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cHAPTER 8 differentiation
Focus on Exam 8
1 (a) Let y = (x2 + 3)e-2x
dy
= (x2 + 3)(-2e-2x) + e-2x(2x)
dx
= 2e-2x(-x2 - 3 + x)
(b) Let u = x and y = sin3 x
1
y = sin3 u
= x 2
dy
du 1 - 12
= x
= 3sin2 u(-cos u)
dx 2
du
1
= -3sin2 u cos u
=
2 x
dy dy du
Hence,
=
dx du dx
1
= -3 sin2 u cos u
2 x
-3 sin2 x cos x
=
2 x
dy x (-3e ) + e (3x )
=
dx
x3e-3x
e-3x3x2(-x + 1)
=
x3e-3x
Copy back x3e-3x.
3(-x + 1)
=
x
3
-3x
-3x
d 3 -3x
(x e )
dx
(b) Let u = 5x
log5 u = x
ln u
=x
ln 5
ln u = x ln 5
1 du
= ln 5
u dx
du = u ln 5
dx
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
du
= 5x ln 5
dx
d x
(5 ) = 5x ln 5
dx
5x
Let y =
1 + 5x2
dy (1 + 5x2)(5x ln 5) - (5x)(10x)
=
dx
(1 + 5x2)2
5x[ln 5(1 + 5x2) - 10x]
=
(1 + 5x2)2
3 f(x) = e-2x sin 2x
f(x) = e-2x(2 cos 2x) + sin 2x(-2e-2x)
= -8e-2xcos 2x
-
1
= -8e 3
2
= -4e
x+1
2x - 3
x+1
y = ln
2x - 3
= ln (x + 1) - ln (2x - 3)
4 e y =
dy
1
2
=
dx x + 1 2x - 3
At the x-axis, y = 0.
x+1
e0 =
2x - 3
x+1
1=
2x - 3
2x - 3 = x + 1
x=4
1
2
4 + 1 2(4) - 3
1
= -
5
5 x2 - xy + y 2 = 7
When x = 3, 32 -3y + y2 = 7
y2 - 3y + 2 = 0
(y - 1)(y - 2) = 0
y = 1 or 2
2
x - xy + y2 = 7
Differentiating implicitly with respect to x,
dy
dy
2x - x + y(-1) + 2y = 0
dx
dx
dy
(-x + 2y) = -2x + y
dx
dy y - 2x
=
dx 2y - x
1 - 2(3)
= 5.
2(1) - 3
2 - 2(3)
The gradient of the tangent at the point (3, 2) is
= -4.
2(2) - 3
The gradient of the tangent at the point (3, 1) is
6 2y = ln (xy)
dy
dy x dx + y(1)
2 =
xy
dx
dy
dy
2xy = x + y
dx
dx
dy
(2xy - x) = y
dx
dy
y
=
dx 2xy - x
dy
1
=
At the point P(e2, 1),
dx 2(e2)(1) - e2
1
= 2
e
1
.
e2
Hence, the equation of the tangent at the point P(e2, 1) is
1
y - 1 = 2 (x - e2)
e
e2y - e2 = x - e2
e2y = x
Therefore, the gradient of the tangent is
7 x = e 4t = e2 t
1 2t
dx
= 2
e
dt
2 t
1 2
dx e2 t
=
dt
t
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
y = e6t
y = (e6t)2
y = e3t
dy
= 3e3t
dt
x = e2 t
ln x = 2 t
(ln x)2 = 4t
1
t = (ln x)2
4
dy
dy dt
=
dx dx
dt
3e3t
= 2 t
e
t
3e3t t
e2 t
4
1
= 3 ln x e
x
2
)1
3 (ln x)2
2
(ln x)
e3t = e4
3
= 3e 4 ln x
2x
(ln x)2
t = 1 ln x
2
8 x = e2t - 2
dx
= 2e2t
dt
y = et + t
dy
= et + 1
dt
dy
dy dt
=
dx dx
dt
et + 1
=
2e2t
When t = ln 2, x = e2ln 2 - 2
2
= eln 2 - 2
= 22 - 2
aloga x = x
=2
When t = ln 2, y = eln 2 + ln 2
= 2 + ln 2
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
e2
=x
dy eln 2 + 1
=
dx
2e 2ln 2
2+1
=
2(2)2
3
=
8
Hence, the equation of the tangent at the point where t = ln 2 is
3
y - (2 + ln 2) = (x - 2)
8
8y - 16 - 8 ln 2 = 3x - 6
8y = 3x + 10 + 8 ln 2
When t = ln 2,
9 x = -cos2 2
dx
= -2 cos 2(-2 sin 2)
d
= 4 cos 2 sin 2
y = sin2 2
dy
= 2 sin 2(2 cos 2)
d
= 4 sin 2 cos 2
dy
dy d
=
dx dx
d
4 sin 2 cos 2
=
4 cos 2 sin 2
=1
The gradient of the tangent is 1. Hence, the gradient of the normal is -1.
When = , x = -cos2
8
4
1 2
= -
2
1
=2
y = sin2
4
2
1
=
2
1
=
2
Hence, the equation of the normal is
1
1
y - = -1 x - -
2
2
1
1
y - = -x 2
2
y = -x
10 y = e2x - 6x + 7
= (e2x - 6x + 7)2
1
-
dy 1
= (e2x - 6x + 7) 2 (2e2x - 6)
dx 2
2e2x - 6
=
2 e2x - 6x + 7
2e2x - 6
=
2y
e2x - 3
=
y
dy
2x
y = e - 3
dx
d2y dy dy
= 2e2x
y 2 +
dx
dx dx
d2y
dy 2
y 2 +
= 2e2x[Shown]
dx
dx
11 y = e x ln x
1
dy
= ex + ln x e x
x
dx
dy
1
= e x + y
dx
x
dy
x = ex + xy
dx
dy
d 2y dy
x 2 + (1) = ex + x + y(1)
dx
dx
dx
12
12
dy
d 2y
x 2 + (1 - x) - y = e x
dx
dx
From ,
dy
e x = x - xy
dx
dy
dy
d 2y
x 2 + (1 - x) - y = x - xy
dx
dx
dx
dy
d 2y
x 2 + (1 - 2x) + (x - 1)y = 0[Shown]
dx
dx
cos x
12
y=
x
xy = cos x
dy
x + y(1) = -sin x
dx
dy
x + y = -sin x
dx
d 2y dy
dy
= -cos x
x 2 + (1) +
dx
dx
dx
dy
d 2y
x
+ 2 = -xy
2
dx
dx
dy
d 2y
x 2 + 2 + xy = 0[Shown]
dx
dx
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
13 y = cos x
1
= cos2 x
1
dy 1
= (cos x) 2 (-sin x)
dx 2
-sin x
=
2 cos x
= -sin x
2y
dy
2y = -sin x
dx
2
d y dy dy
2y 2 +
2
= -cos x
dx
dx dx
1 2
dy
d 2y
2y 2 + 2
dx
dx
1 2
+ cos x = 0
dy
d 2y
2y 2 + 2
dx
dx
1 2
+ y2 = 0[Shown]
14 y = e-2x sin x
dy
= e-2x cos x - 2 sin x e-2x
dx
dy
e-2x sin x = y
= e-2x cos x - 2y
dx
d2y
dy
= -e-2x sin x - 2 cos x e-2x - 2
dx2
dx
dy
+ 2y
cos x e-2x =
d2y
dy
dy
dx
+
2y
=
-y
2
2
2
dx
dx
dx
e-2x sin x = y
dy
d 2y
+ 4 + 5y = 0[Shown]
2
dx
dx
15 y = ln (1 - cos x)
dy
sin x
=
dx 1 - cos x
d 2y (1 - cos x)(cos x) - sin x sin x
=
(1 - cos x)2
dx2
cos x - cos2 x - sin2 x
(1 - cos x)2
cos x - (cos2 x + sin2 x)
=
(1 - cos x)2
=
cos x - 1
(1 - cos x)2
= -
1 - cos x
(1 - cos x)2
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
-1
1 - cos x
1
cos x - 1
1
1 dy
.
=
cos x - 1
sin x dx
d2y
1 dy
2=
sin x dx
dx
dy
d2y
sin x 2 = dx
dx
2
d y dy
= 0[Shown]
sin x 2 +
dx
dx
But from ,
1 2
1 2
16 y = esin x
dy
= cos xesin x
dx
dy
= y cos x
dx
esin x = y
1 2
d2y
dy
= y(-sin x) + cos x
dx2
dx
d2y
dy
2 = -ysin x + cos x
dx
dx
1 2
d2y
1 dy dy
= -y sin x +
y dx dx
dx2
d2y
1 dy
= -y sin x +
y dx
dx2
1 2
1 dy
cos x =
y dx
1 2
d2y
dy 2
y 2 = -y 2 sin x +
dx
dx
2
dy
dy 2
y 2 = -y2 ln y +
dx
dx
1 2
1 2
dy
d 2y
y 2 + y 2 ln y dx
dx
1 2
17
sin x = ln y
= 0[Shown]
y = ln (sin x + cos x)
dy cos x - sin x
=
dx sin x + cos x
dy 2
cos x - sin x 2
+1
+ 1 =
sin x + cos x
dx
1 2
-2 sin2 x - 2 cos2 x
(sin x + cos x)2
-2(sin2 x + cos2 x)
(sin x + cos x)2
-2(1)
(sin x + cos x)2
= -
31 2 4
dy 2
+1
dx
dy
d2y
+
dx
dx2
1 2
+ 1 = 0[Shown]
x2
(x + 3)(x - 1)
x2
= 2
x + 2x - 3
18 (a) y =
x2
0
(x + 3)(x - 1)
(x + 3)(x - 1) 0
x -3 or 1
Therefore, x = -3 and x = 1 are vertical asymptotes.
1x
lim y = lim
x2
+ 2x - 3
x2
2
= lim 2 x
x
x + 2x - 3
x2 x2 x2
= lim
=1
1
2
1 + - 32
x x
1
1+0+0
10
(b) y =
x2
x + 2x - 3
2
2x2 - 6x
(x + 2x - 3)2
2
When
dy
2x2 - 6x
= 0, 2
=0
(x + 2x - 3)2
dx
2x2 - 6x = 0
2x(x - 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3
When x = 0, y = 0 and
d2y 2[(-3)(-3) - 0]
=
(-3)3
dx2
2
= - (< 0)
3
When x = 3, y =
9
6(2)
3
4
Therefore, 3,
(c) When y = 0, x = 0.
x2
(x + 3)(x - 1)
x2
is as shown.
x + 2x - 3
2
3 , 43
1
x- 3
x = 3 is the vertical asymptote.
1
(b) When x = 0, y = 4(-3)2 (-3)
1
= 36
3
19 (a) y = 4(x - 3)2 -
1
Thus, the graph cuts the y-axis at 0, 36 .
3
1
2
=0
When y = 0, 4(x - 3) x- 3
1
4(x - 3)2 =
x- 3
(x - 3)3 =
1
4
x-3=
1
1
43
1
x=
4
x = 3.63
1
3
+3
11
12
dy
= 0,
dx
1
8(x - 3) +
=0
(x - 3)2
When
1
8(x - 3) = -
(x - 3)2
1
(x - 3)3 = 8
1
x - 3 = -
2
x = 2.5
1
When x = 2 ,
2
2
1
5
y=4 -3 2
5
-3
2
=1+2
=3
2
dy
2
=83
dx2
5
-3
2
= 8 - (-16)
= 24(> 0)
8-
dy
= 0,
dx2
2
2
=0
(x - 3)3
2
=8
(x - 3)3
1
(x - 3)3 =
4
1
x= 1+3
43
x = 3.63
1
is as shown below.
x-3
y
36
1
3
2.5 , 3
O
3.63
dy
When = 0,
dx
8 - 3x
=0
2 4 - x
8 - 3x = 0
8
x=
3
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
13
14
8
8
8
When x = , y = 4 3
3
3
= 3.08
2
2
Hence, 2 , 3.08 and 2 , -3.08 are turning points (whose tangents are horizontal).
3
3
dy
When
= ,
dx
2 4-x =0
x=4
When x = 4, y = 4 4 - 4
=0
Hence, (4, 0) is also a turning point where tangent is vertical.
(d) The graph of y2 = x2(4 - x) is as shown below.
y
2 32 , 3.08
O
2 32 , 3.08
1 - e2x
1 + e2x
(1 + e2x)(-2e2x) - (1 - e2x)(2e2x)
=
(1 + e2x)2
-2e2x[1 + e2x + (1 - e2x)]
=
(1 + e2x)2
-4e2x
=
(1 + e2x)2
21 (a) y =
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
(b)
dy
-4e2x
=
< 0[Shown]
dx (1 + e2x)2
y=
11 -+ yy
1-y
1
x = ln
[Shown]
2
1 + y
2x = ln
dy
-4e2x
=
dx (1 + e2x)2
12 ln11 -+ yy
-4e
1-y
11 + y2
-4
1-y
1+
1+y
aloga x = x
1-y
11 + y2
-4
1-y 2
1 + e22ln 1 + y
1+y+1-y
1+y
-4
1-y
11 + y2
= -(1 - y)(1 + y)
= y2 - 1[Shown]
4
(1 + y)2
d2y
dy
= 2y
dx2
dx
Since
(c) lim
x
dy
d2y
d2y
< 0, 2 < 0 if y > 0 and 2 > 0 if y < 0.[Shown]
dx
dx
dx
(d) When y = 0,
1 - e2x
=0
1 + e2x
1 - e2x = 0
e2x = 1
2x = ln 1
2x = 0
x=0
1 - e2x
1 - e2x
=
-1
and
=1
lim
x- 1 + e2x
1 + e2x
y
1
1 - e2x
is as shown beside.
Hence, the graph of y =
1 + e2x
15
16
22 (a)
A
6 cm
B
Q
k cm P
x cm
D
(2k + 6) cm
k cm
Q
x cm
R
[(2k + 6) 6] cm
Thus,
RC QR
=
SC BS
RC
x
=
(2k + 6) - 6 k
RC x
=
2k k
RC = 2x
Thus, DR = DC - RC
= 2k + 6 - 2x
(b) Area of PQRD,
L = DR QR
L = (2k + 6 - 2x)(x)
L = (2k + 6)x - 2x2[Shown]
(c) When L has a stationary value,
dL
=0
dx
2k + 6 - 4x = 0
4x = 2k + 6
x=
x=
2k + 6
4
2(k + 3)
4
k+3
x=
2
d 2L
= -4 (negative)
dx2
k+3
k+3
-2
2
2
= (2k + 6)
= 2(k + 3)
k +2 3 - 2(k 4+ 3)
= (k + 3)2 -
(k + 3)2
2
(k + 3)2
2
MC
r
MC = r sin x
AC = 2MC
= 2r sin x
23 In OMC, sin x =
B
x
r cm
O
x x
rc
rc
OM
r
OM = r cos x
In DOMC, cos x =
Area of ABC,
1
AC BM
2
1
L = AC (BO + OM)
2
1
L = (2r sin x) (r + r cos x)
2
L = r2 sin x + r2 sin x cos x
L =
1
L = r2 sin x + r2(2 sin x cos x)
2
1
L = r2 sin x + r2 sin 2x
2
1
L = (2r2 sin x + r2 sin 2x)
2
r2
L = (2 sin x + sin 2x)[Shown]
2
dL r 2
= (2 cos x + 2 cos 2x)
dr 2
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
17
18
= -2.60r2 (< 0)
Hence, L is a maximum.
p
2p
r2
2sin + sin
3
3
2
r
= 2
2
Lmax =
3
3
+
2
2
3 3 2
r [Shown]
4
OR
24 In ORQ, cos a =
r
OR = r cos a
QM = MP
= OR
= r cos a
QR
In ORQ, sin a =
r
QR = r sin a
=
Therefore, the perimeter of ORQP,
y = OR + RQ + QM + MP + PO
y = r cos a + r sin a + r cos a + r cos a + r
y = r + r sin a + 3r cos a
y = r(1 + sin a + 3 cos a)[Shown]
dy
= r(cos a - 3sin a )
da
rc
m
a
P
r cm
a
When y has a stationary value,
dy
=0
dr
r(cosa - 3sina) = 0
cos a - 3sin a = 0
cos a = 3 sin a
1 sin a
=
3 cos a
1
tan a =
3
1
a = tan-1
rad[Shown]
3
d2y
2 = r(-sin a - 3 cos a)
da
d2y
Since sin a > 0 and cos a > 0, 2 < 0.
da
Thus, y is a maximum.
= r 11 +
=r 1+
3 10
10
+3
10
10
10
3
10
1
+3
10
a
3
sin a =
1
3
, cos a =
10
10
= (1 + 10 )r [Shown]
dV Change in volume
=
dt
Change in time
1 3
- 13
= 2
24
7
m3 hour-1
= -
192
(b) V = x3
dV
= 3x2
dx
1
dx
=
dV 3x2
dx dx dV
=
dt dV dt
1
7
= 2 3x
192
7
1
=
3(0.7)2
192
= -0.0248 m hour-1
Rate of decrease = 0.0248 mh-1
25 (a)
19
20
26 AB = x2 + 32
1
= (x2 + 9)2
1
d(AB) 1 2
= (x + 9) 2 (2x)
2
dx
x
= 2
x +9
d(AB) d(AB) dx
=
dt
dx
dt
x
= 2
2
x +9
4
= 2
2
4 +9
= 1.6 units s-1
27 (a)
(x + 2 r ) cm
Q
x cm
(x + 2) cm
N
r cm
r cm
O
Thus, NO = NR
QP QR
r x+2-r
=
x
x+2
r(x + 2) = x(x + 2 - r)
rx + 2r = x2 + 2x - rx
2rx + 2r = x2 + 2x
r(2x + 2) = x2 + 2x
x2 + 2x
r=
[Shown]
2x + 2
x2 + 2x
(b) r =
2x + 2
dr (2x + 2)(2x + 2) - (x2 + 2x)(2)
=
dx
(2x + 2)2
dr 4x2 + 8x + 4 - 2x2 - 4x
=
dx
(2x + 2)2
dr 2x2 + 4x + 4
=
dx
(2x + 2)2
dr 2(x2 + 2x + 2)
=
[2(x + 1)]2
dx
dr x2 + 2x + 2
=
dx
2(x + 1)2
dx dx dr
=
dt dr dt
2(x + 1)2
(-0.4)
x2 + 2x + 2
2(4 + 1)2
(-0.4)
42 + 2(4) + 2
50
-0.4
26
= -0.769 cm s-1
28 y = xe x+1
dy
= xe x+1 + ex+1
dx
= e x + 1(x + 1)
dy
x
dx
= e x+1(x + 1)dx x changes from 1 to 1.01. So, dx = 1.01 - 1.
ynew = yoriginal + y
The value of
y when x = 1.
dy
The value of
dx
when x = 1.
1.01e2.01 = e2 + 2e2(0.01)
7.3891 + 2(7.3891)(0.01)
e2.01 =
1.01
2.01
e = 7.46
29
cos x
x
xy = cos x
y=
dy
x+ y(1) = -sin x
dx
dy
x + y = -sin x
dx
2
d y dy
dy
= -cos x
x 2 + (1) +
dx dx
dx
d2y
dy
x 2 + 2 = -xy
dx
dx
2
dy
dy
x 2 + 2 + xy = 0[Shown]
dx
dx
21
22
30 y = x ln (x + 1)
dy
1
+ ln (x + 1)(1)
= x
x+1
dx
x
=
+ ln (x + 1)
x+1
dy
x
y =
dx
( x +x 1 + ln (x + 1)) x
ynew = yoriginal + y
1.01 ln (1.01 + 1) = 1 ln (1 + 1) +
The value of y
when x = 1.01.
The value of y
when x = 1.
1 +1 1 + ln (1 + 1) (1.01 - 1)
dy
The value of
dx
when x = 1.
4}
2
4ekt - 1
4ekt + 1
(4ekt + 1)2 - (4ekt - 1)2
= k
(4ekt + 1)2
2kt
16e + 8ekt+ 1 - (16e2kt- 8ekt+ 1)
= k
(4ekt + 1)2
16kekt
=
(4ekt + 1)2
8kekt
=2
(4ekt + 1)2
= 2f (t)
= RHS
= k 1 -
{
{
23
k{1 - [f(t)]2} = 2f (t)
k - k[f(t)]2 = 2f (t)
-2k[f(t)] f (t) = 2f (t)
-k[f(t)] f (t) = f (t)
f (t) = -k[f(t)] f (t)
Since k and f (t) are both positive, f (t) < 0.
4ekt - 1
t 4ekt + 1
4ekt 1
- kt
kt
= lim e kt e
t
1
4e
+
ekt ekt
1
4 - kt
e
= lim
t
1
4 + kt
e
4-0
=
4+0
=1
1
1
1
4 - kt
kt
e
4e
1
(e) lim
= lim
t 4ekt + 1
t
1
4 + kt
e
=4-0
4+0
=1
4(1) - 1 3
When t = 0, f(0) =
=
4(1) + 1 5
Therefore, the graph of f(t) intersects the
3
f(t)-axis at the point 0, .
5
kt
When f(t) = 0, 4e - 1 = 0
4ekt + 1
4ekt - 1 = 0
1
ekt =
4
1
kt = ln
4
1 1
t = ln
k 4
f(t )
1
1
1 ln
k
4
3
5
f(t ) =
4ekt 1
4ekt + 1
1
Key Point:
If f(t) = -k[f(t)]f(t), since k > 0 and f(t) > 0, f (t) > 0 only when f(t) = 0. Therefore, the point of
1 1
ln , 0 .
inflexion is on the t-axis, i.e.
k 4
24
x
1 + x2
(1 + x2)(1) - x(2x)
=
(1 + x2)2
1 - x2
=
(1 + x2)2
32 y =
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy 1 - x2
=
x 2
dx
y
dy (1 - x2) y2
=
x2
dx
dy
x2 = (1 - x2) y2[Shown]
dx
33
y = sin x - cos x
sin x + cos x
(sin x + cos x)y = sin x - cos x
dy
(sin x + cos x) + y(cos x - sin x) = cos x + sin x
dx
dy
(sin x + cos x)
dy
(sin x + cos x)
sin x - cos x
=0
1dx -12 - y 1sin
x + cos x2
dy
dy
dy
d2y
[Shown]
2 = 2y
dx
dx
34 y =
dy
=
dx
x3
x2 - 1
(x2 - 1)(3x2) - x3(2x)
(x2 - 1)2
3x4 - 3x2 - 2x4
(x2 - 1)2
x4 - 3x2
(x2 - 1)2
x2(x2 - 3)
(x2 - 1)2
d2y 2(0)(02+ 3)
=
(02 - 1)3
dx2
=0
= -6
d3y
Since 3 0, then (0, 0) is a point of reflextion.
dx
3)
3-1
3 3
=
2
When x = 3, y =
and
Since
d2y 2 3(3 + 3)
=
(3 - 1)3
dx2
3
= 3
2
d2y
> 0, then
dx 2
3
3, 3 is a minimum point.
2
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
25
26
and
(-
3)
3-1
3 3
= -
2
When x = - 3, y =
d2y
3
2 < 0, then - 3, - 3 is a maximum point.
2
dx
x3
is 0, x2 - 1 = 0 x = 1
When the denominator of y = 2
x -1
Since
3 ,
3 3
3 ,
2
3 3
2
x
x3 = k (x2 - 1)
x3
=k
2
x -1
By sketching the straight lines y = k on the above graph and as k varies, we obtain the
following results.
Value of k
3
k> 3
2
3
k= 3
2
3
3
- 3<k< 3
2
2
3
k=- 3
2
3
k<- 3
2
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
x
x2 - 1
dy (x2 - 1)(1) - x(2x)
=
(x2 - 1)2
dx
-x2 - 1
= 2
(x - 1)2
-(x2 + 1)
= 2
(that is < 0)
(x - 1)2
35 y =
Since
dy
< 0 for all real values of x, then the gradient of the curve is always decreasing.
dx
When x = 0, y =
0
02 - 1
=0
Since
d2y
d3y
0 when x = 0, then (0, 0) is the point of inflexion.
2 = 0 and
dx
dx3
27
28
x >0
(x + 1)3 > 0
x2 + 3 > 0
(x 1)3 > 0
Hence, the intervals for which the curve is concave upwards are -1 < x < 0 or x > 1.
x
The curve y = 2
is as shown below.
x -1
y
2
36 (a) x = t -
t
y = 2t +
dx
2
= 1 + 2
dt
t
dy
dy dt
=
dx dx
dt
1
2- 2
t
=
2
1+ 2
t
dy
1
=2- 2
dt
t
2t2 - 1
t2 + 2
1
t
2
t 2 + 2 2t 2 - 1
2t 2 + 4
-5
dy
5
=2- 2
[Shown]
t +2
dx
dy
Let m =
dx
5
m=2- 2
t +2
5
(m - 2) = - 2
t +2
(m - 2)(t2 + 2) = -5
mt2 + 2m - 2t2 - 4 = -5
(m - 2)t2 = -1 - 2m
-1 - 2m
t2 =
m-2
1 + 2m
t2 =
2-m
t >0
1 + 2m
> 0
2-m
1 + 2m > 0
2m>0
1
2
x
+
1
1 dy
< 2[Shown]
Hence, - < m < 2, that is, - <
2
2 dx
dy 1
=
dx 3
5
1
=
2- 2
t +2 3
5
1
2- = 2
3 t +2
5
5
= 2
3 t +2
t2 + 2 = 3
t2 = 1
t = 1
(b)
When t = 1, x = 1
= -1
2
1
29
30
and
y = 2(1) +
=3
1
1
and
2
(-1)
y = 2(-1) +
1
(-1)
= -3
Hence, the coordinates of the required points are (-1, 3) and (1, -3).
37 x 2 sin q
y 3 cos q
dx
dy
2 cos q
3 sin q
dq
dq
dy
dy dq 3 sin q
=
=
dx dx 2 cos q
dq
3
= tan q
2
3
dy
When q = ,
= tan
4 dx
2
4
3
=
2
3
Gradient of tangent = 2
2
Gradient of normal =
3
When q =
, x = 2 sin
4
4
1
= 2
2
= 2
When q
p
p
, y 3 cos
4
4
1
3
2
3 2
2
Equation of normal is
(
)
2 = 4( x - 2 )
3 2 2
y= x- 2
2
3
6y -9
6 y - 9 2 = 4x - 4 2
6 y = 4x + 5 2
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 4
dy
dy
2 x + x + y (1) + 2 y = 0
dx
dx
dy
( x + 2 y ) = 2x y
dx
dy 2 x y
=
dx x + 2 y
dy 2 x + y
[Shown]
+
=0
dx x + 2 y
38 (a)
(b) At x-axis, y = 0,
x2 + 0 + 0 = 4
x = 2
-2 ( 2 ) + 0
2 + 2 ( 0)
= -= 2-2
2 ( 2 ) 0
(2, 0): Gradient =
2 + 2 ( 0 )
= -2
At y-axis, x = 0,
02 + 0(y) + y2 = 4
y = 2
-2 ( 0 ) - 2
=-
1
2
0 + 2 ( 2)
= - 1
2
-2 ( 0 ) - ( -2 )
1
= (0, 2): Gradient =
0 + 2 ( -2 )
2
= - 1
2
31
32
Substituting y = 2x into x2 + xy + y2 = 4
x2 + x(2x) + 4x2 = 4
3x2 = 4
4
x2 =
3
x=
2
y = -2
4
=
3
2
3
2 -4
2 4
,
Stationary points are
,
and
.
3 3
3 3
y
(d)
2 , 4
3 3
2
2
2
2 , 4