideg "nerve,
sendu.
bowstring", Yr. j een, Tv. j enti,
Yn.ie~di,Sk.t'ind,cend,Km.
neene~

(Vasjugan)~D1905 Ta.ca~Fukam,ca~~uvam

86 U8--*seta- Os.
jat-/jit-J(S)teet- "to scoop,
ladle, pull out", Yr. teeda-,
Tv.t'adi-,Yn.teria-,tedia-,
Sk.titty-.

"ladle",Ka.sa~uka,sa~~u,

sat:~uga, so~aka

"ladle, spoon",

Tu.sa~~i,sa~~uga,ta~~uga.

46
Uralic

Dravidian

87 m~8--*jawje - Lp.S.jeuj
"tree-moss" ,joujeme "beardmoss", Os. jaj "id., squirrel's
nest'',Yr.jui,Tv.d' ie "moss,
lichen".

?DEDS.S300 Kur.kaiya "rust,

moss".

88 m~8--*junca - os.jaca
''middle ,center", YnJ uddaa,
joddea,Sk.t'onz,conze.

DED2329 Ka. sonta "hip, loins,

waist", Tu. sop~a ,o~~a.

89 m~8--*s~nk~ - Os.ja~kar,
la~kar,ta~kar "upper arm,
shoulder", Yr.cemiJkat "forearm, upper arm",tfl'~kada~
!Jamnsa "the biceps bracchii".

DED2476 .Ma.ta~~a "forearm,

upper arm", Te. da~~a cey i,
Kol.dan~a,Nk.dan~,~an~,

Pa.

~an~a,Go.dan~,Skt.dor

daJ;l~a-;bahu-dappa-"long

arm".

90 b~8--*jutta-Vty.jity
"add ,join ,add by sewing",
Zr.jit- "id. ,tack,keep
together", Jr. jute-.
HdUV:~6o :25 :Yk. jodo- "tie
together".

DED45B Ta. I~t:u "to gather,

come together" ,Ka. Idu "joining,uniting". [Tyler:DED1909
Ka. ja~~a "union", Te. ja~~a
"near,connected". J

9~ b~8--*juw3

DED2859 Ta. ta i "young plant/

tree ", Tu. da i, Te. tega "tender
palmyra shoot". (S) Tu. sasi
"a young plant". ??DED1613
Ta. Ma. ce~i "shrub, small tree",

- Vg.jiw,juu
"tree", Os. jug, j uh, Yr. j ie
"fir,spruce",Sk.t'Uu,Km.
t'oo,Koibal,Taigi za ,.fobtor
cia.

Ka.Kod.Tu.gi~a,Kol.se~~,

ce~~,Nk.se~~-

92 b18--*jok3 - Fi.joki
"river", Lp. jokka/joga- ,Md.
jov,Vty.Zr.ju,Os.jogafi,
johan,Yr.jreha,Yn.jaha,joha,
Sk.kyy,Km.d'ogo, (Os.jygi,
Vg. j66 ,j ee, Ch. joge- "to flow,
run" <Turk.)

DED480 Ta.uku "to be spilled,

gush forth", Ka. ugu "to flow,
run, trickle".

93 tiO--*jula - Lp.j()l(l)e-

DED248 Ka.a}.a(vu) "power,

strength", Te .lavu "strength,
bigness, fatness ,corpulence".

"middling fatness,good condition, lard, fa tty rna terial",

Yr. jaa 1 "blubber".

47
Uralic

94 m19--*jotka - Fi.jotka
"cross-bar ,brace", Md. j utko
"intervening
pace", Vg .jut,
jeet,jit "center",Tv.jute,
Yn . j orene, j odene ''in the
midst",Sk.kotte,kode,Km.
t'oodiigan "between".
95 b19--*juta- Lp.jotte-/
"be in motion, move,
go, migrate", Yr. j858!da-"go
on foot", Tv. joturu~, Yn. jara -,
jada -.
jo~e-

( j) ~ Vl96 b19--*jo~ks5 -Fi.jousi,

joutsi "bow for shooting a
arrows", Lp. j uok' sS./j uovsa-,
Md j OlJ s , j OIJ k s , Ch . j a 1J e z,
jo~ez,Vg.joowt,Os.jogal,
johat,Hu.ij/ija-,iv/iv~-,

Yr lJ yn, Tv. j ~nta , Yn. iddo,

Sk.ynty,Km. iini.

Dravidian
DED380 Ta.i!:ai "interval,gap,
middle in space or time", Ma.
it:a, e!=-a "interva 1 ,middle",
Ka.e9a,e~e,Tu.i~e,Te.e~a:

edamu. DED378 Ta.i!:ukkal,

it:uva 1 "crevice".

DED290 Ta .a!:u "to move, go,

wander about, play,dance,
cohabit,fight,etc. ",Ko.af-,
a-!=--,Tb.o~-,o!:-,Ka.a~u,a!:u

"be in motion, move about .. ,

Te.a~u,arcu,Nk.af-

DED691 Ta. ey, evu "discharge

arrows If, ecu "to hurl, dart .. ,
Ko.ey-,iy-,icv-,ic- "to
shoot II' Go. esna' Kur. inj na
"shoot arrows", Malt. inhe
ece,ege. (S) Ta.eyin. "hunting
tribe", eyinan "hunter", Tu.
esaguni "to discharge", Pe.
ec-"shoot with a bow".
[Tyler:64:Ma.cupt:u-villu
.. cross-bow".Te.cundu "be
flicked ... ]

97 t20--*jUts - Ch.jUt
"night",Vg.jeet' ,iit'
"night,evening",Os.iten,
jetn,jetna "in the evening",
Sk.UUd,Km.nood'i,nood'in,
I<OibaY: niude -~

DED2997 Kui.nadangi "night",

Pa .nendu-rial .. mid-night", Ta.
naJ.,Kol.ale,Nk.aJ_e. (Cf.2964
Ta .natu "extinguish,eclipse",
nutu,notu "put out",Ka.nandu
"lose one's splendour",nondu,
nundu .. go out (as fire)".)

98 t20--*kala - Fi.kaalaa/
kahlaa- "to wade"~Lp.gal
(l)e-,Md.kele-,Ch.kela-,
Vty.kol-,Zr.kel-,Vg.kwaal-,

DED929 Ta .ka!=-a "traverse,

cross, go, pass", Ka. ka~a
"ferry, ford", Kuwi granca 1 i,
gla'nai "cross (river) ",Br.
kharring "to proceed on foot".

Os.kUl-,kit-,Hu.kel~kelet

48
Uralic

Dravidian

"rise, east, ford", Yk. kel-,

kelu-,kolu-,kelie-;kelge
"crossing place".
HdUV:125 :35: IE. *gelr. Lat.
ex.cello;Lith.kelti,keliu
"rise".(?].
99 b20--*kaca - Fi.kaha
''basket,bird trap,a kind of
pole fence around a trap,
fence-like part of fishing
implements ,cupboard" ,Ch.
kuza, Vty.koz:kenos-koz
"part of granary,where
grain is stored" (kenos
"granary") , Zr. kuza "bownet", Vg. husap, Os. hoc a, hue a
''loft/balcony in granary I
storehouse",Sk.koca "sack".
HdUV:117 :1: IE. * qat-. Lat.
cassis;casa,OBM.kotici.
Av.kata ''cellar". [ ?]

DEDS. S23.1 Pa. kufia "sma_l.l

bamboo basket",Ga.kunje
"small basket' ,Go. kucca ,kuca
"large basket". DED1159 Ta.
ka ~aficiyam "granary, storeroom", Ka ka lafij i, ga ~age,
kapaja "corn bin, granary",
Tu.kapaja. Te.kapajamu,
kapanjamu "granary,barn".

100 t21--*kaja- Fi.kajo

''reflexion, echo ,clearness",
Lp.guojeta,Md.kaje-,Ch.kaja-,
ko j a-, Yr. ha a j er , Tv. ko u "sun " ,
kouru "clear", Yn. kajja "sun",
kiale,kiare"bright",Sk.kuet'e
"heat" ,'kuet' el' "hot,clear",
kuecal "clear,bright",Km.
kuja ,.fobtor .kaje,koje "sun",
kajn "day".
HdUV:118:2:IE*kaj-,Skt.ketu"liqht". ON.heil "clear sky".
( ?) Goth. ha is "torch".

DED1219 Ta. kay "to grow hot,

burn,be warm,shine",To.koy"to be hot, sun shines",koc"to heat" ,Kui kanda ,kaspa,
kaga,kafa,Kuwi kaka,kaiyi
"hot".

101 m2.1--*kakta/kakta - Fi.

kaksi/kahte- "two", Lp.
guok'te/guovte-,Vty.Zr.kyk,

?DED.1.113 Te. Ka kava ''pair,

couple",kavalu "twins",Ta.
kavar "to branch off,
bifurcate, deviate". ??

Vg.kit,os.k~t,kat,Hu.ket,

49
Uralic

Dravidian

ketto,Md.kavto,ch.kok,kokto~

Yr.side,Tv.siti,Yn.side,Sk.
sede,site,Km.~ite,Motor
kydy,
Taigi kidde. (Yk.kiji-)
HdUV:163 :4 3 :Yk. tki t "2 II,
ki t-kimn81 20
11

11

102 m21--*kala - Fi.kala

"fish 11 , Lp.guolle,Ch.kol, Vg.
kul,huul,Os.kul,hul,hut,hut',
Hu.hal,Yr.haale 1 Tv.kole,Yn.

ha~e,haare,$k.qaaly,kuele,

Km.kola.
03 m21--*kal3 - Fi.kalin/
kalime- "section of dragnet",Zr.kulem,Vg.kulp.Os.
kalew,hotap,Hu.h~lo,Yn.
kuo~ese

"net",kuo~ia-,

kuorea- "to fish with a

net", Est.kale "bag-shaped
fish-net".
104 b21--*kalma - Fi.kalma
"(odour of)corpse,death,
ulcer ,grave ,nether-world
Lp.guol'bmasa,Md.kalmo,Yr.
11

hal'mer,Yn.kame~o,kamero,

Km.kolmu.

105 b21--kel3 - Vty.kalym

"pool, puddle, inlet,bay ",
Zr. kola ,kola, Vg. keeli "rna rsh,
bog",Os.ko!ag,Sk.keel' ,kuel'
"inlet,bay".

DEDS S170 Tu.kalkore "a kind

of fish", Kur.khalkho ''id.,
shad fish". DEDS S319 Ma. '
kolli "a (kind of) fish",Tu.
koleji. DED1856 Ta.kola
"flying fish".
DED1106 Ka.kalli "course network, bag made of it".Tu.kalli
"bag of net-work, wickerwork". DED1847 Ta.koru,kolu
"to bale, draw up", Tu. koruni,
goruni "catch fish by handnet".

DED1514 Ko. ko:J. v- 11 (flesh)

putrifies so as to fall apart ,
Tu.ko~amb~ "decayed,putrid,
stinking",Te.k(r)uJ.}.u "to rot,
decay; putrid,decomposed"
[DED 1774.Tu.kolame "deep pit,
abyss,hell".]
DED1518 Ta.ku~am 11 tank,reservoir, lake", Ka. ko~a ,ko~ahe,
ko1;1a "pond",Tu.kula,Te.kolaku,
kolanu,Skt.kula- "pond,pool".
DED1777 Ka.kolli "bend,gulf,
bay", Tu. kolli, Kod. kolli "sma 11
stream with rocky bed " .

50

u(l)Jic

Dravidian

106 t22--*kama - FLkamara

~surface,crust,skin,rind~,

ch.kom,Vty.kom,Vg.ner-kamtul
[~shell of sembra -nut~ (SES
153) ].
Hu.ham,Yr.s~rew,
0'srerem "fish-scale~,sk.qaam,
Km. k~m fish -seale, money
(NB]
HdUV:118:3:IE.*kam-,Skt.
sam I. ON. hamr, hams ~skin~.
11

11

mint~.

DED1193 Ta.kavu ~carry on a

shoulder, bear .. on the arms
or on the head", Pa. kafi-, Ga.
k~j-,kafi- "carry with a yoke",
k~nj- ~arry on shoulders~,
Go.k~nj~n~,Konda kanj-,Kuwi
kinju. Skt.kica-,kEja- "yoke".
(N. B. ]DED1187 Ta. ka!!!:.U ~young
of animals", Ka. kandu "foetus
of beasts" ,kanti,kandi "cow
that has calved ,kanu ~to
bear,bring forth,beget",Br.
khaning "give birth~.
[?oEDS1301 Malt.qem~e ''carry
on the side".]

108 m22 --*karma - Md. karma

"to wish,will,intend,begin,
sha 11, will~, Yr. harwa-, Tv.
karbutu-,Yn.koma-.

DED1078 Ta .karutu "to intend,

suppose,desire",Ko.karnd-"to
prepare to do,have great
desire to do~.
DED1848 Ta. kOru "request,
wish",Te.k5ru "desire,
request,want,choose ".

109 m22--*koC3 - Vg.kas-,

has- "jerk,pull,stretch,
tune,tie",Os.koc- "tie,
bandage,dress,swaddle (a

DEDS. S139 Ka .kaccu "join",

Tu.kaccuni,Go.kah-"to tie,
fasten,secure",kacana "to be
tied tight", Pe .gac-,Mand.

11

11

l.07 m22--*kanta- Fi. kanta"carry ,bear~, Lp. guod' de,

Ch.kande-,konde-,Vg.huunt-,
Os.kantam,hontem,Yr.haana,
Yn.kadda,Yn.kadda-,Sk.
kuenda-,Km.kun.
0
It rna y be tha t Vg . kant'bear,parere', belongs
here. ") ( Cf. Fi. kanta va
"carrying, pregnant (esp.
of cows) ". Cf. SES158:
under kanta-:Lp.Vefs.
gwott~~: t
"to carry".
(--*-md-?] Cf.Fi.tunte"know", tumt3-, FUV 63.
HdUV:157:3:Yk.kande"br ing ~ ,konta- ~pull~.
(

t/

DED1033 Ta .kamuku "areca

palm~, Ma. kamuku, kamuiu1u,
kavu~~u,ka~u~~u "betelnut
tree", Skt. kramu (ka) -" id ~.
DED1035 Ta.kampa~~am
age ,coin~, Ma. kamma ~J:am,
kammi!:J:am ,Ka .kamma !:a
id.,

11

51
Ura lie

c./
1

Dravidian

baby), stretch,tune(an
instrument) ",Yr.hadapta-.

geh-,Kui gaspa,gah-,Kuwi gah-,

Kur. kha'j na "to tether, bind by
the feet".

110 b22--*kocng3 - Vg.

kaskaj "ant",Os.kociJi,
hasiJa,Yr.hodumgah,Sk.keca,
kyca,Km.kademga,Koibal
kaduma.

DEDl.744 Ka.godda "black ant",

Ga.kon9k!. DEDS2208 Pe.hoyda
"ant", Kui horovanga (pl.) "a
species of biting ants".
DED920 Ka.kaccu "bite,sting'',
Kuwi kaca kupi "scorpion".

111 b22-*kacku - Fi.katku

"heavy smoke", Kr. kacku, 01.
kaacku,kuacku,Md.kacamo,
Zr.kocys-,Sk.kacko,kacko
"smoke, smell of fire".

DEDl.251 Ta.kar "pungent,

acrid" ,Ka. k4'$:a ,ga$:u ''strong
stifling smell of chillies/
tobacco",k~ku "sharp,stifling
smell(onion) ". DEDS.S146
Te.ka9i "good/bad odour".
DEDSSl89 Te. ka $:U "burn'',
Pe.Man9.kad.
DEDS S335 Pe.koy,Pa.gunjku~
"smoke".

112 b22--kap 'a- Fi.kato

"disappearance,loss,lack,
ruin ,crop-failure", Lp. guo~

DED1207 Te. k~9u "ruin",

katakumu "famine". DEDl.142.
To. ko~y- "disappear, die", Ka.
(~)e-,Md.kado-,Ch.kode-,
ka,fi "to pass away,end,die",
Vty.kyl', Zr.kol' ,os.kaj-,
ka}..e, ka }.i "abandon, reject,
kyj-,haj- "leave behind,
leave behind", Ko~. kay-, Tu.
abandon",Hu.hagy-~ Yr.haaje-, kariyuni,ka}..eyuni.
haaj~-,Tv.koae'-,Yn.kae-,

Sk.kuet'a-.kued'a-,
Km.kojo-. HdUV:1s8:10:Yk.
kudie- "to leave,let".
HdUV:142:9:Turk.koj-,Uigur.
kod- "leave ,abandon".
113 t23--*kas3 - Md.kaze"give,present",katne,kaime
"gift," Ch.kuzuk, Vty.kuzym
Zr.kotin,Yr.haasu,haaso.

DED1708 Ta. ko$:u "to give",

ko$:ai "giving away as gift",
Ko.kof-,Tb.kwif-;kwar "fine",
Ka.kopu,ku~u,ko~u,ko~u,Ke~.

ko~i-,Tu.korpini,Kur.kufpi.

l<c

t'

Ura lie

Dravidian

114 m23--*ka 1U - FL ka ly
"husband' s/wife' s s~ster",
Md.Zr.kel,Os.kUli,kita,Yr.
seel,Tv.sealu~,

Yn.se~i,

seri,Sk.sal.Yk.kelil.
HdUV:124:36:IE.g' 8 low~,
G k . g a to s J La t . g los , Russ .

DED1107 Kur.. kha lli "father's

younger brother's wife".
DEDS. S444 Nk. serutra "husband's younger brother's wife",
Go.sern 9ar,harn~ar "spouse's
younger sister".

zolva.
HdUV:147 :4 3 :A. *k~ili (w) -,
u igur. ka lin. Tg. koli.
115 t24--*kec~ - Fi.keha
"frame,circle,ring,circumference" ,Lp.kes (a) ,gies (s)ii,
Md.ci,si "sun,day",ch.keca,
Vty. Zr. kyc "loop, snare", Vg.
kis,kis,os.koc,Sk.kuocee,
koce "earring". (cf.FUV22:
Os.koc "tie".]

DED1516 Ta.ku~aicu,ku~acu
"loop, noose, knot", Ka. kupike.
DED1515 Ta.k~fai "earring,
ear" ,Ma .ku?;a ,Kui kiseri "earring". (DEDS S139 Go.kah- "to
tie",Man9.geh-,Kui gaspa
"hanging,suspension,suicide
by hanging",Ka.kaccu "join".)

116 t24--*kakca - Md.kekse

"resin", Ch. kis, Yr. hade' I
hades- "tar",Yn.kade,Lp.
gac'ce,gac'ce,gas'se.

DEDS 5202 Ka.gija~i,giji

"sticky state",Pa.gifiji "pith ...
DEDS 5207 Ta.ki~ai,ki~eccu,
Ma.kitesu "pith".

117 m24--*ke/ki - Fi.ken/

kene-/ke- "who", Lp. g i, ga,
Md.ki,Ch.ke,ko,kU,Vty.Zr.
kin,Hu.ki,Yr.hibi,Krn.gi'i'
"which" ,gi' in,kijen,gin
"where" Yk.kin.Jckintek,kinek.
HdUV:126:42:IE qwi-,Lat.
quis,skt.naki,Av.cl-,Goth.
hwileiks 1 OBu .cito.
HdUV:149:56.Turk.kim,Mo.
ken ''who " ~
118 m24--*kepa - Fi.kevea,
kevyt,kepe-,koy(h)ke" light, not heavy"~ keuhko
"lung , Lp. gap' pal ,gep' pis,
Yr.siibi,Yn.sebi,Sk.seppa,
sepka,Krn.sUmka.

DED1930 Ta.cappai ,.weak,

lean ,emanciated ~~~ cavu "fail
(crop) , fa 11 flat, loose crispness" ,Ka .jabbalu "withered,
dry,pulpy,relaxed,slack(as
of female's breat) ",Tu.jabbu
"empty within,hollow".

53
Uralic

Dravidian
DED1977 Ta .cavi "withered
crop, blighted corn", Ma. cat:a,
Kui sat:u.

119 b24--*kycu - Est.kidu

"fine snow",Yr.haad(a) ,Tv.
kodu~,kotara'a,Yn.karu,kadu,

Sk.koz,kooce. (Cf.Fi.kide
"snow-flake",Ol.kidej "cold
weather",ch.kocok,kycyka
"hoar-frost".)
120 t25--*kele - Fi.kieli
"tongue, speech, language,
cnord~~str ing" ;Md. k'el' -, cl1 .
kal,kol,kil' ,vty.zr.kyl,
Vg.kela,os.kol,ket,Yr.sie,

DEDS S218 Pa.Ga.girgira "cold".

DED1711 Ta. kot:uku "shiver with
cold", Ka k.o!=a, ko~a ta "coldness".
I~ '/ ~
I

\\

\(. 0

DED1677 Ta.kifavi "word,

speech,language",k~l
. "hear,
i"lsb~ri", K6. ke. ~yv: or-~- '---- --DED1051 Ma.kayal "string".
.

Tv.sieja,Yn.sio~o,iioro,

Sk.sie,see,Km.saka.Motor
kaste,Taigi kuste
HdUV:148: 50: Turk. k~ l~ca
"speech", Chuv. kala; Mo.
kelen;kele-"to speak".
~

121. t25--*kis3 - zr. kiz

''button hook",Yr.sis.

DED2272 Ka Te. s i~ i "iron

hook", Tu. se~i, Ta. ce!=il.

1.22 rn25--*kopa - Est.koba

"fir bark" ,Md. kuvo ,Ch. kuwo,

??DEDS.S317 Ga.gorpa "shell

(of tortoise) ", Kuwi gorpo
"id.,shell of egg".

~shell,scale,hull,husk",Yr.

hooba,Tv.kufu "skin,hide",
Yn.koba,Sk.kooba,Km.kuba.
j<!oy-

jz

123 rn25--*~ojva - Fi.

koivu "birc.h", Lp. goa i' vo,
Md.ki-,ke-,Ch.kue,kugi,
kogi,Vg.kaal',Yr.koika~

Km.kojU. Alt HdUV:144:27:

Mo. kusun. Tg. k i vc3 "birch".

DED1265 Tu.korngi-mara,Te.
kanaga,kagu "Indian beech
tree".

54
\

Uralic

Dravidian

~24 m25--*koko- Fi.koke-

DED1763 Ta. koy "to pluck,

reap,choo~e,select",Ma.koyka,

"experience,investigate,
examine(traps) ",Yr.ho-,

Te.koyu,kota,Ga.koy-,Go.
k6Iy~n~,Kui k6va.

hor~a,Yn.koa-,S~.qo-,

ko(wa)-,Km.ku-.
HdUV:~20:~3:IE*kow(e)-,Gr.

koeo,Lat.caveo.Skt.kavi"wise, seer, poet".

~25 b25--*ku%s -

Vty.kol
"intestinal worm",zr.kol,
oo

os.ku~;Yr.haly.Sk.kaa.

(Cf. Fi.lois-ma to "intestinal worm";cf. SES3~0.luoda

"create ,-mrscarry~(cow-sT; set"
up woof and warp" I)

DED1859 Kur.kul "belly.,

stomach" ;kulas "offspring",
Br.khol "womb,entrails,offspr ing, woof, weft"; khol (a)khu "entrails,woo_f_and_w~ry~..... -,... ........ ,....::
--
..
-

--!":"~-.-:

-~~-

HdUV:~6~:30:Yk.kelize

''worm".

fo"},---

~26 t26--*konta -

Fi,kontaoEoS1347 Ta. kutir "cold'';

"stiff from cold",Yr.hanema-, kOta 1 "sensation of cold";
Tv.kantejea-,Yn.koddi,Sk.
konta l''bi ting cold" ,Go. kind.
kanda-, Km. kana-.
~27

t26--*kopps - Os.kopek
"the lungs". Yr. kopuj ,kapy.
[Cf.kepea;keuhko--~~8 .. m24]

128 t26--*kora- Vg.kor-,hor- ??DEo636 Kur. OfOk "bark",

.. peel, flay, skin .. ,os. kor-,
Ma 1 t. orku "bark, husk, peel,
hor-,Yr.hyra-,Sk.kyra-,kiiry. scale" orye "to peel".

129 t26--*kUnts - Hu.kod

''fog, haze", Vty. kod, Tv. kinta
"smoke .. , ~tor .kiundu, Ta igi.
kUndo .[cf .Fi .konta "fog",
SES 216.]
130 m26--*kujrs - Fi.kuiri
"spoon, ladle"; kuiru "long,
narrow boat .. , Vty. kyr, Zr.
gyr .. mortar", Vg. hu~a, Yr.
kuury "trough".

DEDS.S335 Kon~a.g6yi "smoke",

Pa.gfiqi. DEDS1460 Go.kum
"smoke".

DED1847 Ta.koru,kolu;korikai
"ladle". DED1511 Ta.kural
"any tube-shaped thing".

..

55
Urlaic

Dravidian

131 m26--*ku - Fi.kuka/ku"who ";kussa "where"; koska,

kun "when,because",Lp.gutti,
Md.kodamo,Ch.kudo,Vg.hoo,kon,
Os.koji,hun~Hu.hol,Yr.hu,Tv.

hua,kunie,Yn.huju,kudo,Sk.
kutte,ku,Yt.hadi,hon.
Hd UV: 12 4 : 32 : IE * qwu-, qwo- "who ,
wha t ", Sk t . k u, k u tr a , k uha ; ka s ,
Av.kuda;ko,L.necunde;quo,
quod,Lith.kas,kai.
HdUV:146 :40 :A. *Ka-, Uigur qanu,
qaj u "who ", Turk. qand, ft:>. qa-,
Golde haidu "where".
132 b26--*kulko- Fi.kulke-/
kulj e- "go, walk, stroll", Lp.
gol'ga "float,run,roam,leak",
Md.kolge-,Zr.kylal,Os.kogal-,
hohat-,Hu.halad,Yr.huuly.

DEDS S261 Ta .kulavu "to walk,

move about",To.kwal-"to go
round, run/frisk about''.
DED1599 Nk.ku~,Kol.kul
"leak". [ Cf. DED1853 Ta. kol(am) "raft,float";Skt.kola-,
Pa .kulla- "boat,raft''.]

133 t27--*kulta- Fi.kulle/

kult(h)ee-"drift-net",Kr.
kuultie-,Lp.gold(g) ,Vty.
kalt-,zr.kolt-,Vg.hult,os.
kop-,kup-,hol-,Sk.qoldci
''scoop, ladle".

DED1564 Ka .ku~e,ku~i ''basket

for catching fish",Go.ktll8:,
Ta. kata i.
DED1779 Kur.khollna "to
ladle" ,Malt. qole.

134 b27--*kuma - Fi.kumo"upside down,overthrow,

capsize"; kuma ra "bent,
bowed ", Lp. gomo; gobrno t "who
lies on his stomach,face
downward",Md.koma (fto)''overturn", Ch. korn5k, kumok,
Vty.kymal-,Zr.kym(al) ,Vg.
0
kamut, Os. komtah "face down",
Hu.homoru "concave,hollow",
Yr.hawa(da) ,Tv.kamagu,Yr.

DED1458 Ma.kumpi~uka,kummi~uka
"to bow down,prostrate oneself,
worship" ,Ka .kumbu~u,kumbi~u,
To.kubi~.

DED1121 Ta.kavi~ "be capsized,

overthrown", Ma. kavi!;uka,
kamiEuka,kamuttuka,kamikka.
DEDS1121 Go.kapmurnd-"face
downwards";ghapmprgana.

Uralic

Dravidian

ka'ala,Sk.qamd,Yk.hobo-.
HdUV:l.23 :27: IE:* q 8 m- "concave~,Gk.kamari,kmelethron,

L.camur,Skt.kmara.
HdUV:l.45 :30: Tq. kUmt6- "knock
down, fell~ ,Golde humsuri-.
DEDS1443 Te.gumma ~sp~1rt,
gush ,jet"; kimmarincu,kummarillu
"to gush, pour out". [DED1.449
Ta.kumi,kuvi,kumpi,kumpam,
Hu.hab,Yr.haamba,Tv.ko~fu,
kuppu "heap,pile,mound,clump,
kombu,Sk.komba. [Cf.Fi.kumpu, crowd". ] [oEDS s696 Pe. pume 1;
kuvo,kupo "mound,heap,pile".] Man~.pumbel;Kui.pumbeli
"foam".]
1.35 t28--*kumpa- Fi.kumpua-/
kummuta ~gush forth, foam",
Md.kumboldo,komb6ld6,Zr.
gybar-,Vg.hump,Os.kump,komp,

1.36 m28--*kunta- Fi.kunne-/

kuntee- "mark,trace",Lp.
god'de,Kola.gon'de "to fish,
catch ,kill~ ,Md. kunda-, Vg.

(??DED1373 Ka.gufiju "pull,

contract convulsively",Te.
gunju "pull,drag".)
DED993 Ka.ka~~a~isu "to mirqont-~find,perceive,see",
ror ,appear".
[koontl "listen".Os.kunhal,
DED994 Ta.ka~~i "snare,noose,
Hu.hall,hadl]Yr.hane-,hananet", Ma. ka~ikka "to lay a
?-nare~ --------------- ----~-~
"catch (game) ,hunt",Yn.
kad'a-.
(/[Both DED993 and 994 are ' "'-\
HdUV:l.23:28:IE:*gh 8 nd-,Gk.
derived from DED973 Ta.ka~,
khandano,L.prehendo "to
Te.kan(n)u "eye,orj,.fice,
\
grasp,comprehend".
sma 11 hole, mesh of net". .
'
[N.B. Vg.koontl,Hu.and Os.
Cf. also DED1.209 Ta.kap
)
~to see, perceive~. ]
words meaning "hear,listen"
do not belong here, as suspected by Collinder in HdUV
l.23;there may be a possible
connection with DEP1.677 Ta.
keJ. "to hear, listen, learn~,
Tu.ke~uni,Go.ken-jana.]

1.37 b28--*kol6- Fi.kuole"die", .Md. kulo-, Ch. kole-,

Vty.Zr.kul-,Vg.hool-,Os.
kal-,hat-,Hu.hal-/hol-,Yr.

DEDS1.772 To.kwaly ~murder,

who has died or is near death".
DED1.772 T.a.kol "to kill, murder,ruin,fell~;kolli "that
which kills".

57
Uralic

Dravidian

haa-,Tv.ku-,Yn.kaa-,Sk.qu-,
Km.ku-.
HdUV:1.20 :1.4: IE: *qwol- "to
die" ,Oir .a t-baill ,OE.
cwelan,cwalu,OPers.golis
"death".
~

1.38 t29--*kor3 - Fi.kuore

"smelt", Lp. guora, Zr. gur ina
"Cyprinus",Sk.koor,Km.kuru
"salmon" ,Koibal hurru.

1.39 t 29--*kur3 - Fi.kuras/

kurakse-"club,sabre,knife",
~ Est.kuurask,Lp.korr,Yr.har,
v/ kar,Yn.kooru,kolu,Motor
kuro.
HdUV:1.61. :32 :Yk. kite "knife".
HdUV:1.24:4:IEq 9 r-:Lith.
kirvis>Fi.kirves "ax",
Goth.hairus,ON.hjorr. [Does
notbelong here! 1!
~

~ 1.40 m29--*korko - Fi.kurki/

kur j e- "crane", Lp. guorga ,
Md.kargo,Yr.harU,Sk.kara,
Km.kuro.

1.41. m29--*kur3- Fi.kuro-

V"' "to fold, plait,crease ,pull

. ~ together,gather,stitch,tie,
V baste", Lp.gor (r) a-, Zr .kor-,
Yr.hura-,Sk.kura-,Km.kUr-.
[Cf.Fi.kurpponen "mochasine,
basted and creased together
with string".]

vf

1.42 m29--*kor3 ch.kuruks

''basket", Vty. kUr, Vg. kuri,
huri,Os.kyrgg,Yr.hoor,Tv.
kur,koare,Sk.koromze.

DEOS.S270 Ma.kuricci "a kind

of fish with many sharp
bones", Tu. kurci.
DEDS.S279 Kon~a kufam
"knife", Kui kufe.

DED1.767 Ta .kuruku "heron,

crane, stork", .Ma. kokku,
kuriyan,kuru./Skt.kanka-.
DED969 Kur. ga fUr'' .. heron" ,
Ma 1 t. ga~ure "era ne ''.
DEDS 5232 Go. kurp. "to
plait .. baskets" .
DED221.1. Kur. ktlrn~ " .. tie
sari round one's waist",
Malt.kufge,Br.kuring.

DED1.481. Ma .kuriccan "basket".

58
Dravidian

Uralic
143 b29--*kunco- Fi.kuse.. urinate I f ' Lp. guz I za 'Kola .
gon 1 ~y,Ch.koza,Vty.kyt,zr.
ku~,vg.kuns,os.kos,Hu.hugy,

DEDS S229 Kon~a kus-"to

urinate", Man~. kuh-.
DE01362 Ko.korcu,koccu
"stench of urine",Tu.kujaru.

sk.kuza,Km.kinzi-,Motor
kunzi- .
. /144 b29--*kupsa- E.kustu-/

V kistu-"die out,put out,

extinguish", Lp. gop 1 se-, Vty.
kys-,Yr.hapta-,Tv.kabta-,
Yn.kota-,sk.kapta-,Km.
kubder-.
145 b29--*ku~6 - Fi.kuu
"moon, month"., Md. ko~ , kou,
Os.haw,Hu.h6/hava-,Km.ki,
Koibal kuj i ''moon"~ ky j i
"month", Yk. kin ( i) ze.
146 b29--*koks3 - Fi.
kuusanka/kuukso "Siberian
jay" ,Lp.guov sak,Ch.
kupsUle-,zr.kuksa,Sk.

r<O.

147 t30--*kowso - Fi.

kuusi "Norway spruce,Picea
abies",Lp.guos(s)a-,Md.kuz,
k Ch. koZ', Vty .kyz, Zr. koz, Vg.
kawt,os.kol,hut,Yr.haady,
t kaa t, Tv. kua, Yn.kcri ,kadi,
~ Sk.kaade,kuut,Km.ko 1 d,ko 1 n.
(Some places this word may
also denote the pine,Scotch
fir,Pinus excelsa.)
t HdUV:143 :22 :Mo.husi
"Siberian cedar".

? ?DEDS S354 Nk. j

Go

a~ go

"moon",

.ja~o.

??DEDS S157 Kur.kappO-Ofa

"a small kind of bird",Malt.
kapo.

<

kaasera,Km.k~~zora.

DED2002 Malt.keye,keype,Br.
kahing "to die down (fire)".
(S) Pe. hatpa "extinguish",
Kui sappa,Kuwi ha-,Kur.khiu,
Br.kasfing "to kill".

148 t30--*kan~3 - Ch.*kUnzo

(kjunzju) "sledge", Yr.han,
Tv.kanta,Yn.koddo,Sk.kanze.

??DED1685 Ta .kaitai "fragrant

screwpin~,Pandanus odoratiss imus ", Maka ita , Ka kedage,
kedige,Tu.kedai,Te.gedagi.
Cf.Skt.ketaka-,ketaki-.

?DEDS S141 Pa. kane ip, Ga.

kanyuk- "to yoke bullocks
to cart or plough".

59
Dravidian

Uralic
149 t30--*kUnce - Fi.kynsi/
kynte-"nail,claw,hoof;
scratch",Lp.gaz za,Kola
gan'~a,Md.ken~e,kuz,Vty.

kizy,guzy,zr.gyz,vg.kuns,
Os.konc,Yr.hada,Tv.katu,
Yn.kora,koda,Sk.katte,kad,
kace,Km.k~da. [cf.Fi.
kyntaa/kynn- "to plough".]

? ?DED1.615 're. g i!=!:a

"hoof", Nk.

Kol.ge!=!=a,Kuwi ko~~a,Malt.
qe9a. (Cf.DEDS.S276 Go.kunj
"hoe, digging stick.",
Ko. kunj
'
"crowbar", Pa. kuc i "id".
DED14 32 Ta. kuntcili "pickax",
Ko. kuda 'y "hoe".]

...

150 m30--*kUje Fi.kyy

"addP.r,viper" ,M:Lkuj ,kijov,
ch.kGske,kiske,Vty.kyj,Hu.
kigy6,sk.suu,suu.
[Cf. SES257 :kyy: Vote.
cUup&imet "a kind of white
sea llop"; .Md. kumbra (<kuj in
pra "snake's head") "a kind
of sea llop or oyster". ]

DED1469 Ko~.kuy-"(fly or
ant) bites,to bore(hole)";
kuy "pain felt from a fly's
or bee's sting". (S) Ko~. kuyli
"bee' s sting".
Cf. DED1. 764
Pa. koyya "sting, thorn".
DED1798 Kui kospa "bite,
sting" ... (DED1.71.8 Ko.ko!=k"snake strikes,bites",Ta.
ko~ukku "sting ... ,claws of
a crab or lobster".}

151 m30--*kune Fi.kyynel

"tear, lacryma ", Lp. ganf~ 1,
Vty.sin-kil' ,Hu.konny,Yr.

DED973 b. Ta. kan nir "tears".

{S)To.kepir,Go.kanner,kafel,
kan~er,Kuwi

kan~ru,kan'eri.

haajel,Tv.kaale,Yn.ho~i,
0

koiri,Km.kejel,kdjol.

152 b3U--*l'upsa Lp.lakse/

lavse/lapse "dew",.Md.l'aks,
les "hoarfrost",Ch.lups,
Yr. j~apta, Tv. joptaaiJ. Yn. jete,
Sk.t'aptu,Km.t'e'pta.

DEDS s842 Pe. lekor "dew",

Man~.lekur,Kui liheri,Kuwi
leuri "dew,snow".

153 b 30--*lamp5 Fi.lampi/

lamme- "lake, pond, puddle",
Lp.Kola lamb "marsh",Ch.
lop,Hu.lap,Yr.lymbad
(rympat); Lp.luobbAl "lakelike widening of ~ river".

DED255 Ta .a ~am "saltpan,

sea",Ma.a;t.am "salt marsh".

60
Uralic

Dravidian

154 t31-*lamsi-Fi.lansi/
lante- "lowland", Lp.luow' de-,
Yr.lamtu,Yn.loddu,Sk.lamdi.
HdUV:119:9:Goth.land,OBu.
lrdina "moor",Sw.linda.
55 t31--*lapa Fi.lapa"blade,
houlder"; lapio "spade", Vg.
aatl~p"hand's breadth",Yr.
labe ''oar", Tv .labeiJ, Yn .leba,
Sk.laba,Motor.lia.[Fi.
lappaa~to shovel,measure
with hands";lapanen "mitten".]
HdUV:118 :4: IE.* lap- "shoulderblade ,oar"; La tv .lapsts ,OBu.
lopa ta, Ir .lui, lue ,OHG. La ffa.

DEDS S38 Kur. lapp "handful";

lapna "to measure with hollow of hand";laphJMalt.l~pe,
l~pye "to measure out with
two hands put together".

DED2463 Ta. ta !=!=am "plate";

156 b31--*lapta Fi.lattea
"flat, plain, level" ,Ch .lapto,
ta!=!=u "flat,plain,shallow".
Os.lawtak,/optah "flat,level,
ct I~ p - 11/it p-l plate, saucer", Yr .lapta, Yn.
leta.
157 b31--*laps3 Md.lavs
"era dle ", Ch. leps, Yr. jeeps,
jeepc,Tv.lapsu,Ks.t'opse,
Km.t'epsU.
[cf.Fi.lep<a,lev~t~ "rest".]
158 t32--*le(y~)- Fi.lie"be" (potential mood) ,Lp.
1~-, Ch.liM-,Vty.lu-,Zr.lo-,
Os.tutan,laln,Hu.le-,Yk.le
''be, live ,become".

1.

159 m32--*laps3 Lp.luop'sa

"receptacle for meat", Kola
lyp'c,lyop's "clean place
in the Lapp tent where foodstuffs, .. meat .. clothes are

.~
r ~'Y
'('"' l'If -~ ~ \
\'

DEDS S539 Pe.trep "put child

to sleep", Man~. t~r "lie down":
trep "lay down", Kui treppa
"cause to lie down", Kon~a
t~r "lay".
??DEDE s844 Kui lohpa "abide,
remain,live",Kuwi l~i-,loy"to remain''.
[?DED599 Ta.uJ.. "to be,have,
exist".]
??DED600 Ka.uJ..,oJ..avu "inside,
interior", Te .lopala "within",
Nk .lopa 1, lopun "inside", Go.
r5n,lon,Kur.ulS "inner room~.

Ura

lie

Dravidian

kept;it is not allowed to

sit there",Yr.lapte "chest,
box", Yn. lote "vessel" .
/

.160 b32--*luwo Fi.luu "bone",

Md.lovaza,Ch.lu,Vty.Zr.ly,
Vg.lu(w-) ,os.log,low,tuw,Yr.
lyy,Sk.ly,le,Km.le .
.16.1 b32--*nu(~)~e Fi.lysi/
lyte- "handle,haft", (nysi
"handle, g~ip ") , Lp. rna 5 (~a--} J
Md.ned' ,Vg.neel,nal,Os.nol,
,__ net ,,Hu. nye 1, Yr . n i-:ir, Tv. nir ;~ -,...
Yn.nii~o-,sk.ner,Km.nirze.

DED7.14 Ta.elumpu "bone",Ka.

elu,iluvu.
DEDS 3484 Te.dummu,Kon9a
c;:Jumu "bone" ..
DEDS69 Tu .a~a8u "handle,
hilt ...
DED69 Ko.a~c;:Jc- "to set(a
thing) in place",To.onc
~
-~..-....... !.....~~--~
'**'.,....
''ferruleyorl'"'st~ck or pounder",
Ka.a~asu "ferrule,throng,
that holds firmly together".

f)l CHI./

.162 t33--*rnay6 Fi.maa

"earth,soil,ground,country
land", Ch. mU (j-) , Vty. Zr. mu,
Vg.maa,moo,os.meg,muw,Tv.
mou,Sk.mas kula.
(Cf.Fi.manner/mantere"continent ": mal"i:.u/mannu"land property " ]

DED38.17 Ta . rna n "earth, soil",

Te. manu, l<od. ~ !lPI "mud,
land property". (S) To.mop
"land property", Ga. rna n, Go.
manc;:Jul "earth,ground,soil ".

.163 t33--*mu~k3 Fi.maakko

"flail", Vg. maa~hw: rnaahwt;J
naal "arrow for shooting
squirr~ls '', Os. moh, mo~k, Yr.

DEDS3936 Go.mah- "to fit

(shaft to arrowhead) ",rna 1
"fit. into,fasten".

mu~k,Tv.muoka,Yn.mugge?

.164 m33--*maksa Fi.maksa

"liver",Lp.muok'se,Md.makso,
Ch.moks,zr.mu(s)k-,Vg.majt,
Os.rnugel/muget,Hu.rnaj,Yr.
"
myyd,rnuuda,Tv.rnita,Yn.muro,
rnudo,sk.rnyd~,rniite,Km.rnyt~

(Burrow :44: Ta. rnuka i

"liver H.)

Uralic

o/'

165 m33--*man3 Fi.manaa

"bewitch, exhort, curse, admonish (, Lp. moan (n) a "conj ecture" ,Md.mu~a-,Ch.mana-,Hu.
mond-,Yr.maan,Tv.muno,Sk.
my-,Km.ma-. Yk.mon- "say,
speak".
HdUV:120:15:U*mon-/IE~mon-:
Gk.mimnesko,memona,Lat.
mentio,moneo,Skt.mana-,
Lith.minti.

Dravidian
DED3910 Ta.manu "petition,
request, prayer", I<a. rna nave,
Te. mana vi.
DED3822 Ko.may~- "talk,
scold,abuse",Tu.ma~ipuni

"speak,utter( .. in negative)"

166 b33--*manc3 vg.mansik

??DED4047 M3. mutlt:u "anything
''tail of reindeer_",Os_.masah.. -short", Tu. mut19aJ Pa-; mu~9~ :--
-,jshort~tail (o.f reindeer,
mo~~ik.
moose, bear, hare) II, Sk. maca,
DED4071 Ta . muca 1 , muya 1 "hare" ,
rna t 1 a )ffie t I a ,
Ma.muyal,Tu.muyeru,muggeru,
Pa . mGda , To mu ' s .
167 t34--*mort3 Hu.mart
"bank,ridge,beach,shore,
ravine, edge", Vg. mort, Os.
m~rti-,mard'i,Yr.mara,Tv.

moru,Yn.mo!a,mora,Sk.moor,
0
Km. mara "edge, end". (Vg.
morti-maa "warm country,
where migratory birds spend
the winter".)
168 t34--*makt3 Fi.matas/
rna ttaa- "tussock", Lp. miek Ita/
mievta-,ch.modo-,Yr.mie't,
Sk.makte,mckty "heap,hillock", Km. mckte, bakte
"tussock,hill".
[N.B. :Ur.-kt-,or.-~~-.]

DED4301 Ta .varai "ridge,bank,

shore,boundary,limit,extent",
To. par "direction, horizon
line 11 ,I<a. bare, vari "space,
room, limit 11
[cf.DEDS 5780 Go.mar-,~Fn~
"to be finished" ,marana "to ;1/.7
exhaust".]

DED4151 Ta. met:t:u "mound,

heap",m~~u "hillock",mut;t;u
"high ground",Ma.mat;~a "hill",
Te.metta "hill" , mettu "mound" ,
mi~t:a "hillock,mound"; (S)
m~~a,m~~u,m~~i "stack of hay".
{Cf.OEDS s811 Ka.meda,Te.
mede "heap".)

..

..

Uralic

Dravidian

169 m34--*mans Hu.men"escape ", Lp.lll8enno/mamo-,

~Md.mene-,Zr.myn-,Yr.

meenuraj "castrated male

reindeer .. not broken in".
{Fi. menentelija "reindeer that does not allow
people to touch or catch
it ... )
(Cf. Hu .men ,Fi .mene- "~"
-171)
170 b34--*mins

Md.mene-,

v' meflde-''to bend,curve",Os.

min,mani-,Tv.muna!..,mUnada-,
muni-,Yn.munuro-,Sk.mena-,
myna-, Km. mlinli' .

DED3997 KO.min "to escape".

DEDS 5789 Kui minja "to
attack ,charge, rush upon",
minjora "an attacker" ,Kuwi
minj i tesi "he snatched away
from".

DED3796 Ka.ma~i,mapi"bend,
fold, bow". Te. ma~agu ,mapugu.
DED3828 Ka. map~i "what is
bent,knee", Tu. Te. map9i ,Go.
mep~a,KOnda

me~a,Kui

mep~a,

Kuwi menda,menda.
::1!

Cf. Skt.map~uki "part of

elephant's hind leg".
171 b34--*mene- Fi.mene"go ", Lp. manna -/mana- ,Ch.
mije-,Vty.myny-,Zr.mun,Vg.
min-,os.man,Hu.men-,Yr.min-,
Tv.men-,Yn.muo-,Sk.men-,
man-, Km. min- ,man-.

??DED3962 Ta .miku "surpass",

mincu,Kod.mifij-,Te.mincu
0
"to excell, be gone by, be
prior in time",Ta.muntu
"advance ,excell".

172 b34--wmi Fi.mika/mi"wha t, which, what kind", Lp.

mi/ma-,Md.meze,Ch.ma,mo,
Vty.ma,zr.myj,Vg.man,metar,
Os.m0gi,m6j,m&ta,Hu.mi,mely.
Tv.ma,Yn.mii' ,Km.moo' ,mo.
HdUV:127:47:IE*m+V:p.113:
Toch.mante,m&k-su,mekte,
Hitt.maswanz,mahhan.
WY
HdUV:149:58:Turk.-mi;KOr.
muot.

? ?DED4228 Te. emi" "what, why,

how much". Konda P.me "why,
what for ", kuwi ambari ''Who",
imin "what kind".

64
Ura lie

Dravidian

1.73 t35--*mina/myna Fi.mina/ ??DED4234 Ta.yan,nan "I".

minu- "I",Lp.mon-/mu-,Md.mon,
~ Ch.m6n,Vty.mon,Zr.me,Os.ma/
lll8 n-, rna/man-, mam/ma n, Hu. em,
Yr.man,Tv.manna~,Yn.mod'i,

Sk.man,mat,Km.man.Yk.met.
HdUV:1.27:48:IE*me/*mo:Gk.me,
moi,Lat.me.Skt.aham,mama,
mad,~m,maya,Lith.mi,OBu.mi.

HdUV:140:62:Turk.6an,man,
Mo.6i,minu,Tg.6i,Goldi mi.
1.74 m35--*mina Fi.minia
"daughter-in-law", Lp. mannj e,
Vty.men (ici men "young marri~d woman") ,zr.mon,Vg.min,
Os.men,Hu.meny,Yr.meeje,Tv.
meaj,Yn.mii,Km.meeji.

DED41.89 Te.mena "connected

through a woman's brother
or a man's sister", Kod. mayma
"daughter-in-law" ,Go. rna i
"woman, wife", Nk. meoni, Kuwi
mehnat;ay "female crosscousin".

1.75 m35--*m513 Lp.moallo/

moa llo- "crumb, bit, piece",
smollo "pulverized", Yr.
rna la!- , rna 1 u ' , rna 1 ' rna , Km . b u 11- .
HdUV:1.22:24:IE.*mel-:Oir.
melim,OHG.melm,Lith.melmuo.

??DED3891. Ta.marukku "to

beat, pound, h 'J 11 by pounding
(as paddy) ".

1
l
i

65
Uralic
177 b35--*mosko Est.moske"to wash",Md.muske-,Ch.
/mu~ka-,Vty.Zr.mu~ky-,Hu.mos-,
Yr.maasa-,Yn.masua-,Sk.musa-,
Km.bese.
HdUV:l21:20IE.*mozge/mezge
L.mergo-,Skt.majja-,Lith.
mazgoti.
178 b35--*mon63-Hu.mozog"move",Yr.mansara-, Yn.
mod'oda,mozora"stir",Km.
rna ~er-.

Dravidian
DED3995 Ga.muy-"wash",Kui
miva,musa,Kur.mujna.
DEDS4096 Ga.mulg-,Kon~a
muFg "sink,be immersed",
P~.muc-,Kui muspa,Kuwi
mussali.

??DED3964 Ka.Te.misuku "move,

stir",Ko.mick.
DED3976 Ka.Te.miduku "move,

wander about".

179 t36--*mooa Ch.mudo,modo

"bilberry,blueberry", Os.
tJ
mal w,Km.moodo.

..

..

180 t36--*muna Fi.muna

./ "eggJ..testicle,male sex organ",
V Lp.man(n)e,mon(n)e, Md.mona,
0
v
Ch .muno,Vg.man,Os.mon,man,
Hu.mony,Tv.manu,Yn.mona,Sk.
maane,man,Km.munuj.

DED4048 Ta.muntai,muttai
"egg",Ka.Tu.motte,Kod.mutte
"egg,testicle":

DED4175 Go.menj "egg", (S) Kui

menju "egg",mesa "testicle".

~ 181 m36-~ajo'a Lp.~uoi~i ~

DED4054 Go.maddol "plant,

shrub',modol "trunk of tree",
Tu.madadu
"log,trunk".
o

"forest" ,Sk ~mat' te' ,mat' ,mac.

182 m36--*mor Fi.muru"crumb, DED4078 Ta.muri "to break",

/ break,shatter",Lp.moar(r)a-,
Te.muri "bit,piece",Tu.muri,
_
Os.mory,muragt-,Hu.mar-,morzsa,Nk.rnurk-,Kur.murukhi,Malt.
- /Yr.marda,Tv~mar,Yn.mo-fe,more,. murke"cutinto bits". /Pkt.
V Sk.morru.
muria ":broken,smashed". (Cf.
HdUv:l21 :18':IE. *mor- ,L.mortar- D:EDSS804 Go.murre"fri.ed grain",
ium,Skt.mrl)a,ON.merja,mor.
Kui miiri. "parched rice".]

183 b36--*munc3 0s.musi "ant",DED4018 Ta.muciru"red ant",

moca"insect",Motor mun~ouant". Ma.rni~u,ni~u,Kui mura~i,muja~i
"large red ant:'

~------~-

66
Ura1ic

Dravidian

184 b36--*mucka Fi.mutka

"bend,curve;detour,dodge",
Lp.mok'ke,Sk.mut,muuc,
muty.

DED4012 Ta.mukku "corner",

To.musk,Kui mudgu "corner".

185 t37--*mora Fi.muura(in)

"c1oudberry",Vg.morah,Os.
morJk,morJ rk.,mur~h,Yr.
mara a,Tv.mura'ka,Yn.

DED3907 Pa.medi "mango",

Go.marka,Kon9a markha. (S)
NK.madge
DED3975 Tu.mu9i "young unripe mango". [1)
DED2401 .Kur.~a~kha "mango",
Malt. ~a~ge. [21
?DEDS 5677 Man9Pfila,kuwi
pfila "green,unripe mango".[J)

mo~agga,maragga.[1)

HdUV:l20:17:IE.*moro-,GK.
moron,Arn.mor,L.morum
"blackberry, mulberry".
{N.B.Fi.lakka "r.ipe cloud'
berry" [2) Fi.hilla "c1oudberry".[3]}
186 t37--*me~e Hu.mu,muve-,
mive "handicraft",Vty.mug,
Zr.mog "business transaction",Yr.mee-,mii-,Tv.
mee- "make" ,Sk.mee-,mee rp.-,
meega-.
~187

m37--*mi 0e Fi.myy-,
myo- "se1l",myymi "gifts of
a bride to her parents-in1aw",Lp.miekk~-,Md.mije-,
Vg.maj-,maj-,myyg-,os.maj-,
Yr.mis-,Tv.miij-,Km.mi;mir
"dowry"
HdUV:l27:44:IE.*mi-,mei-;
Skt. (ni)mayate,Latv.mit,
miju "trade,exchange".
'II

V'

188 b37--*mucJ- zr.myz"to support,prop up",Os.

mec, Yr.maeder ,m aecar "supporter, post".

DED3931 Ta.ma~~am "making",

Ka.ma4u;maF.ke "doing business".

DED4206 Ta.moy,Ka.muyi "presents given to bride and bride.

groom " T u.muy~.

DED3966 Ta.miccai "hight,elevation",Te.mi(du) "upper",

Kur.maita "placed above",
mecca "tall,lofty".

Uralic
189 b37--*nur 3 vty.riar
~

Nu~aivu "fineness",Ka.nuQ

my- "loose hair" ,Vg.nur.Os.

nur "bald,empty, uncovered",
Yr .n ce ~ru "pure, immaculate, having no husband".

"smooth ,soft",nunnage,
nu~~ane "smooth,bald,shaven".

190 t38--*nato.~~i.nato
"sister of spouse",Lp.
note,Ch.nudo "younger sister of spouse",Yr.naado,
Km.nado "husband's brother".

DED3017 Ta.natti ''husband's

sister". ,Kc;t .naduni ,Kui nanja
"younger sister-in-law",/Skt.
nanda "husband's sister".

191 t38--*natta Fi.natta

"mucus",Yr.naad,Tv.noudi-,
Yr.nari ra-,nadi ra-.

?DED2965 Ta.nattam,nantu
"snail" ,Ma. Te.natta,Tu.
narte 'mollusc".

192 m38--*na Fi.nama/na(ne-,nuo-)pl.of tam~/t~,

"
se/si,tuo "this",nain,noin,
niin "like this/that,thus",
Lp.na,nu,Ch.n~n ,Zr.naja,
nyie,Sk.na,nyy,nil'ak.
HdUV:l28:50:IE.*n & V:GK.
ne,nai,L.nae,nam,Skt.na-na
"thus".

DEDl Ma.annane "thus".

DED357 Ma.innane "in this
way".
DED475 Ta.utUian "in the
way you do".

193 b38--*nej 0e Fi.neiti,

neito "girl",Lp.niei'da,
Vty.Zr.nyl,Yr. needako,

DED30l2 Ta.na~i "woman,

queen of country".
DEN:l:3010 Te.nati,natuka
"woman"!

Sk.nete~,natak.

94 t39--*nere Md.nef
'beak,snout,point"~Ch.ner,

DED3066 Ta.nun "fine",

"hide,leath~r,skin",Zr.nar-

V.:

Dravidian

r.nyr "nose, front" ,Yr. ner,

)neery "foremost",Tv.nara
"front",Sk.narne "to the
fore",Km.ner "point".

OED3ll8 Ta.Ma.ne~~i "forehead,front,top",Ko.nec,

To.nity,Ka.Kod.Tu.Te.Kol.

Nk.netti,Go.n~c,malt.nepe.

Cf.DEDS3069 Kon4a nudru "forehead".

68
Uralic
195 t39--*nele/neele- Fi.
niele-"swallow,gulp",Lp.
njiel(l)a,Md.nile-,ch.nela-,
zr.nyl-,Vg.nal-,os.nel-,

Dravidian
?DED3141 Ta.no+ "swallow,
devour",Kur.nulkhna.

net-,Hu.nyel-,Yr.n~la-,Tv.

naltami-,Yn.noddo-,(<*noldo) [Cf.Fi.nuole-"lick"-213m42]

v
/

196 m39--*nena Lp.nien(n)e

"hatred",Yr.neena,Sk.nenn!o
mat "fret,lose temper",
II
nenalze~a-"grow angry,get
irritated".

DEDS3097 Ta.nenculu "be

brokenhearted,dispirited",
Te.nenjili "distress,trouble
of mind".[ .nencu "mind,
heart" ,naiicu "poison".]
?DED2955.Ta.nancan "venomous
person",Tu.nanji "poison,
envy, j ealou~e"

197 m39--*nime Fi.nimi

"name",Lp.nam(m)a,Md.lem,
II
.,L
II
Ch .1 m, lum,Zr
.ul.m,Vg
.nam.,
os.nem,Hu.nev,Yr.nim,Tv.nirn,
Yn.nii',Sk.nirn,nern.Yk.niu,
neve,nim.
HdUV:l27:45:IE.* 3 n 3 rn-,*norn-.
Gk.onorna,Goth.namo.

V"

198 rn39--*ny~a ri.nivo

"unhair a skin",Lp.navve-,
Os.nou-,nau-,Yr.ny~
"pluck" ,Km.ni ~-.

199 b39--*nile Lp.njalla

"storehouse on a single high
post", Fi. nili, Vg. neel', Yr.
niir;nyyr "sarnoyed lean-to
or shed made from birch
bark".

DED3052 Ta.ni "separate

from, be rernoved",nfvu
"break asynder,spread",Ka.
nfgu,Te.nigu "remove,get rid
of".
DED3043 Ta.nil "to stand",
To.nelp "site of house",Ka.
nila,nilu "that stands upright",nilavu "resting place",
Go.nilehtana "set up a tent".

------------------

---

69
Dravidian

Uralic

tl

I' 1_l

Lp.nJar~
b~d "thin,sparse",Fi.
nB.rpeir, Yr .nierwea ."thinly
netted".

DED3125 Ta.~r "to grow

thin",Ma.ner,nerkka,nerppu,
nermrna,neriya,Tu.nere,nerme,
nerve "thin,delicate,fine".

201 t4o--*japse/jarnse Lp.

njipC'as "roasting spit",
Ch.jip~a,jop~ "lance,

DED2035.Ga.cappu "thorn",
Ga.sap,Kui sapu,Kuwi,hapu.
(S)Go.(Ma.)api "thorn,quill
of porcupine"~Konda sarnbu.

200

It

t40--*n~rpa

thorn,quill,needle~Zr.jos.

Os.jiw(a)s-,jep~s,Yr.

jaaps,Km.t'apsu.
[Cf]l0-tll8-Ch.saps net~
ing, needle" ]

DED2393 Ta.neli "to crawl",

202 t40--*nola-Lp.Kola
njoalle "creep,crawl",
Yr.nalo.

Ma.fieliyuka,T~.nolg,Ka.na~i .
DED3076.~a.nurai "creep",
nur.ai,noruntu,Ma.nur.uka,
nuluka,kol.no.lan,Kur.nurna,
nukhrna,nulugna,nulgurna.
(DEN:l)Go.nork-.

---

203 rn40--*norna-Lp.njoammo
"creep,grab,infect",Yr.
ncerna-,narnea,Yn.no'a.
HdUV:l21:19:IE.*norn-:
Gk.nerno,ON.nerna,nam,G.
nehmen.

DED3021 Ta.narnpu "small

clirnber",Ma.nampu,Te.narnu
"new sprout growing from
the stumps of the great
millet".

204 rn40--*nowrya Lp.njoawdnja

"small redbelly,salrno alpinus", Yr .na rahaej "trout",
ne(nga)haj.

DED2947 Ma.nadku "a fish",

Tu.nang~ "a kind of fish".

205 b40--*nor3 lp.njuora

"a kind of moss:(Fi.vesisamrnal"watermoss"),Yr.
tiarso,Km.noor.
HdUV:l59:17:Yk.nor-zek
"moss".

DED3057 Ta.nir "water,

moist(ure)"/Skt.fiira "water,juice",nivara-"water,
mud".

Uralic

Dravidian

206 b40--*na Tkc 3 1;..p .

njuovca/njuokcama-"tbngue",
v v' ..
Ch.nasmo,nosmo.
"palate,
gill" ,vg.nahsim,os.na Thsem,
Yr.niinci' ,Km.neeni.
[Cf.Lp.-cama,Vg.-sim,Os.~em,Yr.-ci':DEDS S398 Ta.
cimai "summit,top",Kur.
cuma.]
[Cf.Hu.nyelv "tongue"-216]
207 m41--*nor3 Fi .noro
"vale,glen,marshy ground,

DED3009.Ta.Ma.na(vu),nakku
"tongue" , To. no f "tongue" , no!..
ta~ "palate",Kog.na~,Pa.

nevad I Ga na n, nangu.
[DEDS S35.Ka. (n)a~gilu
"uvula",Nk.arygul "tongue",
Malt.naqlu "uvula".

DED3071 Ta.nurampu "mire,

mud~,Tu.nurumbu.

rivulet",Vty.Zr.nur,os.nor~rn,
nur~rn,Sk.nar.Yk.nor

" .
208 m41--*nus3-0s.nop,nal-,
n61-"to scrape,soften
hides",Yr.nac-,nador-,Tv.
nadu-,naturu-, Yn.noru ra-,
Sk.natkanna.
./

V'

:~

209 b41--*iiowoa-Fi.nouta-/
nouda-"fetch,overtake,follow a track" ,Est.nouda"strive for,demand,investigate",Vg.nowl-,Os.nugal-,
nohat "pursue,chase,hunt",
..
k .nota-,nuoca-.
"'
,. v'
Yr.nooda-,S
HdUV:l59:2l:Yk.nuu-"to find,
catch 1 slay"
[(HdUV:l22:25:IE.*neud-:
Goth.niutan,OE.neotanHenjoy".) l

--------

DED3133 Ta.no,novu,nocci
"thin , slender'' ,
(DENI)Kui niisu "soft,
smooth".
DED3140 Te.nollu "to scrape",
Ta.noz:t:u "to scoop out".
DEDS S559 Go.ne~k-"cut by ?
I
splitting",Te.Man4.na4-.
DED3011 Ta.nat:u "to seek, .
investigate,pursue,scent,
as dogs",Tu.naquni.

71
Uralic

ra

Dravidian

210 b41--*Ili
Hu.no ,neje
"woman,wife" ,Lp.njin ralas,
Md.ni,Ch.nd,Vg.nii,Os.ne( rt,
ni n-, Yr. iv ,Km.nee ,Sk .nea.

?DED3010 Ma.naku "of women",

Pa.neva "female pig".

211 t42--*num3 Os.Vg.nu-,

no-,numi "top,highest,
above",Yr.num "sky,heaven,
air,god",Sk.nom,nop,nup,
Km.num,nu'-,Koibal num.

DED3147 Ta.nompu "ceremonial penance",Ka.nompu

"religious act,enjoined by
gods",Te.nomu.

212 m42--*nulka Ch.nulgo

"Siberian silver fir,Abies
pectina ta II , Vty. Zr. nyl, Vg.

OED
4098 Ta.mul "thorn",
.
mulari "bramble",muntakam
"fragrant screw pine".

nuly,Os.n~lki,natha,Yr.nalk,

Sk.nulgo,Km.nelga.
[Cf. Lp. malgur "young pine",
Fi.mHnty]

213 b42--*noolo/nolo Fi.

nuoli "arrow" ,Lp.njuollci,
Md.nal,Zr.nyl,Vg.naal
"arrow,bullet",Os.nal,not,
Km.na,naa "bullet",nie
"arrow".

DED4098 Te.muliki "arrowhead".

214 m42--*nolo-Fi.nuole
"lick" ,Lp.njoallo-,Md.nola,
Ch.nule-,Vty.zr.nul-,Vg.
,
iicJ
,v
nolant-,Os~ al-,nap,Hu.
nyal-,Km.nu-.

DED3141 Te.nollu "suck (fingers)".

[Cf. Ta.nol "to swallow",Fi.niele"swallow ;~1p]

~15

b42--*noca Ch.nuz
.,/ f'nettle,Urtica",Yr.
aacadaj "thistle" ,naaca"hurt,cause pain".
[Fi.nokkonen,muklahainen,
Est.noges,neges "nettle,
thistle".SES391]

v1

DEDJ-143 Ta.no "pain", Te.

.
,
noccu " to smart,ac h e,pa~n,
Kui nospa.
DED3095 Ko.neg "thistle".
To.nex.

72
Uralic

vfof

Dravidian

216 t43--nalma Hu.nyelv

"tongue,language",Lp.
njal'bme "mouth",Ch.nolme,
j dlmo I Vg. ne:e:lm ,Os .nHV mI
iiilmam,n aetJm, Yr .n~mu.
[c.f.Lp.njuovca "tongue"206]

DEDJ009 Te.nal{i)ka "ton-

217 t43--*nerkJ/norkJ Hu.

ny{r,nyire-"sprout,stalk,

h .norgu,noJ!
J1
reed,twl.g",C
(-po) "alder tree",Os.
n~r "thicket grown on a
site of an earlier fire",
Yr.neeru,Tv.nerki,Sk
... h ,narga,
...
Km .narga
nJar
"willow-tree",norga "willow-copse",Taigi nerge.

DED2380 Ta.iia;-u,naru "shoot,

sprout,seedling",Ko.nat,
Ko~.ner-,Tu.neji,Kui neja.
DED3072 Ma.nuri "bunch of
rice plants and space rerequired to plant them",
Kod.niri "bundle of paddy
seedl~ngs".{S)Ta.nuru "tender shoots in paddy stubble,
moru "after shoot from the
roots of rice,etc."

218 m43--*norkJ Hu.ny!r,

ny!l "frog in horsehoof",
Ch.n~rg~ "gristle", Vg.

DED2999 Ko.narkn "noise of

crunching up bones",nark
nark in- "gristle makes
noise when chewed",Ka.narak
cracking of joints",Tu
naruguru.
DED2265 Ta.iiaF.al "creak,
roar,make noise".

II

nari,naary',Os.nar~h,

n&rag,Yr.ner.{Lp.njuorges
"gristle".)
[Cf. Fi.narina~crunching
noise" .Onom.]
219 b43--*noma Hu.nyUl
"hare",Lp.njoammel,snome,
Md.numolo,Zr.nimal,Yr.
n C3e aewa. Tv. nomu I Yn. naaba I .
Sk.noma,newa.
HdUV:l59:15:Yk.Omok.noma;
v
.
"hare",Yk.col-goro.

gue",Ka.nalage,Ko.na~~

DED4071 Ta.Ma.muyal "hare",

Ko.molm,Ka.mola,mala,To.mus,
Malt.mu~e,Kui ~a~u.

73
Uralic
220 b43--*iiiw

J"

Dravidian
DED2367 Ta.nanku~u "worm",
Ma.iiaiiiiul,Kol.evari,Go.
Go.narwanj (S)Go.nadvanj.; .
.(DEN) Ka.n()rijuli.

Hu .ny{ive

"worm,vermin",Lp.njiwnj~,

Vg .rti ti< ,Os .rii ti< ~iii ti< ,rii ti<,

' Sk rierie , riiri.
v

~/

221 b43--*oca-Fi.odotta"wait,expect",Lp.6]ot8-,
v
v
0
Md.uco-,Ch.wuce-,Sk.atty,
aa~a "be on a lookout for,
spy on".

DED811 Te.oggu "stretch

out (as hands to catch)".
DED860 Ta.orru "spy out".
DED896 Ta.o;cci "investigation",Te.var(u)cu "look
for ,wait".
DED2358 Ta.uca "spy,examination".

222 t44--*ojwa Fi.oiva

"excellent",Lp.oafve
"head",Ch.wuj,Vg.aawa,
Os.awa,Yr.naejwa,Tv.
najwua,Yn.ewwa,Taigi
ajba.

?DED2992 Ta."naviram "crown

of head,head".Ka.navir(u)
"hair".

223 t44--*ul3 Lp.ollo

"much", Yr. lllli, "very".

OED 4317 Go.walle "much,

very".

224 m44--*woti<3 Fi.

./ onkalo "cave ,gorge", Vg.
wo ti<a, Yr. waa ti<, Sk. kokka
"pit".

OED Ta.vahku "hole,cave,

cavern" ,Tu .ohka.

,/

225 b44--*ora Fi .orava

"squirrel",Lp.oar're,
Md.ur(o) ,Ch.Zr.ur,Sam.
s.orop.

DED611 Ta.uruttai "squirrel" ,Te. U!:,uta.

226 b44--*wo~a Fi.otava

"salmon net",Lp.oacce
"barrier" ,Md. (v) os, Vg.
(w) uu~ "fence ,yard town",
Os.wac,Yr.waad-,

DEDS S70 Pe.Man9.uc "fix

(net) ,set(trap)".
DEN S 2 ~ Ta.accu "ridge in
a field".
[DED1379 Ta.kuti "house,
town" ,Ko .kurjl "shed",

"town,stronghold,village".)
Maybe there should be two
entries! 1

To.kw~s.]

[(sk.koacce,kuace,g~tty

"

74
Dravidian

Uralic
221 t45--*owo Fi.ovi

DED333 Taoavi "gape,yawn".

"door",Ch.amasa,opsa,Vg.

Toop~y-,Pa.am-,av-.

aawi,~jiw,Os.aw,ow,Km.aaje,

Yr .noe oe ,Tv. rpa, Yn. nia.

228 m45--*pu6a Md.paca

"otter,mink,polecat",
Yr.puddo,Yn.purru,Sk.puco,
put "beaver",puuttol-taarna
"big rat",Sarn S.hudo.
[Cf.Dr. p->Ka.h-]

DED3572 Ta.pGccai "cat",

Koo pic,Tu.pucce (S)Go.
pusali,pusal.
DEN S 2 60 Pe.pu~ki "a kind
of rat",Mang.~epra pu~ki.
DED3538 Ma.puru(ku) "civet

"

cat",Ka.pu~u,pula.

DED3362 Ta.payccu "cause

to ente~,plunge into,
pa(y)cc~l "piercing",Ma.
pacuka "thrust in".
DED3339 Ta.pacarn "eye of
a needle,thread",Ko.paC
"id. ,vulva".

229 m45--*packJ Mdopack

"through",packode-"arrive",
Skopoo~a,poce)a "penetrate,
go through" o

230 b45--*paska F~.pahka

"lump,node,gnarl,knot",

Md.pak~,Skopakt3"birth

mark",Kmopakta "gnarl,
knot".

~
~

DED3648 Ta.pokuttu "bubble",

Kol.pokk "blister",
DED3676 Ka.bo~~u,ba~~u "dot
on the forehead" o

231 b45--*pala Fi.pala

"bit,crwnb,fragment",Lpo
buola,Md.pal,Zr.palak,Vg.
puul,Os.puX,pulem"devour",Yr.paale-,Sko
poly-.

DED3589 Ma.pu+,pu~uka "to

chip,take the eatable part
of a stone fruit",Tu.pu~u.
DEDS S701 Te.pullu "little,
small".

232 t46--*paliJ
Fiopaljo
II
"f'l
"much",Chopula,Vgopaal',
Yr.pal',paju,Ynofod'eme.
Ykopojoojo
HdUV:ll9:10:!!o*polu,Skt.
puru,Lat.plus,Gothofiluo
HdUV:l42:10Alt.*pulJ,TUrk.
II
II
ulu(~) ,Mo.hula-,Mandschu
falu,Golde pulio.

DED3289 Ta.Ma.pala "many",

To.pe.,Te.palu.
DEDS S594 Pe.bajek "much",
Mand.bejek.

75
Uralic
233 t46--*pa~o Fi.pane"put,set,lay,have intercourse with a woman",Vty.
~ pon-,Zr.pon-,Vg.pon-,Os.
~an-,Yr.pan-,T~.fan-,Yn.

v/

tun-,Sk.pan-,p~n-,Krn.

pel-li.Yk.poni-.

DED3560Ta.punai "put on,

wear".
DED3577 Ta.puQ "put on".
DED3423 Ta.pi~ai,pu~ar
"join,unite,copulate",Ka.
pol}ar.
DED3223 Te.bal}gu "obscene",
Ko.bal}gv "lewdness (of a
woman who has intercourse
with many men)".

234 m46--*pa ka Md.pa go

"mushroom", Ch. po go, Vg.
poe kl- "getintoxicated",Os.pa k,l- "sing,
propesy,heal (like a
Shaman after eating
toad stool)".

DEDS S731 Pa.bo99a "edible

fungus",Go.nira ba94a "mushroom".
DED3658 Ta.pohku "foam,
rage,be elated,burst in
anger",poflkal "violent
anger"_.

235 b46--*porwa/parwa Fi.

arvi "loft,crowd,shoal",
p.boar're "raft",Zr.pur
bi-pur "funeral pyre") ,
g.p&ra,Os.pKr,Yr.paare
"wooden framework on four
legs for storage of goods",

DED3259 Ta.paran "watchtower,loft,frame,rack",

Tu.pare5ji "scaffold".
DED3195 To.pa~ "crowd",
Ka.page "multitude,host".
DED3391 Ma.pa~al "float,
raft",paru "small boat,
catamaran".

Sk.poor,puure,Krn.p~&ri.

236 t47--*pos 3 vty.pas

"hole,opening",Zr.pas,
.paase,pas "fissure,
break",Krn.pusoj,buzoj
"crack".

DED3760 Ta.per(vu) "cleft,

"
..
fissure",p~tu "hole,opening" ,Te.pcr)oju,p5cu, (s)
Malt.p6ye "open,tear,gape".

237 t47--*pata Fi.pata

"cooking pot",Ch.pat,
pot,Vg.poot,put,Os.put,

DED3230 Ta.patalai,To.
paes,Malt.patli "cooking
pot".
.

II

If

Hu.faz~k,Sk.pata,p~tte.

76
Uralic

Dravidian

238 t4 7--*pa n3 Fi .paa

"head,tip,top,end~,Veps.

V'" pai ,Md.pej ,Vty.pu ri,vg.po n,

~ Hu.fo,fej,Yr.pa,Tv.feaj.

239 b47--*pecka Fi.patki"cut in pieces,stumps

(rope) ",Lp .b ~ske ,Md.
pecke,ch.pucka-,Yr.
pi ida, Yn. firia, fidi'a-.
240 b47--*pele Fi.pelko
"fear,fright",pel~sty-,

p.balla-,Md.pele-,Vty.
pul-,Zr.pol-,Vg.pil-,
pal-,Hu.fel,Yr.piilu-,
piiru-,Km.pim.
HdUV:l26:39:IE.*pele-,
Goth.ustilma,Gk.pallo.
HdUV:l48:5l:Alt.Tg.
* pe-,Tg. h--1
oo
n

241 m48--*pesa F1.pesa

11
nest 11 ,Vty.puz,Vg.pit'i,
Os.p~l,pit,Hu.feze,Yr.

p1'd e,Tv.fette,Yn. f"ure,

II

DED3645 Ka.pai "upper,upon",

Te.pa(y)i "top,upper surface, extra".
? [?DED3563a.Ta.punti "mind,
, understanding",Ga.pun-,
Kui punba,Kuwi punnai.]
DED5 5692 Kol.put-"cut in
pieces,break (rope}",Nk.
put-,putuk-,kur.pud~gna.

DED5 5719 Ka.pelagu "fear,

alarm",pe!a~isu;Te.pelukutu.
DED4527.Ta.ve!ku "fear",
Ka.belkar,balku.

DED3556 Kui pusi "anthill",

Tu.pUEEu,Ka.pu~~u, {h}utta,
Konga pu~hi,kuwi puci,Malt.
pute.

f1de,Sk.p~t~,pata,p1tte.

242 m48--*peks3-Fi.
pieksa- "whip,beat,dress
{hide) ",Md.pivsi-,Zr.pes,
Yr.pidel-,Tv.feda'a Yn.
firo'o.

?DED4479 Ta.vicu,Ka.bisutu
"throw, fling ,beat".

77
Ura1ic
243 b48--*peta/pete-peeta
Fi.pie1i "corner 1 edge 1
.
" 1 V t y.pa 1 1 Vg.paa
""1 1
rnarg~ne
v/paa1 1 pog1 1 Yr.peele 1 Yn.
ferie 1 Krn.pjeel "half;side".
(Cf. Fi.puoli "half 1 one
side of two".)

DED4323 Kui vadi,vali

"stone" ,Go.mesi.-val
"whetstone".
DED4327 Kui vala "point,
sharp end, spear heac;i " .

245 149--*pirJ Fi.piiri

"circle",Md.pire,pere 1
"
Sk.por pur Krn~pjeeri.

DED3436 Ta.piri "twist",

puri "curl,spiral".

246 m49--*pllks3 Md.piks

"carrying rope" 1 0s.

DEDS S610 Te.Ga.baggu

"creeper rope".
DEDS S852 Ma. vakku "hemp,
rope" 1 Ka.bakka "elephant
rope tree".

pugdllpig~t,Yr.puud,put

"bast rope".

247 m49--*pil'J-Vty.pil'"cut asunder,divide",Zr.

pel'- 1 Tv.fi1'imi'a,Yn.
fibote.
[Cf.Fi.pil1u "pudendum
mu1iebre" 1 Vg. pil' "vulva". J
/ 248 b49--*pilwe Fi .pilvi
V "cloud",Md.pejel' 1 Zr.
piv ,Os .p~l;;l n,Hu. felleg.

DED3247 Ta.payal "half,

share".
DEDS S607 Ko.pi! "side",
Go.pa1;1;i.
DED3371 Ta.pil "portion".
Pa.pela 1 To.polm.

244 t49--*pyj6 Fi.pii

"f 1 in t" I Yr. poo, p ~ .:>e
"whetstone" 1 Tv.fala,Yn.
fu(u) ,pu.sk.puu,Km.pil
Taigi hy1a.Yk.pie "stone".

Dravidian

249 b49--*pil'm3 Fi.

pimea "dark" , Vty. pejmyt 1
penrnyt,pel'myt,Tv.faemej,
Yn.fej,Sk.pamna.
II

DED3446 Ta.pi\ "cleave

asunder,divide",Ka.piligu,
Kui plinga,plipka,plfpa.
(S)Go.pi~-,Pe,p~i-.

(DEN)Ta.pi.tal "pudendum
rnuliebre".
DED3610 Ta.peyal "cloud",
Kuwi pfyu,Malt.poye "to
rain". (S)Ta.puyal,pucal,
Nk.pi-.
DEDS S787 Kui biluri
"evening",konda mili
"night",rnilirnili "twilight".

78
Uralic
250 b49--*pi
Fi.pivo
"handful,palm",Yr.pie',
/pie n, Yn. te ,pe ,Sk.
pii n-ga ,Km. pen.
251 t50--*pysa Md.pize
"green,blue,copper,
/brass" ,Yr.pade 'bile,
gall",Yn.fore' ,fode',
Km.p<)da.
~f.Sk.pad-el~a "to
color",Yr.paderaha,
podje-raha.]

Dravidian
DED3412

Ta.pi~i

"fist,

handful",(S)Tu.pu~~i.

(DEN) Go. piJik.

DEDS318l Kuwi pa~a naki
"palm" ..
DED3573 Ko.pu-c "green,
..,
bl ue , Tu.puc.
DED316l T~.paca "green,
golden".Te.pasaru "green,
bilious vomiting",paidi
"gold".
[DED4304 Te.rasu "to
paint,write",Kuwi
II

ra~inai.]

252 t50--*po~ka Fi.

pohje "calf of the
leg",Lp.boas'ke,Md.
pukso,Sk.paktur.

DED3397 Te.pikka "calf

of leg". (S)Go.pihi "shin".
DEDS S588 Malt.bag9e
"shank of leg",bagd-poti
"calf".

. .

253 m50--*poj3 Md.poju

"aspen",Os.paj,Km.piini.
254 mSO--*polwo Fi.
polvi "bend,knee,generation",Md.polman)e,Yr.
puuly,puury,Yn.fua,
Motor hua.

DED4349 Ma.va-!avu "bend",

To.paly "bow-legged".
DED4343 Te.balagamu "kith
and kin".

/255 bSO--*posko Fi .poski

"cheek,side",Vg.pajt,Os.

DED3485'Ka.buggi "cheek",
Te.pukkili,pukkedu.

pog~h,pugl~m,poht4m.

256 tSl--*ponca Os.posah,

~Sk.poon),poond-,Km.pana

"paw,skin on reindeer's
leg".

DED3171 Ta.paccai "skin,

hide",Br.packh.
DEDS 5614 Kur-Kuwi panga
"skin".

1mk

79
Uralic

Dravidian

257 t51--*puck3 Vty.puck-,

~ pusk-,Sk.pucogan,Km.put
"inner part,marrow,furrow".
v

258 m51--*poca-Zr.pucav, / "unravel",Sk.pooca-,

podel)a.

,(~

DEDS S688 Kon9a puski

"brain",Kuwi biski,bhijki,
bhiski.
DED3513 Te.puccu "pullout,
remove",Nk.pus-,Kur.
pud~<-gna.

259 m51--*pus3- Fi.puhu"blow,speak" ,zr.pusky"blow up (fire}",Os.pol-,

pat-,Sk.putona.

DED3691 Ta.pottu "to light

(fire}".
DED3476 Ta.pukal "say,
sound",Ka.pugal,Ga.pok-.
(S}Kuwi pokh- "to cry".

260 b51--*puna Fi.puno"twist,turn,spin",Ch.p5ne-,

pune,Vg.pun-,Os.pana,Yr.
pa kar-,pa gal-,Sk.par-,
......
Km . puno-.
HdUV:l24:3l:IE.*p 2 n-:Arm.
hanum,Lith.pinti,pinu,ON.
spinna.

DED3423(a)Ta.pi~ai"to

.
" , To.p~n,
u
Km .pene,
Te.pena,peQu,penu.
(b)Ta.punai "to tie",Ka.
entw~ne

po~ar.

261 b51--*puw3 Fi.puo "posterior,rump,sex organs",

Veps.po "cunnus",Vg.Os.
puj,Yr.puu(na} ,Tv.fua,Sk.
puu-,Km.pum'o.

DEDS3479 Ka.Te.p~ku "female organ df generation,

anus".

262 t52--*pura Fi.pura

"borer,auger,awl",Vg.
II
pore,pura,Os.por,Yr.
paro , Sk pur , Km. p&r'.. n.
(Cf. E.bore,Sw.borra.]

DED3542 Ta.purai "to bore".

"
DEDS S698 Tu.burma
"gimlet;
Ta.purai.
DED3765 Ta.porai "hole,
hollow",To.p.r:r,Te.borra.

263 mS2--*purk3 Fi.purku,

pyrky "snowstorm", Vg. paark,

DEDS S699 Kui buru,burku

"fine rain".Kuwi b~ri,
buri rfnai "to drizzle".

poarka,Os.p~rki,Yr.pooru,

Sk.purgaat.

80
Uralic
264 b52--*pu~ko Fi.putki
"tube,cane,hollow stem",

Dravidian
DED3500 Ta.puttil "quiver,
sheath",Te.pu-t;.ika,bo1:t;.a.

V!(~.poc~o,Ch.puc,Yr.puuda,
~sk.puu3,Km.pottu.

265 t53--*puc 3 Fi.pudota,

putoa- "fall,drop ",Md.
v' poct,Os.pocagin-,Yr.
pudara-,pudaju-,
purapta ga.

DED319D ta.patu "set,fall,

rain",Ko.pa~,To.pof-,Ka.
pa~u-,Ga.par-.

266 m53--*pu Fi.~uu "wood,

tree",Zr.pu,Vg.pa,Hu-ta,
Yr. p ;)(3 ae ,Tv. faa, Yn. f e:e:,
pe:e:,pae:,Sk.puu,poo,Taigi
ha,Karagas hy.

?DED3566 Ta.pu,puvu,
puvatti "lac tree",Ma.
puvam "a .fine timber
tree",Pa.puy.

267 m53--*puka Ch.puglimo

"cone" ,os. poki, Sk. puu-ga
lilt
u
"cone",puu-ga "seed of
fir tree".

[Cf.DED3566]DED1220 Ka.
kay "unripe fruit,pod,
nut",Kui kau,Te.kayu.

268 b53--*poca-Vty.
pycal- "be absorbed,
leak",Vg.poa~-,pos-.Os.

DED3731 Kol.Nk.bOk "get

wet",Ga.bod-,poc-,Go.pur-,
puh-,Kur .borsna.

pac-,pocoj-,Yr.pooda-,
Tv.fotu,Yr.foraa-,fodaa"get wet".
269 b53--*purk3 Zr.pyr
"time" ,Vg.p~ ~r,p~~r,
paar,Os.pygar,Sk.pr,
par;okkur baar "once".

DED3724 Ta.pohutu "time,

opportunity",Ma.pah'utu,
Te.proddu,ippuqu. (S)To.
potk;eka~ fotk "once".

210 b53--*pu?e Fi.pyy

,; "grouse",Est.puvi "partridge",Md.povo,Os.puqk,
Sk peege,Km.puze.
""
HdUV:l51:68:Tg.*pi -,
Lamut hiniki.

DED3587 Ta.piiF, "quail,

jungle bird 11 ,piira~ "Indian partridge",Ka.burli,
Te.purequ.(S)Konqa puf

81
Uralic

Dravidian

271 t54--*ru rk 3 - Hu.rag"gnaw,chew,masticate",Vg.

iJ;:;f;gn-, Yr .lu,)ga- ,Tv .1' u 9k a-,
~:.leg- ,leqde-

r
'

OED

~a~aragu"to

be digested,

decay~,Te.a{ugu.Go.rokkini.

(S) Tu renjuni.

272 m54--*rakka Fi.rakas

"dear,beloved"(rakkaus
0
"love" ] ,Vg.raw-,Os.rah" approach 11 1 rag .;I "dear II 1
ragam "relative",Yr.rak,lak
"close by".(Cf.Fi.l&hi,
liki "close by".]
v

273 m54--*ryta Fi.rita

~ "trap",Ch.ldd~,r~da,Zr.

ri,Yr.laador(od)na,Sk.
lata,laca.

DED733 Ka.efaka,eruka
"love".
DED239 Ka.arkar,akkasa
"love,affection".

DED185 Ta.aruku "approach",

If

tl

Ka.ar~gu.

DED564 Ka.uru! "snare",

Kui ruhu,rusa "trap",
Kuwi u~~u,{S)uruta
herh'nai.

274 b54--*sar3- Fi.saa"get,come,be able,escort" ,Lp. sakky- ,Ch. sua-,

sukte-,Tv.tua-,Yn.tae-,
toe-,Km.tu-.

DED2006 Ta.cay "happen,

succeed".
(DEN)Kuwi siginai "manage".
DED2037 Ko.ca.g "be
possible".

275 t55--*sarna Fi.

saarna "sermon", Zr.
soriii ,Os. sarn d9g- "conjure by incantation",Yr.

DED2052 Ma.ci~~uka "call

on gods and sing",Ka.
siru,Tu.siriyuni "to proclaim,preach".

s~e~erna-.

HdUV:l41:15:Turk.sarna
"sing,celebrate".
276 tSS--*cukka- Vg.
0
saht- "smash,break",
Os.cok-,Yr.tahabta-,
tahara-.

DED2429 Ta.takar "break,

dash,bruise",Ma.takaruka
"be smashed".

82
Dravidian

Uralic
277 m55--*sala Fi.sala
"latent,secret,hidden",Lp.
suole,Ch.solo "thief",Vg.
tuulmah,Os.jylah,lyldh,
pypga;totma;jal~m,lal~m,

pap~m,Yr.taale-,Yn.tabi,

DED853 Ta.o~i "hide,steal

away,conceal",olippu "secret",Ka.uli,olavu,Te.
olamu.
DED2014 Te.c~;u "concealment",c~tupa4u "hidden".

tare,Sk.tuela.
278 bSS--*sarta Md.sardo
"moose,reindeer",Ch.~ord5,
Vg. Os. surti, Yr. sir ~j "one
year old reindeer",Sk.
sjaera.
HdUV:l41:6:Turk.sartak
( <Koibal sardak)
279 bss--*salk 3 - Fi.
../ salytt.!l- "to load,bur~en" ,Lp.salke-,zr.sol-,

t/

1
I

~g.

ttun.

DED2104 Pa.cir "buffalo",

Ga.sir,cirru "he-buffalo",
Nk.sir, "female buffalo".
DED2105 Pa.cirmol "sambar".

DED1954 Ta.calakai "grain

measure (= 1/3 poti or a
bullock load) ,Ka.solage,
Te.salaka.

IldUV:l62:40:YK.S.elit
"load" ,elite -.
[SES1166-sglytys "grain
measure,l2 b~rrels"]

2ao tsG--*sanJ/san 3 vg.

s~neh "roe",Yr.siijeak,
sideak "roe,milt".

281 t56--*ce/ci Fi.se/si

~this,that,it",Ch.sed~,Os.

i,sit,ti "this one",Tv.

ete,I<m.soo.

DED2020 Ta.cantu "menstrual disch~rge",Ma.cal}tu

II semen II 'Te. sadu. {s) Konda
sai].gu "the fluid ejection
from the female or the male
genital organ".

83
Uralic

Dravidian

282 t56--*si 3 Md.seme,

same "brush.,flax,comb",
. /Yr.tiir-,Tv.t'iibsin,Yn.
\/ t'iida,Km.tipsin.
283 m56--*ceca Fi.set8
"uncle" ,Lp. ~cce, Vty.
v

..,.

11

v v

DED2139 Kui siperi "brush,

hroom",Ma.cul,Ka.cipari,Ga.
sepe(t) ,Go.saiyana

DED2030

Ko~.ca-ce

"kin-

ship",Ma.carcca,Te.t~rcu.

caz,Vg.sassa,Yr.t~de,Sk.

ceca "mother's brother".

284 B56--*si~e Fi.sii-hirsi "central ridge",Lp.
cibma,Vty.sig,Zr.sig~r,
Os.sil')i,Yr.s~-

DED2056 Ta.cittu "a strip",

Ka.siguru,sibaru "splinter",
Pa.c!k,ci~g-,Kuwi sipla.

,Km.si n.

285 b56--*sil~ Fi.silava

"fat,lard",Vg.silt,Tv.
sela,Sk.siile,Km.sil.

DEDS 2100 Te.cigili "plump,

fleshy",Go.sikahk,Pe.jey.
DED2076 Ka.jiddu "greasy,
oily (ghee) ",i~)Kui si~pa,
siJipa.

~
v

286 t57--*si~ma Fi.silma

v
I
"eye",Lp.caibme,Md.sel'me,
II
.,<
VII
Ch .s~nza,Zr.~1n
1 Vg.sam,

~v~sajme,Sk.saj1,Km.sima,
~a1ma.

[Cf.Pi.lihtcen-silm~

"foun-

DED1956 Ka.calama,cilume
"orifice,pit,spring of
water,fountainhead"(S)Tu.
cilme,cilimbi "small tank".
DED2097 Ta.cimir "to wink,
blink",Ma.cima "eye lash".

tain head, spring".]

~287 t57--*tina/tyna Fi.

sine "thou" ,Md.don,Zr.

te , Hu . te, Tv. tanna n, Sk.
ta tat.
HdUV:l27:49:IE.*te/*to;
Lat.te,Gk.toi.
HdUV:l50:63:Alt.Mo.*ti,
*t.in-:Mo.cinu.
HdUV:l65:60:Yk.*te-:tet,
tit.

DED2582

Ka.t~nkal

"you"

(hon.pl.)Ma~tadkal,

tannal.
DED2612 Ta.tin "oneself",Ma.tan,tani,TO.
to.n,Br.ten "self,one's
own,amity,intimacy,associate,mate".

84
Uralic

Dravidian

, "
...
288 tS?--*capt3-Zr.sipty"to s h ut,c l ose",Vg.sapt
"bury",Km.sabde- "to hide,
conceal".

DED2025 Ta.campu "to close

up, (flowers)perish",Tu.
sambuni "to close,shut".

289 m57--*sitta Fi.sitta

"dirt,shit",Tv.t'ida-,
Sk.tut,Km.tud.

DED2279 Ta.cettai,Ka.satte,
sedage "rubbish,dirt",Tu.
sede,Te.cetta.

~u

II

II

290 m57--*sorwa Lp.soar'we

/'d.ry dead pine tree" , Zr.
V sural "wither" ,Yr.tyra
/ [ Cf. F i. surkastua "shrink,
~ wither"]

//'.
I

DED2213,Ta.curunku "shrink,
shrivel,contract",To.tur,
Ka.surku,Te.sorugu.

291 m57--*cuco Lp.SOSSQ

"the middle pole in the
frame on which the seine
is hung to dry" ,Md. socko
"beam",cocamo "tongue of
a buckle",Zr.~aJ,sk.6uu6
"pole,coo3e "bridge".

DED2007 Ka.cicu "extend,

stretch out",Kui sikari
"span".(S)Konga sip
"stretch out (tongue)".
DED2259 Ma.cu~ika "wall
plate supporting roof
crossbeams",Ta.curi(yal).

292 b57--*s6r5- Fi.souta"to row" ,Lp. sukka, suga,

suw'de,Vg.tow-,Os.tdw-,
jagdnt-,lagdnt-,pagJnt-,
Km.tub-.

DEDS.S370 Ka.sautu,sotu
"ladle,spoon",Go.suk(k)ur.
DEDS1905 Pe.ha~va "ladle,
oar".

293 b57--*sukso Fi.suksi

"ski" ,Md.soks,Vg.tout,

DEDS.S527 Kui duda "to

tre~,trample,step upon",
Kuwi tulpinai.

os.jog,l~h,t~h,Tv.tuta,

Yn.turo,tudo.
HdUV:l45:32:Tg.sUksi
"tread,beat the snow with
skis".

85
Uralic

Dravidian

294 t58--*sul3 Est.sulu

"through,sieve",Vty.sulys,
Tv~sil'a'ka,Yn.sutoka,Sk.
sola n, holak.
(Cf.Fi.seula "sieve".]

DED1959 Ta.cali,callu
"sift",callatai "sieve".
(S)Go.colir,solir,saliri,
Pe.hanel.

295 t58--*sono/soono Fi.

suoni "sin~w,tendon,vein",
Lp.suo(d)na "id,string",
Os. jan ,lan ton Tv. taa ntana- 1 Sk.ten,can,can.
HdUV:l22:26:IE.*sen-:ON.
sin,OHG.senawa,Skt.
snavan,Gk.neuron,neura
Arm.neard.

DED2369 Ta.fi~n "string",

Kui no~u,no~u "string,
cord".

296 t58--*sosko- Lp.

suos'k&- "chew,bite",
Vty.sysk-,Zr.sosky-,Vg.
tagt,tawt,Os.jogdl-,
log31-,togJt-,Sk.tutta-,
tuda-.

DED1981 (a)Ko.cayv "taste".

(b)Ta.cuvai "taste,eat,
chew" ,Ma .cuvekka.

297 m58--*soJ'a/soola Fi.

suota "group of mares in
heat",Lp.cuo3Je-,Yr.saaje"to court(birds) :.
(Cf.Fi.suoro,suortilla]

DED2183 Ta.cutu "heat,

tormentation,h~t temper",
Ka.sudu,sudu,soda.(S)Nk.

298 b58--*sarma Vg.surem

"smoke hole,opening at the
top of the tent". Yr. saarwa
"the upper ends of tent
protruding above the tent
cloth",Yn.sama'a,Km.
maazero.

DED2252 Ka.curu,sur(u)
"the part of sloping roof
that projects beyond the
walls,eaves",Te.ciiru "the
edge of the roof",munjiiru
"eaves".Pa.mufiir.
DED2212 Ta.curi "hole,
instrument that makes
holes".

su~-,sugg-,Kon~a

su~-

86
Dravidian

Uralic

DED2253 Ta.cijrai "jujube",

Ka.suri-mul+u,Tu.turi-,Pa.
cura,Go.sure-mara.

299 b58--*soks3 Vty.susypuu "juniper",Zr.sus-pu

"cedar",Vg.tyyt,teet,Sk.
tyty.
,/
300 b58--*suwo Fi.suu

DED2193 Pa.con<j "mouth,

beak",Kui suSia.
DED2154 Ta.cuppu "such",
Malt.cumge "to kiss".

"mouth,opening",Lp.~ood&,

v/ ch.su,Vty.su,Vg.sunt,Yn.

suu,soo,Sk.soj,sul,hoj.

JOl t59--*soro/suro Fi.

suuri "big,great,coarse
grained",suurima,suur
Kar.~uuru "gravel,grit",
Hd.suro,sora,Yr.soora
"eatable nut of Siberian
cedar tree"
302 t59--~su~o Fi.suvi
"summer,mild weather,
thaw,south(wind) ",Lp.
sa1a I Vg. tuw ,Os. jon, ton,
Yr.ta,tawuko,Tv.ta a,
Yn.too,Km.te~a,ta9ar-.

DED1945 Ta.curacura "be

rough",Ma.caral,Tu.cara~e,

~
r

jari,Kui srogu.srambu.
DED2360 Ma.coru "boiled
rice,food,marrow,pith".

DED2839 Ta.te~ "south",

te!!:;:al,tennal "southwind
SW monsoon",tennar
"south",Ka.tengali,teilku,
Kod.t~kki,Tu.ten(u}kiyi.

.s (

1.

~Cf.Fi.tou~o

"sfring sow~ng" .723 rF~.kesa "sununer" I

DED1827 Ta.k6tai "westwind, summer" ,Ko .ke .r.]

303 m59 ~~o3 Fi.sydan

"heart,kidneys" ,Lp.caJe,

cn.sum,Vty.~ulem,Zr.
.11
v

11

solom,Vg.sim,sim,Hu.
szive,Yr.seej,Sk.setea,
size,sid,Krn.sii,Taigi
kejm,Motor kejern.
uctuv:l51:69:Alt.Tg.solomo.

DED683 Tu.ede "heart",

Te.ede "heart,chest,
bosom 11
DED2183 Tu.sudsudu
"heartburn",Ka.SUI}\:age
"roast meat,heart".

. .

-I

1~-.r?
J

-7

.
I

t)) \

.~

cl

87
Uralic

Dravidian

304 b59--*sud' 3 Fi.sysi,

5 yte- "charcoal",~d.sed',
vg.suli,suii,os.soj,sk.

DED2183 Ta.cu~u "burn,

roast",cutal "charred
end of burning stick".
Tu.cudu,sudu,cute,tute,
sodaru,Kuwi
hudali.

~e,set'e,hi),Km.si.

305 b59--*suje Fi.syy "fiber,streak,annual ring,

cause,path,reason",Ch.~6ja
~ija,Zr.si "single soft
hair on humans or animals",
'd -,s k .tu.
Yr.t~
[ Cf. SES115l~i .dial. syyli,
syymi,suureJ
II

DEDS.S470 Kui so~a "hair",

Kuwi hora "single hair of
the beard".
DED2113 Ta.cilir "bristle
(hair on body) ",cilumpu.
DED2098 Ta.cimpu "fibre
on a smooth surface".

306 b59--*sala Hu.szalag

"ribbon",Ch.iol,Vg.sol,
Os. sal.3 I saD "belly band
of reindeer or horse",
Yr. s .;;e 3era- I sara I Sk.
saru,s:~ru- "bind,harness",Km.saar- "to tie,
knot".

DED1971 Ta.cava:t.i "necklace".

DED1947 ra.caratu "neckle~,nosering of-bullocks",
Ko.car4 "fl~t neckband".

307 t60--*syw3 Hu.szij

"strap,thong",Os.sega
"halter,draught-strap",
Yr.saa,Yn.saa,so.

DED2016 Ta.cittai "string

to spin-top,whip",Ko.ja-~,
Ka .di1;.i.

308 t60--*sacko Md.sack,

cack "into two,across,
over,through",Sk.satka,
hacko "through" ,Km.
su'got.

?DEDS.914 Tu.kasakka
"forcibly,deeply".

309 m6 0--*canco
'V'
v
"' /..,
Md.san3a
"1 eap, b ound,gallop",Tv.
tantta,Yn.todd'e "run",
Km.tonol.

DED1885 Ka.cangu,cengu
"jump, skip, caper"
DEDS 2350 Go.so~i-,Pe.
hon-, "to run,flee",
Kl.wi ho;u-.

88

Dravidian

Uralic

V""
v
v
v
v
310 rn 60 -- * cac3Md .sasta
"to stir,rnove",Vg.soos,
v
v
v
v
Sk .caaca-,
v
v
sus,Os.cuc,
taa~a- "travel,go".
,<J!

l{

Vfl

311 b60--*~anc3 ~~-~ans,

saans "knee",Os.canc,

DED2028 Kol.sasi,siy "t6

leave",Nk.Ga.siy-,Pa.c~y.

?DED2419 Kol.Nk.toqge
"knee".

cin~am,Km.sini.

312 b60--*surna Ch.sornaks

c/ "cloth (hood) ", Os. surnintdh
"shawl,Yr.sawua,harna,Tv.
sarnu,Yn.soe.
313 t6l--*soj3 Vg.taaja

1v

"scoop,ladle",Os.t~j,

l;~j,aj,Km.tojo

'

DED1936 Ta.carnpat;arn
"cloth".

DED2933 Ta.t6y "to dip,

soak",Ka.tuy,toy,toyu.

"plate".

314 t6l--*toj3- Fi.tai-;

tairna "ridge",taipu"bend" ,taju "grasp" ,Os.
tyjil,Yr.tuijo-,tiijua
"bow,pray",tujla-,tujra"bend,incline".
[?Fi.taivas "sky,heaven";
assumed to be <IE:Lith.
dievas "god",Skt.deval}
"heavenly",Av.daevo
"devil ,demon".]
315 rn61--*taka Fi.taka
"rear, behind" , Lp. du okke ,
Yn.tahane,Sk.takkan,Km.
takkan,takte.
[Cf.Fi.takaraivo "base of
the skull",takapera"rear
end , behind" ]
HdUV:l41:8:Alt. *daga-:
Mo.dag~ "following",Tg.
daga "near".

DED2026 Ta.ciy "incline,

bend,turn down,break,decline as heavenly body",
ciyvu,c~yal,Ma.c~yka,Tu.
c~cuni(S)Ko~.taye-.

:l

DENS 42 Kol.dogor "back",

Kui tokoli "base of the
skull",Go.dogor pereka
"backbone"
DEDS.S476 Kui ~iku~
"buttock" ,Kuwi tik'uri,
tikuni.

89
Dravidian

Oralie

DED2446 Ta.tacai "fleshy,

pulp",Ma.taka,tava taca;
dasappu "corpulence,thickness".(S)Ma.tesa,Te.tassa
"overly fat".

Jl6 b61--*tasa Fi.tasa"level,equal,even,flat,

smooth Vote tassa, Yr.
taas.
11

317 t62--*tukt3 Hu.tat,

~

tatfa llcrossrail,stern",
Lp.tatko,ch.tokto,Vg.toht
"cr-ossrail,stretcher in
~~ boat" ,os. tohat, Yr. tado,
taty.

DED2914 Go.d6htina "bind,

tie,build(house,fishtrap)",
Kui tohpa.(S)Go.(M)tohtini,
Konda toR-.

318 t62--*ta Fi.tama/ta"this",Lp.dat/da-,ch.ti-,

vg.te,Os.temi,t~-,sk.tam,

tc-,ti.
iidVU:l47:45:Alt. * ta-:
'i'urk. tet "that".
IidUV:l62:4l:Yk.te-,ti-,
"this",ti ide "this way".
[Cf.Fi.t~ssg "here" ,dille
"to this",tanne "in this
direction
II

DED351 Ko.intk "to this

extent",it "this direction",Br.d~,did "this",
dahun "in this manner",
diki(n) "hence",ding "in
this direction",disi
"now".

11

.]

319 m62--*taw3 Fi.tavy,

taky,taty "lung",Md.
tevil'av,Zr.ty,Yr.
tiiwak,Yn.tiiji,sk.tuu
mgktg,Km.tu.
320 m62--*tija Md.teja
'' narrow",Yr.tyy]ea,Yn.
.
tiija,sk.tet'eka.
(-t'<*j)
HdUV:l50:60:Alt.Tg.tija.

..

DED2546 Tu.ta~ka "lungs".

DED2898 Kol.dobba "lung".
Pa.dorba,(S)Ga.dobba,Kon~a

dobo.
(DEN)Ka.domme.
DED2836 Ka.tettiga "man
who is closely bound to a
servant,connection",Ta.
te!:_:U,tettu "tighten".
(DEN)Kur.tessna,tissyas
"intertwineform a long
narrow strip". (S)To.te.~
"to fold".

[ .314-Fi.taittaa]

90
Uralic
321 m62--*tewa Fi.
teva(nki)"bullmoo:Se",
tevana "moose cow",
Lp. d ~vene, Yr. tyy
"reindeer",Tv.taa,
Yno t.ia,Km.to.
HdUV:l48:53:Alt.,Turk.
taba,tava "camel",Yak.taba
"reindeer".Mo.temege"camel".

DED598 Ka.Te.duppi "deer",

Kol.c;1uppi.
DEDS2105 Kuwi cibga,
sibda "sambar".

322 b62--*tis3 Zr.

tis(ka) "birch bark
for roofing",Yr.6iet.

DED2267 Ma.cecca "a house

of leaves".

323 b62--*to~o Hu.

t9/tava "lake" ,Ch.
tomos,Zr.ty,Vg.too,
Os.tag,tJw,Sk.too,Km.
tu "lake,branch of
river".
(Cf.Fi.Torni ,Toriseva]

DED2773 Ta.tu~ai "river,

branch,etc.",Ka.tore,Tu.
tude,Te.toEe (in place
names)

324 b62--*tulka Hu.toll,

tolva "feather",Lp.dol'ge,
Zr.tyl-,tyv-,Vg.tool "feather", towl "wing" ,Os.

DED2790 Ta.t~(val)"feath
er",Ka.tuppur "feather",
tippur "wing'. (S)Tu.s~vi,

If

Dravidian

"

..

"

tog~l,Yr.too,tuu,Sk.tuu.

Mand.t~ku.

(Cf.Fi.sulka"feather,
quill",siipi "wing".]
325 t63--*tora Fi.tora
"quarrel,wrangle",Lp.
doarro "butt,gore,fight,
strike with the horns",
Md.ture-,Hu.dorgal-,Yn.
'
taru,a-,Sk.t'aar.

DED2838 Ma.t~rra "tusk of

a boar or young elephant".
?DEDS.S497 Pe.Mand.trak
"to beat,strike".

91
Uralic
326 t63--*totka Est.totkes,
Md.tutka "burbot,tench",Ch.
0
tato,toto,Vg.taht,Sk.tutto.
( Cf.Fi.suutari"tench",
("shoemaker,with strings
or bristles hanging from
his mouth--bearded" siikanen "bristle,beard
of barley,wheat,etc."]

DED2145 Tu.tikodi "a kind

of fish".Ka.sigadi,sigudi.

327 t63--*tuna Fi.

tottu- "get accustomed
to,learn",Md.tonado-,
Ch.tunema-,Zr.tun,Hu.
tanul,Yn.tadda-,Sk.
tanamda.

DED Ta.totu "to begin,

occur,com~ into being",
tutanku,Te.todagu,
to~agu,K~i to~da.

328 m63--*teje Vty.

tuj "birch bark", Zr.
tujys,Yr.tae,Sk.tue,
twe,too.
(?Fi.tuohi "birch
bark".]

DED2922 Ka.togatu,tote
Go.tota.(DEN)Go.totte
"peel".

329 m63--*tupka Fi.

tukka "forelock,head
of hair",Ch.tupka "flock,
bunch,hair",Yr.tupkapt.

DED2861 Ta.tokai "flock,

herd,bunch",tuku "gather
in a mass as hair",Ma.
tukka.

''

/
~~

Dravidian

II

330 b63--*tulo- Fi.tule"come" ,Ch. tola-, Yr. too-,

V
Sk. tii-, tiiwa-, (tulys tv{' "reach,arrive at",tuldy
1
W'
"bring ,deliver",) Km. ~o-,
tu-.
....,
HdUV:l45:34:Turk.tus-,
Mo.tulgu-.
331 b63--*tulo Fi.tuli

"fire",Lp.doll~,Md.dol,

Vty.tyl,Yr.tuu,Tv.tuj,Sk.
1111
.., ..
tuu,Km.su.

. ..

"bark,rind,pe~l,pod",

DED2528 Ka.talapu "to

reach,arrive",Tu.talapuni.

DED2672 Ta.tiyal "fire",

Tu.tuu,suu.
DEDS.S529 Ga.tuy "set fire~,
Pa.tud.
DED2763 Ta.tulanku "shine,
be bright".

'

l
92
Uralic
332 b63--*tumt3- Fi.tunte
"to know,recognize,feel",
Lp.dow'da-,damde-,zr.tod-,
Yr.tumta-,Tv.tumtu-"guess
divine,solve",Km.tuna-,
tdmn-.Fi.tuntu-

Dravidian
DED2942 Ta.ton~u "appear,
seem,come to mind 11 ,Ga.ton<;lKui tonja-,tomba- "appear,
seem"!S}Ka.t6vil "making
publicly known 11 ,Go.towwana
"to be seen",tavvana "be
understood".
(DEN}Kod.to'nd(ici} ,Pe.
tonj-.

333 t64--*to Fi.tuo "that,

yonder",Vg.ton-,to-,Os.
t6mi,to-,Yn.tohonoo,Sk.
to.
HdUV:l21:22:IE.*t:3 :Gk.
to-,Skt.tat,ON. pat.
HdUV: 144:23: 'I'g. ta- ,tu-.
HdUV:l59:19 Yk.ta-,to-.

334 t64--*toyo- Fi.tuo"bring" ,Lp.duoke-,Vg.

tuu,Os.tu-,taw -,Tv.
taa,Sk.ta-da-.
HdUV:l21:23:IE.*dow-,
"do-:Skt.dadati,Lat.do.
HdUV:l59:20:Yk.tadi.

DED2526 Ga.tattana .. bring .. ,

Kuwi tacali,Ta.taru .. give
to lst or 2nd person 11 ,Te.

335 m64--*d6mo/d5omo Fi.

tuomi "bird-cherry tree,
Prunus padus",Lp.duobma,
Md.l'om,Ch.lombo,Vg.l'aarn,
os.jom,Sk.t'eu,com.
HdUV:l44:28:Alt.*d'um-:

DEDS.S526 Te.tumma "babool

tree,Acacia arabica",Ga.
tumba maran. (DEN}Kol.tumba.
[N.B. The astringent pods
and bark of babool tree are
used for tanning;Cf.amrad
gum--Bengali arnrat "hog
plum".Cf.also Fi.tum&1la "dark
in color"--as the stain of
bird cherries?]

Turk.jumurt,Mo.~imugusun.

teccu.(S)Pe.Man~.ta-,Kuwi

ta'-.

I,
t
~

!
t

93
Uralic
('II

Dravidian
II

tl

336 m64--*ouma Fi.tyrna

"glue,gum",Lp.dabme 1hibme,
ch.1Uroolzr.l'em,Yr.jiibe 1
jiimea1Tv.jimi 1Yn.jii 1Sk.
t'Urne 1 t'eu 1Krn.ndm.
[ Cf. 551- Fi .liiva.]

337 m64--*ture Fi.tyrtty,./ "be surfeited,satisfied",

Vty.tyr "full",Os.t.)ram
"suffice" ,Sk.tiir-.

DEDS2240 Tu.tuiJe "gummy

juice",Ma.cina 1cuna.Ka.sone,
Te.sona.

DED2770 Ta.tuEu "be full,

crowded,crarn,eating",Ma.
turuttuka 1Ko.turg-,Te.
turugu,tururnu. (S)Kol.
turmeng "put in".

338 b64--*ujo-/wojo- Fi.

ui- "to swim" 1Lp.vuoggja 1
Md.uje 1 Ch.ij~',vty.uj 1Uj 1
Vg.wuj,Os.ut'- 1ut'a,Hu.
usz,Yr. uu-,Sk.uurna
[ Cf. Fi. ui ttaa "to float".]

DED868 Kur.ogna,ugyas
"swim,float",ogta'ana "to
make swim,float(trees) ",
Malt.6ge.
DED3054 Ta.nfntu "to swim",
Ko.ni.nj-,To.ni.s-,Ka.isu,
Tu.rcumi,ninduni,Te.Idu.
(S)Go.rtar-,Pe.fba-.

339 b64--*sul'3 Hu.ujj

"finger" 1Vg.tal' 10s.joj
luj 1tuj,Motor tajeda 1
Taigi tajarn.

DED479 Ta.ukir "finger

nail,toe nail,claw",
Koq..oy.

340 t65--*soja Hu.ujj

"sleeve" 1Lp.soaggja 1Ch.
soks 1Vty.suj "arm" 1 Zr.
soj 1 sosk 1Vg.tajt 10s.jyt,
lyt 1tit,Yr.tu,Tv.t'iija,
Sk. ttina n, tunak.

HdUV:l60:22:Yk.uuje "wing".

DED2476 Ma.tanta "arm".

(S)Tu.tai;-1;-u "forearm",
Kanda dar:ga "upper arm".

341 t6S--*wun3- Fi.

unohtaa- "forget 1Vty.
" 1 Zr.vun-,vunod-,
vunatTv.9ana'bta-.[Cf.Fi.uni
"sleep" ]

DED578 Ta.unar "wake from

sleep",Ka.o~ar.
DED41 Ta.aiiar "be lazy,
slothful",ayar "forget".
DED276 Ta.auantar "drowsiness,stupor,confusion of
mind",Ma.anantal.

94
Uralic

Dravidian

342 t6S--*wunc3 Fi.

untuva "fine hair,pubescence,fluff",Yr.munate,
Tv.mundujsan,sk.umde,unde,
Km.mu'zen,mulzen,Motor
munducen.

DED4510 Te.ven~;uka "hair",

Pa.vendra.
DED40B9 Kur.mulna "tie
hair into a chignon".

343 t65--*wutta/utta Hu.

ut "way,path",Yr. ud- 1TV.
oajaa,Yn.urii,Sk.muotto 1
Km.a't'.d.

DED4335 Ta.v~;i "way,path,

footprint,trace",To.po!y,
Ka.bari,Kod.bay,Tu.bari.

344 b65--*osa Vty.uzy

"red whortberry,vaccinium vitis idaea" 1 Zr.oz 1
Os.ul,ut,wot "bilberry",
Yr. odea "Ernpetrum nig" oode "cranrum",haruberry",Tv. uta,Yn.ore 1ode.

DEDS 571 Kol.usurka "gooseberry",Te.usirika "emblic

myrobalan",Pe.harka mar,
Kui jm;a.

345 b6S--*wop3 Vg.waapi

"swelling hole of capercailzie"1Yr.waw,Tv.boba,
0
Sk.kooptd 1Km.kapu.

DEDSlSll Ko.gab "deep

hole in the ground", To.
kut;.,Te.kurub.

346 t66--*onca zr.u3

"large salmonoid fish" 1
v / Vg.us,uns,uns,Os.unc,
v
v
v
wyns,Tv.jintu,Yn.jiddu,

..

(S)Ko~.bayya.

DED591 Te.unuju "a kind

of fish".

adde,Sk.wan),wand~.

347 t66--*wams3 os.wamds

"rump ,pelvis", Yr. j ae ~zara,
v re aems, Tv. bobsudu, Yn.
bat'ado.
[ Cf .Fi .pemppu. "rump ,rear,
hips".]

DED451B Ka.bem "back",

bemba:r;i "the rear,following",Ta.verin,ven,Nk.venka
DED3452 Ma.pimpu "rear,
back",To.pem "waist,hip".

95
Uralic

Dravidian

348 m66--*wasa Fi.vasen

"left",Est.vasak,Yr.
waadisei,Yn.bari'o,badi'o,
Sk.kuedagi,kuetege.
tf.Hu.bal,Os.pJ~i,pd1ta

"dirty,sordid",Fi.paska
"faces".]
349 m66--*waska Fi.v.1ski
"copper 1 bronze" 1 Lp. v oeike,
Md.viska,uske,Vty.az-ves
"silver",uz-ves "tin,pewter",Os.wag,Hu.vas,Yr.
jeese,wese,Tv.basa "iron",
Yn.bese,Sk.kddzy,kuosd

DED3455 Ta.piccan-kai
"left-hand",pi,piccal
"faeces",Tu.picca,picce
"left".
DED3554 Te.pUffa "left,"
pefa "foreign",Ta.pifar
"strangers".
DED3161 Ta.paca "green,
sallow,golden".
DEDS.Sl38 Go.kacci "iron
sword", (Ko.) kas "iron",
(Mu.)kacc.(<IE.?)

"iron,metal",Krn.bas~,basa.

"iron".
350 m66--*wanc 3 ch.waz,
woz "root,descent,race,
family", Vty. vuzy ,Os. wac,
Yr.waanu,Tv.baantu,Yn.
baddu,Sk.kon),konda,Km.
men..

HdUV.l58:9:Yk.ozuu "root".

" Ch .WaJa
3 51 b or G-- * waJa
"border,edging" ,waja,Yr.
Jume,waemea.

If

1
I

11

II

II

11

DED4385 Ta.viy "lip,edge,

rim", (S) Go.vay ,.:funga veyu.

II

tl

11

DEDS.S657 Kur.pidi "root",

Malt.pathe.
DEDS3501 Ko.utc- "to
create I bear" I ut-"sprout"

I
Ka.puttu,huttu,uttu "origin,
progeny, family".
DED3911 Ta.ma~ai "household,family.

II

352 b66--*waka Fi.vaka

"barb" , Yr. weliha "tooth" ,
\viehuhta,. j(.1ehota "arrow".

DED691 Ma.eyyuka "to shoot

. an arrow " ,Ka.esu,~su,ey,
esuge,Te.egucu,eyu.

353 t67--*wa~u Fi.vavy

"son-in-law",Lp.vivva,
Ch.we~e,wi~~ ,os.won,
we n, Hu. ve j e, Yr. j i i j ,

DED4476 Ka.biga,biyyaka
"relative by marriage",
Tu.brge,Te.viyyarnu.
VUf/

wij,Tv.bi~i,Sk.ku~nJk.

96
Dravidian

Uralic
354

t67--*wanca Md.vese

"whole,all",Vty.voc,ves,~

DEDS.S871 Kon~a vizu "all",

Pe.vizu,Mang.vija.

zr.vac,Os.woca,oca,Tv
.11 v v
bansa,Km.bussa.
355 t67--*wete Fi.vesi,
vete- "water" ,Ch. w;; t, wiit,
~ Vg.wit,Hu.viz,vize,Yr.
jii' ,jiid-,Tv.bee',Yn.
/ bido-,sk.ut,ot,Km.buu.
~, HdUV:l26:41IE.*wed-:ON.
vatr,OE.w~t,Sw.vetur,

DED4264 Ta.vaci "rain,water",

Ka.basi "ooze".
DED882 Tu.odde,vedde "moist,
wet", (S)Nk.vad,vod "dew",
Kui ud "get wet".
t::f.DED3893 Ta.maEai "rain,
water".]

vatern,Arm.get.
356 m67 weta- Fi.veta"pull,draw,haul,drag",Md.
weda-,Hu.vezet-,Yr.waada-,

DEDS4567 Nk.vet-,ved-,"pull",
Ka.vayyu,veyyu,Go.baittana,
Kur.baccna,Malt.bace.

v.ba~a-,Yr.bara-,bada-,

k. kuoda- ,Km. b Gled3-, buda

dUV:l26:40:IE.*wed-:Av.
vao~ye'ti,Oir.fedid,Lith.

vesti,vedi.
357 m67--*wi 3 Fi.viime
"last",Zr.wyj,vij,Hu.veg
"end",Sk.uuge,
[Cf F i. viho viime "the
very last".]

DED4471 Ko.verg."to be
finished",To.pirx-,pirk-,
Kon4a viz-,vis-,Kui viha.
(S)To.pi":or,Pe.vfz"to be
finished",vfh-,vrspa "to
finish",Man~.vfj.

358 b67--*witte Fi.vi~si,

viite-"five",Md.vete,Ch
_.-:
II II
J..'
w~~,vg.aat,Os.wet,Hu.ut,

II 11 t ,S k k out,
IIJ.I
Km b J~n,
_,.
Yr.JUU

Koibal bet,bi.
/359 b67--*widi-Fi. virka
V

"snare,trade,position,
office",Lp.virrd-,Yr.
jiropta,wierahar.

!D

?DED2318 Ta.ai-"five",
TQ.uz,uj,Ka.ayidu,Pa.
cedu(k) ,Go.saik,saiyu~
hayyu n.

DED511 Go.urrana "be

trapped" ,Ga.ut;t;-.

97
Uralic

Pravidian

360 t68--*want3 Lp.kola

vundam "suitorlbridegroom"l
Yr . j ;;;;e GJeno 1 1 w oe GJeny 1 I Yn
maddu "matchrnaker" 1Krn.
muno.

DED3841 Ka.mada,maduve
"wedding,marriage",
madavana "husband",Ta.
vatuvai "bride,wedding".
DED3818 Ta.manam "marriage",Te.manutitu,Malt.
manye.

361

(DED554Ta.uy "to live"

(S)To.yu:k,Uy "sigh".)
DED4162 Ta.mey "soul,
body" 1meyyan "God, son",
Ma.mai,mey.

t68--*wai?o Lp.
"spirit,breath",
Nd.ojme,vajme,Sk.kuej,
kueilna-,Km.maaje- "vapour1soul1son".
wuoi'g~a

DED4556 Ta.v~li "fence,

hedge,wall",Go.waluhtana
"to fence".

362 m68--*woto Fi.vuoli

./' "rafter" 1 Vg. (w) ula "pole 1
fence" 10s.wot,ol,Yr. TllU 1
Tv.~uj 1 Yn.~uu 1 Sk.Uu.

363 b68--*on3 Lp.vuonjas

"tame,not shy(of birds,
girls-maliciously)" 10s.
ani I Yr .IJ yj "tame I submissive",Sk.yne;ynemja"to domesticate".

DED387 Ta.inai "agree,be

suited,join",Ma.i~annuka
"grow tame",Te.enayincu"to mix,join,unite",
nenaju "to fit".

364 b68--*ar,o Lp.vuonas

"halter on a muzzle of a
oog , Md
ovk s, Ch . a n, a n
"mouth II I Vty. yrn I Zr. vom I
Os.o n,Yr.noe;;e '!"':,Tv.~aalj,
Yn.na 1 1 Sk.a n1aak 1aakal 1
"bridle" 1 Krn. a n. Yk. a nil
"opening, mouth of river".
Cf. Fi. arnrnot taa "gape open"
a v a- " to open " . ]

DED36 Ta.a~ka "opening

the mouth",Kol.a gasi
"yawn",Kui angali ava
"open mouth wide 1gape".

'

II

II

365 t69--*watka-Lp.vuot 1 ke
"peel the bark" ,Md.vatka"flay,trash1beat"1Ch.
wakta- 1Yr.waa 1 ta.

DED4571 Ta.vaicu "to cast,

fling",Kuwi vecali "to
beat", (S)Konda vey "to
fla~ ,beat" ,K~'} .be rg-"cut
plantain trunks".

Dravidian

Uralic
366 t69--*wot3 Lp.vuottadraught-:eindeer's rope",
Vg.wotaJ "t~e on,secure",
Os.wat "shoe laces",
[ (Sk.kuudago "trace,tug
strap for human use".)]
II

'

367 m69--*watta- Lp.

vuot'te- "find tracks",
v~r.vot- "h'::~t:,pursue,over
:ake",Yr.woota- "trace,
scent out.

V
I'1

368 m69--*wurya Fi.vyo

belt,girdle",Lp.avve,zr.

t/

"" .
.
bene,S k .uun~,Km.m~na
"rein,halter",munE:"lasso".
It

fl

/1

..

.. .

...

von,Yr.J~~ne,w~~Jea,Tv.

II

369 b69--*wula F~.yla

"over,super,above,top,
higher",Lp.alle "western",Md.vel'ks,Ch.walna,
Vg.al "south,upper,lid",
Os.elti,Yr.niine,Tv.
nini,Yn.nine,Sk.igyt,
-

DED4268 Ta.vatam
"rope" I

vatti "to tie"(S)Go.vatiya/

Skt:vata-.

[DED1425 Ka.guduge "rope

for the feet used in climbing trees".]
DED4547 Ta.vettam "hunting,
chase",To.pe-t;.;po;- "Tamilian
(i.e."hunter") ,Kod.bo-te,Te.
v~ta,ve~ta "hunti~g ch~se".
DED3987 Ka.mi~i,mi!i,Ko.
mi.:!-y "rqpe made of two
leather' thongs,runs from
yoke to head of plough
share.
DED3091 Ta.nivar,ivar
"rise,ascend",ika,iya,
Ka.nege,nese,egu.
DED352 Ta.ika "go beyond",Ko.ig-,To.ix-.

11

Km.n~gan.

370 t401-CGUL--*per3
Hu.bor "skin,hide,film,
peel",Vg.~a~-po&r,Os.par,

Yr.pir, oibal pere. (Cf.Fi.

p~re "shingle,splint",Zr.

pyryg,Os.pdr-cf.Hu.farag
"whittle",Vg.par "to
plane" ,Km. paarg o.)

371 t401-CGUL--*cowja Lp.

coaw'je "abdomen,belly",

.,.

v ''.

Yr.t~~w,c~ew,Km.suJ.

DED3285 Ka.pare "onion

skin,film on the eye,slough
of a snake"
DED3524 Ta.purai "catarack",porukku "flake,skin,
layer that peels off,Qark,
rind" ,Ka.pore,Te.pora,_.
DED3523 Ta.purai,To.p}ry,
Ko~.pore "thatched roof",
Tu.por~,pur~ "roof,ceiling".
DEDS.S413 Go.sipi "part
over the liver",Kuwi sipadaki "chest".

99
Uralic
~

::.~01

CGUL--*kott3 Hu.

~ack 1 rear

Dravidian

II

1 reverse",

-.:::.::. ta.

-- --

~401

CGUL--*kud3 Hu.
_ _ :_::o.? "tomorrow", Vg .qol,
~orning",holi "East,
~~e morning"~Os.hola

_ _.:.._:.:: :_ ~e" , hotne, Yr. huu,

_ :::...::.u "wake up" ,kiduatu
_.:: :. :_ng", Yn. kururuo 1
--~~o,Sk.kar,Km.korod'on,

_.:::...-. [Cf.SOl-Fi.koi "dawn" 1

__ .:. . .:....::..nen "Northeast, east:]
~

CGUL--*jurka-
"forget" 1 0s.
.::c ::.-,joerdt-,Yr.jura-,

~~01-CGUL--*korpo-

__

..

II

flff

-~--~orventaa--karventaa.

~.:...~o

Fi.korpi 1 Est.korb
-=~ forest,marshy thick:...~.sent" .SES219]
-~~:2-CG~L--*leikka
--~-:=..-"to
-

:....:.. 1

cut",Est.
Yr .leakabta.

::.~02-CGuL--*nike-

b e:: d 1 stoop
--:=--~-~a
-'
,,,....
~.:.:......., ....
.,. h o-- , -- ....... ~ u., no
-

'

-= .::;;:-

'

"

II

dow::-. 1 pray".

DED426 ta.irukku "slip,

slide,forget,lose,destroy",iEukkal "slippin~
gliding".

. .:=venta "singe,scorch",
- -. :-:5rbe- ,Lp. kuorbo-, Yr.
_ "big fire ,burning
_ _ .:-_::." 1 Sk.kuura.

l/

DED1348 Ta.kir "east,former

time,dawn" ,To.:ki ,Kod. keki
"the east".
DED1480 Kol.kuri-,Nk.kur-
"sun rises"(S)Nk.kuy-.
DED2344 Kanda s5 "come out,
rise(moon) ";Kur.co'ona, (S)
- Ma nd. . Ja - "sunr1."se",
P e. h o-,
Kuwi ho'-.

..

~~01-

-:~=kol

DED1812 Malt.qoq~ "back",

qoqte "last one",Kur
khokha.

Fi.

DED1073 Ta.karippu "jungle cultivation",karivu

"scorching",Tu.karvavuni
"to burn the down of a
fowl by holding it over
the fire",Pa.kerv-,kerip-,
kervip-,Ga.karawana,Kui
krumu(S)Ga.karv-,karup-,
Ga.karha "field for burning cultivation".

DEDS. 5848 Go .le rr "to be

destroyed",Kui lenga "snap
off",lepka "break,snap off",
Kuwi ~e g-.
DED2996 Te.nakku "hide oneself,crouch,lie in wait",
Ta.narukku.

..

...
i_

100

Uralic

Dravidian

378 t402-CGUL--*ur3- Lp.

orro- "be still,quiet,
stay",Yr. oora- "usually
be" , oorma "abode" .

DED3043 Ta.nil .(ni~p-,

ninr) "stand,be steadfa;~,stay,remain",ni~EU
"permanently",niEEal
"staying".

379 t402-CGUL--*cunc 3

mals",szegy,Tv.sinsa,Yn.
sudo,suso.

DED2303 Ta.cekkai "woman's

breast",cekka "milk".
DED2002 Ka.Te.cici "woman's
breast".

380 m402-CGUL--*tera Fi.

tedi "edge,point,blade",

DED2298 To.tergy "corner of

garment",Ko.cerngl,Ka.

Hu.sz~gy "breast of ani-

Ch.t6r,t~r,Vty.dor,dur,
~Zr.dor,Yr.tir'.
.

sa~agu,seEa~gu,Te.ce~agu

"direction,quarter".

101
g_o_ll.l.ndcr' s Fenno-Up;ric Word.-lls t,
Hi

th 8UgP;CS ted Drt~vid.inn Pl!rnllels

DravidLan

Fenno - U<Jric

381 t7l--*aca- Lp.accagas

"red-hot",Md.ezd'a- "to
heat" .Vg. ds3m,ism,ism
"hot", ist- "to war~".

DED234 To.as "heat of sun/

382 t7l--*so?,3 Hu.agg

"old,ancient ',avul- "become antiquated",Ch.so~go,
~oqgo,soqgo;~oqaime "old
age".

DED2006 Ko.ca-g "man becomes old",Ka.sagu "to

last,advance in time".

383 t7l--*wol3 Hu.agy

"bed",agy- "to spread
sheaves on floor",Vty.
val' "spread, unfold",
Zr.vol' "blanket,reindeer hide".
[Cf.Fi.vallyt]Vg.Tavda.

DEDS330l To.oky "sleeping place,bedding".

[Cf.DED4341 Ta.va~ "to
sleep,rest",Te.varalu
"spread".
DED84l Ta.oliyal "skin,
hide".
DED845 Ma.olli "sheet,
cover".Te.olliya,olle
"upper garment".]

at'at,Os.o~p3t-.

384 m?l--*onc3r3 Hu.

agyar "fang" I Vty. va zer I
Vg.aris~r;Os. dt:nzar "fang
of bear".
[Cf.Fi.ien,ikene-"gum(s)".]

385 m7l--*akta- Fi.ahta"stow,stuff,cram,set

\./"'traps" ,Lp. vuokt- ,Md.
avto-,afto-,Ch.opte-;
optos/oktos "snare,
net",Zr.okty-,Os.yg~t-.

fire",Ko.a~c-,Ta.a~al.

DED472 Ta.eyiru "gums,

tooth,tusk",.i:ru "gums",
Ma.igaru,Ka.igaru,Te.iguru.
DED357 Te.igulcu,ivulcu
"to grin,show teeth",
Malt.igjro "wry mouthed",Tu.nikuni,nijikatruni.
DED790 Te.oggu "lay a
trap,Kui.oga.
DEDS790 Go.og,vaggana/
vakkana "set snare" ,
Kuwi.ogali.
DED811 Ko.od- "to set
net/trap",Ka.o~~u,Tu.

..

..

odduni,Te.oddu.
Cf.Pkt.o44eti "lay snare".

102
Fenno - Ugric
386 b7l--*alka- Fi.alka
"begin",Vg.awl "beginning,
end" ;ool,aglt,Os.aldn,otan
"beginning,end".
387 t72--*o6a Hu.alv"to sleep",Lp.oadde,Md.
~ udo-,Zr.on,Vg.uuldm,Os.
al-,ap-,at-.
HdUV:l43:2l:O Turk.udy"to sleep".

Dravidian
??DED899 Kur.5r;5r "beginning,origin",Malt.6re "beginning, end".-

DEDS.Sl29 Ga.5~ "to lie

d own,s 1 eep " ,Pa.o~-.
DED276 Ta.agantal "sleep,
drowsines~"

388 t72--*amta- Fi.anta"give",Lp.vuow'de,vuob'de

"to sell",Ch.omta,Vg.ondas
"support",Os.6ntas,Hu.ad-.

-DEDle3 Ta.a~~ai "support",

a.ande.
DED157 Te.anunu<?-u "sale",
Go.onun-,vonun-,vam- "to
sell".

389 m72--*appo Fi.appi

"father-in-law",Lp.vuop'pa,

DED133 Ta.appan,appu
"father".

Ch.owo,Vg.up,Os.op,up~m,

Hu.ip(a).
390 m72--*ara Fi.aro
"steppe,grassy low-land",
, ~- Kr. aro "inlet of river",
~I Zr.araj,Os.uri,wori.

391 b72--*a~a Fi.auki,

avaa- "open" ,Hd. a1k sima,
avsima "ice-hole",Vg.
aa!jh\v- ,Os .o~k- ,a mt"ta~e off(garment) ".
HdUV:l40:2:Turk.a~,Mo.

ar;ga "to open".

HdUV: 15 7:2: Yk. a5a "mouth".

DED188 Ta.aruvi,Tu.
aruve "river's mouth".
DED236 Ta.a~ivi "inlet
of river",Tu.a:t-uve,
aruve.
DED36 Tu.ang~vuni "open
the mouth,gape".
DED636 I<ui iig "to be
stripped off".(S)Kuwi
huk- "take off clothes",
hungali "to be opened",
hiikhali "to open ...

103
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

392 t73--*o Hu.az,od

"that yonder, he",oda
"thither",onnan "from
there",Ch.unbake "thith8r",umbacon "from
there",Vty.otin,ozy.

"

DED 1 Kui a- "that over

there" , amba, amba "there" ,
ambangi "thither",amba~ai
"thence",Kur.is,Malt.~h

"that man".

393 t 73 -- * as3 Zr.aJ

"opening,hole,ice...;.
hole , v g.as.

DEDS793 Te.oci "be broken".

DEDS799 Kui 6ja "be burst,
cracked",Kuwi 6y-,6h-.

394 m73--*~ne Fi.anni

"sound,voice",Lp.jiedna,
Hu.enek.

DED737 Ma.ennuka "to

II

II

395 b73--*purt~a Lp.b~cce-,

bocce- "press,squeeze",
Ch.ponze-,zr.pycod,Vg.pos-,
pas-,Os.pos- "to milk,
wash".

396 t47--*pakka Lp.bak'ke

"squirrel's stomach",Md.
1)(~ke "belly", Vg .puki ,Os.
p8ki,puka,puka.

397 t74--*pisa- Lp.basse"roast",Vty.pyz,zr.poz-,

0 s. pal-, p~la- ,p CJet"fry".
II

'

II

"98
II
~
m74--*peoaLp.
b;;e3J~ "prick" ,Md.pele-,
Vg.peel-,Os.pel-,pet-.

sound,say",Ta.e~,Ka.ennu,

annu,Go.indana.
DED3440 Ko~.pu~~- "to
squeeze(wet cloth,fruit,
anything with liquid in
it)",Te.pi~ucu,pi~~u,Ga.

pic "to milk",Kuwi picali./

Skt.pi~ yaka- "oil cake".
DED3445

Te.p~gu

"entrail,

gut,bowel",Kol.p~gul,pegG,

Nk.pegul,piggu. (S)Pa.pirul
"small intestines".

(Cf.DED3444 Pa.pi~ca
"squirrel".]
DED3540 To.pusk- "to
boil", Te. pulagamu. (S) Go.
pi;:i-,pi9I tana.
(DEN)Br.pa!h-ing,paleting.
DEN3705 Go.bo;-s- "roast".
DED3725 Te.po4ucu "pierce,
prick,perforate",Ma.po~i,
pu~akka.

104-

Fenno - U

Dravidi:an

399 b74--*put3 Lp.

buttege "rectum" ,os.puti
"id. , large intestine"
\._./

DED3677

Kur.po~~i

"bowels,
(S)
Konda pota "stomach",
po~~ "bi~ intestines".
entrails",Malt.pu~a.

400 b74--*6aska/caska
ch.caska "brushwood,
birch",Os.t'ah(e)t
"bush,willow copse".

DED1613 Ta.ce~i "bush,

shrub",Te.cettu,Kol.
cett,sett.

401 b74--*cyc3/cucJ
Lp.ca el "pole",Vty.
v
v
X v
3y3ol "bench",Zr.~o3

DED1899 Ko.ca~ "rack,poles",

Ka.cat:t:a "frame of bed,chair,

"floor(board)",~o~ul,

Os. cue "bench".

..

..

..

bier,platform",Tu.ca~t:a

"litter,palanquin".
DED1880 Ka.jagali "seat of
rnud,stone,etc.",Te.jagile
"pyal".

402 m75--*sikt3/sakt3
Lp.cik'te "to mend",
vty.sikt-,zr.soktal"plait,mend",os.sat-,
sit-.

DEDS.S471 Konda sos"weave",Kuwi hue- "plait",

huzzinai,Go.sorhuttana
..
.
"plait or weave",Pe.roc-.

403 m75--*conc3/conc3
Lp.cocote "wild duck",
Md.~enie,Ch.~o~,~Bi, Vg.
v
v
soos,soos,Os.cac,cos.

DED1767 Ma.kokka(n) ,kocca

"heron",To.kosk,Pa.kokkal,
Ga.kokkale,Br.~~akhur (S)
Go.kokogal,Kuwi kokora
"heron,duck"./Cf.Skt.kohka"heron".

404 m75--*surn 3 Lp.~obma,

coma- "hill,mound",Vg.
sooma.

DEDS.S398 Ta.cimai "summit

of a mountain",cimaiyarn
"top,mountain,hill",Kur.
curn'a,cup'a,Te.civara.

40~ b75--*su6'a Lp.

coJae "coating of ice If,
Vg. s~l ,s~l' ,Os. soj.
[Cf.716-Fi.talvi winter".]

?DED1990 Ka.ca~i,sa~i
"cold,chill,frost,snow".

...,

"

"

\<"

105

Fenno - Ugric
406 b75--*sur3 Lp.corraga
"herd of reindeer",Inari v
cura,vg.saarHk,Os.sur.

DED2912 Ta.toru. "herd of

cows",Ka.turuhu,turuku.

407 t76--*6oco- Ch.cuca, /

tuca "strike,give a blow",

DED1916 Ka.cac "blow",

To.toc "to beat",Ka.
sadaku,caccu,ceccu,taduku,
Kuwi hassali "to thresh
(with flail) ".

Vty.~a~ju-,Os.cu6- ~beat,

swingle(hemp,nettles) ".
~os

Dravidian

t76--*cor3 Lp.cuoro
"unripe cloudberry",Zr.
]or "grey,unripe",Vg.
~oor "flower",Os.gorah;
sorg:Jm "get berry-buds".
(Cf.Vty.zar "dawn",
]aryt "light red",Lp.
~uorre "brownish grey".)

DED2585 Ta.t~r "flower

(bud) ,blossom",Ma.tir.
DED2856 Ta.t~~u "thrive",
Ko. te r- "dawn".

409 m76--*~ona Lp.cyonne

"(Lapp) sledge" ,Vg.sun,
sun. [Cf.Fi.ahkio "Lapp
sledge".]
HdUV:l43:20:Tat.cana,
l1a. cana "sledge, snowshoe".

DEDS.S44 Konga sonki "rnortar",Pe.henki,Kui seni,

Go.cahki,sahki,hahki,ahki.

410 m76--*tarko Lp.

duor'ga "twig",Ch.tor,
Os.tugar.[Cf.678-Md.
~uks-torov.]

DED2797 Ta.tiTru "bushes,

shrubbery",tiT~U-kkitu
"thicket",Ko.tu.r "branch
with leaves".

411 b76--*se e Hu.~g

"sky,air",Lp.so a
"weather",Zr.synod.

DED2361 Ta.c5nai "dark

moisture laden clouds",
Ka.s5ne,Te.s5na "drizzle".

412 b76--*e~3-/i~3- Hu.

eg "burn(itr.) ",Ch.e,a-,
Zr.yn "flame".

"burn,be hot",
"burn",vekka "to
cook II 1 veru1uka II grow hot II

DED4540

Ta.v~

Ma.v~a

106
Fenno - Ugric
fl

Dravidian
11

413 t77--*ale Md.el,jal'

"bosom",Ch.eltem "armful,
embrace",Zr.olij,Vg.aal,
_/os.al.

414 t77--*sarJ Hu.er

"vein,rib,runnel",Est.
suure,Ch.ser,Vty.ser,
Vg.taar,taar,Os.Jer,
ler,ter "root fibre,
vein".

DED2162 Kui siru,Kuwi

hiru "root". (S)Go.sir,
hir,Tr,Pe.cl:ra.
[?DED3402 Ta.picir "fibre",Te.picu "fibrous
part of plants.

415 m77--*eoe/e n5e Fi.

esi,etu,ede- "front,
ahead,before",Vg.
li-,ili-,Os.il4,it,
Hu.elo.

DED680 Ta.etir "in front,

before",Ka.idir,edir,edur,
Te.eduru.

416 b77--*pao'3 Hu.

fajd "capercailzie",
Zr.bajdog "ptarmigan",
bad'eg "partridge",Vg.
pool'ta "black grouse",
Os.pajtik.

DED3673 Kon4a po~i "bird",

Kuwi pota,potha,po~~a,
Mand.puti.

417 b77--*palyJ Hu.falu,

falva "village",Kr.palvi
"L:1bitation" ,vg.pawl,Os.
pug3l,pugdt,Yr.pea.
(Fi.-palva in place names.)
HdUV:ll8:16:IE.*poli-,

DED3309

II II

DED716 Kol.Nk.elg "to

embrace",Pa.ol-,olv-,oli-.

Ta.pa~~i

"village",
Ka.pa~~i,ha-1-+i "settlement,hamlet",Te.palli{ya),
Pa.palli "village"{in
place names)/Cf.Skt.palli
"settlement of wild tribes".

~p)li:Gk.polis,Skt.pur-,

Lith.pilis.
HdUV:l41:4: Tg.palga,
Mandschu falga.

418 t78--*puna Hu.fan,ton

"pubescence",Md.pona,Ch.
pon,pun,Vg.pun,Os.pun "hair,
wool,color,down". (Fi.puna
"red"may belong here.)
HdUV:l45:3l:Tg~pUn3,Mand

schu funehe "hair,wool".

DED3575 Ma.puta "fine hair",

Nk.bur,Pa.bug~l(S)Go.buiya
buiyi/Cf.Pkt.pij~i"flock of
cotton".[Cf.DED3564 Ma.pij,
pijvu "blossom,comb of cock,
menses",Kur.puydna "to bloom,
sun sets in glory of purple
and gold" ]

---~-----

-------

107
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

419 t78--*pent3- Hu.f~d

"to cover",Vty.pod-,Zr.
p5dal-,Vg.pHnt- "cover",
~pan til "roof" ,os. pent-.

DED3686 Ta.putai,poti
"hide,conceal,cover",Ka.
pode "put on,thatch",
pude "covering ,thatch"
(S)Go.podela,padla "bush,
shrub".

420 t78--*p~6~- Hu.fej

"to milk",Md.ped'a" strain ,milk".

DED3474 Pa.pid- "to

squeeze,milk",Ga.pi(y)-.
(S)Nk.pid-,Kon~a pir-.
[DED3426 Te.piduku,Kol.
pidk-,Go.pidGkini "strain,
excert oneself".]

421 m78--*pakk3- Hu.

fekv-,fek- "lie down",
Ch.p~kte- "hatch",Zr.
puk "sit".

DED3301 Ko.pak "act of

lying down",Ka.pakke,

v/

V".,/'

pa~ke,Tu.parke,Te.pakka

"bedding".

422 m78--*p~n3- Hu.fen

"hone, sharpen, rub", Vty.
penon, Vg. p <:en-"whet".

DEDS3228 Konda padnu

"sharpening(of knife
by beating & hammering)".
(DEN)Go.padna.
DED3224 Te.ba~~a "rock,
pestle,much used block
of stone".

423 b78--*pucka/packa
Hu.fos "thin excrenent ,Lp. b"'lk
a~
a, b"'k"
os a,
Md.~ikiia- "diarrhoea",
Ch.poskeda,vg.pos,os
pot,pos.(cf.Fi.paska
"excrement".]

DED3340 Ta.pacanam
"diarrhoea",Ka.bisu,Te .
pisanamu.

424 b?8--*puw3- Hu.

ful- "suffocate",fojt
,"strangle ,drown" ,Lp.
nuvve-,Md.puva-,pova-,
vty.pody-,zr.pod-.

DED3522 Ka.pore "error,

wrong way in drinking or

II

swallowing",Ta.puraiy-~tu

"be suffocated by food

passing into the windpipe."

108
Fenno - Ugric

. Hu.ful
"
425 t79--*pelJa
"ear" ,Lp .bael' je ,Md .pile,
ch.pdlds,zr.pel',Vg.pil',

Os.pal,pe~t.

DED3184 Ta.patalai "bunch

of fruit". (S)Ta.pa~u
"cluster,bunch".

427 t79--*kuso-/kuco-

DEDS1121 Tu.kaufica "topsy

turvy".
DED1363 Ka.kusi "hang
sown,tumble in",Go.
kussani "fall,drop off".

k~sy-

V'
1

DED3377 Ta.pivili "ear

ornament",Te.bavili.
DBIA267 Ma.pali,Ka.pale
"ear lobe"./Cf.Skt.pali"ear lobe".

426 t79--*pert3 Hu.furt

"bundle,tassel,bunch",
Vty.per,pur "bunch of
grapes".
Lp.gac'~a "fall",Vg.

'?

Dravidian

"tumble down".

428 m79--*kerke Lp.kola

gar'ga- "fall(repeatedly),
' rain",Vg.keeril"stumble",
os.korag.

DEDS.S265 Ma.koriyuka
"fall out,drop",Go.
kurhuttana "take off
shirt".

429 m79--*kec e Lp.

gaskas "juniper",Zr.kacpomel' (p.- "small coniferG>us tree") ,Vg.
kscse-piw.
[N.B. Cf.266-Zr.pu "tree";
mel' "thorn, needle"?
SES330:Fi.malka "splinter,log,stick",Lp.malgur
"pine tree"--SES359:Fi.
mJlnty "pine tree".]

DED1723 Ka.kotta,kodau.
.
gi~a "jujube tree",Tu.
ko~te-mu~~u. (S)Go.gotia,
ghat;ol mara "jujube"/
Skt.gho.l)t:a "a kind of
jujube".
[N.B.DED4098 Tu.mu~~u
"thorn,thorny bush",
mu9~eyi "screw pine".]

430 m79--*kese Lp.g8sscig

"thick(of round objects)",

DEDS.Sl32 Kuwi kaja,

kazza "big,great".
DEDS.SlSl Ta.kati,
katippu "thickness".
DEDS1082 Ma.karu "stout,
hard",To.kai-t~E "bush
3 - 4 feet high".

ch.k~zgd,kuzgu,vty.zr.kyz,

os.kol,kot.
(Cf.445- Hu.hosszu "long"
FUV81

109
Fenno - Urgic
431 m79--*kuj 0 o Lp.gikka"mate,pair,call",Zr.koj-,
Vg.kaj- "roar,cry,pray(as
y5haman)",kim "call",Os.k~j.
432 b79--*kucakka Lp.Skolt

V go~~ek "vessel" ,Os. kocek.

Dravidian
DED1551 Ka.k~ ~cry,call",
k~gu "cry out",kuvi,
kububu,Te.kuka,kuta,kuyyi./
skt.k~-,ktij-.

DEDS.S231 Go.kucca,kuca
"large basket".

[Cf.Sll-Fi.kosio "big fishbasket", FUV9 0.]

433 b79--*kukk313 Lp.gokkal

"bent piece of wood",Os.
k6kal~ "distaff".

DED1689 Ta.kokkarai "crookedness,rake",Pa.kokor "to be

bent,curved",kokta "crooked".

434 t80--*kumto Lp.

gow'd&g,Lule gob'dQg,
Hlrjedalen gam'de,Kola
gom'd "broad",Ch.k6mda,
kumda,Os.kornot,humqt.

?DED2306 Ta.c~n "distance,

height,width",ceymai.

435 t80--*kac3 Vty.goz,

guzem "summer" ,zr.goz,
Os.kac- "become hot or
warm".

DED919 Ta.kacc~n "west

{wind)".
DED1219 Ta.k~y "grow hot",
Te.k~cu,k~yu "to shine",
Go.k~s~n~ "become hot".

436 t80--*kartJ Vty.

gurdo(cl)z) "grey duck",
Zr.gor d a,Vg. k urtu,Os

DED1073 Ma.karu,kari
"black,charcoal",karivu,
karimpu "grey",Ka.karidu
"black".

ll

II

karta~.

437 tao--*kut3 vty.

gylyd "smooth,slippery",
os.koti.

DED1136 Ka.ka~al "to

slip", kal-e "to become
loose". (S)To.ka-1-"fall",
ka-t-"pluck,shed(tears) ".

438 m80--*kaC3 Vty.gyzy

"grain of sand",Zr.koza,
vg.hys,os.kyc,hys.

?DED492 Ka.usuke,usige
"sand" ,Kol. uska.

----

------------

110
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

439 m80--*ko6m3 Hu.hagyma

"onion", Vty. kumy~, Zr.
komij,vg.kossam.

DEDS.Sl40 Ka.ga5ji~ike
Tu.ga5janige "a fragrant
grass".

440 b80--*kal3- Hu.h~l

"sleep,spend the night",

DEDS1587 Go.gijr "lie

down to sleep",Pe.gijr,
Te.kijlu "fall down".

Vty.k~l-,Zr.kol-,Vg.huul-,

Os.kal-.
441 b80--*san3- Fi.havi"strive for,aspire,pursue,
desire",Lp.soag'jo,Vg.
tar] h 1 j

a~k

442 t81--*cMnca Fi.hanta

"tail" ,Lp.c~cka "rump
flesh,scut ~at",Vg.~y~ ,sis
v
"back",Os.conc.
~~~

443 m81--*si~ere Fi.hiiri

"mouse",Md.sejc:>r,cejer,
cever,Yty.syr,Vg.ta 0er,
Os.jo?kdr,Hu.eger.

DED337 Ta.avu,avavu "to

desire,covet",Ma.avikka.
DED1114 Ta.kavarvu "attraction,desire"./Skt.kavaraki
"a captive female prisoner".

444 m81--*ulko Lp.hol'ga

"horizontal pole" ,Kola
1
Yol'g "trapstick",Md.olga,
vg.~ula,os.6h<J

445 b81--*kuncu Hu.

"long,tall",Ch.
kuzo,Vty.zr.kuz,vg.hosa.
hossz~

(Cf.430-Lp.g~ss~g"thick"-

FUV79.]

----~--

DED1914 Ma.canna "buttock

of animals,ha~",Ko9.ca~~e.
DEDS.S447 Pe.j~n "back",
fuwi jenu, jeo.
~ r-DED2 27 5 M~. cezyt;.u "cotton
ball,tassel".

DED1344 Ta.Ka.kiri "mongoose".

DED710 Ga.sirel "mouse",
Kuwi dandi
"bandi. hireli
'
coot".

DEDS.S85 Ta.uralai "hori"

zontal bar",Tu.uro,uruvolu.
DED194 Ka.argala,argala,
1 arg a~e , agg ar ik~, ag a~i,
aga~i "bar to fasten a
door". (S)Kui argoli.
?DEDS.Sl32 Pe.gaja "big",
Kuwi kaja,kazza "big,
great".

lll
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

446 b81--*kac'wa Hu.holgy,

helgy "ermine,sweetheart,
bride",Lp.ga fe,g 'fe
"female ermine",Vg.kaal',
Os.kojc;~h,kej "female(of
sable,fox,marten,etc.) ".

DEDS342b Te.a~aku "hen

of fowl,peacock,etc."

447 t82--*supa Fi.hupa

"soon consumed",hupene
"get thinner,emaciate",Md.
cova,sdva,Hu.sovany.

DED1930 Ta.cappai "weak,

lean,emaciated",cavu "become emaciated" 1 (S) &mda
sapur. (DEN)Go.sappur

"lean,thin".

448 t82--*kums3 Hu.husz

"20",Md.koms,Vty.kyt,vg.
kus,Os.kos,hus.

?DED40l Malt. -is "two

things",isti "2 x 2".
(S)To. f.styu. "twice".

_ /449 fa2--*su~5 Fi.huu

V "ghost, spectre" ,Md. co-,
. /
cov- ,copaca, Zr. son, Vg.
V
towi.

K~'tv\-

__,

DED2346 Ta.c6ku "vampirer

devil,goblin",Te.cSku,
soku "touch,affect,be
possessed(by evil spirits)",Tu.s6dku,Pa.cokk-.

450 m82--*kym3l13 Hu.

huvely 1 hively "pod,
case,sheath",Vty.
kunel' ,Zr.komel'.
[Fi.kammitsa "tie,
sheath";jaa jarven
kammitsoi "ice covers
the lake".]

DED1024 Ta .kappu "over- J:'a n1

spread" 1 kavi "spread",
Ma.kappuka,kammuka "to
cover" 1 kaviccal 1 kamiccal
"inundation" . ( S) Te.
kammirincu "to cover",
KUwi gamca.

v"
"
451 m82--*ecaMd.ice"knead",Ch.ise- "press,
v
squeeze , 0 s.~c-.

DED44 Ta.Ma.accu "mold,

type",Ko.ac,Te.accu.
DED45 Ta.Ma.KaTe.accu
"weaver's reed or stay",
Tu.acci.

II

r'

112
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

452 b82--*ikene Fi.ien,

v
ikene- "gwn",Zr.an,Hu.
,.
lny,eny.
[C.384- Hu.agy "fang"FUV71.]
/

453 b82--*isa/iy~a Fi.

iho "skin, complexion" ,
Est.ihu "body",Lp.asse,
,
.
v
Ch J~ u zv - , Z r e zv ,
i-la J o z o ,

DED472 Ka.igaru,~ru "gwns",

Ta.Iru,eyiru "gwns,tooth,
tusk".
DED357 Te.igilincu "show
teeth,grin",Pa.ikp-.
DED561 Ta.uri "rind,shin,
peel,bark",To.u~t,Ka.

uricu,uccu(S)Pa.uyk-,Go.
uy-,ucc-.

Os.cl,et.

454 ts3--*ika Fi.ika

"age,life (time)" ,Lp.
j akke "year 1 akke age
Md.ije "year",Ch.i,ij,
Hu.ev.
II

Vvv/

II

II 1

455 t83--*il3 Md.ilEt'

"in the evening" ,Os. il e,
ito.j "evening". (Fi.ilta
"evcning".-Partitive of
*ili?).
456 m83--*jilma Fi.
ilma "air ,weather,
storm" ,Ilmarinen "ancient weather god of
the Finns",Lp.al'bme,
Vty.inm- "heaven",
inmar "God", Zr .jenm-,
Vg.iil3m,Os.ildm,it~m.

DED554 Ta.uy "to live",

uykai "salvation",Ma.
uyir,u~ir "life",uyirkka
"to live".

,.

DED2102 Ta.Ma.iravu,ira,
ra "night",Ko.irl,Ka.iru!,
ir~u,Te.irulu,reyi.

DED199 Ta.al,el,elli
"evening,night".
(DEDS.S96 Ka.eral,elar,
elal "wind, air".)
DED4422 Ma.vix;x;u "sky,
heaven",vi.I).I)avar "gods",
Te.vinu,vinnu "sky",
Malt.bi~ye "the name of
the god of thunder and
lightning".

t II -

113
Fenno - Ugric

.-

"'~

Dravidian

457 m83--*emC3 Md.iti3e n,

inazi "raspberry bush",
Vty. amez ,Os.- ~nt I in
juh-taj-~nt 1 "raspberry(i.e.tree-tip-berry) ",m~g-har- .tent 1 "strawberry,Fragaria vesca",
(i.e.earth-field-berry).
(Cf.Fi.mes-ku,mesi-marja
"arctic raspberry".-Same
derivative -(k)ka occurs
in other names of berries:
mansi-kka "blueberry",
puolu-kka "lingonberry",
vatu-kka-vaapu-kka "raspberry bush",juolu-kkajuomu-kka "vaccinium
uliginosum".]

DED3114 Ko.nel ban

"Fragaria nilgerrensis".
To.ni~ ko-y "Sp.berry
(very sour,but when water
is drunk immediately,tastes
sweet)".
[Cf.DED1220 Ta.kay,To.
kooy "(unripe)fruit".
DENS 2 69 Go.mes nay
"honey".]

458 m83--*ita-Fi.ita"germinate,sprout";ita
"East",Lp.itte-,it 1 te
"tomorrow_ 1 s", j ii te
"rise",Os.et-.

DED739 Te.icu "increase,

grow" ,Malt.ite "spring
up (seed) "0
DEDS723 Ta.itci "rising
of a heavenly body",Nko
i9uk-/it;.k-,i9- "to show".

459 b83--*yt3 Hu.ize

"-thing" (used as a substitute for a noun which
one cannot recall for the
moment) ,Lp.a8~,Vg.ut:am
u td -m "mine" , teen -u t
"something to eat"(teen
"food") ,Os.ot:aj-ot
"measles"(aj "small")

Adjectival pronominal
ending:e.g.Ka.e-di "that",
i-di "this thing",idi
cinnadi "it(is)a little
thing"oCf.DED2670 Ta.
tinti "eatables",To.
ti:~y,Ka.ti~4i "food,
something to eat",Ko4.
tindi "food(except rice)".

. -~

r,,
,,,

'
114
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

460 b83--*et3- Hu.izz"glow,red-hot",Vty.esty-,

zr.ozjy-,ozty-,os.ol-,dt"heat,ignite".(?Fi.
valkea "fire,light,
white".]

DEDS.S63 Mand.iske "fire",

Pe.iske jipoli "firefly",
Kol. isre "glow worm".
Cf.DEDS.Sl21 Te.oliki
"funeral pile",Pa.ol gam
"blaze of fire",olip "char,
scorch",Kur.6ln~ "be in
fire".

461 b83--*jalka Fi.jalka

"foot,leg" ,Lp.juol 'ge,
Md.jalgo,Ch.jal,Hu.
gjalop "on foot".

DED Ta.k~l "leg,foot",Ko.

To.kol,Ka.kal,Pa.kel,
KUi k~9u,Br.-kal.

II

462 t84--*jul~a Lp.j8l?es

"stump",Vty.jal,lijal,
Os.jonkal,jo1ka~ "windfallen tree".

DED426 Ta.i;i "fall down",

Ta.iliyuni "to tumble down".

463 t84--*ja~e Fi.jaa

"ice",Lp.jieg a,Md.
j E: j , e n, z r . j i , v g . j a? k ,

DEDS.S445 Pa.cina "frost,

ice",Kuwi henna "hoarfrost".

464 ta4--*jaks 3 Fi.

jaahty- "to cool",Md.
1
v
h .JU
. "k se-,
v
eKse,
J 1 t:se,C
Os.j Jeggi,jagtd.

DED741 Kur.e~~na (i~~yas)

"cool down" , ekhta'ana
"to
-cool"(tr.) ,Malt.ege "cool"
(itr.) ,egtre "make cool".

Os.joQk,Hu.j~g,gy~g.

~65

II

fl

II

II

t84--*Jaryka Fi.janka
"bog ,marsh" ,Lp.j dE!g'ge,
Zr.jegyr,Vg.ja?k,Os.
j

DED1983 Ka.javugu,jogu,
javalu "swampy ground".

.I

E:' k.

466 m84--*jaks3 Vty.-jos

"plural suffix",Zr.-jas,
-j6s,Os.jah "men,people".

<

'

?DEDS.S594 Pe.bajek "much",

Man~.bejek.

,,

I
I

I
!'
I

j.

.'

115
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

467 m84--*jonkco Fi.joutsen

joeksen "swan ,Lp.njuk'ca,
Xd.loksij,loskstim,Ch.
juksd,Vty.jus,zr.jusk,Vg.
11

(?Lak~mi

- the.Hindu goddess,
dressed in white,was created
from the sea 1)

JOSVOJ.

468 m84--*junc3 Fi.juntu

11
/

~h

f 00 t

\1'

11

v g j aS j 0
f

Os. J os, J uc.

469 m84--*joyo- Fi.juoto drink Lp. j ukk.i, Ch.

". 0 s.
JUa-, d'"ua-, v g.aJ-,
11

11

1111

DED397 Ta.iyanku "walk

about",iyavai "path",Ma.
iyannuka. (S)Ko.i~y~,i-c
"drive cattle".

DED516 Ta.un "eat or

drink",Te.Gtu "drink",
Go.undana,K~wi undali

jant-,jan~-,jens-.

Y-

470 b84--*jokso- Fi.

juokse- "run" ,Est.jookse"run,flow,rut,beget,
breed",Hu.iv- "to spawn,
pair,copulate".
I~

...

..
-~

/.,(

DED476 Ko.og- "desire

strongly sexually",Te.
uvvil-uru.
DED477 Ta.ukalq "to
leap,bound,run about",Ma.
uvakka,Te.unkincu.
<Z'j-

471 b84--*jukta- Hu.jut"come,arrive,attain,become",

Md.juta-,jota-,Vg.joht-,
Os.jogdlt.
[Cf.Fi.joutua "arrive in
tirr~e

o 1<'- / u~

oiC.

... ]

)? "-'/

472 t85--*kaj)-Fi.kajoa"touch,meddle,interfere",
Est.kaje- "see,look,
examine",Lp.gaggjo-"save"
Vg.kgj-,hooj-,Os.kaj-,
hoj- "dash,hit the mark,
cost".

DED693 Ta.eytu "approach,

reach,obtain",Ka.aydu.
(S)Te.egudau,Go.ev-,
Pe.ika-,Man~.neyka va-.

.if.:(,_(_'/ )
DED1028 Malt.kape "to
touch,meddle".
DEDll92 Ka.ka,kay "to
watch,quard,save,keep,
Te.kacu,kayu,kapu,kavali

116
Dravidian

Fenno - Ugric

DED1104 Ma.kala "scar,

mole",Ka.kale,kali,Tu.
kale'/Skt.kalailka-"stain".
?DEDll57 Kur.khalya'ana
"to flay, skin".

473 t85--*kal'3 Fi.kalvo

"film,membrane,cataract",
Lp.galla-,os.kali,kap'i,
haL;~ w "scurf ,membrane
that comes off the skin",
Hu.halyog.
~du~:l40:3:Tur~;as~,Mo.

\ / qal1m.(Cf.Zr.k1l ;Fl.
hilse "dandruff",hilpa.]

/;~~\t-

474 m85--*kanta Fi.kanta

"base" ,kanto "stump" ,Lp.
guoddo,Vg.koont,Os.kant,
hont.

DED1433 Ka.kunda "pillar,

post". (S)Malt.kunda "block,
log".
DEDS.l396 Tu.ku~~i,Pe
kut;a,Kui kut.a "stump of
tree".

t< (Y" -

475 b85--*kara- Md.karaDED1316 Ta.kiri

"be torn,
II
"dig, plough", Ch. kareuprooted", kir- "dig".
"flute" ,Zr.kyr- "dig up,
rDEDlSll Ta.k~ri
"to form
II
draw a ditch",Os.h~r-,her-. 6 pits,excavate,engrave",
: kural "flute,tube,etc.".
~-

t./

476 t86--*kaca Fi.kasa

"projection,corner",Est.
ka]a ,Lp. g c:ecce, Hu. hegy
"point".
iidl.JV:l62:42:Yk.kicil "end".

DED1578 Ta.kur,kuccu
"sharp point",Ma.kurkka
"to be sharp",Te.kuci,
kucamu.

477 t86--*kancko Fi.

kaski "burn-beaten clearing,young birch",Vty.ky~,
Os.kuc,kut',hunt' "birchwood layer of a shooting
bow".

DEDS.Sl33 Kon~a kas "to

be lit,burn."
DEDS1437 Go.gunti,guncili,
Pe.gunca "pellet bow."

478 t86--*kaswa- Fi.kasva"grow,increase",Md.koso-,

Hu.haszon.

7
'

DED1052 Te.kasaru "increase,

rise high".

117
?enno - Ugric

Dravidian

~86--*kafi6a Ch.ka~a

DED1695 Tu.koncam "small

quantity",koccu "small,
young",Te.koncemu.

=~~~,lean",Vg.kafi-,Os.

-- ___
~ .:_ , '.ra"tis:v. ~ __.::,.
..-.
\,;.
~~:

~36--*kawka

Fi.kauka-~~= away",Md.kuvaka,Os.
:-:.:~-,:-.ow, kog~n .Cf .Lp.
~~-::-~e "long,far".

DEDS2306 Go.jek(a) ,jeke

"far,distant",Kui seko,
Kuwi hekko,hego,heggo,
heo,Malt.gece.

---

~bo--

------

DED1440 Ta.kuppai "heap,

mound",Ko.kip,Pa.kuppa,
koppa,Kui kupa,Kuwi kupa.

1111
*k"
appaII F'1.. k aappaII
~-=~~~,small stony hill",
-_-: =-= .::appa "burial mound",
' h
=~=-~aap,Vg. k"
_ap. ( C f .Llt
-:.=:.::~.::; "burial mound".)

~=-

-v

~~~

II

II

-::37--*kama Fi.kama

DED1666 Ka.kema "callosity,as of a wart",Ma.

keman.

~-::.:...::::ness ,rigidity"~

"thick" ,Md.keme
---~=-=-" ,Hu.kemeny.

<.=:._-:-_:.5:

f((/_

=~7--*kamene Fi.

:::____-_-:--;:::.:-. "palm,flat of
-=-----:: ~- ::.::d , paw" , Vote
:: ::____-_- :0: .:._ , .::::st. kamma l , Lp.
~ =--=-=-:-:-.ad ,Os .kO'mc:mkagar.
- :_ ..,-

--7
II
F.1..
_ -=- - - *k apsa
II

----- "~are foot" ,Zr.

.l_l.l.lt 0
II
l I
- ~- c: - --- ::; .'-<Wctcl
I
s . k OWJ
_=:;.:-:: "skin on leg of

'('{"

o--\
DEDS.S769 Kui mada "palm
of the hand",Kuwi mala.
[Cf.DED1683 Ta.kai "hand
arm 11 . ]

?DED2220 Ta.cuvatu "track,

footstep",Ma.cuvat;u,
cumatu "foot,base,step".

~=.:..~.::.:er,cow,horse,etc."

f.( (Jc':
:::
-7
*k
II

k as1.,
II

--- ----=- - ate Fl.

-c:.-:::- ":-.and, arm" , Lp.

DED1683 Ta.kai "hand,

arm",Nk.Kol.ki,Ga.ki.

;.:..:-::-::~,Xd.ked',Ch.kit,

==-~.:..,Vg.k&&t,Os.kdt,

-=-:: , :-=-~. ~ez .

111:)
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

486 m87--*kelke- Hu.kelle"be needed, necessary,must".,.,

Lp. gal' ga, Ch. keles, kllles, .
~y.kul-,Zr.kol.

DED1143 Ma. ka.t;iyuka "to

be possible, able, must",
Kog.kayy-,Tu.kariyuni.
(S)Ta.ka:;;i.

487 b87--*kere Fi.keri

v "birch bark",Lp.garra
"shell,crust",Md.k r,Ch.
ker,kur,Zr.kor,Vg.ker,
keer,Os.kar,kir,ker,Hu.
klireg,ker.

DED1302 Ka.keraku "scab",

Tu.keri~i "scab,warts".

488 t88--*kerj3- Fi.keri

t/' ""frame,circumference" ,Vty.
. - / kyry "ring", Vg .keer, (Sk.
~ kery "edge,rim".)

DED1648 Ka.kir "to confine,make a fence",kere

"tank".
DEDS.S345 Kui grGpa "surround",grGsi "encircling".

II

489 t88--*kec3 Fi.keso

"a fish" ,zr.gyc "carp",
ar-gyc "smelt",Vg.
kaasen "roach" ,os.kos ,
Hu.kesze. [Cf.l38-Fi.
kuore "smelt"-FUV29.]

?DEDS.S270 Ma.kuficci "a

kind of fish with sharp
'bones",Tu.kurci.

f(e.L- c.
490 m88--*kec3 Est.kets
"(machine) wheel,trundle",kitsi "spinning
wheel",Ol.kecoj.Os.kosa,
Hu.kegy "circus".
491 m88--*kence-

DED957 Ta.kataiccal "turning bn a lathe",Ma.

Kataccal,kui kafsa. (S)Tu.
kaSJ.cil':,karcilu.

Ch.
DED994 Ma.ke~ikka "to en"search",
trap",ka~i "snare",Kod.
Vty.kuck-,Vg.kins-,Os.kinckeni- "get caught".
"search, catch (fish)".
DED1209 Ta.kin "see,investigate",Te.kancu.
[Fi.silmi "eye"- DED973 Ma.
ka~ "eye".
silmu "sprout"- DED996
kanni
. . "sorout".
..
silmukka "snare"-DED994
ka~i-kka "snare,noose,trap".
silmaa "see,look"-DED1209
ki~uka "see,search,investigate".]
k~cala-,kicala-

t,

ll9
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian
DED914 Ka.kacak,kacik,
kacunk,kaca(kka)ne "suddenly",Ko.kocakn.

492 m88--*kinc3 Ch.kJZdt 1

ozot,kizit "now,soon,at
nce",Vg.keens "suddenly".
/:
493 m88--*k~m3 Hu.ki
"out",kivul "from without",Zr.kinci "except",
Vg.kwana,os.kum,kim
"out,exterior" ,k:zrn.dn
"being out".
II

?Dative ending -ku,-ki.

[Cf.locative -alli "in,
inside,on" from -loo
"interior".]

II

494 bBB--*kera Fi.kiera

"twisted ,crooked" ,Md.
kifne-"bend",Zr.gurjim,
Os. kore>k.
k

DEDS1472 Pa.gurcip "bend",

Kui kr~su "bend",k~6-.

II

bl ' \ -

495 m89--*kuja- Ch.kije"lie",Vty.kyl'l'y,Zr.

kujly-,Vg.kuj-,Os.hoj-.

DED1656 Ta.c~ "to lie,remain,sleep",Ka.ke,Tu.kely.,

Malt.kide.

496 m89--*kurk3 Md.kirga,

DED1477 Ko~.kora "gullet",

Tu.kurelu "nape of the
:1.eck".
DEDS.S320 Kon4a ko{okla "the
Adam's apple".

"
"
v / k orga "neck" ,Ch.korgo,

Vty.gyrk,Zr.gyrk,Vg.
kiwr.

,jt! (,~I

498 bS9--*kic 3 - Fi.kitu"suffer pain,pine away",

v
.,
Vty. k yz,Os.kdca.

DED962 Ta.ka~tu "to harden,

congeal",Ko.ka::r;c "very
hard" ,gel)4-payl}
"frost,
ice",kur.kararna,kagrna "to
freeze".
DEDS1802 Go.kharra "frost",
To .kwaf "cold".

497 m89--*kirte Fi.kirsi,

kirte- "frost",Liv.kift
"thin ice" , Ch. kart, Os.
kartoh,k<3ertam "snow
crust".

DED1199 Ta.kaci "difficulty",

Ka.Tu.Te.gasi "trouble,pain".
f?DED1828 Tu.kotal~ "pain,
sickness ,hardship".

?L

.i
I

'

'',

120

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

499 b89--*kiwa Fi.kivi

"stone II ,Md . k eve, Ch k".
UJ,
vty.ko,zr.-ki,vg.kuu,
os.koh,Hu.ko.

j(o \-

kcz[-

500 b89--*k66~- Ch.

k6daa "take off(dress)",
Vty.kul'y-,Zr.kul'-"peel,
flay,skin",Vg.k6l't
hal' t.
r . "~._ /
,. \ ~ \ \( .,_'

!<: If.'I

?DED1560 Ko.ko-g "stone

of olive",To.kwig "seed
inside fruit".
"
"large
(?DED1548 To.kuds
rock".)
DED1157 Ka.ka!e "to pull
off,remove",Tu.ka-!epini,
Kur.khalya'~n~ "to flay,
skin".
DED1290 Ko.kej,To.kod "to
flay".

,..~fl ..(;-1)

501 t90--*koj6 Fi.koi

dawn",Zr.ky(v)a "mornng redness",Vg.kuj,Os.
u-nal,hunt' ,Hu.haj-nal
dawn". (What is -nal?)
[N.B. 2 ] [N.B. 1 :Fi.kekale
"red glowing embers",
Veps.kegale,Vote
tsutsal-pu.-sEsla9.J

DED1607 Ta.ce- "red",

ceppal "redness of dawn",
Ma.cekkal "dawn",To.ko-,
Ka.ke-,kengal,Pa.key,
Malt.qeso,Br.khisun.
[N.B. 1 ]Ko.keka~y "clinkers(red lumps)from smithy
fire place".[N.B. 2 ]DED3025
Ta.nal "day,early dawn,
foren~on",Ka.nal,na!e.

502 t90--*koj 3 Fi.koi

"moth",Lp.guajje,Md.ki,Ch.
kije,Vg.kij,kej.
Hduv:l44:26:Turk.kuja,
Tg.kujakta.

DED1020

Ko.kap~

"butter-

fly,moth",To.kopa~.

503 t90--*koja Fi.koja

"bark(of tree) ",Hu.hej;
haj"shell,crust".
DED1689 Ma.kokka "hook,
clasp,crook",To.kwfky,
Te.kokki,konki,kokkemu,
konkara.

504 t90--*kopka Fi.kokka

.,/ "bow of boat,point,end
hook",Ch.kopka "plough",
Os .kagaw.

------

--

- -

121
l'eJ,l~\)-

JgL~C

------------------~---~------~

s~s ~90--*koi'a Fi.kolaV

DEJllOO Ta.ka:i~cu "water

weirs'' ,Te.kaluju.
"ishi:1g wei:.:-",Zr.koi'as,
DED182l Ta.k6ti "weir of
Os.kul-1.
..._
a ta.nk
_ ~olnl

II.

5 G6 r:-90--*kolrr.o F i. kolme V"

3
[:--.oLllc..nt-"third"~ ,L?.
sol'br.1a,Xd..kolmo,Zr.kt.4jim, I
Vg.qoorJm,Gs.kolarn,Hu.
11

11 ,

(DE:::>414 7 Ta .munru ,mu "3".

Ta.mun-"front".
LC:util29 To.mun "face".)

~~ED.;ll9

ll~:~or\1.

~J.~0\f: l4 5:2 9 :f.1o. s;urbar1

"3".

~cf.5G7.J

507 ~JO--*kolJ Fi.kolo

"cavity ,hol~.:!'' ,I..p.gollo,
zr.kolas,Vg.kal,hal,Os.
k<:St,l-.ul.

uED1469 Ta.kuyil "to bore

a hole".

DEDS.S231 Pa.ku~a "small

bor.-J.Joo b<J.ske t , Ga. kunj e.

m9C--*~ofit3 ?i.
J:.o;.. tti .. J<r~al)sack (Gf

508

birch l:.JCJ.rk) ,Vg.l1uunt,

Os.}::_.rnt,hent.
11

Go.sappa,goppa
llbas/.:et,b<ts'' ,Pe.gapa.

D~DS1G4l

: .._-__J ;~: };...

"'..Jo,.~~~ 1 , lJ~J. :-;~~ t

,
.~_...J ~:- c_: _c~o.:i , c ~-"::v~c. tt"1 i. "'i g '' ,
..... ~). \i, ~; ~ ,(~ -g~rOp 'LJC~
"s>~.. L4l.l" ,

s:o

b9C--~%o~31'3

~~0~J~J(!l0

,.!:Cil

?i.

CC:~J.C.~::C

C.J.i~zie

,, ( : .. ~-). su<... ? ( pe~ I

.::c ~~,,o::..6ri, Vg. yol';) m.

5ll b90--*ko~3 Fi.kosio

"i:;i~I .;':ish basket" ,01.
:~ozj..:<,Lp.)uo.:i'so,vc:,.hns.

DE"Jl768 .l:~ol.l\k.kor "hen",

i'~,~~.-.i koiyu "fowl, hen".
(S~ i";anc?- .kuy.
DED354~ Ta.pu~ "(small)
bird",Ko.put,pi~,Te.pulagu.

DZDS.S231 Go.kucca,kuca
"large basket".

l
k

j
-------

--------

r,
'122

Fenno - Ugric
512 t9l--*konck 3 Fi.koskat~
"spruce bark strips",Zr.
kacka,Os.ky~t' "sap layer
of a tree",Hu.h~ncs.

DEDS1366 Go.gunji "sweet

inner fiber of sugar cane",
Ka.kusuru
DED1373 Te.gunju "pull".

513 t9l--*kosa Fi.koso

DED1784 Ta.ko'u "prosperous",Ko.ko!,To.

kwa!P

"copious",Lp~g9sse

"rich" ,Os.hop,hul "op-

t/ ulence". [Cf. 515]

tf

Dravidian

514 tl30--*kota Fi.kota

"hut",koti,koto "home",
Lp.goatte "tent",Md.
kudo,Vty.kwa(la) ,Zr.
kola,Os.kat,Hu.haz.

DED1379 Ta.ku~i "house,

home, family, town", To.
u
kw~~ "shed",ku~ "room",
(S)Ga.kure "hut" ,gudi,guz:i

IE~Av.kata,MP.kad,

ku~ya-.

"temple":/skt.kij~a-:ku~i-,

Sogdian kty'k "house".

514A Lp.kotsek "an

v/ aquatic bird,Mergus

6
V

DED1767 Ma.kocca "paddy

bird,heron",To.ko~k "her-

merganser"(Fi.isokoskelo) ,os.kicaki.

on" ,Kui kohko "paddy bird".

515 m9l--*kosa Md.koiav

'rich",Os.kos "power,
might", kos;; n "well-todo" . [ Cf . 513]

DEDS1784 Ta.k5~ "rich,

1uxurious",Go.kosela.

/ 516 m91--*kew8e Fi.

k8ysi "rope ,line", Vty.
kal,Zr.kol,Vg.koali,
Os.kul,kep,k.Jt.

517 m91--*kute Hu.koz

"interspace,middle",Ch.
k~dal,kodal,vg.kwat'1,

os.kot.

DEDS.S239 Go.kudal "a

tree,bark of which is
used for making rope",
Kui kudali.
(DEN) Pa. gudal.
, /J

f--.

DED482 Tu.ukkada "cookout place between the

bounds of two towns".

r
'

li:
'

123
Dravidian

Fenno - Ugric
518 b91--*koc3 Md.kucu
"spoon",Os.kot'i "drinking vessel of birch bark".

DEDS.S282 Pa.k~d.k~Q
"leaf cup for drinking
pej",Go.kuni,kuQ.i,ku~i.

519 b9l--*konca ch.kuco,

kuco "tapeworm" ,vg.koos,
v
v
kuns,Os.hucd,hunc.
~

520 b9l--*kuj3 Fi.kuje

"prank,trick" ,koj .Vg.
kaj.

521 t92--*kul'ma Fi.

kulma "angle,corner",
Lp.gul'bme,Os.kuldm,
hutJm.

DED1048 Ta.kayam "meanness",Ka.keyta "trickery,

fraud". (S) Ma .kayyan "rascal",Pa.kijalto "bad".
DED1709b
Ka.go~u

Ta.k6~i "corner",
"corner,angle".

522 t92--*kul3- Fi.

kulua "be worn,wear,
elapse",Lp.goll&,zr.
gylal-,Vg.hol-,Os.
kol-,hot-.

DED1142 Ka.kari "to pass

away,end",katalcu "put
aside",ka!e "spend(time,
money) ",Tu.kaleyuni "to
lapse(time) ,pass,be
spent".

523 t92--*kunta Fi.

kunta:kymmen-kunta
"about lO",maa-kunta
"province",Md.konda
"fellow" ,Vg.hant "army,
~o
host", Hu. had "id., family.
HdUV:l60:24:Yk.kudeje
"origin,generation".

DED1513 Ka.gux:~u "crowd,

assemble".
DEDS.S709 Ka.hundi "hamlet" I hGde
"village I fort" I

Ta. pGnti "town,district",

Te.pfi~i""small village,
hamlet".

524 m92--*kupina Fi.

kupinas "fish-sound",
Ol.kupino,Lp.gobpan,

Cf.525A.

Vg.g~~pen,h~~pen.

II

.rr.
,

124
Fenno - Ugric
525 m92--*kup~3 Fi.kupsu
"fish-sound",Est.kops
"lung",Vg.gg_ps,h&psi.
0

qapseJ.

'7
1

Dravidian
!./'

Cf.525A.

525A m92 Fi.kupla

"bubble,bladder,fishsound" , Lp. gob' lo "lung" ,
Ch.kowol,kuwol,Os.komldn,
homol,Hu.h6lyag,hupolyag.

DED1752 Ta.koppalam "bubble,blister",Ma.koppub,

kuma!a,kuvaba "bubble".
(S)Ta.koppur,Ka.kuppalisu.
(DEN)Ka,gabbe.

526 b92--*kurt~3 Fi.

kusiainen "ant",Ol.
kujuoj ,Vty.kuzil'i,Zr.
kojul,Hu.hangyaly. (Cf.
Fi.kuse-"urine".)
HdUV:l60:27:Yk.konza
(in joja-konza)

DED1744 Ka.ko~ale "a

kind of ant",Te.go~~e
cedalu "soldier ants".
(DEN)Kol.kanda "big ant".
DED1362 Ka.korcu,koccu
"urine".
DEDS.S229 Kon~a kus- "to
urinate",kuski "urine"

II

_;__

~--

...

527 t93--*kuc3-/kuc3Hu.kusz- "climb" ,Md.

kuze-,Ch.kuze-,kuze-.

?DED1052 Te.kasaru "rise

high".

528 t93--*kuc3 Fi.

kutsu "call,summon,

"
"'\v
lnvlte
,Lp.gocco-,Os.
hut'-,hus'-.

DED1551 Ta.kuccal "outcry" ,Koz:!ga kuk. (S) Pe.kuk.

529 t93--*kujo Fi.kuu

"tallow,fat",Md.kuja,
Ch.kofa,Vty.koj,Hu.haj.

DED1784 Ta.koru "fat",To.

k8w "fat,stoutness",Ka.
korvu,kobbu,Tu.komme,Te.
kovvu,Kuwi korowa.

530 t93--*kulo-/kuuloFi.kuule- "hear",Lp

DED1677

gull~,Md.kule-,Ch.kola,

Vty.kyl-,Vg.hool-,Os.
kol-. [Cf.Fi.kuulostaa
"ask",kuuntele- "listen".]

II

Ta.k~l

"to hear,
listen",Ka.k~l "hear",
kelisu "cause to hear",
Go.kenjana "to listen".

1:

125
Dravidian

Fenno - Ugric

531 t93--*kurna Fi.kuurna v/

/groove,~rrow" ,Ch.korno,
Hu.hornyol-.

DEDS.S269 Ta.k~~anku
"branch channel",Ka.
kofakalu.

532 t93--*kutto Fi.kuusi,

kuute- "6" ,Lp. gut' ta,
Md.koto,Ch.kut,Vty.kwat',
0
Vg.qat,Os.kut,Hu.hat.

?DED2051 Nk.sadi,Go.
sirvur,Kui hija "6".

533 m93--*koc3- Lp.

qweitse,Vty.kozal
"think,believe",Zr.kuz"understand,know,be able

?DED1209 Ta.kal} "see,

consider",katci"sight",
kaQQU "think,consider",
kintkkai "voluntary
offering".

to",Vg.ka~g-,ha~g-,os.

c tt\'""-

hoc-.
534 m93--*kula Fi.kyla
"village",Vg.kul,kwal
"house ,dwelling". [Cf.
F1.kylassa "in the
village".]

DEDS.S200 Ko.kal;To.kolis
"in the Kota village".
DED1678 Ko.ke~ "economic
partnership between Kota
and
Toda" , Kui kUi:mbu
)
"family,lineage,tribe".

535 m93--*kun 3 Zr.

ynom "belly" ,os.kon,
Hu.jonh,joh "interior,
heart". [Cf.Fi.kunto
"bravery ,courage".]

DEDS1412 Go.kunge,gudry
kay a "heart", (ko.) gunge
"chest",Ka.gul)gige ."heart,
courage",Te.guQge "chest,
heart,courage",guQga
"brave,bold,rude".
?DEDS.S248 Go.kwnmi "stomach" ,K ui kUmba.

II

II

r"or.' r
36 b93--*kop3 Vty.
ypy "log",Vg.k6op,
aap "boat",Os.hop,Hu.
haj6.[Cf.Fi.haapio
"boat".]

~~?' ;Y'

r.

DED1022 Ta.kappal "ship",

To.kopol "boat",Te.
kappali.

r
126
Fenno - Ugric

_ /-

Dravidian

537 b93--*kuce- Fi.kyte-~~ DED1696 Kur.khossna

"smoulder",Vg.kus-,Os.
"burn without flame",
koc- ,kUS-.
~!}OSSta 1 ana,Malt.qose 1
qostre.

538 b93--*kutke- Fi.

tke- "tie ~p,chain",
y.kytky-,kotky-,Vg.
t-,Hu.k8t-.

DED96l Ta.kattu "to tie,

fasten",Ma.kattuka "yoke,
stop,restrain",Pa.katt-,
ka9k-.

539 T94--*kuna/kuna Fi.

kyynara "ell" ,Lp.
gar'dnjel,Md.kenef"fore-

DEDS1689 Nk.ko~ga,koho~ga
"elbow".
DEDS1709 Pa.kuda gey,Go
kunamkay.

arm,ell",Zr.g~r-,Vg.

kwang~l

,os.kon- ni.,Hu.

konyok.

540 t94--*lon6a Hu.

lagy "soft,mild",langy
"slack",Lp.loa)')e
"abated" ,Ch .lonzora,
vg.lansi9,os.lonsi,
lunta.

DED433 Ta.i.taku "grow

soft,lessen(wind) ,become
tender,mild",Ma.i!ekkuka.
(S)Go.rengana,le g-,
lehana- "to loosen".

541 t94~-*lakto Fi.lahti

"bay,creek,inlet",Lp.
lusk'ta,Vg.looh,Os.lok.

DED254 Tu.a~akam "water".

DED255 Te.a.takkar "sea,
saltpan".

542 m94--*lakka Fi.

lakka "attic,protruding eaves",Vg.loqa
"hut",Hu.lak "residence".
[Fi.ullakko "attic".]

?DED600 Ta.ul,ullakam
"inside",Pa.olek "house".

543 m94--*la6ko- Fi.

laske- "let,release,
drop,fall",Zr.lej,Vg.
11skam-,l&&sil-,Os.
task4m-.

DED439 Ta.iri,Ka.ila
"descend".
DED197 Te.ralu,ralcu
"fall,drop".(S)Pe.ar-,
ratka-.

. ..

II

127
Fenno - Ugric

"
544 b94--*lakteFi.
l&hte- "go,start,depart",
Lp.li 1 kte-,ch.lakta-,

Dravidian
DED432 Tu.lakkuni "rise,
get up,depart,start",
Ko9 . en- I e -1- ak

~ty.lykty-,Zr.lok-,Os.

lug.;>t-,tiwat-.
545 b94--*l~mc& Fi.
lamsi "lasso,loop,
draught-rope",Lp.
V
law I "3e,C h . 1 apsem,Zr.
le6,Vg.lees,Os.lis,
tis "snare,sling".

DED427 Ta.iruppu "pull"

ing,drawing",Ko.i-1-v"drag on ground",Ka.
e~avu,e~asu. (S)KonQa
I;:ispi-.

546 t9s--*tanc 3 ch.

~
1 anzera, 1 a ti 3ura
"feeble,soft,worn",Zr.lic,
Os.lasak "feeble,language,slack".[Cf.Fi.
laiska "lazy".]

DED435 Ta.i!ai "grow

weary,worn out,weak",
Ma.i!accal "weariness",

547 t95--*1 1 aqJs3 ch.

1.3:~g.3s "wooden pail",
le es ,Os. j d n'l, j ~ n.<~t.

?DEDS.S355 Kon~a so~ori

"basket(holds 4 seers of
grain) ",Pe.ha gon,Kuwi
hangori.

548 t95--*1.3:ncJ Hu.

legy "fly",Vty.lui,
zr.loj.

DED842 Ta.olunku,ulanku
"mosquite",Ko~.olafiji "fly".

549 m95--*l~ppe
Hu .
lep "to cover",Lp.
liep 1 pa "tent",Ch.
lew.3:ks "roof,shed",
Vty.l 1 ip-,Vg.leep-,
Os.pyp,tep.

DEDS.S536 Kui tepesa

"thatched roof",Kuwi
tepori,temberi.

550 m95--*leppJ/OeppJ
"spleen,milt",
Ch.lepd,lep,Vty.lup,
zr.lop,slop.

DED465 Ta.Irul "liver,

spleen",Ko.iruv,To.llruf.

'

!.-

!h.'f:~

II

Hu.l~p

II

Te.~ayyti.(S)Tu.elanna,

Kuwi ~ahinai (DEN)Ma.

ilusan "a loafer".

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

551 m95--*lywa Fi.liiva

?DEDS.S849 Kol.depla
"sod",Kuwi ~epla,dopla,
dema .

"slime,mud",Est~lfi

"sand",Vty.lus,Os.towi
"mud". [CF .Fi .lieju ,liete,
lima "slime,sticky substance".-Cf.336 Fi.tym~]

. .

552 m95--*lunta Fi.lintu

"bird",Lp.lod'de,lon'de,
ch.lodo,ludo "duck",Vg.
lunt,Os.lont,tunt,Hu.lud.

?DEDS.S524 Pa.tita "bird",

GA.tite.

553 b95--*leke Lp.l~kk,

lOg "smell" ,os.log:...
"smell".

DED242 Ta.aruku "to rot I

decompose,pUtrify",Ka.

554 b95--*lewl3 Fi.

18yly "steam,vapour",
Lv.l~ul "id.,breath,
spirit",Vty.lul,Zr.
lol,Vg.lili,Os.lil,

DED2207 Ka.suy,suylu
"breath",Tu.suyilu,
tuyilu "sigh,respiration".

II

a~gu.

tit,l~lt-,Hu.lelek

"soul".
HdUV:l64:53:Yk.luul,
juu.l "smoke",luce
"spirit,soul",lucede
"to breathe,respire".
[Cf. 661-Zr. ur- .]
555 b95--*lewoa- Fi.
loyta- "find",Hu.lel.

556 t96--*luwo Lp.lu-,

c/ lulle "South,direction
in which the river
flows", luk'sa "downstream, South", Vg .lo
"lower cousse of the
river",lui "North",
lun,lujil.loryha "downstream",Os.li~a"living

at the mouth of the Ob.

?DED599
exist".

Ta.u~

"be,have,

DED4250 Kol.levni "river",

Go.lavni "big river",lavqi
"stream".

1.29

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

557 tl31--*luko- Fi.

luke- "read 1 count" 1 Lp.
lokka-,Md.lovo-,Ch.lu
"lO",loda- 1 Zr.lyd "number" 1 Vg.low "10" 1 lowint- 1
Os .lo nat- 1 to n.. t- 1 Hu.
olvas- 1 Yr.lahana- 1 laana-.
IE:Gk.logos 1 legei 1 Lat.
legere.
558 m96--*lo16- Fi.luo
"to shovel 1 throw 1 lift 1
create",Lp.log?- 1 Ch.
lo?a- 1 Vty.ledy- "to
ladle" I Zr .lod 1 Vg .lo rjldj"bear prematurely".
559 m96--*lopp3 Ch.lupo
"knapsack" 1 Vg.lop.

OED202 Ta. alaku "ntur.ber 1

calculation" 1 Ko~.alu.

DED252 Ta.a~a(vu),
alavai "measure 1 number".
Tu.a~a,atake,lakke,Kui

9asa,Kuwi lacali.

DED258 Te.aluku,Kui lanja

"scatter" ,lanj- "bale",
Konda lone-

DED2420 Ka.qoppe "cup or

dish formed of leaves",Te.
0oppa,doppa,Nk.Pa.doppa,
Ga.~oppo.

560 b96--*l~kk3 Fi.

lykka "push I shove 1 throw",
Vg .lok.Jm, os. t .;ekamt- 1
lokim-,Hu.lok-.

DEDS.Sl3 Tu.aqakuni "to

throw".

561 b96--*lel3 Fi.lyly

"hard wood",Zr.loo,lol-,

DED2449 Kui <?-at;a "r,ardness,toughness".

DEDS.S544 Kui dehpa "be
stiff,hard,tou~h",Kuwi

Os.lal,t~t.

de'ni,decali,t~!-.

562 b96--*llly 3- Fi.lyo"strike,hitlbeat",Est.loo-,

ch.luje- 1 Zr.lyj- 1 Vg.li-,
lo-,ly-,Hu.lov- 1 lo-.

OEDS.S497 Pe.trak"beat,strike",Man~.

trak-

130
Fenno - Ugric

"
.
563 t97--*tu~e
F~.lyy
"way" ,vg.ta n,lo~q,l'~h
"track ,way, journey" ,Os.
tok,lok.
HkUV: 16 5 : 61 : Yk. ta ni.de
"on the side,close to".
564 t97--*mork3 Hu.mag
"seed,grain,kernel,gist,
core;self",Ch.ma~gor 1

r.

>

'

Dravidian
DED2416 Ta.itankar "narrow
path" ,Te .g.onka "footpath".

DED4162 Ta.mey "body",

Ma.mey,mai.
DED4185 Ta.m~ni "body,

mogor "body",Vty.mugor,
Zr.myg;mygor "body,
trunk".

shape",Go.m~ndur,m~ndul.

565 m97--*marja Fi.

marja "berry",Lp.
muor'je,Md.maf "apple",
Ch.mor ,Vg.mori n "forming bunches of berries",
pul-moari "bench of
berries",Os.murap.

DED4117 Ta.mu~fu,muruku
"to ripen".
DED4141 Ta.mu~,Pa.mu~-,
mu~kip "ripen".

566 b97--*mucJ Hu.

-maz:hagyrnaz "spotted
- v' ,muzo,

Vt y.
.._ever , Ch . moz
myz,Zr.myz,Vg.mgs,Os.
moe.

DED3927 Ta.micu "spot,

stain,defect,sin,evil",
Ka.misu,Go.mac

567 b97--*menta Lp.

mcedda "past",meanda
"away",Vg.mant;matitl
"along,during",Os.mint~ht- "shoot past".

DED3897 Kol.mad- "to

forget", Pa .me rg- ,Ga.
mey-,meyong.i "lost,
roaming about",meyk"go astray". (S) Pe. j al'}9-,
Man4.di~g "be lost".

568 t98--*mal 3 Est.

malu "memory",Zr.malal"touch",Vg.maalej-,Os.
mal-,mil-,map-.

?DED4043 Ma.muttuka
"touch".

.;:

II

..

132
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

,II

574 b98--*meca Hu.messze

..,, "
v'!/
"far" ,Lp.m1ecce,mzcce,
metje "remote 1 far away".

ED3966 Ta.mi 1 micai

"eminence,elevation",
mittika "set aside" 1 Ka.
misal "any thing set
apart".

"" F1.metos,
.
.
1e
575 t 99 -- * menca
~ ?DED34 6 9 Malt.p1ca
metso "(male]capercailzie
"peacock in full bloom".
Tetras urogallus" 1 Lv.mytuks,/DED3793 Ta.mannai,To.
Lp.biecce,Vg.mansin 1 0s.
~
mis,Pa.manjil,Ga.
masi n,m~ncim. [Cf .Fi.
mangil "peacock".
ukkolintu,ukko metso "old
DED4189 Kol.m~s "man".
man capercailzie"-pos(S)Pa.maiija 1 maiiiia.
sibly derived from "male,
man 1 husband":Fi.mies,Vg.
mansi,mos,Os.mos,mons,
Hu.magyar:]
II '1/ U

576 t99--*maca Hu.meztelen "naked 1 without

dress" 1 Lp.macag "coat",
Vg.m~-,m8s- "to dress".

577 m99--*mo?ka Lp.

moag 'ge "bent object,
bow", Vty .mog ,magE: 1 Zr.
meg-, Vg .mo11hel-.

578 133--*mono Fi.

moni "many II, Zr. nel'a-myn
"40",Vg.nal-men,Hu.
negy-ven "40",hat-van
"60".
HdUV:l20:16:IE.*mon-,
Goth.manags.

DEDS.S882 Kur.bicna "to

throw(clothing)on someone's shoulders",Malt.
b'sre "cover oneself
with clothing".
DEDS.S810 Mand.med- "to
wear" ,Kui 1 KUwi med"to put on".

DED4208 Ka.mot,gu 1 mokku

"bow, bend".
DEDS3BOO Go.ma~ka,man'ka
"heel".
(?3236 Te.padi,pan-,~adi
"lO",nalu-vadi "40" ' aruvadi "60".)

133
Dravidian

Fenno - Ugric

580 b99--*muja- Fi.

muistaa "know, remember",Est.moista- "understand ,Hd .muje- find", Vty.
majalt-,mad',Os.moj3ptd,
mujwaty.
11

a..f-c

DED4031 Ta.mu-t;.i "to end",

Ko .muJ;c-. (S) Go .muJ;i "end".
Ka.mat-t;.ige "till,as far as".

579 b99--*muc3 Ch.mucan

-v "at last",mocko,mortno
"end,point,tcp",Vg.mos,
mas,mus "till",Os.moc<f,
mi~a "as far as,till,
to".

.>

'Y'rl

11

581 tlOO--*mulo- Hu.mul

"go by,elapse,pass",Lp.
molla,Md.mole,Vg.mul.

DED3998 Ta.miru.Ka.miru
"pass,elapse",Kui m!ja
exceed,pass by".

582 mlOO--*mu Fi.muu

"else,other",Lp.mub'be,
mubbe,Vty.myd,mod,Zr.
oo
mod,Vg.maat,maat,mot,
Hu.mas.[Cf.Fi.mutta
"but".]
583 m100--*mus3-jmu~3Ch.muz-eda "to divine,
prophesy,conjure",Os.
mut- "pray (in pagan
offerings) ".

DED

"other,next",
Ka.ma~u "other",matte
"other,else,again",mattu
"besides,and,but",Te.Nk.
mari. (S)Go.mati "but".
Ta.ma~u

DEDS4007 Ko.movc "(priest)

prays to God for someone
else".
DED3934 Ma.ma-t;.-t;.a,Ka.mata
"sorcery,witchcraft",To.

mot;.OI)lll

?DED3813 Ma.matu "honey".

[Cf.570]

584 mlOO--*make Ch.mu(j)

"honey",Vg.mag,may,Os.
mag. [Cf.Fi.makea "sweet".]
II

585 blOO--*muktJ Ch.mukt3

"gudgeon",Zr.myk "carp"r
os.mogtdh,megt<1 n.

?DEDS.S850 Ta.vakuli,Ka.
bagga4i "a kind of fish".
[m-b;Cf.575,576]

'

134
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

586 blOO--*mul)a Fi .myota

"
"downhill",myos "also,too",
Lp.mary?8-,ch.marge,Vg.mant

n
"along,dur1.ng",Hu.mogott
"behind".

DED3769 Ka.maqur ,mogar "re"

turn",Tu.maquti "again",
Te.magidi "again,back".

..

II

587 t.lOI--*naptJ Fi.naattu /DEDS.S560 Ta.navvi "fe"bi tch, whore", Vg. na ti "female deer", nauvi, Te. navaL~i
male reindeer" ,Os.nowt.Jh,
"woman".
nupt~.
?DED3010 Pe.nev~ "female
pig".

(J
Iv/

588 tlOl--*najo- Fi.nai"marry" , nainen "woman"

(dimin.) ,Vg.naj "woman,
lady,goddess",Os.naj "lady,
fi.re, sun".

DED2977 Ta.naya "to desire,love,woo,show affection".

DEDS.SS~O Te.navala "woman".[Cf.DEDS.S563 Pe.Kui
Kuwi naQi "fire".DED2371
Ta.fi~yiru "sun".]

589 tlOl--*nikka- Lp.

~
nakketa- "stick,put,
""k -,Os.n~ k -,
pus h" ,Vg.naa
n.JkC)m-.

DED3083 Ta.nukku,Ka.nuku
"to shove,push",Tu.nukuni,
Te.nuku(gu).

590 tlOl--*nakrJ Fi.

nauris,nakris "turnip",
Vg.naar,noor "the eatable fruit(nut) of Pinus

DED3003 Ta.na~u(ui)li
"Sebasten plum,Cordia
myxa" ,Ma.na;:uvari. (S)Te.
nakkera.

v/'

""".
g

cembra~Os.nagdr.

591 mlOl--*narma Fi.

naarva "gro1.n",Kr.
nearava,Lp.njar'me,Vg.
naerem "hip,shoulder",
Os.narc1m,tiordm.

DED2959

Ka.na~v

center",Tu.na~u

"middle,
"waist,

loins",Te.na~umu,Nk.na.rum

na.rmut,Pa.na.rub.(S)Konga
na:pnu.

,
I
'

t
l

''

'

l35
Dravidian

Fenno - Ugric
592 nlOl--*~K~ Fi.nHHtH
"pincmz.rten",Hu.nyest
[Cf.blO:] ,Est.nugis,Fi.
~ois- (in place names) ,
zr.riiz "sable",Vg.noh;:ls,
os.nog.Js.

593--*n~ke-

?DED3022 Ta.n~y "dog",

Ga.nete,nette,Konga
nuku~i,Kui nakuri-,
nahori. (S)Pe.nekur,nikur.
DEDS3057(b) Ta.nir nay
"other".
DED863 Tu.o-nay "Indian
wolf".

v/

Fi.nake-

sec", ~lJ. r1iekk.o "dream II,

i:d. nej e-, Vty. naal- "look

c.t",Vg.negl- "be visible",
Os.ni(w)-,Hu.n~z-.

HdUV:l47:44:Mo.neke,Tg.
noko-,Kor.nogi-,njogi
"look at".

('

~~~

'\

l l ;:(:, 1

l ]a
11 / ne l Ja
II

,:i

i l

0 S ri (? l

596 tl02--*n~~3 zr.nia,

ri'eja-pu "larch-tree,
Larix Sibirica",Vg.nih,
naa r,Os.na~k.
597 tl02--*nyla Fi.nila
"sli"12, sap, inner bark",
Lp.njile,~d.nola,Ch.

nolo,Vty.nol,Vg.nolip-,
os.nal-,nar-,nel.

DED2949 Ta.naci "to press,

squeeze",Ka.najugu,Kui
nasa,nahiki "destroyed,
ruined". (DEN)Ko.nacak in"make noise in cutting
through flesh" .
DED3024 Ta.nal (ku) "4 ",
Ka.naluku,Te.nalugu,
naluvu,Pa,naluk,nel,Kui
nalgi.

".~~~~~id.nile.Ch.

.?i.ncljc1
;';,.1

"

t~uL--hne

nw~-t-,Ka.nodu,Tu.nota.

11 V

DEDS 2 47 Go.naddur "sight".

DED3016 Pa.n.id- "eyes to
open".
DED3121 Ta.ne~u "see,look
out".
DED3144 Ta.n6kku "see,look
at~behold",~a.n6kkuka,To.

594 blOl--*neska- Lp.

vr
1
~~1s ke- "scrape (skin)",
JJ
Cr..nazu-,nuze-,Vg.nuewt-.
[Cf.Fi.nahka "leather,
(animc:1l) skin".]
,

.,
't'

(?DED2974 Ta.nemai "name

of an unspecified tree".

v'

?DED3057 Ta.n.i'r "water

juice" ,Te.niru,ni~~u,
Kui niru "juice,sap,
essence"./Skt.nira-.

---~~---------

'f.

''

136
?enno - Ugric

Dravidian

598 m102--*nonc3- Lp.

njoa3'3o-"stretch out,
~~xtend" , Vty. ii.yz-, nuy-,
nus~-,Zr.nuz mun-,Vg.
nons-,Os.ii.ync-.

DED2382 Ta.nimir "stretch,

raise",Ka.nigru.

599 m102--*nack3 Lp.

njuoskas "we-:.:,raw" ,Md.
nacko,Os.n::esa!l.. [Cf.Fi.
!"'.c:osk& "wet snow".]

DED3006 Ta.nacai "dampness,moisture",Ko.na-ncTe.nanucu,Kui nenja.

600 bl02--*nojta Fi.

noita "sorcerer",Lp.
:::;.oai'de,Vg.tiajt.

DED3018 Kur.n~das "devil

worshipper",n~d "devil",

601 bl02--*nolko/nolko
Est.nolg "mucus",Lv.
nol'g "slime,excrement",
Md.nolgo,Hu.nyal "mucus,
spittle,saliva".

II

DED2397 Ma.~~!a "saliva",

n5~a "slaver,glutinous
fluid in fish,snails",
Tu.~oli,Te.nocci~~u./Skt.
lc~i:la.

602 tl03--*nukJ- Fi.nyki"jerk,pull",Md.nevel'de-,

....
u
.IJ
Vg.nuw-,
..
u.nyuv-,nyov-.

DED2383 Ta.nekir "become

loose,slip off".
DED2386 Kuwi nabgali
"press down".

GC3 ~103--*r.om~- Hu.nyom-

DED2386 Ta.~emir "be compresseA",nemitu "press

out".Ma.namuz:tuka "knead".

Malt.nade.

If

"to p:!::ess",Ch.numurge,Zr.
_,.
l
na~yrt-,namra
spueeze
OU ~II 1 zlawl'av- "knead
~

II

II o

604 tl03--*nul'3- Hu.nyul- /

"stretch,lengthen,dilate
(itr.) ,nyut- "lengthen,
prolong(caus.) ,Vty.nujal(itr.) ,nujt- ( tr.)

DED3059 Ta.n.i:t "to be

long",ni~i "be lengthened",
nitu "be extended",nfti
to endure",nf~~u "to .prolong,delar".

605 ml03--*tiovo Hu.nyuz"flay,skin" ,Lp.njuovv~,Zr. -'7

nij-,Vg.nuj-,nooj-,nujj-.

DED3052 Ta.ni "to separate,

put away",n.i:vu "break asunder",Te.n.i:gu,Igu "remove,get
rid of".

137
Fe::mo - Ugr ic

\/

DEDS S34 Ta.alaku "jaw",

Ka.halaku.

607 ml03--*wojkJ Fi.

/
oikca "right,just,correct" 1 ~
Md.vijede 1 vidE 1 Ch.wie 1 Hu.
igaz "rignt,truc".

DEDS S62 Kur igjo "straight",

Malt.igjo "true".
DEDS S72 Kui uje(ne) "truth",
Kur.ujgo "straight,true".
DEDS Sll6 Ka.oykane "orderly",Tu.vaime-.

609 bl03--*wolka Fi.olka

"shoulder" 1 Lp.oal'ge 1 Hu.
vall. [Cf.SES426:Lp.ol'gis
":eight hand,stronger hand
- for throwing 1 shoulder".

DED599 Ta.u! "to

be",u9~u

"is",Ko.ol-,Ka.u~-,o~-,

Te.u~qu-,Kol.a~-.Br.anning.

DED4317 Tu.val "strong,

skilful",valakkai 1 valafikai
"right hand",Ko.val kay.

..

DED4524 Ta.vellai "whiteness 1 silver,silver coin",

610 bl03--*wolnJ Eu.6n

(<olno) "tin 1 lead" 1 Ch.
\'/Ulno I Vg. aaln silver I
gold,money",Os.olna,
utan "lead,tin".

Ka.be~~i,Kog.bo~~i,Tu.

611 tl04--*omto Fi.onsi 1

ontelo "hollow" 1 Lp.
vuow'da,vuob'da,Md.undo 1

DEDSOl Ta.utal "body",

Ka.odal "body,belly",Te.
odalu,ollu (obl.ont-).

II

Vty.udur,Vg.~nter,Os.unt,

Hu.odu.

Dravidian

606 ml03--*olJ Lp.oalol

"lov1er jaw" ,Nd.ulo "chin",
Vg.ol's,uul's,Os.utas,?Hu.
all "chin,lO\-.rer [Cf.S.]
jaw". [Cf.Fi.leuka "chin,
lov1er jaw".]

603 bl03--*wolo- Fi .ole"be" 1 on "is" 1 Ch.ola- 1 ula-,

zr.vol- 1 Vg.ool 1 -al 1 0s.
wal-,wc - 1 ut-,Hu.val-,
vol-.

bol.l.i,Te.ve~gi.

..

..

I
'

I'

Dravidian

Fcr.no - Ugric
612 t104--*wopp3- Fi.
oppi- "visit,learn,try,
examine(nets) ",Lp.

DED888 To.o-po~c- "catch,

get" 1Kol.opad- ~fish are
caught 1be fo~d" 1 Nk.obar-.

~oap'pa-,Vg.woo'pl-,Os.

wopij-,wabi-.
DED620 Ta.u~ai "be sharp",
Ma. ura I Te. an;: a.
DEDS.S8 Kur.acc "thorn",
7.\ Malt. acu, aero.
I DEDS. S86 0 Man9. vele "thorn",
,7-l, Kui vala "point,sharp end".

613 ml04(134)--*ora Fi.

ora "thorn,spine,borer,
nail",Lp.oari "awl",Md.
uro,Hu.ar.IE:Skt.ara
"2

vll " , 0 N . a 1 r , 0 E de 1 ,

eal.

f)

614 ml04--*opro,orvo
"orphan", Lp. oarbos "id.,
without a mate" ,Md.uros,
Ch.orwcZd ,Os.j drj(uri 1
Hu.arva.IE.Skt.arbha-,
Lat.orbus,ON.arfr "heritage";
615 ml04--*onca Fi.osa
"part,lot,share",Lv.

voza,Lp.oasse,Ch.os~Hu.

oz1-,oszt-,Lp.vyon'Je,
oan']e- "gct,obtain".

DED848 Ta.o~i "to cease,

die" I Ka.uri
"remain alive"
11
u~ipu "suffer to remain",
Tu.orp~vuni "to spare".

D0884 Ma.oti "share,part",

Kod.odi.
00826 Ka.ontu,Te.vantu
"share,portion". (S)Tu.
ontige.

616 bl04--*onca-jocaFi.osaa- "be able,

knmv, find way" ,osu"hit the mark",Os.os-.

00852 Pa.or- "be able",

Ga.or-.
OEOS.Sll Konda at. "be
able",Pe.ad-,Kuwi a9-,
ad-,ardali:

617 bl04--*WOS3- Fi. /v/

osta- "buy" (deriv.) ,
Lo.oases,Ch.wozale
"sell",Zr.vuz "coramerce1sale,tax",Vg.
waatel- "to trade".

OEDS48 Go.assina,as"to buy",Kong.a as-,

Pe.ah-.

I
I

139
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

618 tl05--*o nta Fi .ota

"prickle,spine,spear",
Ch.undo,o ada "sting,
spear" ,Vg.owt;:l,Os.

DEDS.S864 Te.vat:u "throwing,

flinging",Go.v~~-

0 nt;JW.

tl

619 tlOS--*wotta- Fi.

otta- "take",Lv.votta-,
Zr.vot- "pick,gather,
collect",Vg.waat-.
[Cf.Fi.ottelu "fist
fight".]

DED823 Kui ota- "fetch",

Malt.otre "take out".
DED807 Ka .ot;tu ."come
together, pile up, join".
(S)Ka.ot;t;il "handful".

620 tl05--*wel'd- Hu.

V
ol- "kill,slaughter",Vty.
wi(j)y-,Zr.viy-,Vg.aal-,
Os.wel-.

DEDS 541 Kol. al rg- "to

kill" ,Nk.ala n-.

"
621 mlOS--*ponc3
Ch.
~
pac,poc "tail,hinder
"
part",Zr.byz,Vg.pons-pun,
os.poc,pucim.

DED3452 Ta.pin "back,rear",

"to be behind",
Malt.pisti. (S)Tu.picca~9a
"the hind part",Te.punna,
pinna.

622 mlOS--*paca Md.

co-paca "spectre,soul",
/Os.oacah "stillborn
~ child ... (has dled Wlthout being ba~tized ...
appears in the summer
in the shape of a small
bird) ".

623 ml05--*pac3/pyc3
Ch.pacas,pacas "time,
layer",Vg.pis,pis,Os.
pyc,pis,pi~t- "to
plait,twine".

/7
I

Ka.pi~cu

DED3635 Ta.p~y "devil,

goblin", pe (y) cci "demoness".
?DBIA233b Ta.pak~i,patci
"bird"/Skt.pak~in-.

DED3429 Tu.pucc~ "plaited

hair".
DEDS3666 Ka.pose "twist,
plait,make rope".

-~ ~' .

r
14.0

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

624 tl06--*pal'a- Fi.

pala- "burn",palele"be freezing",Md.palo"burn(itr.) ,freeze",
pulta- "burn"(tr.),
Vg.pool-,Os.poj-,paj"ice-crust",Hu.fagy-.

?DED3691 Tu.pottuni
"burn"potruni.(S)Go.
pot,pacana.
?DED3161 Ta.paccai "coolness"(S)Ta.paital "cold,
chilliness".

625 ml06--*pana Ch.

pane "spoon", Vty. pUJ'iy,
Zr.:_:;.:.ln,Os.}?.)l1 "spoon,
drums tick" .

DEDS S683 Kur.pinn,Malt.

pinu "stick,staff".

626 ml06--*panco- Md.

panzo- "(to) open",Ch.
v
v
v
paca-,poca-,Vg.puns-,
puuns-,Os.punc-.

DEDS S880 Kui venga

"open out",vepka-,
Kuwi wenginai,Malt.
beogJ.e.

627 ml06--*pa5J Fi.

pato "weir ,dam" ,Lp.
-'-1v
buoooo,Os.pal,pat,Hu.
fal.

DED3372 Ta.palam "bridge,

dam",To.polm,Ka.p~la,

628 blo6--*pace- Lp.

pia-::sGke- "go apart",
Va.DGGS-t- oes-t "let
loose",Hu.fesl-.
..J

Kog.pala.
~

DED3268 Ta.pari "run,go

out,escape",Te.paru,
Malt.parce

I-

DED33ll Te.pa~ika "a kind

of bird",Ko.pakyparan,Ta.
para "to fly".(S)Kui pask"to fly".

629 bl06--*pack 3 ?i.

paasky(nen) "swallow",
'1~ ._ P,~igun ~ Vty. posky, zr.
p~s~~,Hu.~ecske,fGske.

t1'.

D-

"

\p

,~\;}

630 tl07 Fi.pellava "flax", vDEDS.S739 Kol.boili: "hemp",

;vg.polna "hemp",Os.polan,
Go.boyli,boyal,bayal "hemp",
?utCJn "nettle,hemp".(NB.
(w.Ph.)baiyal "flax".
SES515 Fi .pellava ,Kr .pel vas
DEDS S738 Kui bomba "the

in the neck of an animal,

white neck ligament".

___;

part of the back" ,Te.pompu,

Kuwi bonuni, bomi 11 shoulder 11

141
Fen.no - Ugric

Dravidian

G3l tl07--*pcrH Fi.per~

10
rC.J.r 1 me:< 1 foundu tion II
[N3.}~d.~iQ

1 pira 1 Vty.ber 1

zr:.bCr 1 l>oryn 1 Vg.pti.ri.

[Cf.Fi.pemppu "buttocks" 1
pieru "a fart".]
!idUV:l25:38:IE.*per:Gk.
pcras 1 perusi 1 Skt.para-,

. ~- .

DED3452 Ma. puam "the back",

Ko~.pirk "a fart",Ka.pi~e
"posteriors,buttocks" 1 pea
"hind part",Tu.pira,Te.pi~u,
Nk.pirra.[NB.]Kui p~a~a
"rump,posteriors",Ka.pin,
pim,him,To.pem.

~rm.heri 1 heru,On.fiarran.

Gj2 tl07--KpcrmJ

DED3537 Ta.puru "worm,

Fi.

permu "larva of gadfly",

Os.pirdm;pirm.)').

maggot",pu~uk~ "eaten by

633 ml07--*pec3 Zr.pef

"old" ,Vg.pecs,pecs.

DED3296 Ta.para "old",Ko.

pay-,To.paw,Ka.par,a,Kog.

vermin",Kon~a

pi~i,Kui

piU.

II

pale,Tu.para,Te.pr~,pata,

Kuwi pra'i,Kur.pacca,pacba,
Malt.pace.
634 ~l07--*pac3rJ- ch.
p.:->z()re- pozore- "press,
cc::l?cll"lvg.pasert-,os.
1

l/

~Cf.656-Fi.!_)uscrta

"sq:ucezc" -FUVllO;purista- 1
;:;innista-. J
635 ml07--*pi~k~ Fi.
pihka "resin,gum" Vt.
pih:..;.~ "fir" ,Veps.pihk
"de:1se orest" 1 0s.pig<7
"patch",pigli-,pigpi"mend".
1

636 blo7--*picla Fi.

~
pihl.~j a "mountain ash rovlan tree Sorbus aucupar ia",

DED3172 Ta.pa~cari "press,

importune",pa~cali "to upset mentally",Ma.pa;carikka
[Cf.DED3404 Ta.picakku "to
press between the fingers,
squeeze,crush".
DED3440 Ka.piri,pindu,hindu
"to squeeze".]
tt

DED3166 Ta.pacai "paste,

glue,stickiness",Ma.paca,
pasa,paya,Ka.pagil "to be
sticky,adhere",Malt.pathge.
DED3403 Ta.picukku "sticky
substance". /Skt.picch~ "gum".

DED3170 Ta.paccilai "Mysore

gamboge,Garcinia xanthochymusu,
Ma.paccila,Ka.pacc~ri "name of
~d.piiol,Ch.paz~lma,pil'ia,
a tree(that gives orange-red
pizlo,Vty.pales 1 Zr.pel'uk,Vg. dye)".
pEi~r 1 pi6Hr 1 0s.p~l'~r.[Rowan
~~ee has orange-red berries.]
1

'
I

14-2

Fc:1no - Ugric

Dravidian

637 bl07--*pi93 Fi.pii

"tooth (of a comb) ,peg",
~v.piigos 1 Lp.badne

1 bane 1

DED3288 Ta.pal "tooth",To.

pa~,Ko~.pa!!i,Tu.paru,Te.

palu pallu pannu,Kui pa9u.

1

Md.pe9,pij pev,Ch.plij,
zr.pinlvg.pc 9 ,paa 9k,os.
p()9k,Hu.fog.
1

038 tlOS--*pekse Ch.piks,

~)i;.:s "arrm-.r" I Vty. pykys I
v
v,:. ?ii\vt "blunt arrow"

I'

"

v~. ~.Ju~!.

639 tlOB--*pel'ka Md.

~.
.
It..
'
p~l'ge "foot",Vg.poal'k.Jnt
"lateral hoof" ['split-nail' l .

I (j)
I

DED3152 Ta.pakari "arrow".

DEOS S668 Pa.bitt-a "blunt
\voodcn arrow" 1 Go.bito 1 b~to,
P~.0i~a 1 Kuwi mit-a.
OED3247 Ta.payal "half,
split",Kol.pay-.
DE01615 Pe.geta "claw,leg
from knee to ~nkle" ,Kol.
Nk.gei;-1;-a "foot,hoof",Kur.
khedd.

640 tl08--*pid:l- Fi.pita-, V003412 Ta.pita "to catch,

pida:- "keep, hold" ,Md. ped a-,
grasp, keep", Kc;. pigi, Tu.

Ch.pidR-,Os.pit-,Hu.f~z-.

pigita;pu~a "~olding,grasping,handling".

0~1 ~1os--*pysJ

ch.pii
"h'oolcn mitten", Vty. poi,
.c:.::.ki-r).:..s(~i "hanc") Vg.
::---:.ss~""A.:,p~sg.) ,Os.pas.

003644 Ta.pai,pacumpai,
Ka.pasube "bag",Tu.paiku .
(S) Tu.paicilu "bag".

042 ~108--*pojka Md.

bujJ ,pijo,Ch.p~-,p~erg~,
Vty.pi,zr.pi,vg.pyg,pow,
pad,os.pctg,Hu.fi,fiu.

003248 Ta.payal,paiyal,
pacal "boy" 1 Tu.pasi,Te.
paida,Go.peda,paiya,piya,
peyya.

643 ml08--*pukk3 Md.

pokon "navel",Vg.pukni,

DED3652 Ta.pokkul,p6kil
"navel",Do.puku,To.piku,
Tu.puvalu,Kol.Nk.bogur,
Kui pu~enji,punenji.

p~hni,os.pogXc9,pokla9,

pokan.

,,

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

644 bl08--*pakc3m3 ch.

poksom "hoar frost", Os.
pacJm.
[Cf.Fi.pakkas- "freezing
cold".]

DED3161 Ta.paccai "pale/

-7

~,

........

ness,coolness",Ko~.pacce

"cold".

645 tl09--*posJ ch.pos

"fish-trap",Vg.poos,os.
pas ,pos.

DEDJ577 Ta.puttu "to entrap",pui). "be caught".

'[''

646 tl09--*po9o

Fi.povi

DED3246 Kol.Nk.pamme
"breast",Go.boma,bomo,
born "udder". (S) Nk.pomme.

"bosom",Lp.buog,a,Md~

porygo,pova,Ch.po9os,pomos,
Vty.Zr.pi,Vg.puut,puwt'i,
Os.pug.Jt,pug:Jl.

647 tl09--*pol'a Md.pulo

"tail,handle,braid",Os.
po 'ah,pat'aryh "scut,
short tail".
648 ml09--*puna Fi.puna
"kink,twisted" ,Lp.bo(d)nje
"twist rope",Ch.poriem,Vty.
bin-, Os. p6!1-; p~rit' "a kind
of tress used by men",Hu.
bonyolit-.

DED4394 Ta.val "tail",

To.po-m,Ka.bala,Kod.
,,
.
bal~.

DED3454 Ta.pi[l~U "to braid,

intwine",To.pl.n "plait
(hair)". (S)Kur.pandn5:
"twist filaments into threads".

DED3521 To.put "Ilex

649 bl09--*pola Fi.
puola,puolukka "red whortle- wighticna" (=a holly,with
berry,vaccinium vitis idaea", red berries) .
zr.pul,pu,Vg.pul.
650 bl09--*puro- Fi.
~
pure- "bite",Lp.bo~ra-,
Md.pore- "chew,currode",
Ch.pora-,pura-,Vty.pury-,
zr.pur-,Vg.pur-,Os.por-.

DED3272 Kol.Nk.paray
"grind". (S) Kur. param...""la "to
bite,separate pulse seeds
into two halves with a
handmill".

144
!:'cr.r.o - Ugr ic

fI

Dravidian

u~~ cll0--*puc3rtaFi.
puscr-ta- "press,squeeze",

, 003404 Ta.picai "knead,

. / / squeeze, crush, rub".
Zr.uy~yrt:.-,Os.posJrt-,Hu.
V (S)Ta.pica[u "mingle,
t.J.CS<lr-.
mix with the hand",Go.
[Cf.634-Ch.p:.z.Jre-"press"puskana,Kui pic-,Kuwi picali
FUV107]
"to milk". /Skt.picc-.
652 tllO--*pusko- Fi.
~)us;.:c- llbutt,gore,toss",
~
! (""_ ~~
~
'-:'. . );_)_,: . c- :1c._,r.c.Stln'J
Vg.puwt-,Os.pogJl-,pogat11prick,prod,crush,stamp,
pound".
: : ,\. , ,

.,.

1,.

II

"

_..-y

t1

653 tllO--*pe~era Fi.

,/
pyora- "wheel,turn,roll",
II

tf

Vg.pawr,pagrt-,Os.pa~rak-,

pe').:.1rg- "roll,revolve".

65~ mll0--*pos3
Vty.Zr.
.
pyz,:;nz "flour,meal",Vg.
~

,003404 Ta.picakku "to

squeeze, cr~s~", Ko. pick-,
Kur.picka'ana "press,
bruise,flatten by crushing".
003458 Pa.pik- "crush",
Kur.pikhna,Malt.pfqe.
DE03516 Ko.pori),pOO"roll",Ka.poral,purul,
Tu.pureluni,po~eduni;
pon1kuni.
.003667

Ta.po~i

"pulverize

~ (rice) ", pot;.icu "fragment",

(S)To.widy "powder,ground
spice".

;?2SJn.

655 ~llO--*raska Fi.

r..::--.:..:.J. ~~::oa;-;; of sweat,
C.regs Lp. r Cl2k 'ce, r ;;evce,
V g . r a i1 t
di r t

./

00241 Ta. arukku "dirt,

" ..
discharge" ,To.o~k.

II,

II

II

656 ~ll0--*rakk3- Fi.

:-c.kenta- "to build,
erect",Hu.rak-.
657

bllO--*rerr~e-

Lp.

OEOS 5833 Pe.z:Oh- "to

make,construct,build",Man4.
r~h- to build (a house)".

~04242

r.:lh'ka- "\link" ,rcim'ko,

/
t:ra::<kc-,Os.rimJk,rim.~k,)l-

"get dark".
[Cf.Fi. (silma)ripsi "eyelash", (silma-)luomi "eyelid

II ]

Ta.irappai,rappai,
reppai "eyelid" ,Tu.reppe
"eyelash",rampe "eye lid".
(S) Kon4a ;:epa "eyelid",
t:ema"eyelash".

145
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

bll0--*ric3 Ch.raf,
,.
.:-oz "hole" ,zr.rui,roz,

DEDlSll Te.krolu,groccu
"hole" I krodu
kr~u
"pit I

hole", (S) Pe. k_r;oy ,Mang..

659 tlll--*rova- Hu.ro-61:::5837 Pe.,av-,rov~~~- "carv:,engrave",Ch,:

o excavate~sco~p-out",
~~~-,reecut,hew,chop .
ang . .r;av-,Ku~ .r;aJa,.r;ab-,
Kuwi .r;ev-.
v60 tlll--*rokka
Fi.
!:"okka " (pea) soup",
broth,porridge",Os.rok
"boiled fat".

DEDS S861 Kong_a .r;aksi"to boil",Pe.{akhi-,

Kuwi fag-.
DEDS Sl23 Kul. O{gi "porridge made from ma~~eya
grain"; (w) Ufgi "boiled
rice 11

6GL mlll--*ratJ

Zr.ru
"ste<J.r:1,vapour,mist",Os.
!:"Ut. [Cf.554-Fi.loyly.]

DEDS565 Pe.rGc- "to

sweat",Kui ru- "set light
to",Kuwi rund "ignite",
ruh- "sweat".

662 blll--*sala-

DED2271 Ta.ce1z.i "light,

splendour",Ka.sidil "light-

Fi.
s.::.l.::;.:-::.:::t "light:1ing"(deriv.)
v~y.~il',cil
..:. ;

~---......

~ ,_ ....
~~~

al-,

- , v g.saa l

.../

-1

sool-,Os.sal- 1 sat- "flash,

lighten".

663 blll--*sala Fi.

s.::;.lava "brittle willow",
.. , se 1 e ~ , sa"1.l. II e 1 m II 1 Ch
.-.c..
solo 1 Hu.szil.
~dUV:llB:S:IE.*sal-:

L<J.t.salix,OE.sealh,OHG.
sal(a)ha.

ning",Tu.te~il~,iegil'$

"thunder-(bolt)". /Skt.
tagit- "lightning". (S)Ga.
ji1;-ki "lightning".
?DBIA 148 Ka.cala "dazzle",
Tu.jalaku0 "glitter,gleam".
/Mar.jhaljhal.
?DEDS 2218 Ta.culavu "revolve,move round,hover about".[ as willow leaves
in the wind. ]

...

146
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

664 blll--*salk3 Fi.

salko "9o1e,staff",Lp.

v""

cul'gu~5-,Zr.ja1,Vg.

~.

'-

say1a,os.sagJ1,sag~t

11 lat.h,board,splint,shingle11.
HdUV:158:1l:Yk.cuJgo11ice-ho1e poke".
. . .

_,v._,~

.s.l?~)i
\'

* Sappd
g
.l'
Fi.
11
"gall ,Lp.sap'pe,

......___.~._J._._-1 ., )

tl

rl

1'

.~.sepe,sapd,C

h .saks,
..., ..
oJ

~eks,Zr.sep,Vg.teep,

taap,Hu.epe.

D02294 Ko1.ce!,Ka.se!e;
"a long flex11
ible rod ,KoQ..ja1e,Te.sela.
(S)Tu.cil~,~il~ "a fishing
rod 11 .
ca~~u,se~~u

r(o~.ko.ypc "gall
11
bladder ,Kay "bitter",
Te.c~du,Kol.se-nd "bitter".
(S)Ma.ka(i)ppu "bile",
Kui kappeli,Kuwi kambeli.

DE010i7

666 t112--*sapc3/sapc3
Est.sapsu "steering oar",
Lp.suopc,zr.sopec,Vg.taas,

DEDS 5370 Ka.sava~u,

sau~u "ladle,spoon",Tu.

Os.sog~s,sew~s.

DEDS 1905 Pe.hatva "lad1e,oar".

sau(n)~u.

667 (m112)136--*sorwa Fi. V' DEDS 2104 Nk.sir 11 (she)

sc.rvi "horn 11 ,Lp.coar've,
buffalo",Ga.cirru "buffalo".
~d.suro,Ch.~ur,Zr.iur,Vg.
DEDS 2105 Ga.cirmul
"Sambar".
soo.::-.< p, soorp "male moose",
Os. ::.::;rpi, t 'a rpd, Hu. szarv.
IE. :Av.srva,sru,Skt.sr~ga-.

6G3 (:;~112) 136--*ic.ta Fi.

sata "l00 11 ,Lp.cuoce,Md.
sc.ao,ch.sudo,vty.su,zr.
so,Vg.saat,Os.sat,sot,
Hu.szaz.
IE. Skt.iata-,Av.sata.
669 mll2--*iaw~a v Fi.
sauva 11 Staff",Lp.caw'g,e,
Vg.suu,Os.soh,sow,saw.
~

DEDS 2140 Te.cuvaka,cuvva

"twig,small flexible stick
or cane 11 ,Nk.suvval (pl.).
DBIA 153 Ta.cava~am "bearded
lance,pike",Ka.saba!a. /Skt.
~arva~a-,Pkt.savvala-"spear".

147
?enno - Ugric

Dravidian

670 mll2--*sawo Fi.savi

"clay" ,Vg.sol' ,Os.sagi,
S0\-/1..

DED1972 Ta.cavatu "alkaline

soil",Ka.Tu.cavu;u,Te.
cavaka,cau<?-u.

671 bll2--*cakce Fi.

saaksi "kite",Est.saask,
saps "eagle",Lp.cick'ca,
Zr.cik~i "gull",Vg.siws,
Os.sugas,siw;-.s.

DED2317 Ta.c~val "male

of birds(except peacock),
cock,bite,male swan",Ma.
ceval,caval. (S)Malt.
caw9e "cock bird".

u7~ bll~---~k5 ~i.s~ka

"silure,sheet fish",Md.
sija "id., bur bot" ,Ch.
si-gol,Vg.suu,sJg,sag,

?DEDlOSO Te.cepa "fish",

Nk.kayye,Pa.key,{kaike).
{S)Te.kakka,Go.kike "a
fish".

Os.s~h.

673 bll2--*sllwna Fi.

sayn2.va "ide",Lp.sewna,
siwn,Md.senej "carp",
Vty.son-,Zr.syn,Hu.on.

DED1620 Ta.ke~tai,Ma.
keQta "carp",Ka.geQ~e-min,
Te.gaQ~e,geQ~i{ya) "carp".

?DED3043 Kur.ilna,ijna "to

Fi.
./1
rise,stand",Malt.ilde, Br.
s2iso- "to stand",Md.
st'a-,Ch.sinze- "to sit",
saling.
(!~
Vc;. tu:1s- "stand" ,Os. jal'-,
121'-,t'ot'-;jynt'-,
ly.::t'-,t'ont'- "to raise"
( .:r. ) .
675 tllJ--*tepa Fi.sepa
"::=ror.t part of sleigh",
.,r
se!?aa "embrace" ,Lp.c debet
.
Ch .SU 1 v g.
r.eCJ( 1 1:ltld .Sl.Ve,
v
S'dp,s;.p "collar",saplo
II

"

II

DEDl931 Ta.cappai "hips,

shoulder blade",Te.?a.
jabba. (S)Konga zeba
"shoulder".

"neck",Os.saw~l.

676 nll3--*sana/~en3 Fi.

sier~i "ft.:.ngus ,mushroom",
Lp.cadna,ch.sen,sin,Vty.
se9ka,se~ko,vg.seeni,siini

"tuber" ,os.san4,sing.dm.

DEDl546 Konga kuryi "tuber",

Pe.kGQi.Mang.kune,Kuwi kuna.
DED1573 Ka.kunu,Go.kunji
"mushroom",Pe.Mang.kund,
Kuwi kundu.

148

i:'cnno - Ugr ic

Dravidian

ci't..-\v
677 bll3--*cijele Fi.
siili "hedge hog",Md.
sejel' sij;:;.l' ,Ch. sul~
Hu.stil,sun.
I

DED2283 Kol.Nk.sed "porcu/Skt.sedhi.

(S)Ga.sedel,Malt.citru.

pine",Pa.c~dir.

c.'{ Yl - v/ (_'

.:;:

l{

0-

678 tll4--*6yk~3/6yjc3
7 DED2194 Ta.cu9tai "solanum
l:st.sitikas "black currant"~<
to vum",Ma.CUQ\:a,Kog.cux:ge
L?-~ihoj,Veps.6igi-6~jne,
S)Tu.s6rnt~ "solanum",
~:d ... su~~s-tor~v ,6~ks~oru, Vg.
sul}ge "Indian currant toma:..;c:.>;_:, D.:;. coHc.:ik, soms1..
to".
[for ::d.-torov C.410-Lp.
D02797 Ta.tlifu,To.tu-r
duorga,FUV76.]
"bushes",Kon~a t~,u "thicket,
bush".
(
.S'

679 mll4--*sojo-

6'/-

v7

Fi.soi-

"ring,sound",Lp.~uoggji-,
Ch.~akte-,Vg.soj,suj,Os.

SOJ,HU.ZaJ.
" .

680 mll4--*sojma Fi.

soir:1a,saima "big boat",
seimi,soimi "crib,manger",
:-:d. surola sima; S()r:la Vty.
sumyk "wooden bowl",Os.
I

DED1896 Te.sagi "noise",

Ka.jadipa "sound of birds".
(S)Ku~.saggn~ "ring",sa;i
"sound" ,Malt. saQ.i "sound,
voice".
?DED149 Ta.ampi "boat,raft,
ship",Ka.ambi. /Mar.ambi.

tv!/"-./

601 bll4--*cokk5 Hu.sok

"rm.:ch" ,Ch.cakata "thick",
v- 1

y_O

../

/DED2037(b) Ko.cag,To.
sok,Ka.siku "enough".

ll

Zr.co~,Vg.~au,Os.soh,~Jk.

HcCV:l42:14:Turk.cok
"(too) much".

co 1-

682 bll4--*colmo Fi.

~
solmu,solrni- "knot",Lp.
cuol'bma-,Md.sulma "knot,
bt.A.ndle",Hu.csom6.
-./

683 bll4--*concJ Fi.

sonsar "flea",Ol.confoj,
v'"
--'"'
-L_}[
h
i':Id. cucav,
c~cav, ~~L:av ,C .
-./
...,_
-" v
"surso,Vg.sos,sons,OS.L:Unc.
~

/ ~((DED2338 Te.jollemu,jo!!emu
"!ire of coiled hair tresses",
Ka.colleja,colleha "bundle
of hair".
?DED2343 Ta.cori "itch,
scratch,scab",Ka.curuci.

149
Fenno - Ugric

DraVidian

684 tll5--*camc3 Fi.sontu

"mernbrane" ,Lp.cuo33a,Os.
CunC.

.v
685 tll5--*sopa Fi.sopa
s h'~r t , d ress ,Vg.sop,sup.
II

686

II

~llS--*surm3

"'

v;

DED1985 Ta.Ma.cavvu "membrane".

_ DED2245 Malt.cuypo "a woman's

V ~ress",cuye :put on,dress".
~ (S)Kur.co'ona "to put on
(cloth) ".

Md.

DED2213 Ta.curuhku "to

shrink,wrinkle,be furled".

sorma-,~orma-,~ormo

"get wrinkled,fold",Os.
~om~r,~omari "to crumple, wrinkle" . ( ?F i. horma
"fold, wrinkle".)
687 mll5--*soo'ka Fi.
sotka "garrot,Bucephala
clangula",Md.sulgo,Ch.S'ue,
soe "duck",Zr.sulka,
sul-coz,Vg.syyl' ,Os.saj.

?DED1503 Pa.kolor "a kind

of crane or heron",Kon~a
kuluri "a duck".

688 mll5--*~uka Est.

suga. "bast",Vg.sow "skin,
bark ,Os. sog.

DEDS S432 Kur.cegalo "bark

of tree",Malt.ceglo. /Skt.
sakala-.
DEDS S428 Tu.cugul-i "rind",
c6li,sGli "skin,bark,rind".

II

689 mll5--*sula Fi.

sula "melted fluid,liquid",
Lp.sol'gi-,Ch.s4le-,zr.syl,

s5l,Vg.tol-,Os.j6l-,l~l-,

tat-,Hu.olvad-.
HdUV:l61:29:Yk.ala "melt",
alai "not frozen",alai
"tha\ving" .
690 bll5--*~onto Lp.
suocce,cuoc'ca "outermost
part of the seine",Os.
~on~ah "cord,line" .

DED2l3 Ta.aliyuka "to melt",

aliccal,alivu "melting,Tu.
A(liyuni,eliyuni,eluni (itr.)
~ "melt(as butter)",elivuni
( r.).

DED2310 Ta.centu "dra~ (as

a rope)",Ka.s~du,Te.c~du,
Malt.cende.

150
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

''

691 bllS--*soja/saja Fi.

suoja "room,shelter,protection,tha\v" ,Est.soe,
sooja "Harm" ,Lp.suoggje,
Ch.soj~l- "back" ,vty.
saj,Vg.saj,Os.saj.

DED2003 Ko.cak "rear,

support",Ka.saku "to
r~ar,foster protect",Te.
saku.

692 tll6--*sola Fi.

suoli "intestine,gut".
Lp.coalle,Md.sulo,Ch.solo,
Zr.sul,Os.sol,sut.
P.dUV:l44:24:Tg.sylukta;
S'elukta.
HdUV:l59:18Yk.;(ole "gut".

DED1859 Kur.kul,Malt.
koli, Br. khol "womb, entrails",kholkhu "entrails".

693 tll6--*som3/soom3
Fi.suomu "(fish)scale",
Lp.cuobma,ch.sum,vty.
som,Zr.som "scale,money"
Vg.saam,Os.sam.

DED2188 Ma.cunafifiu "scales

of fish" ,Tu.c~nnai "scab".

..

@
I

694 mll6--*suro- Fi.

. /
sure- "grieve ,mourn",
V
surma "death",Est.sure"die" ,Vg.sorc}m,Os.sur-,
saram.

DED2250 Ta.cur "suffering,

cruelty,sorrow",Ma.cur.
(S)Ta.curppu "a cruel,
ferocious deed".

695 bll6--*sur3 Fi.

suuria,surja "pouch-like
sweep net",Vg.syrp.

DED2223 Ma.curarri "a

fishing net".

v-:

'-'

II

--

696 bll6--*susa Md.suzal

"tapeworm",Os.susta.
697 bll6--*su~ka Est.sunk
"grassy hill",Md.Co'.)ga
"isle",ch.co~a,cujga,vg.
sa~kw,Os.su!)k.

_.. , . J

DED2639

Ta.ti~~ai

"pial,
"bank,
islet",Te.tinniya,tine.

mound",Ka.di~I)e

151

Fe:n:w - Ugr ic

Dravidian

G98 bll6--*sukese Fi.

syksy,syys "autumn",Lp.
c&k'ca,Md.soks,soks,Ch.
"s~sd,Zr.z~zy
I"
. ~ l ,Vg.tu
"k s,
'r(
Os.sog.ds,Hu.osz.

DED2176 Ka.suggi "season

of gathering a crop,harvest",Tu.suggi. /Mar.sugi
"harvest".

II

699 tll7--*sule Fi.syli

"bosom,the outstretched
arr.1s ,fathom (6 feet)" ,Lp.
s&ll3,Md.s8l' ,Ch.~al,
.Sulo,sul'o,vty.sul "fathom,embrace",zr.syl,vg.
dil,tal,Hu.ol.
[Cf.Fi.sylys "armload
(wood etc.)",sylkky =
syli "embrace, lap".]

DED2543 Ta.taru "embrac"

ing",Ka.tarke,takke
"em"
brace,the .amount (wood,
etc.)that can be grasped
with the arms at once".
(S)To.tetk,setk "crook
or circle of arms".
DED716 Kol.Nk.elg- "to
embrace",Pa.ol-,olv-,oli-.

..

7oo tll7--*sul'ke Fi.

sylki "saliva",sylke"spit",Lp.col'ga-,Nd.

V"
sel I ge-,Cn.suwe-,Vty.
~ l a 1 -,Vg.su
"l'k -,Os.
sa
7<.
SOJdg-.
HdUV:l50:66:Kirg .
. l "k".
"l e k-e~.
Sl..~..a.c..~, ~lo. su

DED2340 Ta.collu,calai
"dribble,saliva",Malt.
tulgpe,tupgle.

"spittle".

~~ED1927

701 tll7--*seye- Fi.syo"eat" ,!-!.a. seve-, sav~-, seva-,

~
. v g.taJ-, 0 s.
siva-,Zr.soJ-,
-

fl

II

II

II

ig-,~-,lig-,li-,tew-,te-,

Ta.cappu,cavattu
"chew ,mast~ca te, suck", Ko9.
cave " -,caye " -, Nk .savs-, p a.
cavl-,calv-,Malt.copye.

Hu.ev-.
HdUV:l48:52:Tg.s~-,h~

"eat greedily,gorge,glut".

l.

p"' .,
fi<'-

(. E IL102 tll7--*cukl'a Fi.

DED2090 Ka.cibba,sibbu
11
syyl2. "wart , sypL!i ,Kr.
"spot on the body 11 ,Tu.
sJglR,L!?.Civl'hle "blotch" I
cibbu,sibba,si9ibu,GQ.
~
'
l
l
'
l
l
1'
Md.cl ge,s~ ga,Ch.s~g~
,
sip~wa "white patches on
II

Eu.suly fester,ulcerat~on,
a man's skin". /Skt.
tumor,o~.;.t.growth,scurvey".
sidhma- "blotch". (S)Ko.
[Cf.Fi.syyhy 11 Scabies,itch".] ceb "sores on the mouth
HdUV:l50:64:Turk.sigil
in syphilis",Te.ci9umu
11
"itch,scabies".
Wart",Osm.sigil,sivil
"boil,tumor,callus,blotch 11
II

11

-./

152
.l'cnno -

Ugric

~ll7--*s~r3

703

Dravidian
DED2796 Ta.turu,Ma.
turuka,Kod.tur-"to
-

Hu.szar

If

II

"sh1t",:'1d.sardnd~-,sarnd-,

Ch.~or,sara,~ora. [Cf.Fi.
1!

II

defecate".(DEN)~u.tGru

II

turky,torkea]

"to purge 11

../

704 mll7--*sar3- Hu.

szarad-"become dry" ,Ch. .,/
sdrdk,Vty.cyrs,coros,Zr.
~.
../
0 s.sar-,sar-,
2
Clr
1 Vg.surr-,
sur-.
705 mll7--*ca~k.3- Hu.
szeg- "break ( t. r.) 1 cut

DED2213 Ta.curuilku "to

shrivel",cury "to wrinkle",
cukku "get dry".

/ DED2056 Ma.cintuka "to

"' . /
tear" 1 Ka. sigi, Pa. cl:k (ip)-,
1
Xd.sive- 1 Vty.~ig-,Zr.6eg-,
ci~g- "to be torn".
Vg.S~jk-,Os.s8~k-.

''

11

706 mll7--*sine Hu.szen,

szene- "coal",Lp.t:idria,
v. 'I
c1na-.
[Cf.E.cinders "ashes"]
[Cf.Fi.riutu-,raukea" (fire) die down

DED2102 Pa.ciru~ "charcoal",Kui si~a. (S)Ga.

siri~, Go.hirki,Konga
siruki,Pe.rika,Mang.ringan-.

11

.)

707 (mll7) 137--*serte Hu. '/;DED2033 Ta.cari "time. turn",

szer appliance apparatus", V Ma.sari,Ka.sari,sarti,Tu.
-sz.2r time ,egyszer "once", sari,sarti.
I , ~
v
z r.
L?.c02r
aa 1 Ch
s"dr 1 sdr,
11

11

11

~er,Vg.~ir,sir,Os.-sir,-sur,

Yr.ser,Tv.sier,Yn.sie.
I.::::::Skt.sardha-"host",Av.
sara d- "kind".
[Cf.Fi.kerta,kerra- "time,
occasion".]
703 bll7--*som3- Hu.
szom-,szomj~ "thirsty",
v~y.suma-,sumal-

1 Zr.

?DED2005 Pa.cakol "hunger",

Kui saki "hunger,fasting,
starvation". (S)Nk.saka.

su.mal-, swnav- "hungry".

709 bll?--*som3r3 Hu.
szomoru "sad",Md.sumordo" grieve 1 worry".

DEpl460 Ta.kumufu "burst with

dstress",Ma.kumit:uka,Ka.kome
"begin to burn (fire,anger)",
Te.kumulu "smoulder,grieve,
pine".

153
Fenno - Ugric

,Dravidian

c [[ p(er{ 0

710 tll8--*saps 3 ch.saps 1 ~D2035 Ga.cappu "thorn",

sops i sops
(weaver Is) spool I
Go. sap, Kui sapu. (S)Nk.
netting pin 1needle",Vg.tos 1 \
sar 1Konda sambu .
II

..

taas,Os.saw~s,sapds,supds.

[Cf.20l-Ch.jip~a "thorn,

needle"-FUV40]

fA/\

,.

_..

SCh1II

,/fl

C-t.: Y)-

C e. 0 ~

-:: ~

.1.

1
]:

711 tll8--*sant3/sant3 Ch.

ED2300 Te.ennu,vennu,Kol.
sada.')g~ "wheat 1Triticwn",
V cen 1 Nk.sen 1 Ga~senk. (S)Ta.
Os.jant,lant,tcent "grain,
eDal "ear of corn",Ga.sen
bar ley 1 oats, Hordeum ,Avena".
"paddy" 1 Go. san "j owar", han,
(Hu.ed "grain".)
hennu "ear of wheat or
jowari",Kon~a seEen.

c -e ,~-

712 tllB--*cacg Lp.

\/.
...,
v
s~es'se "snare,support",
h
.... _. ..;
Ch .cucas,Os.sesa
.
HDUV:l63:44:Yk.sasi
"trap".

cam - / t'iitt-

713 tll8--*cam3
"" l Vty. II
V"-.i
II
son,sum taste, eaven ,
v
Zr.som "sourness" 10s.
V
V

c~m- 1 s~m-,s~mturn
sour,ferment".

DED19 .:33 Ta. a vi "to ferment",

Ma.avikka,amikka,Pa.cam "go
bad 1rotten",Ga.sam-,cammi.
DED1981 Ta.cuvai "taste",Ka.
savi,samvi "taste,sweetness",
Tu.sabi;savi.

VII
../
""'
714 mll8--*sa1k3
Zr.sy~gy"float1soar,fly",Vg.taul-,
tygl-,Os.jdgal,jagl- 1

DED2777(b) Ta.tuyal "to sway,

swing,fly",Te.tulu,Ga.tuy-.
(a) Ta.tukku,tunku "to hang,
suspend,swing".

.j H

11

lc;. g d 1- 1 1 ~ g 1- 1 td g,;;) t-

715 nll8 138--*tala Fi.

tala(s) "boatshed,scaffold,
:;::-ack", Vty. tylys "hut", Vg.

s/c

DED2060 Ta.cikku "snare,

- ~ 7/ ' tangle",Kui sehpa "~e caught,
trapped".
DEDS 5440 Pe.hez- "be caught,
entangled (in snare)".

DED2905 Ta.toruku,t6r "cattle

stall". (S)Pa.-tol "shed".
II

II

till.

IE:Skt.tala "surface,plain,
sole, palm".
7l6 bll8--*talwa Fi.
( } DED1990 Ta.cali,ali,tali
ta1vi "winter" ,Lp.dal 've, ~ "cold,coolnes~" ,Kci..ca~i,
~d.tele,t'ala 1 t'alp,Ch.
sali "frost,snow",Te.
tel,Vty.tol,Vg.taal 10s.
caluva,Pa.talla. (S)Kon~a
tdldg,ta1,tatd,Hu.tel.
sala~.

154
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

717 tll9--*taje Fi.tai

"louse,Pediculus humanus"
Lp.dik'ke,Ch.tij,Vty.taj,
Zr.toj,Vg.tah3m,Os.t8gtdm,
teut:>m,Hu.tetu.
Hduv:l47:47:Tg.tikto
"louse",tilo- "seek lice".
II

~~
w
:-""':

DED2426 To.tixi~y "bedbug",

Ka.tagani,tigane,Tu.tagule,
cagule.

)- 'c:_>Jv' g./ -t. .)._ \<. -

718 tll9--*taw8e Fi. ~

taysi,tayte- "full",Lp.
diwdas,Ch.ti6,cic,Vg.tHul,
I

II

Os.tel,tet,Hu.t~l.

[Cf.Fi.takahtu- "succomb,
burst (out of fulness) ".]

/
.

, \
c

.f:;-./- .
'

DED2801 Ta.tekul-,tevil/"to bE: full",Ma.tikayuka,

v
Ka.tivu "to become full,
abound",Te.tegu. (S)Ta.
tevvu "to fill".

719 tll9--*teke- Fi.teke"do,make",Lp.dak'ka,Md.

teje-,tije-,Hu.tev-.

DED1628 Ta.cey "make,do",

Ma.ceyka. (DEN)Te.segi
"action".

120 tll9--*takta

"the body",
"skeleton,belly",
Kui daki "breastbone,chest",
Kuwi.dokku. (S)Tu.dokke

Hu.
tetem "corpse (earlier) ,
bone",Lp.dak'te,davte"bone".

'7

DED2414

Ka.~okke

Te.~okka

"body",Nk.~okka,Pe.nenja-qaki

"chest",Kuwi hipa-4aki.
?DED2802 Te.tegu "to die",
Kol.tik-,Nk.tikk-. (S)Go.
deg-,Kon4a tegis.
121 tll9--*toktJ Fi.
tohtaja "black-throated
diver, (Colymbus arcticus),
long-tailed duck (Harelda
glacialis) ",Lp.davta,Ch.
tokta-ludo (lu~o=duck),
Vg.taht,toht,os.tagta.9,
tah t.31)

?DED2916 Ta. tokai "tail",

Ma.toka,Ka.Tu.Kol.toke.

155
Fenno - Ugric
......

Dravidian

722 mll9--*tol'J- Hu .
tol(y)-,"shove,move forHard,postpone,delay",Vty.
tuj- "thrust in,push in",
Zr.toj-. (?Hu.toj- "lay
eggs,shit".) (Vty.tuj-,Zr.
toj- "pound,grind,crush"
h2s been compared to Tatar
tuj-.)

DED2559 Ta. ta~-!-u " to push,

shove,expell",Ka.tal-,To.
to~-,Ka.ta~!u,Te.taiagu,
talgu.
DED2548 Ka.tal "obstacle,
delay".

bll9--*towk~

723
Fi.touko@:. ED2791 Ta.tuvu "scatter,
"(sprir.g) sowing ,crop",
~ pread out as grain" ,Ma.
touko-kuu "May",Vty.tulys,
tcrkuka,tuvuka,To.tuf-,
Os.togi,tz:ew.:>,Hu.tavasz. .
Tu.dcrsuni "to sprinkle".
724 tl20--*tu1k6- Fi.
/
tunke- "press,force,crowd,
ssueeze into",Md.to~ko-,Hu.
dug- "to cram,put in,hide".

DED2689 Kur.tukkn~ "push,

shove",Malt.tuke.(DEN)Ka.
iluku.
Cf.DEDS.S517 Konga tig"press down hard",Pe.
Man~.tig-.

725 tl2Q--xtuo'ka Fi.

tutkain "point,end,prick",
tutki- "examine" ,Lo.dufJk
"leaf-bud" ,Vty.tul'ym'
"U??<2r sprouts of a tree",
Vg.tal'k "top,point,end",
os.toj,t.:1j.
'"

7 26 ml20--*tulkJ

Zr. tyl

"dragnet" ,Vg.tali,Os.
tog a ( t) .

DED2716 Ta.tuti,Ka.tudi
"extremity,end,point,top,
tip",Tu.tudi,Te.tuda,tudi,
suda.
DED2529 Ta.talai "top,end,
tip",Ma.talakkam "top of
tree", talc~ti, talappu "id.",
Ko.tal "head,top,superior",

To.tal,ta~m.

DED2909 Ta.tolku "net for

trapping",Ma.fo!!a "snare,
trap".

'\'
'), v

I 1'-

727 r.;.l20--*tuv;ene Fi.

/
tyven "calr.1,Hindless",
tyyni "calr.1, tranquil" ,Os.
tegan,tew~n.

/'DED2473 Ta.taz:i "abate,

V appease,satisfy",taz:mai
"calmness ,gentleness, agreeableness",ta~ivu.

~ r_\ ,
\../

'

t/''

\,.:I
I

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

728 bl20--*tu~e Fi.tyvi

"butt,base",tyko "near,
close",r-t.d.te-,tej-;tej-sta
""rom the vicinity",te-m
"to me" , te 1 t "to thee" ,
Vty.din "butt",diiiyn "by,
with,at",diiiys "from",diiia
"to",Hu.t8,tove-,t8lem
"from me"; (ending of the
ablative) -tol/-tol.
~ciuv:l5l:G7: Turk.tuog~k
" s~ump
+" . Mo. d"
' t y' k e, K or. t
OJ~

DED2484 Ta.ta~~u "stem,

stalk",Ko.tad,tand,To.
tod,Ka.dantu,danda,Ko.
.
..
tadi,Kui dandi.

. ..
..

cf:Ka.oda~e-~with",indige

"with",tanaka "right up
to".

u9 k

729 tl21--*ukso Fi.uksi

"door",Lp.uk 1 sa,uvsa-,Vty.
Ds,Hu.aj,~j,"slit,fissure",

DED4386 Ta.v~yil,vacal
"doorway,entrance,gate".
Ko.val,vagl,To.po(ar).

&j6,aj3z-,ajt6 "door".
730 tl21--*woto Lp.
"
"
ulo)-do')as
"bog-myrtle,
sHeet gale (Ledum palus11
1

....
h,
~re ) II , v g.wo 1
-, 0 s.wa 1 1 -JU
1
w J2t -juh. (the same term
can refer to Ledum palustre,Andromeda tetragona,
and Viburnum opulus.)

DED4351 Ta.Ma.va.1,~i "climber,

creeper",Ka.balli,Te.vallika
/Skt.vallf- "creeper".

DEN S 2 77 Ko~.i-~e "any

creeping plant".

731 tl21--*omp3 Md.

u.rnbodo "to hollow,excavate",Os.ompi "cavity".

DEDSSO Kur.umpn~- "to

perforate,cut a passage
(through something)",Malt.
UI},:t;pej UI},:t;po "hole".

732 ml21--*uoJm3 Fi.

uudin,uutime "canopy",
Vty.yn,Zr.on,von,Vg.
oml, ~r:1l ;oml-toor "cradle cover",Os.ol;:)v,utdp
"canopy".

DED853 Ta.oli "hide,conceal,

lie hid,screen",olivu "plt.rce
of concealment",Te.O'lamu 1 shelter,cover,screen". (DEN)Kor.
~npi "to hide".
DED817 Ta.ontu "to take shelter,conceal oneself",K~.o~-.
(S)Ga.onda "den",Malt.ode;
o~ye "to screen,shelter".

..

157
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

733 ml21--*ucJ Fi.uuhi,

"'
uutu "sheep",Md.uca,Ch.
"'
v.....~y. z r.yz,
v v g.os,o~,
;( o s.
uzga,
ac,Hu.juh.

DED4229 Ta.yitu,~tu
. . "goat,
sheep",To.od,Ka.idu,Tu.
.
.
edu,Te.edika,eta,Kui oda,
K~;.eri "she-g~at". /Skt.
e<;la (ka) "sheep".
(S) Pe.
6da "goat",Mand.Gde,Kuwi
o;di,oda.

734 bl21--*u6'o Fi.uusi,

uute- "new" ,utele- "inquire",Lp.oddt:i:,M.d.od,Ch.
u,Zr.vyl' ,Hu.d:j.

DED3511 Ta.putu,putiya
"new" ,Kod.pud "new" ,ock
"vitually new after purification",To.puB,Ka.posa,
hosa,Tu.posa,Ga.punc,puhna,
Br.p~skun "new,fresh,recently".

735 bl21--*ica Est.usa.

"a little,a trifle",ei
dsage,Ch.izi,ize vty.ici,
iCi "little",Zr.iCOt,Vg.

DEDS.S59 Ma.ittiri,icciri
"very little",Kol.isiute
"small,for a little while",
Pe.icki,Kuwi ici,icci,I~i
"small",icayi,icari "a
little". (DEN)Ta.ittini,Go.

lS.

~:~~~~:u:~~::::n~~eat,

73G bl21--*s~tt3- Hu.

u;:-,it- "beat,strike,hit"l
Zr.sot.
( Cf. F i. satkia sat tia "hit
strike,beat". - Onom.]
I

737 tl22--*wao'3- Fi.

vaati- "to demand,claim,
urge,require",Hu.vagy"desi.re,yearn,covet".
Vt1.n---f:
738 tl22--*wasta Hu.vad
"wild,\vaste,desolate" ,Lp.
vuow'de "forest",Os.wont,
unt.

~pound", Ta.sa~incu,Pa.ca~p-.
(S)Ta.catu "beat,trample",
cadi "a whip".

/
/

~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~a~=~~!;:~u,

Te.vacu " to long for".

(S)Tu.bagasuni "to desire",
Go.wass-,ass-,vas-,vah-.
\[c1f1- 'ft-t

/'iVlCt ~

DED4293 Ta.vampu "uselessness,

worthlessness",Te.vammu "useless,vain",vammu vovu "become
useless,wasted,lost".

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian
~~

739 tl22--*w~je Est.vais,

vais "goldcn-eye,\vater-hen"'
L~").va- lon 1 de "sea-bird",
Ch.woc,vty.vocy,zr.voz,vg.
waas,Os.wasd h ,Hu.vocsok.
II

II

?DED4 26 4 Ta. vaci "fain,

water",Ka.basi.

- ..

740 ml22--*waja- Fi.vajo- ~DEDS.Sll8 Ta.orufiku "sink,

"sink,go to the bottom,
~ )decline,perish",Ka.oggu,Te.
fo~nder" 1 Lp.vuoggjo,Md.vaja- . . oggu.
"be drowned",Vty.vyiy-,Zr.
DED4371 Ta.vanku "sink,subvoj-,Vg.uj-.
side",Ko.vag,vag:,Kuwi
vwakhali. (S)Te.vaka,Go.vak-.
v A_/741 bl22--*walka- Fi.
DED4318 Ta.valacal,valacai
valka(ma) "landing place,
"emigration,flight from
departure",Lp.vuol 1 gehome",Ka.valasa,olase,Te.
"leave home",Md.valgovalasa.
"descend,go down",Ch.
DED4324 Ma.valayuka "to
wander about",Go.walitana,
wale-,wole,Vg.wagl-,Os.
veliyana "to roam".
vl'.Jg.) 1- '\vag at- I Hu. val-.
742 bl22--*wal 1 ka Fi.
DED4524 Ta.vel "white,pure,
valkea "\Jhite,light (of
/~hining,bright",vilanku,
color) ,ire",Lp.viel 1 gad,
vilakku "lamp,light,lustre",
Ch. \Jalgodo "light, bright",
vilar "become pale", To.
II
U
Halgalta- "shine,dawn,get
oot 1 ootk-,Kod.bol1-.
ligh'.:. 1 Vty. val val k 1
E)ED4J 9S Ta. v~l "whiteness,
val 1 t "resplendent" 1 Zr.
purity" ,Ma.val.
1
1
vol al,Vg.wol g-,Os.
HO 1 i-,w~l'i-,Hu.vilig
It

11

II

1 i. g h t

\/0 r

ld

II o

[Cf.Fi.vaalea "light (in

color) ,pale ;vilkku-,
11

val~ky-,valke-,valaht

"shine (repeatedly)
t:.v1inkle

11

.)

743 tl23--*wan~a- Ch.wan~e-,

v:o1~:ie- "pass, wade across",
wanzak "foot-bridge",Vty.
"
"
vvz" 1 Zr.vuz- 1 Vg.wuns-,uns-,
v
"
wons- 1 uns-,Os.unc-,wyns-.
\

DED3362 Ta.pavu "leap,jump

over",Ka.pay "jump or step
over,cross,advance",padi,
hadi "road 1 Kui panj a to
fly,leap 11 (S)Tu.hayuni "to
cross,ford 11

-----------------------

II

II

159
F2nno - Ugric

Dravidian

744 ml23--*warta Md.vardo

"slave,servant",Vty.var,Zr.
verI Os. ort
servant I slave I v"
husband".
[SES 437:Fi.orja "servant,
slave";orjus "service",Lp.
~rjel "South" ,ar 'jelij
~~
"people living in the
South",Y..d.u.fe,u.fa "slave",
uferider.1s "perform difficult
tasks".- Possible connection with Skt.ar(i)ya,
ar(i)ya-,aryaka;Av.airyo,
OP.ariya-.]
II

Ta.~~iyam "service
to deity, superior by
Lirth",uriyan "slave,ser"
vant",Ma.uran
"servant of
kings",Ka.urigi,Te.udigidu.
"
?DED3795 Ka.ma9agu,ma9angu
"take into one's service,
procure,hire".
II

745 (ml23)139--*worka- Hu. /DED851 Ta.o~ukku "to draw

varr- "sew",Ch.orge-,urge-,
out",Ko.ork- "embroider",
"
Vty.vur(y)-,Zr.vur-.
To.w~~k-,Te.oQuku,vaQuku
(?Vg.wllar- "work,make" ,os.
"to spin",Kui osa "sew,
wer-. Cf.Av.varez,ON.verk,
weave",Kur.6jni,Malt.6je,
,..
Arm.gorc<worgo-.)
6jgre. (S)Nk.oc-,os-,Go.
va~k- "to spin",Pe.~oc
"to sew,plait,weave".

746
(ml23)139--*Hasa Fi.
?DEDS.S870 Pa.vicir "youngvasa,vasikka "calf, 1 year 1 est",Go.visral "id",visro
o:d reindeer fawn",Lp.vusse,
"younger",Konga viza,Pe.vis;-:d. vaz 'Vg. voosyg 'Hu. uszo.
ku~a "youngest child
c:::.skt.vatsa- "calf",trivatsa,Baluchi gvask.
II.

DED4479 Ta.vicu "to throw,

strike",viciru "to fling,
hurl,discharge". /Skt.vrj"to fan". (S) Ko.vec "force,
power" ,vicm "thunderbolt".

747 (ml23)139--*wasara Fi.

vasara "harr.mer II I Lp. v aeccer I
:.-id. vizir, uzer "axe".
Cf.Skt.vajra. "thunderbolt" ,Av.vazra. "mace".
7~8

bl23--*waca Fi.vatsa
"stomach,belly",Vg.vas.

DED4299 Ta.vayiru "belly,

stomach",Ka.basa(ru) ,basru,
Tu.banji,Kon9a vaski(9) ,Kui
vahi. (S)Kon9a vaski.

'

160

F0;nno - Ugric

Dravidian

749 bl23--*w~ke Fi.v~ki,

vae- peop 1 e, f o 1'~s,men,
force",Lp.viekka "rather
large,important",vikk "power" ,Md.vij ,Ch.wi (j) ,Vty.
1111

V g.woa,waag,
0 s.
k at I -Vl,
w~g. (?Hu.ve1e-,-ve1,-va1
"with".)
,;

DEDS.S857 Ta.vaya "strength,

power,increase,abundance",
vayam "power,might",Kog.
baymbe "hero".
(?DED4340 Ta.val "greatness,
strength" )

II

1so (tl24)139--*warka ch.

v;i..rg;;; , werg;:.. "Lidney" , Zr.
v5rk,Os.wFr~k,wir~k.Cf.Av.
vdrdoka,Pkt.v~kka-.

751 tl24--*we6~
Est.vedis,
veis,vediks 11 cattle,neat",
Lp.vaXok "young cow" ,Md.
ved 'aka "heifer" ,Ch.v7d1ii,
II
wul1 "mare",Vty.va1 "horse",
Zr.v5l,Os.weli,wJtd.

DED3208 Ka.pag<;te "fitness

for breeding",Nk.padda
"heifer". /Skt.paddika
"calf". (S) Te.ba~i:e "female buffalo".
DED3389 Ko.pa! "buffalo
calf,between 1 or 2 years
old" ,To.pot

..

Fi.veits@~DED4375

752 tl24--*we6cJ
"knife",Os.il2nt'- "to cut,
slash,rip",Hu.ves- "to cut
chisel".

Ta.vacci,vaycci,
vatci "adze",Ma.vacci,To.
poSJ.c,Ka.baci,Tu.baci,
baji. /Skt.va~i "adze".
(DEN)Kui vanja "to chip
off,smooth by chipping,
shave down".

~\; {/\ '{ c_-

i 1:

DED4479 Ta.vicai "trap,lever",

753 m124--*wajc3 Hu.
vicu "cast a net",Ma.viia
vejsze,vesz "weir,fish' ra p " ' Ch waz"a ' Os at 1 "fence". "spring,trap,snare,lever",Ka.
t:.
bisu,bisu.
\ ?DED64 9 Ta. u;:~al "wicker
\ basket for catching fish",
i\ I"' ,
~
. \vV
:e. udu II fish-snare I I . (S) Go.
uta "trap".
L'

...

:to~~r

~.

161

l.;--crmo - Ugric

Dravidian

75~ nl24--*w~ri3

Vty.veri
v'
"r-.. ecdle,thorn" ,Vg.Bti,Os.
wo.:i. uri "bar::,''.

DEDS.Sl24 Kur.on'ni "to be

sharp",Malt.onke "sharp,
blade of knife".

755 ml24--*wurkJ Vty.

vera "udder",Zr.vora,Vg.
n
-....
a..gor,our.

DED165 Kol.arag~i "chest

of body" ,Go.arayul "id",
a~il "udder". (S)Nk.argil.

(~~y-(1~

a r-AIL

11

~\,

- ,---

e ,---

~'

756 ml24--*were Fi.veri

"blood",Lp.varra, Md.vef,
Ch.w2r,Hu.v~r,vere-.

757 bl24--*wer3
Fi.vero
"tax,repast,meal",Lp.
v 2oerro ,Md. V<J r.Jnc "instead
of",Ch.war,wer,Vty.vur
"fine" ,Os. (mir) -wer "offering".

oEo7oo Ta.eruvai "blood,

copper",Ka.ere "dark red",
Te.ef:upu "red".
DED4307 Ta.vari "tax,impost,
duty,toll,contribution",Ko.
vary,Te.vari.
DED129 Ta.ari "tax,duty",Te.
ari"tax,tribute",aruvu "pay
as taxes".

7 58 bl2 4 --*vlaC3
Hu. vesszo l-;j DEDS. 587 5 Kui vesa "bowstring" I
"rod I tvJig ,Lp. va }os I vaccusa, K uwi vacca ,vaca ,waca.
1
II,
11
v
C~.waze
DOW ,Vg.osa,wosa,
v
\Jaasa,Os.wasa,was "a curve d
stick belonging to a snare".
II

I(

.J

759 tl25--*woc3- Vty.y~-,

os- "get lost,perish",Zr.vos
"?erish",vost(y)"t:.o lose",Vg.uus- "die",
uust- "lose",Os.wos-,os-.

DED4481 Ta.vitu "to perish,

die",vit;t;u "to destroy,kill".

760 (tl25)140--*wiJe- Fi.

vie- "take,carry,lead",Lp.

DED4567 Ka.vay(yu) ,vey(yu)

"to carry off",Kol.vet"to seize and take away",
Go.baiini.

vos-,os-

v~kka-,Md.vije-,Vty.vajy-,

Zr.vaj- "bring,give,take
(\life) ,bear (child)" ,Hu.
viv-.
Cf.Skt.vah-,Av.vaz-,Lat.
vehere,PIE.*wegh(e)-.

,,c

"

'1..;..
~

162

.~

....

~-~

'

<
j:

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

7 61 ( t 12 5 ) 14. 0 -- * \.T'J sa F i .
viha "hatred,anger,poison,
....... v 1/
v
grcen",Lp.vasse,M.d.ozo
"yellow",Ch.ozar,uzar
"green,anger,wrath",Zr.
"
vez.
Cf. Skt. visa- "venom" ,Av.
visa,Lat.vi:rus "slime,
l)oison", viridis "green".

?DED316l Ta.paca,pacu
I
T o.poc,
v
green , K o.pac,
Ka.pasi,paci "green slime",
Te.pacca.

762 tl25--*wi6J- Est.

viisa- "lie in wait for,
vJatch for" ,Vty.voi-,voj"kcep,protect",Zr.vii-,
Hu.vigyaz-.

DED4553 Ta.vey "to spy out",

Ko.vej-,Ka.begu,behu,Te.
vecu,Kuwi becali,bezinai.
(S)KonSJ.a bes-.

763 ml25--*wy6k3- Fi.

viskaa- "throw,fling" ,Lp.

II

ve~'ka,Vg.wogk-,Os.w6gk-,
w~t'h2mt-.

764 ml25--*wyc3- Fi.vito-,

viti- "purify (flax) ,cut in
slices",Lp.vacco,vas'ko
" s._.r_
~ -~
,., L.e~a r o;f" Vg as"k
.:..!?\.,;
osg-,Os.Hoc- "rub,shave,
1

L..

.L

-I

II

DED4479 Ta.vicu "to throw,

fling" ,Ma.vl:cuka "to fan,
cast nets",viguka "cast",
Kui vl:va.
uc- ~~~a -c
ED493 Te.usumu "to cleanse",
sugu "to rub",Pa.uyk-,ujip-.
(S)Nk.us- "to remove dirt,
clear".

nlane".

7CS bl25--*wojo

Fi.voi
"bu.t.ter",L?.vuoggja,Md.
oj vaj,Ch.j,Jj,Vty.voj,
Zr.vyj,Vg.woj,Os.woj "fat,
t.alloH ,butter".

?DED4337 Ta.virutu "ghee,fat".

766 bl25--*wgl';
Vty.
vol'yt "smooth",Zr.
wol'yd,Os.\vel'-ah,w;tak.

?DED4524 Ma.ve~i "clear,light",

ven. "white,bright",venma
"whiteness,smoothness".

II

Fc:r:.no - Ugr ic

Dravidian

7 6 7 bl25--*m..r..:: Fi .vuo
"stream,current",Lp.uwe,
0
Vg.ou,au,Os.og,ow.

/J
(

768 tl26--*wol6- Fi.

vuole- "carve,cut,chip,
wl1ittle" ,Lp.vuolla-,Vty.
vBly-,Zr.vBlal,Vg.walta-,
os. \Jal t-.

DED864 Ma.oku,ovu "flood

gate",6tti "drain,gutter",
Ta.o "shutter or other means
to stop the flow of water".
DED4407

Ma.v~luka

Pa.v~l-,Kui

"to slice",
valba,Malt.bale,

balye.

(y)antu,~ttai

769 tl26--*o66 Fi.vuosi,

vt:ote- "year" ,Vty.va-,Zr.
vo,u,Os.al,ulam,ot.
(?Hu.taval,tavaly "last
year".)

DED4230 Ta.

770tl26--*o~t9

Lp.vuow'da
"nesting box for ducks,
/
cavii::.y",Os.of)at "hole,cavity".
(ND] "etymologically obscure
is Fi.uuttu,uutu .. "hole,
cavity ,nest .. pit .. ".

DEDS S88 Ta.utu "bore holes",

Malt.uthke.

771 :;:l26--*wio3
Fi.ydin,
y'c.ir.1e- "r.-:.arrow" ,Lp.a a,
/
~-:C.. t:.ie:::.e, Vty. vim, viyuin, Vg.
wilJm,Os.welam,wetam,Hu.
velo.

DED4153 Ta.mitar "brain",

Ka .;nedaSJ.u "brai~,marrow",
Go.maddur,medur.
?DED4146 Ta.mulai "brain

"year,age",Ka.i~~,Tu:iyyo~u

"this year",Man~.Iyu~,Kuwi
Iyona.

.,~

772 bl26--*ukte Fi.yksi,

yhte-"one",Lp.ok'ta,Ch.
ik,iktJ,Vty.odik,ok,Zr.ot,
- 1_
~ n 1
"k , (?.Os.1t
v
)
oh-,Vg.~aKwa,a
.

marrow",Te.mulaga,Kur.murm~.

DED834(b)Te.oka "one",Ga.
ukut,(c)Ko.od,Ka.ondu.
(S)Nk.okko,okkod.

773 tl27--*~je Fi.yo "night",DED628 Kur.fikhni "to grow

:sst.oo,Lp.iggja,ik'ko "at -"? dark,be overtaken by night".
night",HC..ve,vej,Vty.uj,
~~.oj,voj,Vg.ii,jii,Os.dj,

j()j,Hu.ej.

Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

774 tl27--*urka Fi.yrka

"bridegroom, man" , Ch. erg :J ,
Hu.fcrj.
,1
L,
, lz.
H > / ~ t ..:. '
775 ml27--*~skg Fi.yskg
":0.::-east,cough" ,Lp.ak'ke

DED448 Ta.i;:ai " master,

chief,husband",Ma.i~in,Ka.

ere,ereya.
~~

~.

?DED487 Te.ukkisa "dry

~cough".

"lc.p,boso;n",[?Os.ew.Jl,Jp~t

"armf~l,embrace".]

.JL/;:

tipc{._,....

[DED134 Ka.appayisu "to

embrace".]
tlp r~i-

776 bl27--*rakk3 .Vty. zuk

"porriC.ge", Zr. rok, Vg. r Ciek;
~:Joj -r :ek "residue of boiled fat",O~.rak.

v/

DEDS.Sl23 Kui o~gi "porridge".

DEDS.S86l Konda
. raksi- "to

boil",Pe.~akhi-,Kuwi ~ag-,
va~g-.

777 b402(CGUL)--*aktgLp.ak'te "kill,flay and

cut up" ,Zr.okty- "hew,
' k t-, 0 s.ogo t -,
f a ll , v g.Ja
( j ) ew .J t- .

DEDS.S448 Go.jokkana,jak-,
hak-,hok-,jukini "to strike,
kill",Kui soka,s5ka "to strike
at,bite".

778 b~02(CGUL)--*capp3"
Md.capo"cut,make a notch",
Vty.cupy-,Zr.cup-,Vg.sopam
II.<-;
r'bn,-c..:J chr:>c:t"
s"opnJ I
'-~~~
~~~I
sa?s "snecf-;n a tomb",Os.
SOL.JC.:-:'. "fra"'.e work (to keep
be:r::::-ies or same) ,timbered
superstructure on a tomb".

DED2280 Ta.ceppu "c_ask~t,

a little box of metal,
ivory,or wood",Ma.ceppu,KoSJ..
ceppi.
DED1793 Ka.ko!pu,koppu,koppata" the notched extremity or horn
of a bow",Te.koppu "end of a
bow,ridge or crest of a roof".

779 t403(CGUL)--*l~w~ Lp.

lavve "cousin,acquaintance,
:friend",Os. ;~ew "aunt's
child,elder sister's son",

DED256 Ta.ali "to be attached",

Ko.ayl "male cross cousin",
Ka.a~aviga "friend" ,Tu.
a~iya "son-in-law,nephew".

11

II

II

,_.._

l,.;.

7::c~403(CGUL)--*riurm6

~03071

,mead~~ .nururnbu
Fi.

nur;r,i "green sward ,lawn

0\lr grass
Lp. nor rna "meadow'
botto:;n land",Vg.riurm,Os.
:ioram,riur3m "marsh,swamp".
II I

Ta.nurampu "mud,mire",
"alluvium".

-,

Dr~vidian

Fenno - Ugric
781

n403(CGUL)--*na~J-

Hu.(J:ED2956 Ka.nancu "take a

ny~s: "pr~~, lop, cut o:f, ,
. i ttle lie~" ,':e. nancu "eat
trln ,Zr.nec-,nec- 1 0s.ndt ln small blts . (S)Tu.
"pluck,snap,nibble at the
nesary. "seasoning"
bait".

4?DED2949 Ta.naci "to crush,

bruise",Te.najju "minced,
..--a bit".

78 2 b4 0 3 (CGUL) --*oks3- Fi.

DED54 7 Ta. ukat;.t;.u "to nauseo:<sc:nta- "vomit",Lp.vuok'se-, ate",Ka.ugu,oga9isu "to vom:-lC.. uksno- uksondo- Ch.
@ i t " ,Tu. uk (k) alu.
u~~on~a-,Vty.os-,Zr.vos-,
DED866 Ta:6~k~!i!6~~~ti "to
vos-,os-,Os.~g~t-,ugt-.
retch 1 vomlt ,Ma.okkanlkka,
Ka.okkarisu 1 Te.5karincu.
(S)Malt.6qranje.
I

783 b403(CGUL)--*urw3 Hu. v'/bED196 Ko.arb "extreme happiorom "joy 1 pleasure,delight",r/ ness",To.arb "good life".
orul- 1 orvend- "rejoice,be
DED323 Ta.arvam "affection,
glad",Lp.arvuk. [Cf.Fi.armas
love",Ma.ar6mal,Te.aruvamu.
"dear 1 beloved".)
(DEN)Te (inscr.)arma "fondness".
7St:. t404 (CGUL) --*sus3-

soz- "get wet,get. moist"

Zr~,~ ED2242
I

Vs.tyt-,tot-,tut-,tit-,tat
"soc::.k,steep,gct drenched",
Os.jalJQ,lalJ9, o/J') "wet,
h:.::11id,raw 1 crude,unripe"
(Eu.az.)
(??i.st.:ostu- "become waterlogged".)

Go.susu "to be wet",

v Kui joga,Kuwi zunai "to soak"

Br.c6shing.
DED2473 Ta.tagi "wet 1 damp",
Te.tadi 1 tadiyu,Kui.caen~ "to
get drenched" ;caedna (caus.)

785 m404(CGUL)--*surwJ- Fi/)..nED2285 Ta.coruku 1 ceruka "to

survo- "crush,stamp,pound",{Jinsert,put in",Ma.corukuka,Ka.
Ch.~ore- 1 ~ure- "crush,thrus~, curcu "to cause to enter in",
prick" 1 Hu.szur- "prick,
Tu.cuccuni "to pierce,bore",
thrust
Te. ceruvu I coccu 'Kol. conpu I cora-'
II.

b~ru,corava.

166
Fenno - Ugric

Dravidian

786 b404(CGUL)--*ceksJ- Fi.

syoksc- "rush,fall,crash",
Os .Skk- 1 sah- "swim (of a
horse) 1 break out 1 rus".

------~

~~

DED2013 Ma.c~tuka "to

leap",Kur.catakhna "stride
across". (S)Malt.cagi;-e "to
jump over".

-~----

-----~-~

CHAPTER III
PHONEMIC CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN
URALIC AND DRAVIDIAN

Before we can set up the regular phonemic correspondences between Oralie and Dravidian we must briefly discuss the
phonemic inventories of Proto-Uralic and of Prato-Dravidian.
For Proto-Urulic I present a schema that is traditionally
accepted by Uralicists (see Table III}.

It should be noted,

however, that a number of the "phonemes" listed are merely

positional variants--e.g. the entire palatal series, including
probably j

(=y)--seem to be allophones of certain of the pho-

ne~es listed on the chart. In addition, prepalatal

likely is a positional variant of

~'

very

a phoneme that I postulate

in Table IV, which represents my proposed revision of the traditional Proto-Uralic phonemic inventory (cf. 452, 251, 397,
761)

In other cases the s reconstructed for PU seems to have

developed from an underlying *k through a series of palatalizations (cf. 65, 441, 443, 259).
Table V is mainly a composite of the Proto-Dravidian
phonemic listings of three of the leading Dravidian linguists,

167
.

it_

168

TABLE III
PROTO-URALIC "PHONEMES" (ACCORDING TO THE TRADITIONP.L VIEWS OF URALICISTS*)

Consonants
Bilabial

Dental

Alveolar

Cacuminal

.,

..,

s
c

ti

n
I

Vowels

Velar

J:',

Palatal

Front

Back

(=y)

TABLE IV.
PROPOSED REVISION OF THE PROTO-URALIC PHONEMIC INVENTORY
(TENTATIVE)

Consonants
Bilabial
p

Dental

Alveolar

Cacuminal

Palatal

Velar

"c.

..r*

(=y)

Vowels

l.

u
0

A phoneme of length possibly may be added to

any or all of these vowels.

*Seens tO inClUde the follOWing allophoneS:

" , and [ ~] .
[s]

[t

(=~)]

[6],

v
(r]

,..

. '

170
~

'l'ABLE V
PROTO-DRAVIDIAN PHONEMES

Consonants
Dental

Alveolar

Cacuminal

Palatal

Velar

t*

..r**
y

Vowels
Front

Back

e
a

* Sor.-:ctiines written as r.
**Represented also as 1,
SOURCES:

~'

~'

or z.

The preceding is a composite, with some modifications and refinements, of the listings of the
follmving authors: Krishnamurti 1961, 237; Emeneau
1970, 6-7; Zvelebil 1970, 35, 77.

,
171
with some modifications and refinements (Emeneau 1970, Krish1961, Zvelebil 1970).

n~murti

Table VI offers a tentative list of phonemes of the

hypothetical ancestor of Proto-Uralic ( PU) ond Proto-Drovid.ion

The foregoing lists of phonemes are, of course, derived

fro~

the r.umerous Oralie-Dravidian cognates presented in Chapter

II.

The phonemes having been established, we can then proceed

to a listing of the regular phonemic correspondences that these

Oralie-Dravidian cognates display and presenting rules for the
rn~jor

sou~d

changes that can be assumed to have taken place.

It must be specifically pointed out that Uralicists

have

~ot

up to now presented any sound change rules; they have

considered it safer to talk about certain "tendencies" recogr.izable within the Oralie language
i~portant

The most
p~ocess

family.

tendency seems to be a continuous

of palatization. In SDr. also *k followed by e or i is

char.ged to c.

However, in Uralic the palatalization is so far-

reaching, palatal consonants occurring even before back vowels,

that a

p~latal

beside

series has been reconstructed for PU: viz.

v

~I

!:_,

and 1.

---------------

c, s, n,

In Yurak this tendency has led

172
TABLE VI
SUGGESTED INVENTORY OF PROTO URALO-DRAVIDIAN
PHONEMES

Consonants
Bilabial

Dental

I_)

r.1

Alveolar

Cacuminal

Palatal

..r

Vowels
Front

Back

Velar

173
est~blishmcnt

to the

of a phonemic contrast of palatalization

in the whole consonant series. However, in light of the

U~alic-Dravidian

comparison certain regularities can be seen--

clues are present within most Uralic etyma also, though not
always

ve~y

obvious.

These clearly indicate that the palatal

consonants in PU were in fact allophones.

(Cf.

*~>PU*

[sonant] e.g. 665, 672, 673, 676, 692, 709, 37, 308).
a~parcnt

PD*~/#

The

exceptions seem to confirm the ruling tendency.

item 52 PU reconstruction is *kale.

:J~avidian

cog:1ate clarifies the conditioning:

to be a more archaic form.

In

Should we not get *cal3-

on the basis of the front vowel followed by a sonant?

~ppears

The

I'!ll. kava lam

was moved into the second

syllable through a contraction of the sequence -ava-, which is a

very ordinary Dravidian development, and once it immediately
followed the vowel with the main stress it caused the fronting
o~servable

in the Uralic examples.

If we tried to practice

predictive linguistics, we probably could guess with a fair

~~aunt

of conviction that soon a form like *cal3- could be

attested, very likely first in a Samoyedic language or dialect,

where the palatalization tendency has been observed to be
strongest.

,
174
Thus the front vowel following the palatalized consonant
is not the only criterion accounting for a rossible cornple~entary

distribution of palatalized and non-palatalized series

of consonants. In the cases where the cognates show evidence of

l

or e or

it probably can be assumed to be the cause of the

palatalization.

Of course, inversely, one might argue that

the palatalization
a~d

l~

the only trace left of the front vowel--

indeed in a few cases a front vowel can be found in Ora-

vidian (and in one case in Indo-European!)--where Uralic displayed

only back vowels following a palatalized consonant. Cf. 202,
205, and 209.

However, in all of the other cases the palatalized

consonant is followed by a V+sonant.

Again, in a few instances,

where one would expect to find a palatalized consonant by all

accc~nts

instead of the non-palatalized, it appears that the

fol.iowir.g so.:1ant was not original, i.e. not originally irnrnediately following the stressed vowel.
*~

To illustrate:

appears in place of the "expected" *nere.

ex9lanation?

194

What is the

The Dravidian cognate forms show the course of

the development through contraction, assimilation, and fronting.

~he

next step would be palatalization, which we do not find yet

as a fact.

175
The two above-mentioned conditions:
cf

front vowel in the first syllable or the presence of the

son~nt

in the second syllable, seem to cause the following

changes in Uralic:
-l

1>.:..;

viz. the presence

:t.>~.

t>c;

k>c;

c>s;

In this manner the Uralic sibilants and affri-

cates can be shown to have developed from the allophones of *k,

-;.-~,

a:-~d

*c,

*r_.

PU *n only occurs as allophone of n when a velar

( *-nV L'jk)
.) .

follmvs

In such cases Dravidian also has

*n,

which,

howev2r, is supposed to be phonetically equivalent to Uralic

~

If a sonant intervenes, Dravidian still has *n, while

L'ra.lic hus
sonant

Thus, the palatalization originated by the

see~s

to be a typically Uralic feature.

*ii

PD *n

PUD *n>PU *n

PD *n

PUD n>PU *n

PD *n

PUD

xn>?U

;::csc:".cc cf <J labial in the first or the second

syllable

so~etimes

causes k>c palatalization in Dravidian,

w~~rcns

in Uralic *k remains unchanged.

In some cases a

possi0lc Inca-European cognate displaying a labiovelar can be

s1...:ggcsted.
The Ur.alic scholars have not been united in their
op~r.lons
r.~nt

about the possible existence of the retroflex conso-

series in Uralic.

p~rticular

The evidence in the Ugric branch in

has prompted several scholars to postulate the

retroflexion as a PU feature.

The retroflex consonants do not

occur in the ir.itial position even in Dravidian, so they

?robably could be allophones of one or more of the other phono:es (cor:so..-.ant cluster contractions and assimilations in particular).
~ar~

I~

For most Dravidian retroflex consonants the counter-

i:: the Uralic cogr.ate appears to be a consonant cluster.

we look fu=ther, Dravidian still seems to provide even older

:.'o::r.~s

l:.- t:ne shape CVCV, where the assumably original vowel

l:as still been retained in some Dravidian etyma.

~ialEcts,

Some Uralic

of course, display the same forms, showing a reluc-

tance towards consonant clusters.

I~
systc~

has long been recognized that the Uralic vowel

presents a very confusing and unclear picture, and the

attempts to reconstruct the Proto-Uralic vowel phonemes are

~-

'

~.

177
s~ill

very

disputed and criticized by other Uralicists.

there is no good evidence for any solution.

p~~s~~t

still

~uch

~ceded

At

More work is

before the complete state of affairs can be

explained in the shape of regular rules, illd before the exceptions can be satisfactorily explained.
be observed, however.
cor~espondences

Some regularities can

There are quite a few one-to-one

in the vocalisms of Uralic and Dravidian, but

many seeming irregularities are also observed.

rcmer.~er

However, if we

that the sonants cause fronting in Uralic, but not in

Dr~vidian,

this already accounts for many cases of "irregular"

vowel agreement.

Of course, in most of these cases the Uralic

l2nguages in themselves already display internally divergent

:or~s.

A~other

variation in

fact to remember is that i and e are in

Dravi~ian,

similarly

0ralic e corresponds to e and

tion between e and i

~'

and o; on the other hand

and further there is varia-

similar to that in Dravidian.

vidian ai is represented by Uralic

or e.

The Ora-

All Dravidian

retroflex consonants have not developed from consonant clusters,

t~ougn;

some arc allophones of PO *r (or

~),

f, and

The

details of the distribution need to be worked out more fully.

l_

'
PUD probably did not have consonant clusters.

There

lS

eviCcnce that the syllable structure in PUD was simply CV.

In

~nstrcssed

rcs~lted

syllables, vowels were eventually deleted, which

in consonant clusters in PU and assimilated geminate

obstruents in Dravidian.
v

PUD kpVk

PU *pk

Thus,
PD *kk

(cf. 504, 329)

....,

PUD *kVt > PU *kt

PD *kk (cf. 544, 541, 385)

PUD *kVs

PD *kk (cf.

PU *ks

698)

....,

PUD *pVt > PU *pt

PD *tt (cf. 156)

Of course, PUD *kVk ends up as a geminate k in both PU and PD

,j

(c.

36, 433, 542).

Similarly, PUD *tVt

> PU *tt and PD *tt

(cf. 619, 367).

In non-palatalized positions, PUD *k remains unchanged
(cf. 502, 504, 509, 510, 511, 482, 481, 485).

Similarly,

PUD *t remains unchanged in non-palatalized environments

(cf. 315, 332, 331, 334, 713, 323, 324, 316, 317). PUD
very stable in Uralic and remains E in PU.
Dravidian the reflexes of PUD * appear as

*e

is

However, in

~'

b, and

~'

...

although o does predominate (cf. 232, 233, 235, 240, 243, 252,
260, 623, 630, 649, 646).

In order to explain the divergent

179

cevclop~ent

of E as

~'

~'

and m in Dravidian, further detailed

study is neeced.
The correspondence

For example, the nasals m and n correspond regularly.

regul~r.

T~~s

PUD *m and *n end up as

(For ~I

and *n in both PU and PO,

~'

as noted above.

cf. 196, 194, 190, 191, 193, 587, 589, 590, 593, 594,

583, 208, 205, 211, 215; for

1

*~

for the palatalization phenomenon in

cxcc~t

166

among the sonorants is quite

~'

cf. 164, 174, 168, 162, 165,

169, 170, 175, 176, 177, 188, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186,

187, 564, 565, 566, 568, 569, 570, 571, 573, 574, 577, 579,
582, 583, 5 86.)
The glides also correspond regularly:
?C *v

-::"'"\rl

'-'- J. .. '--'.

GG9, 357,

~)D

*~;

35~,

PUD

~-':.!._

>

PU *v1 and PO *v.

PUD *y

>

(For =::_, cf. 608,

355, 362, 365, 36 61 609, 730, 738, 740, 741,

74 21 745, 74 7, 749, 753, 757, 763, 788, 789, 760; for y, cf.
81, 82, 94, 472, 47, 61, 150, 26, 38, 50, 87.)
The correspondence in the liquids is, at the present
s~agc
L~e

~o

of research, not completely determined, although all of

correspondences between PU and PO are phonetically close

one another in that all of these sounds are voiced

non-nasal coronal continuants.

Cons1der the following

I
lSO

c::-:c.mpl.cs:
URJl.LIC

DRAVIDIAN

( 4 ' 15, 102, 150, 544, 558)

(240, 277, 69 2)

(699)

y-

( 2 7 3, 6 61)

(272, 660)

(160, 551, 561, 559, 560)

( 6 99)

?.
:.L

( 4 3 7, 105, 231, 243, 534, 331)

'

(125, 330)

I~

order to determine the specific environments responsible for

~~esc

~c

rc=lcxes of PUD liquids, a great deal more research will

neec~d.

Nonetheless, the striking phonetic similarity in the

above corresponding liquids cannot be ignored or readily

dis~isse~

as coincidence.
In

s~~~ary,

obstrucnts in PU

an~

regular correspondences among the

PD as well as the glides and nasals can be

not determined as yet, although the present correspondences

181
~rc

phcnctically plausible.

bc~wecn

PC

~nd

bcc~usc

of the

PD

~rc

grc~t

Finally, the vowel correspondences

not postulated in this work, simply

difficulty in determining the original

vocalic scgwcnts in PU and PD themselves.

More research needs

to be dor.c in determining the vowels of PU and PD before more

d8finitive work

c~n

be done in determining the vowels in PUD.

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS

Herein an extensive comparison of the native Oralie

a~d

Dravidian etyma has been carried out.

Again it must be

em?hasized that the Oralie items were not selected arbitrarily.

The author has listed all the forms that Collinder, a leading
specialist in the Oralie languages, regards as making up the
original, native Oralie vocabulary--786 items in all--and has
made a careful search for possible Dravidian cognates of these.
What

e~erges

of similarity in the
t~:e

from this studyis a far greater degree

b~sic

vocabulary of the two families than

a'..:.tl-',or hu.d anticipJ.ted.

co~siderably

The number of apparent cognates is

larger than any of the earlier studies indicate--

even the works of scholars who have sought to demonstrate the

existence of a Uralo-Dravidian genetic tie.

As a result, this

dissertation pushes our knowledge about Oralie-Dravidian connections far beyond that set forth by Tyler, among others.
The fi:1dings are too im;::>ressive to be lightly dismissed.
Interestingly, the number of Dravidian parallels to
the younger "Fenno-Ugric" vocabulary is about as large as the

152

~-----------------------------------------------

-----

133
nlli~bcr

of cognates between Dravidian and the Uralic family as

a whole, a category that we consider to include both the

earlier and the more recent stages of development.

Fro~

this one could conceivably argue that Uralo-Dravidian contacts

extended over a rather long time-span and continued as late as
the Proto-Finno-Ugric period.

In fact, if we consider certain

data on morphology--for example, the objective conjugation

that is found in such Uralic languages as Mordvin, Ostyak,

./

Vogul, and Samoyed, with some remnants in Hungarian as well

as on the Dravidian side in Kui, Kuwi, Pengo, and Man9a, we
can possibly extend the duration of the contact to a still
later period--i.e. the Proto-Ugric.
The data in the main section of the dissertation
point to striking similarities in various semantic fields-raany more than just the area of body parts enumerated by Burrow.
T~ese

include what Carl Darling Buck refers to as "the physical

world''

(e.g. terms for earth, sky, forest, river, and the like),

animals, vegetation, mankind, the body, food and drink, clothing,

dvJellings, arts, crafts, tools, motion and transportation,
property and possessions, quantity, space, time, sense perception, emotions, mind, speech, religious concepts, and deities,

1B4-

etc.

Appendix II presents some selected semantic parallels in

various of these areas.

One of the more interesting examples

is the 'cloudbcrry' :'mango'

correspondenc~.

Collinder cited

IE cognates--e.g. Lat. morum, which, however, carry the

meanings 'blackberry' or 'mulberry'.

The Dravidian forms,

denoting 'mango', seem to be semantically closer in that the

cloudberry and the mango are both of a yellowish hue and are
noted for their especially delicate flavor.

This indicates

the kind of semantic shift that might be expected if a people

moved from one area into an entirely different geographic
region, yet retained this item of their vocabulary.

Another

example of such a possible shift involves the correspondences

'spring (sowing)' in Oralie and 'to scatter grain' in
Dravidian.

Another example occurs in item 501.

In addition

to words that seem to have correspondences in Dravidian,

there are a couple of items with the form -nal appended.
Collinder remarks: "What is -nal?"

Specifically, Fi. koi

'dawn' has the Hu. parallel haj-nal and the Os. ku-nol.

The

Dravidian data seem to shed light on this problem also.

For

DED 3025 lists Ta. Ka. na+ 'day, early dawn, forenoon'!
The Dravidian data solve yet another "etymologically

rl

obscure" puzzle mentioned by Collinder with reference to Fi.

uuttu, uutu 'nesting box, cavity, hole, gorge, pit, etc.'
(770-FUV 126).

The Dravidian cognate here is DEDS S88 Ta.

utu 'to bore holes'.

Interestingly, the kind of semantic variation that is
found among the various etyma

trace~ble

to an assumed proto-

form in Uralic is, in a number of instances, paralleled by a

similar situation on the Dravidian

sid~.

For example, in

item 24 (Uralic *poca) some of the etyma carry the meaning

'domesticated reindeer', whereas others refer to 'wild goat'.
The Dravidian counterpart to item 24 shows such variations
as 'male buffalo' and 'he goat'.

Collinder indicates that

the Finnish word poro 'reindeer' possibly belongs with the

etyma in iteiT- 24, but he qualifies this relationship as being
"obscure."

However, if we examine the data on the Drav.idian

side we find listed under DED 3708 forms containing the

phoneme sequence por-; these carry the meaning 'fighting
bull' and 'male deer'.

It seems that there may be a contrast in

both language families between domesticated and wild forms of

certain animals.

These are just a couple of examples of the

clarification that can result, through examination of the

i

186

Dravidian data, of certain questions raised by Collinder.

In this dissertation, the author has focused upon
similarities in sound and meaning of the vocabulary of Uralic
and Dravidian.

But it would also be possible to go beyond

the lexical area and point up numerous parallels in the

phonology, QOrphology, and syntax of Uralic and Dravidian.
With respect to phonology, similar patterns are found
in, for example, the occurrence of retroflex or cacuminal
consonants, the kinds of limitations on consonant clusters,
the tendency for voiceless obstruents to become voiced between
vowels, the existence of consonant gradation in nouns and
verbs, the occurrence of vowel harmony in both families
(especially the progressive as opposed to the regressive type) ,
the existence of hiatus fillers

(-~-,

-~-,

etc.), the

appearance of the so-called ''parasitic" initial consonants

(~-,

~-),

words.

and the preference for CV as the final syllable of

In practically all of the cases these "parasitic"

consonants appear to be remnants of a chain of palatalization.

As to QOrphology, agglutination is the most striking
structural pattern.

Thus, for instance, case morphemes 1 with

1
I
i

few exceptions, have the same form on singular and on plural

nouns.

Then, too, the kinds of cases that exist are similar

in the two families.

The chief cases are genitive, accusative,

dative, and locative/ablative/instrumental.

Although tradi-

tior.al works list other cases for some of the languages within
each fumily, in most instances these extra cases are actually
postpositions.
The order of morphemes in words is typically
root-derivation-inflection.

Moreover, the word is extended

through suffixation rather than prefixation or infixation.

Another interesting morphological pattern is the
occurrence in some of the languages within each family of
two plural morphemes on a single stem.
There are numerous similarities also in the area of
syntax.

SOV is the typical Dravidian word-order pattern.

Such occurs also in many Uralic languages, particularly

Ostyak, Vogul, and Samoyedic, which languages are considered
to have retained the original Uralic syntactic forms.

Then

too, in Uralic and Dravidian qualifiers invariably precede

the word qualified.

Thus adjective precedes noun, adverb

precedes adjective, and adverb precedes verb.

j
I

For both families the syntactic pattern in comparison

is standard-marker-adjective.

For example, the English sentence

'This is better than that' would be expressed literally as

"that- from this -good (is)."

Furthermore, both families

lack articles, definite and indefinite.

Among numerous other striking patterns of agreement
are the phenomena whereby endings of verbs are allomorphs of
personal pronouns, and the use and formation of the so-called
reportive or auditive construction.
Only a few of the many patterns in phonology, morphology,
a~d

syntax are given here.

comparison

In subsequent works more detailed

and supporting data will be presented.

Herein

the author has merely attempted to point out that the

similarities in cognates discussed in the main body of the
dissertation find support in the many grammatical parallels
between Uralic and Dravidian.
Given the etymological data presented herein, what
conclusions can we draw from these
ge~etic

relationship seems strong.

f~ndings?

The evidence for

Yet there is also the

possibility that peoples speaking an early form of Uralic and

---~-

-----------

l_

users of an early stage of Dravidian might at one time have

inhabited contiguous areas in Southwestern or Central Asia
and that eventuallyDravidian-speaking peoples dispersed to
the south and east into the Indian subcontinent, whereas
Uralic speakers came to be scattered generally over the
northern reaches of Eurasia.

There are also indications

that persons speaking an early form of Elamite may at one

time have lived in contact with Uralic and Dravidian peoples,
for some very recent archaeological finds in Iran seem to
link Elam with the Indian Harappa (Lamberg-Karlovsky 1971).
Linguistic parallels between Elamite and Dravidian have now
been pointed out by McAlpin (1973) in a quite rigorous and
systematic manner.

Since there are very early inscriptions

in Elamite (and the possibly related Sumerian), further study

of these languages may shed some light onto the now shrouded
beginnings

of the Dravidian languages and their speakers as

well as the Uralic group.

It is also possible that Uralic, Dravidian, and
Elamite were all influenced by some earlier, now extinct
language group in Southwestern or Central Asia that is

190

completely unknown to us.

At any rate, it is important to

reiterate that the cultural and physical differences between

the

present-d~y

speakers of Uralic and Dravidian have no

necessary connection with the origin and possible interrelationships of the languages they speak.

Moreover, linguistic

change can be both slower and more rapid than cultural change.
The application of the most sophisticated linguistic
methods in the analysis and comparison of Uralic, Dravidian,
Elamite (and Sumerian) seems of primary importance at this
time.

Moreover, such areas as linguistic palaeontology and

toponomastics should be rigorously researched.

A linguistic

palaeontological evaluation of the Uralic and the Dravidian

languages could be easily formulated on the basis of the data
provided in this dissertation.
In conclusion then, by pointing out far more striking
similarities in the native Uralic and Dravidian vocabularies
~~an

has heretofore seemed possible, the present dissertation

has revealed an urgent need for further research in many

crucial areas.

At this time, one can not categorically state

that the genetic relationship of Uralic and Dravidian is a

~------~-

- - -

191

proven fact.

The exact nature of the affinity can be

defined only after further detailed analysis of the UraloDravidian phonology, for which the outline has been offered
in this dissertation, and the establishment of the major
rules of sound change.

Such would then serve as the corner-

stone of a comparative Uralo-Dravidian grammar.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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-----of.

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.
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-----

- -

------

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I
I

194
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1962.
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The Encyclo-

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*~,"

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-------- ----L

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---~--

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APPENDIX I

UPALIC-DRAVIDIAN PARALLELS IN SWADESH'S 100-WORD-LIST ITEMS

earth

Fi.maa,mantu

egg

Fi.muna

.
Ta.muntai
.

many

Fi.paljo

Ta.pala

mountain

Fi.vaara

Ta.varam

cold

Fi.kylma"

Ta.kulimai

wash

Fi.kylpy

Ta.ku!-ippu

ashes

Fi.porot

Ta.pu;r.uti

ear

Fi.korva

Ta.ku;r.ai

die

Fi.kuole-

Ta.kol-

tongue

Fi.kieli

Ta.kel

Ta.man

I'

j
!

APPENDIX II
SELECTED SEMANTIC PARALLELS IN URALIC AND DRAVIDIAN

earth

Fi.maa,mantu

Ta.man

( 16 2)

lightning

vty.cil'al

Ka.sidil

(662)

thu::1derbolt

Fi.pitkainen

Ta.pii;.uku

(SES58l-DED34l4)

sky,heaven

Vty. inrn-

Ma.vit:t:u

( 4 56)

god

Vty.inmar

Ma.vinnavar

( 4 56)

pray,divine

Ch.muz-eda

Ko.movc

(583)

sorcerer

Fi.noita

Kur.nadas "devil
worshipper"

(599)

ghost,specter

zr.so.9

Te.soku "an evil spirit"

( 4 4 9)

know

Lp.dow'da,
dam'de

Ga.ton9-.Kui tomba.
Go.tawwana

( 332)

voice

Fi.aani,Hu.enek Ka.ennu,annu,Ma.ennuka

tongue

Fi.kieli

Ta.kilavi

( 120)

dialect

Fi.murre

Ta.maruu

(SES352-DED3865)

shoulder
right hand

Lp.oal'ge

Tu.valakkai

(609)

Fi.lonkka,
ronkka

Ka.Tu.tonka

hip,

loin~

to hold

Fi.pida-

deceit

Fi.petos,
petkutus
petollisuus

( 3 94)

(DEDS S493-SES835)

(640)
Ta.pe1;1;-u

..

pittalattam

199

(SES533-DED3603)
(DED 3427)

200

APPENDIX II (cont'd)

food

Vg.teenut

Ta.tinti.Ka.tindi

( 4 59)

beer

Fi.kalja

Ta.ka~

(SES148-DEDll58)

house

Fi.koti.Md.kudo Ta.kuti

( 514)
{563)

Te.donka

path

{513)

rich

Os.kos.Md.kozav Go.kosela.Ta.kof

copious

Os.hop,hul

Ko.kol.Ta.kOfU

( 511)

wheel

Est.kets

Tu.kadcilu

( 4 90)

blunt arrow

Vg.piiwt

Go.b!to

( 6 38)

granary

Vty.kenos

Te.ka:r:ajam

( 9 9)

grain measure

Fi.salytys. {Lp. Ta.calakai.Te.salaka

salke-)

( 27 9)

seten.Go.henna

(711)

wheat

Kon~a

flax

Lp.biellemas

Go.baiyal

(SES514-DEDS S739)

hemp

os.pol4n

Kol.boili

id.

(cembra) nut

Os.nag.Jr

Te.nakkera "Sebesten
plum"

(590)

currant

Md.suk~-torov

Ta.cuntai "Solanum
torvum,Indian currant
tomato"

( 67 6)

cloudberry

Os.mor<~k

Go.marka "mango"
Nk.madge

( 18 5)

Kur.~atkha

(DED 2401)

Yn.modakke
id. ,ripe

Fi.lakka
Md.lakst-wnaf

Pa.takka

"mango"

(SES272-~EDS

S473)

L
j

--

201
APPENDIX II

(cont'd)

..

p:i.ne tree

Fi.manty

Ta.rnundeyi

(4 29)

birch

Ch.kogi

Te.kagu "Indian beech

tree"

(123)

rowan tree

Vg.pas.?r,picar

Ka.pac6i:ri "tree giving

orange-red dye"

(634)

juniper

Zr.kac-pomel'
Fi.kataja

Tu.ko~~e-rnu~~u

(429)

bird-cherry
tree

Fi.tuomi

Te.twruna "babool tree,

Acacia arabica" (Be. "hog
plum")

(335)

skylark

Fi.leivo,
leippi-

Malt.lipi

(SES285-DEDS 5843)

aquatic bird

Lp.kotsek
Fi.koskelo

Ma.kocca "heron"
To.kosk.Kui kohko

(514 A)

fish

Fi.kala

Tu.kalkore

(102)

mouse

Vty.syr

Ga.sirel

( 44 3)

wolf

Yr.sarrnik

Br.kharrna

( 37 A)

goa.t

Km.pootu

Kod.po~u

(24)

sheep

Fi.uutu

Kui oda

(7 31)

front

Fi.esi/ete/ede

Ta.etir.Ka.edir

( 415)

back,behind

Fi.taka.Lp.
duokke

Kui tokoli.Kol.dogor
.

"jujube"

Go.ghotia

(315)

-,~
......

....

'

VITA
,,&'";.;

..,..........

!)it

Elli Johanna Pudas Marlow was born in Vihanti, Finland, on

:~

July 15, 1933, the daughter of Aili Ohinmaa Pudas and Heikki
Pudas.

After passing her matriculation examination at

Oulainen Yhteiskoulu, Oulainen, Finland, in 1954, she entered

Helsinki University.

She received the degree of Hum. kand.

(Humanististen tieteitten kandidaatti) in 1957 and Fil. kand.

(Filosofian kandidaatti) in 1959 with a major in English and
a minor in Nordic philology.
Yhteiskoulu in 1958-59.

She taught Swedish at Oulainen

An ASLA-Fulbright scholarship was

awarded to her for 1959-60 for the study of English and

Linguistics at the University of Texas at Austin.
was introduced to Dravidian linguistics.

Here she

A research

assistantship in 1960-61 and an NDEA grant in 1961-63 enabled

her to devote considerable study to Telugu, general Dravidian,
and Indo-Aryan linguistics.

She received a summer grant in

1972 to take a course in intensive Kannada.

assistance she most gratefully acknowledges.

All of this
She became a

naturalized citizen of the United States of America in 1968

and was a civil servant from 1969 to 1973.

In 1971-72 the

Department of Germanic. Languages, the University of Texas at

Austin, employed her as a Swedish instructor.

In addition

she has done some minor translations from Swedish and Finnish
into English.

In 1960 she married William Vearl Marlow of

Crooksville, Ohio; the family now includes three children:

:-:ark Ti1;1o (b. 1963), Kimrno Alan (b. 1968), and Annina
Marguerita (b. 1971), whose favorite book, incidentally, is
The Cat and Shakespeare by Raja Rao.

Permanent address:

2506 Bowman Avenue

Austin, Texas

78703

)
i

This dissertation was typed by Virginia Devlyn.