SPI Sizing Equations

SmartPlant Instrumentation
Sizing Equations
Version 2013
March 2013
DSPI2-PE-200008B
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Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................3
1
2
Nomenclature .....................................................................................................4
Control Valve Sizing..........................................................................................7
2.1
2.2
Liquid, Water............................................................................................................ 7
Gas, Steam ................................................................................................................ 9
3 Noise Calculation....................................................................................................11
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Hydrodynamic Noise: Masoneilan Standard .......................................................... 11

Hydrodynamic Noise: IEC Standard ...................................................................... 11
Aerodynamic Noise: ISA Standard ........................................................................ 14
Aerodynamic Noise: IEC Standard ........................................................................ 17
4 Flow Meter Sizing ..................................................................................................20

4.1
4.2
4.3
Calculation of Beta Ratio ....................................................................................... 20

Calculation of Flow rate ......................................................................................... 22
Calculation of Differential range ............................................................................ 23
5 Restriction Device Sizing .......................................................................................26

5.1
5.2
5.3
Calculation of Beta Ratio ....................................................................................... 26

Calculation of Flow Rate ........................................................................................ 30
Calculation of Pressure Loss .................................................................................. 33
6 Relief Valve Sizing .................................................................................................35

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Blocked Flow: Liquid Relief .................................................................................. 35

Blocked Flow: Gas Relief ...................................................................................... 36
Blocked Flow: Steam Relief ................................................................................... 38
Fire Case: Gas Expansion....................................................................................... 39
Fire Case: Liquid Filled Vessel .............................................................................. 40
7 Thermowell Calculation .........................................................................................42

Kf
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
Define Initial Value of

Constant:................................................................... 42
Calculate Ratio of Frequency at Fluid Temperature to Frequency at 70 F: ....... 42
Calculate Maximum Thermowell Length Based on Vibration Limitation: ......... 42
7.1.4
Define
7.1.5
Paragraphs 7.1.3 - 7.1.4 are repeated until current
7.1.6
7.1.7
7.1.8
43
Calculate Natural Frequency for L=L1 ................................................................ 43
Calculate Wake Frequency .................................................................................. 43
Calculate Magnification Factor for L1(R 0.8)................................................... 44
Kf
Constant: ............................................................................................ 42
Kf
value equals previous K f value
7.1.9 Define K1 , K 2 , 3 constants .............................................................................. 44

7.1.10 Calculate Maximum Allowable Static Gage Pressure....................................... 44
7.1.11 Calculate Maximum thermowell length based on Steady State Stress Consideration
44
7.2.1 Calculate Mounting factor ................................................................................... 45
7.2.2 Calculate Reynolds number ................................................................................. 45
7.2.3 Calculate Strouhal number ................................................................................... 45
7.2.4 Calculate Natural frequency ................................................................................ 45
7.2.5 Calculate Vortex shedding frequency .................................................................. 46
Sizing Equations 1
Contents
7.2.6
7.2.7.
7.2.8
7.2.9
7.2.10
7.2.11
7.2.12
Calculate Scruton number .................................................................................... 47

Calculate miscellaneous parameters .................................................................... 47
Calculate Frequency Limit ................................................................................... 48
Compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement ............................................ 48
Compliance with the Static Stress Limit requirement ....................................... 50
Compliance with the Dynamic Stress Limit requirement ................................. 52
Compliance with the Hydrostatic Pressure Limit requirement ......................... 53
8 Standards.................................................................................................................54
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
Control Valve Sizing .............................................................................................. 54

Noise Calculation ................................................................................................... 54
Flow Meter Sizing .................................................................................................. 54
Relief Valve Sizing................................................................................................. 55
Thermowell Calculation ......................................................................................... 55
9 Appendix.................................................................................................................56
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
Square Edge Orifice ............................................................................................... 56

Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) Orifice ............................................................. 57
Conical Entrance Orifice ........................................................................................ 57
Lo-Loss Tube ......................................................................................................... 57
Venturi Tube........................................................................................................... 57
Nozzle ..................................................................................................................... 58
Eccentric Orifice..................................................................................................... 58
Segmental Orifice ................................................................................................... 58
Restriction Device .................................................................................................. 58
2 Sizing Equations
Preface
This document is a reference for sizing equations used by the SmartPlant
Instrumentation Calculation module.
Send documentation comments or suggestions to PPMdoc@intergraph.com.
Sizing Equations 3
1
A
A1
Ad
B
b
bs
C
CV
Cr
Cs
Cp
D
D0
Dt
D1
D2
Dd2
DP
DPA
DPloss
DPn
Dbh
Dj
d
db
d0
E
Ef
Eref
Eps
F
F1
F2
Fd
Fe
FF
Fk
FL
FLP
Fp
FR
Fs
fp
fo
fr
fw
Gf
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Required effective discharge area, inch2
Exposed surface area, inch2
Root diameter of thermowell, m
Diameter at tip, in
Fillet radius at root, m
Fillet radius at base for stepped thermowell, m
Discharge coefficient
Valve flow coefficient, US gallon per minute of water (60 F) at 1 psi pressure drop
Coefficient for critical flow equation, dimensionless
Speed of sound, m/s
Speed of sound in pipe wall, m/s
Internal pipe diameter (upstream) at flow temperature, mm
Internal pipe diameter (upstream) at ambient temperature, mm
Nominal size of sensing element, in
Inlet internal diameter of the pipe, mm
Outlet internal diameter of the pipe, mm
Outlet outside diameter of the pipe, m
Pressure differential, P1-P2 , or differential pressure transmitter range, bar
Maximum allowable pressure drop, bar
Pressure loss, bar
Differential pressure at normal flow rate, bar
Bleed/Vent hole diameter, mm
Diameter of the jet, m
Valve inlet diameter or orifice (throat) diameter at flow temperature, mm
Bore diameter of thermowell, m
Orifice (throat) diameter at ambient temperature, mm
Module of Elasticity at 70 F, psi-g
Acoustical efficiency factor, dimensionless
Reference value for module of elasticity, Pa-g
Gas expansion factor, ratio of flow coefficient for a gas to that for a liquid at the same Reynolds
number, dimensionless
Environment Factor, dimensionless
Heat Absorption Factor, dimensionless
Coefficient for subcritical flow equation, dimensionless
Valve style modifier, dimensionless
Environmental factor for thermowell calculation, dimensionless
Liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless
Ratio of specific heats factor, 1/K, dimensionless
Liquid pressure recovery factor, dimensionless
Product of the liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve with attached fittings and the piping
geometry factor, dimensionless
Piping geometry factor, dimensionless
Reynolds number factor, dimensionless
Correction factor for steam quality, dimensionless
Peak frequency, Hz
Coincidence or Natural frequency, Hz
Ring frequency, Hz
Wake frequency, Hz
Liquid specific gravity (ratio of density of liquid at flowing temperature to density of water at 15.6
C), dimensionless
4 Sizing Equations
Preface1
Gg
Hc
HS
HS0
HV
K
K1,K2,Kb1,Kb2
KC
KCD
KCV
Kb
Kcc
Kd
Kf
Kn
Kp
Ksh
Kv
Kw
L
La
Lg
Lpi
Ls
M
MN
MN0
Mj
No
Ns
Nsc
P
PC
PV
PVC, PVCC
P2c, P2b, P2ce
Pa
Pb
Pb1
Pb2
Pb3
Pcf
Pover
Ps
Pup
R
RO
ROm
ROp
ROs
Rf
RS0
Re
Remax, Ren
Nomenclature
Gas specific gravity (ratio of density of flowing gas to density of air with both at standard
conditions, which is equal to the ratio of molecular weight of gas to the molecular weight of air),
dimensionless
Mounting factor, dimensionless
Segmental height at flow temperature, mm
Segmental height at ambient temperature, mm
Heat of vaporization, J/kg
Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv dimensionless
Effective velocity head coefficients, dimensionless
Cavitation index, dimensionless
Relative capacity, CV/d2
Valve cavitation index, dimensionless
Capacity correction factor due to back pressure, dimensionless
Combination capacity factor for rupture disk at the relief valve inlet, dimensionless
Effective coefficient of discharge, dimensionless
Constant for thermowell calculation, dimensionless
Correction factor for Napier equation, dimensionless
Correction factor for overpressure, dimensionless
Superheat steam correction factor, dimensionless
Correction factor for viscosity, dimensionless
Correction factor for back pressure, dimensionless
Maximum thermowell length or unsupported length of thermowell, in
A-weighted sound level, dB(A)
Correction for pipe Mach number, dB
Internal sound pressure level, dB
Length of reduced-diameter shank for stepped thermowell, m
Molecular weight, atomic mass units
Mach number in pipe, dimensionless
Mach number in valve outlet, dimensionless
Mach number in the jet, dimensionless
Number of flow passages , dimensionless
Strouhal number
Scruton number
Absolute static pressure, bar
Absolute thermodynamic critical pressure, bar
Absolute vapor pressure of liquid at inlet temperature, bar
Absolute pressure in vena contracts at subsonic and critical flow conditions, Pa
Border pressures for different noise regimes, Pa
Absolute outside pipe pressure, Pa
Total back pressure, psi-g
Constant back pressure, psi-g
Variable back pressure, psi-g
Built-up back pressure, psi-g
Critical flow throat pressure, psi-a
Overpressure, %
Set pressure, psi-g
Upstream relieving pressure, psi-a
Limitation on Wake to Natural frequency ratio, dimensionless
Density at flow conditions (upstream), kg/m3
Density of well material at ambient temperature, kg/m3
Density of pipe material, kg/m3
Density of the thermowell sensor at ambient temperature, kg/m3
Ratio of frequency at fluid temperature to frequency at 70 F, dimensionless
Segmental radius at ambient temperature, mm
Valve (pipe) Reynolds number, dimensionless
Pipe Reynolds number at maximum and normal flow rate, dimensionless
Sizing Equations 5
Nomenclature
Rq
S
Sf
SRF
St
T
T1
T0
Tc
TL
TLfo
TLfr
Tw
t
U
V
W
Wmax, Wn
Wa
Wm, Wms
wall
X
XT
XTP
Z
Zb
p, pe
Lf
TLfp
Subscripts
0
1
2
VC
Radius of upstream profile of Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifice, mm

Maximum allowable working stress, Pa-g
Fatigue endurance limit, Pa-g
Scale reading factor, 10Wn/Wmax
Water in steam, %wt
Flow temperature, K
Gas temperature at relieving conditions, R
Ambient temperature, K
Thermodynamic critical temperature,
Transmission loss, dB
Transmission loss at coincidence frequency, dB
Transmission loss across the pipe wall at the ring frequency, dB
Vessel Wall Temperature, R
Minimum tip thickness of thermowell, m
Velocity, m/s
Velocity, ft/s
Flow rate, kg/h
Maximum and normal flow rate, kg/s
Sound power, W
Stream powers, W
Pipe wall thickness, m
Ratio of pressure drop to absolute inlet pressure (DP/P 1), dimensionless
Pressure drop ratio factor, dimensionless
Value of XT for valve-fitting assembly, dimensionless
Compressibility at operating conditions, dimensionless
Compressibility at base conditions, dimensionless
Linear expansion coefficient of pipe and primary element material, 1/C
Diameter ratio of orifice or throat and inside diameter of line
Correction value for cavitating flow, dB
Correction for ratio of peak frequency and coincidence frequency, dB
Acoustic efficiency factor, dimensionless
Absolute (dynamic) viscosity, Pas
Kinematic viscosity, centistokes
Damping factor, dimensionless
First estimate
Upstream conditions
Downstream conditions
Vena Contracta
6 Sizing Equations
Preface2
Control Valve Sizing
2.1 Liquid, Water

2.1.1
Calculate
FF :
PV
PC
FF 0.96 0.28
2.1.2
Calculate
10 6 / RO
2.1.3
Calculate K C :
P1 P2
P1 PV
KC
2.1.4
Calculate effective velocity head coefficients:
K1 0.5 1 d 2 / D12
K b1 1 d / D1
2.1.5
Ki K1 Kb1
W
27.3
P1 P2 RO
FP :
Calculate
2.1.7
K CV0 2
FP
1
0.00214 d 4
Calculate KCV :
1/ 2
KCV FL FL 166667
.
FL 2.428571 1869048
.
0.3077143
Calculate FLP :
FLP
Calculate
Ki FL 2 CV0 2
FL
1
4
0.00214 d
1/ 2
Re :
Re
2.1.10
Calculate first value of CV:
2.1.6
2.1.9
Kb 2 1 d / D2
K K1 K 2 K b1 K b 2
CV0
2.1.8
K 2 1 d 2 / D2 2
76000 FD W
RO FL CV0
0.5
FL CV0 2
1
0.00214 d 4
0.25
Calculate DPA :
F
DPA LP
FP
P1 FF PV
Sizing Equations 7
2
2.1.11

Calculate FR .
At this stage, the following cases for different Re are possible
2.1.11.1
Case Re 56 - Laminar flow
2.1.11.2
2.1.11.2.1
FR 0.019 Re 0.67
Case 56 Re 40000 - Transitional flow
56 Re 620
Az Re/ 56 1
5
4
FR 6.082774 10 Az 2.212891 10 3 Az 3 2.844539 10 2 Az 2
01708764
.
Az 0.2925969
Az Re/ 620 1
620 Re 2470
3
2
FR 9.121 10 Az 6.684 10 2 Az 0.7614
Az Re/ 2470 1
2.1.11.2.3
2470 Re 10200
3
2
FR 9184
.
10 Az 5.43 10 2 Az 088
.
2.1.11.2.4
10200 Re 20000
FR 0.97
20000 Re 30000
2.1.11.2.5
FR 0.98
30000 Re 40000
2.1.11.2.6
FR 0.99
2.1.11.3 Case Re 40000 - Turbulent flow
FR 1
2.1.12 The condition P1 P2 DPA determines:
2.1.11.2.2
Case A - Cavitation and Flashing

A1
Cavitation case takes place if
flashing case takes place.
A2
Calculate new CV .
A2.1
ISA standard:
CV
A2.2
P2 PV , otherwise
27.3 FLP ( P1 FF PV ) RO
IEC standard:
CV
W
27.3 FR FLP ( P1 FF PV ) RO
Case B ( P1 P2 DPA ) - Usual

B1
ISA standard:
B1.1
FR 1
CV
B1.2
W
27.3 FP
P1 P2 RO
IEC standard:
CV
8 Sizing Equations
P1 P2 RO
FR 1
CV
B2
27.3 FR
W
27.3 FR FP
P1 P2 RO
Preface2
2.1.13
Calculate the relative change in the CV:
CV
2.1.14
2.1.15
2.1.16
CV0 CV
CV0
; CV0 CV
Paragraphs 2.1.6 - 2.1.13 are repeated until the relative change in the CV is less than 0.001.
Define Incipient case. The Incipient case takes place if
P1 P2 DPA and KC KCV
Calculate outlet pipe velocity:
*W [kg/s], D2 [m]
U2
W
31416
.
(D2 / 2 ) 2 RO
2.2 Gas, Steam

2.2.1
Calculate XT :
X T 0.84 FL2
2.2.2
Calculate effective velocity head coefficients:
K1 0.5 1 d 2 / D12
Kb1 1 d / D1
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
K 2 1 d 2 / D2 2
Kb 2 1 d / D2
Ki K1 Kb1
K K1 K 2 K b1 K b 2
Calculate FK :
FK K / 14
.
Calculate X :
X P1 P2 / P1
Calculate first value of CV:
*d [in]
CV0 KCD d 2
2.2.6
Calculate FP:
K CV0 2
FP
1
0.00214 d 4
1/ 2
2.2.7
Calculate XTP:
2.2.8
X T X T Ki CV0
X TP 2
1
FP 0.00241 d 4
The condition X FK X TP determines:
Case A - Critical flow

A1
Eps 0.667 .
A2
Calculate new
CV
CV :
W
27.3 FP Eps Fk X TP P1 RO
Sizing Equations 9

Case B ( X FK X TP ) - Usual
X
.
3 FK X TP
Calculate new CV :
Eps 1
B1
B2
CV
2.2.9
W
27.3 FP Eps X P1 RO
Calculate the relative change in CV:
CV
CV0 CV
; CV0 CV
CV0
2.2.10
Paragraphs 2.2.6 - 2.2.9 are repeated until the relative change in CV

is less than 0.001.
2.2.11 Calculate outlet pipe velocity:
*W [kg/s], D2 [m]
RO2 RO
U2
2.2.12
P2
P1
W
31416
.
( D2 / 2) 2 RO2
Calculate outlet Max number:
Cs2 8314 K T / M
MN U 2 / Cs2
10 Sizing Equations
Preface3 Noise Calculation
3 Noise Calculation
3.1 Hydrodynamic Noise: Masoneilan Standard
3.1.1
Calculate dPi , dPC :
dPi KCV ( P1 PV )
dPC FL ( P1 PV )
2
3.1.2
Calculate hydrodynamic noise.

3.1.2.1 Case DP dPi - Flow Noise:
La 10 log CV 20 log DP 30 log( wall ) 705

.
3.1.2.2 Case dPi DP dPC - Incipient Cavitation Noise:
La 10 log CV 20 log DP 30 log(wall )
DP
P P KCV
log 14.5 P2 0.07 PV 70.5
5 1 2 V
FL KCV
3.1.2.3 Case DP dPC and P2 PV - Cavitation Noise:

La 10 log CV 20 log DP 30 log( wall )
DP
P P K CV
log 14.5 P2 0.07 PV +
5 1 2 V
FL K CV
70.7 - [5 log(DP + 0.07 - dPC ) + 6]

3.1.2.4 Case P2 PV - Flashing Noise:
There is no method to predict Noise for flashing case.
3.2 Hydrodynamic Noise: IEC Standard

3.2.1
*D2 [m], P1 [Pa-a], P2 [Pa-a], Pv [Pa-a], Pc [Pa-a], W[kg/s]

Calculate the downstream speed of sound:
Cs2
3.2.2
8314 K T1
M
Calculate Characteristic pressure ratio
X fz 0.84 FL
3.2.3
Calculate Differential pressure ratio
Xf
P1 P2
P1 Pv
Sizing Equations 11
3 Noise Calculation
3.2.4
Calculate Ring frequency
F fz
3.2.5
Cp
31416
.
Dd 2
Calculate Internal sound power level

3.2.5.1 Case Xf < Xfz - Non-cavitating flow
Lwi 120 10 log( E f ) 10 log(W ) 10 log( P1 P2) 10 log( RO)
3.2.5.2 Case Xf => Xfz - Cavitating flow

3.2.5.2.1 Calculate Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
Ff 0.96 0.28 ( Pv / Pc )
3.2.5.2.2 Calculate Differential pressure
3.2.5.2.2.1
Case
3.2.5.2.2.2
Case
P1 P2 FL P1 FF Pv
DP P1 P2
2
P1 P2 FL P1 FF Pv
2
DP FL P1 FF Pv
2
3.2.5.2.3 Calculate Lwi.
Lwi 120 10 log( E f ) 10 log(W ) 10 log( P1 P2 ) 10 log( RO)

L f 180
X fz
0.0625
Xf
X fz
12 Sizing Equations
1 X f
0.8
log
1 X fz
1 X f

3.2.6
Calculate Un-weighted external sound power levels
TL1 10 10 log
Lwe1
TL 2
TL 3
TL 4
TL5
3.2.7
C p RO p wall
Cs 2 RO Dd 2
1.5
F
500
fr

20 log
500 F fr
Lwi1 Lwi 2.9

15
.
12
Lwi1 17.37
10 0.1TL1 TL1 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2
1.5
F
1000
fr

10 10 log
20 log
Cs 2 RO Dd 2
1000 F fr
Lwi 2 Lwi 10 log2 2.9

15
.
12
Lwe 2 Lwi 2 17.37
10 0.1TL 2 TL 2 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2
C p RO p wall
1.5
F
2000
fr

10 10 log
20 log
Cs 2 RO Dd 2
2000 F fr

15
.
12
Lwe 3 Lwi 3 17.37
10 0.1TL 3 TL 3 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2
C p RO p wall
1.5
F
4000
fr

10 10 log
20 log
Cs 2 RO Dd 2
4000 F fr

15
.
12
Lwe 4 Lwi 4 17.37
10 0.1TL 4 TL 4 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2
C p RO p wall
1.5
F
8000
fr

10 10 log
20 log
Cs 2 RO Dd 2
8000 F fr

15
.
12
Lwe5 Lwi 5 17.37
10 0.1TL 5 TL5 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2
C p RO p wall
Calculate External A-weighted sound power level
Lwae 10 log 10 0.1( Lwe1 3.2 ) 10 0.1( Lwe 2 0.0) 10 0.1( Lwe 3 1.2 ) 10 0.1( Lwe 4 1.0) 10 0.1( Lwe 5 1.1)
3.2.8
Calculate External A-weighted sound pressure level
La Lwae 10 log 31416

.
3 2 1
Dd 2
Sizing Equations 13
3 Noise Calculation
3.3 Aerodynamic Noise: ISA Standard

*D2 [m], P1 [Pa-a], P2 [Pa-a], W[kg/s]
*FL=FLP/Fp
3.3.1
Calculate the downstream parameters:
RO2 RO P2 / P1
8314 K T1
M
W
U2
2
3.1416 RO2 D2 / 2
Cs 2
MN 2 U 2 / C s 2
3.3.2
Calculate the following pressures:

Pvc = P1 - (P1-P2)/FL2
K
PVCC
2 K 1
P1
K 1
P2c = P1 - FL2(P1-Pvcc)
= Pvcc/P2c
K
P 1 K 1
P2b 1
K
P2ce = P1/(22)
3.3.3
Calculate Fd, Dj, Mj:
Fd N o1/2
D j 0.0046 Fd CV FL
K 1
P
2
1
M j
1
K 1 P2

14 Sizing Equations
1/2

3.3.4
Now 5 regimes are possible:

3.3.4.1 Regime I - P1 P2 P2 c
P
TVC T1 VC
P1
C sVC
U VC
K 1
8314 K TVC
0.5
K 1

2 K PVC K P1

RO
K 1 P1
W U VC
Wm
2
U
MN VC
C sVC
1/ 2
0.0001 MN 3.6
Wa Wm FL
f P 0.2 U VC / D j
2
3.3.4.2 Common calculations for II-V Regimes:
TVCC
2T1
K 1
8314 KTVCC
C sVCC
0.5
K 1

2 K PVCC K P1
U VCC
1
RO
K 1 P1
2
W U VCC
Wms
2
1/ 2
3.3.4.3 Regime II - P2 c P2 Pvcc :
0.0001 M 6j .6 F
P P2
Wa Wms 1
.
P1 PVCC
fP
0.2 M j C sVCC
Dj
Sizing Equations 15
3 Noise Calculation
3.3.4.4 Regime III - Pvcc P2 P2 b :
0.0001 M 6j .6 F
Wa Wms
0.2 M j C sVCC
fP
Dj
3.3.4.5 Regime IV - P2b P2 P2 ce :
0.0001
Mj
6.6 FL 2
Wa Wms
0.35C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1
3.3.4.6 Regime V - P2 ce P2 0 :
2 K 1

K
M j
22

K 1
0.0001
Mj
1/ 2
6.6 FL 2
2
Wa Wms
0.35C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1
3.3.5
Calculate Lpi: :
L pi 10 log 8 10 8 Wa RO2 Cs2 / D2

3.3.6
Calculate TLfo :
11
. 10 7 D23
Pa
TLfo 10 log
2
1 D2 / 2 wall ( P2 101325)
3.3.7
3.3.8
3.3.9
Calculate fo :
fo = 5000/(12.5664D2)
Three cases are possible when calculating TLfp:
3.3.8.1 fpfo
TLfp = 20log(fo/fp)
3.3.8.2 fo<fp4fo
TLfp = 13log(fp/fo)
3.3.8.3 fp>4fo
TLfp = 20log(fp/4fo) + 7.8

Calculate transmission loss:
TL = TLfo - TLfp
16 Sizing Equations

3.3.10
Calculate Lg :
L g 16 log
5
1.3 10 P1 CV FL
1
D2 2 P2
3.3.11
Calculate sound level

La = 5 + Lpi +TL +Lg
3.4 Aerodynamic Noise: IEC Standard

3.4.1
*D2 [m], d [m], P1 [Pa-a], P2 [Pa-a], W[kg/s]

*FL=FLP/Fp
Calculate the downstream parameters:
RO2 RO P2 / P1
8314 K T1
M
4 W
MN 2
2
3.1416 C s 2 RO2 D2
Cs 2
MN 0
3.4.2
4 W
3.1416 C s 2 RO2 d 2
Calculate the following pressures:

Pvc = P1 - (P1-P2)/FL2
K
PVCC
2 K 1
P1
K 1
P2c = P1 - FL2(P1-Pvcc)
= Pvcc/P2c
K
P 1 K 1
P2b 1
K
P2ce = P1/(22)
3.4.3
Calculate Fd, Dj, Mj:
Fd N o1/2
D j 0.0046 Fd CV FL
K 1
2 P1 K
M j
1
K 1 P2

1/2
Sizing Equations 17
3 Noise Calculation
3.4.4
Now 5 regimes are possible:
3.4.4.1 Regime I - P1 P2 P2 c
P
TVC T1 VC
P1
8314 K TVC
C sVC
U VC
K 1
0.5
K 1

2 K PVC K P1

RO
K 1 P1
W U VC
Wm
2
U
MN VC
C sVC
0.0001 MN 3.6
Wa Wm FL
f P 0.2 U VC / D j
2
3.4.4.2 Common calculations for II-V Regimes:
TVCC
2 T1
K 1
8314 K TVCC
C sVCC
M
2
W C sVCC
Wms
2
3.4.4.3 Regime II - P2 c P2 Pvcc :
0.0001 M j6.6F
P P2
Wa Wms 1
.
P1 PVCC
fP
0.2 M j C sVCC
Dj
3.4.4.4 Regime III - Pvcc P2 P2 b :
0.0001 M 6j .6 F
Wa Wms
0.2 M j C sVCC
fP
Dj
18 Sizing Equations
0.5
1/ 2

3.4.4.5 Regime IV - P2b P2 P2 ce :
0.0001
Mj
6. 6 FL 2
2
Wa Wms
0.35 C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1
3.4.4.6 Regime V - P2 ce P2 0 :
2 K 1

M j
22 K 1

K 1
0.0001
Mj
1/ 2
6.6 FL 2
Wa Wms
0.35 C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1
3.4.5
Calculate Lpi: :
L pi 10 log 8 10 8 Wa RO2 Cs2 / D2

3.4.6
Calculate TLfr:
2
2
3 10 13 Cs 2 D2
Pa
TLfr 10 log
2
1 Cs 2 RO2 / 415 wall 101325
3.4.7
3.4.8
3.4.9
3.4.10
Calculate fr and fo :
fr = 5000/(3.1416D2)
fo = fr Cs2/1372
Three cases are possible when calculating TLfp:
3.4.8.1 fp<fo
TLfp = 20log(fo/fp) + 13log(fo/fr)

3.4.8.2 fofpfr
TLfp = 13log(fp/fr)
3.4.8.3 fp>fr
TLfp = 20log(fp/fr)
Calculate transmission loss:
TL = TLfr - TLfp
Calculate Lg :
1
Lg 16 log
1 M 2
3.4.11
3.4.12
Calculate sound level at the outside diameter of the pipe

La0 = 5 + Lpi +TL +Lg
Calculate sound level at a distance of 1 m from the pipe wall
La La 0 10 log
D2 2
D2
Sizing Equations 19
4 Flow Meter Sizing
4 Flow Meter Sizing

4.1 Calculation of Beta Ratio
4.1.1
4.1.2
Calculate Internal pipe diameter at flow temperature:
D D0 1 p T T0
Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water,

and Gas, Fs=1):
Fs 1 0.0074 S t
4.1.3
Calculate Scale reading factor:
4.1.4
Calculate Differential pressure at normal flow rate:
SRF 10 Wn / Wmax
DPn DP SRF / 10
4.1.5
Calculate Pipe Reynolds number at normal flow rate:
4.1.6
12732
.
10 3 Wn
Re n
D
Calculate first estimate for - ratio.
4.1.6.1 For Venturi tubes:
Wn2
0
7
4
2
. 10 D DPn RO Wn
123
0.25
4.1.6.2 For other Flow meters:

0.25
4.1.7
Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn RO Wn
Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquid and Water, Eps 1 ).
4.1.7.1 For square edge orifice with 2D & 8D pipe taps:
Eps 1 0.333 1145

.
0 0.7 0 12 0
2
13
DP
P1 K 1
4.1.7.2 For Lo-Loss tube, Venturi tubes and Nozzles:

2
K Q K
Eps
K 1
where
4
1 0
2

4
1 0 Q K
K 1
1 Q K
1 Q
0.5
P1 DPn
P1
4.1.7.3 For Eccentric orifices:
Eps 1 01926
.
0574
.
0 0.9675 0 4.24 0 3.62 0
2
( DP
/ P1 ) K 1
4.1.7.4 For square-edge orifices specified in ISO 5167 2003 (flange tappings, corner tappings, and
radius tappings):
Eps 1 0.351 0.256 0 0.93 0 (1 ( P2 / P1 )1 / K )

4
Eps 1 0.41 0.35 0
20 Sizing Equations
( DP
/ P1 ) K 1
Preface4 Flow Meter Sizing

4.1.8
Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.
4.1.9
Calculate new
- ratio:
2847.05 W 1 4
n
0
2
D Eps Fs C DPn RO
4.1.10
Calculate the relative change in

4.1.11
4.1.12
0
0
0. 5
- ratio:
;0
Paragraphs 4.1.7 - 4.1.10 are repeated until the relative change in

the - ratio is less than 0.0001.
Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature.
4.1.12.1 For all Flow Meters except Segmental orifices:
d D
4.1.12.2
4.1.12.2.1
4.1.12.2.2
Segmental orifices.
Calculate Segmental radius:
RS 0 0.49 D0
Calculate Segmental height at flow temperature

using the equation:
arccos 1 2 HS 2 1 2 HS HS HS
D
D D D
0.5
For further calculation of Segmental orifices, HS and HS0 are analogous to d and d0 respectively.
4.1.13
Calculate Orifice diameter at ambient temperature.

4.1.13.1
For Lo-Loss tube, Nozzles, and Venturi tubes:
d0
4.1.13.2
1 pe
For other orifices:
d0 d
4.1.14
d
T T0
1 0.55 Dbh d
1 pe T T0
For Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifice, calculate Radius of upstream profile:
0.07571 0.06253
Rq d
0.68286
Sizing Equations 21
4 Flow Meter Sizing
4.2 Calculation of Flow rate

4.2.1
4.2.2
D D0 1 p T T0
Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water,

and Gas, Fs=1):
Fs 1 0.0074 S t
4.2.3

4.2.3.1 For Lo-Loss tube, Nozzles, and Venturi tubes:
d d 0 1 pe T T0
4.2.3.2 For other orifices:
d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0
2
Calculate - ratio.
4.2.4
d
D
4.2.4.2 Segmental orifices.

4.2.4.2.1 Calculate Segmental radius:
RS 0 0.49 D0
4.2.4.2.2 Calculate - ratio:
4.2.5
arccos 1 2 HS 2 1 2 HS HS HS
D
D D D
0.5
Note: HS is calculated with the help of HS0 in accordance with paragraph 4.2.3.2.
Eps 1 0.333 1145

. 2 0.7 5 12 13 DP P1 K 1
2
K
K
Eps
K 1
where Q
1 4
2

4
1 Q K
K 1
K
1
1 Q
0.5
P1 DP
P1
Eps 1 01926
.
0.574 0.9675 2 4.24 3 3.62 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1
radius tappings):
Eps 1 0.351 0.256 4 0.93 8 (1 ( P2 / P1 )1 / K )
22 Sizing Equations

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1

4.2.6
Calculate first estimate for Flow rate:

*W0 [kg/s]
DP RO
1 4
W0 2.107 10 4 Eps d 2
4.2.7
Calculate Pipe Reynolds number:

*W0 [kg/s]
Re
4.2.8
4.2.9
12732
.
10 3 W0
D

Calculate new Flow rate:
*W [kg/s]
W 35124
.
10 4 C Fs Eps d 2
DP RO
1 4
4.2.10 For Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifices, Lo-loss tube, Venturi tubes, and Segmental orifices, go to
the paragraph 4.2.13.
4.2.11
Calculate the relative change in Flow rate:
W
4.2.12
4.2.13
W 0 W
W0
;W 0 W
Paragraphs 4.2.7 - 4.2.11 are repeated until the relative change in

the flow rate is less than 0.0001.
0.07571 0.06253
Rq d
0.68286
4.3 Calculation of Differential range

4.3.1
4.3.2
D D0 1 p T T0
Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water, and
Gas, Fs=1):
Fs 1 0.0074 S t
4.3.3

4.3.3.1 For Lo-Loss tube, Nozzles, and Venturi tubes:
d d 0 1 pe T T0
4.3.3.2 For other orifices:
d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0
2
Sizing Equations 23
4 Flow Meter Sizing

4.3.4
Calculate Pipe Reynolds number:

*W [kg/s]
Re
4.3.5
12732
.
10 3 W
Calculate - ratio.
d
D
4.3.5.2 Segmental orifices.

4.3.5.2.1 Calculate Segmental radius:
RS 0 0.49 D0
4.3.5.2.2 Calculate - ratio:
arccos 1 2 HS 2 1 2 HS
D
D
HS HS 2
D D
0.5
Note: HS is calculated with the help of HS0 in accordance with paragraph 4.3.3.2.
4.3.6
4.3.7
First estimate for Differential range:
DP0 P1
4.3.8

Eps 1 0.333 1145

. 2 0.7 5 12 13 DP P1 K 1
2
K Q K
Eps
K 1
where Q
1 4
2

4
1 Q K
K 1
1 Q K
1 Q
0.5
P1 DP
P1
Eps 1 01926
.
0.574 0.9675 2 4.24 3 3.62 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1
radius tappings):
Eps 1 0.351 0.256 4 0.93 8 (1 ( P2 / P1 )1 / K )

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1

4.3.9
Calculate new Differential range:

*W [kg/s]
2
W 1 4
RO 1
DP
2
4
3.5124 10 C Eps D Fs
24 Sizing Equations

4.3.10
4.3.11
For Liquid and Water, go to paragraph 4.3.13.

Calculate the relative change in Differential range:
DP
4.3.12
4.3.13
DP 0 DP
DP 0
; DP 0 DP
Paragraphs 4.3.8 - 4.3.11 are repeated until the relative change in the differential range is less
than 0.0001.
0.07571 0.06253
Rq d
0.68286
Sizing Equations 25
5 Restriction Device Sizing

5.1 Calculation of Beta Ratio
5.1.1
5.1.2
Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water, and Steam, Fs=1):
5.1.3
Calculate Scale reading factor:
5.1.4
Calculate Differential pressure at normal flow rate:
D D0 1 p T T0
Fs 1 0.0074 S t
SRF 10 Wn / Wmax
DPn DPloss SRF / 10
5.1.5
Calculate Pipe Reynolds number at normal flow rate:
Re n
5.1.6
1.2732 103 Wn
D
Checking for Critical flow.

5.1.6.1 Liquid / Water case
P1 DPloss
If
Pv
then the flow is critical.

5.1.6.2 Gas/Steam case
5.1.6.2.1 Calculate first estimate for
For Venturi tubes:
- ratio.
Wn2
0
7
4
2
. 10 D DPn RO Wn
123
0.25
For other Restriction Devices:
Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn RO Wn
26 Sizing Equations
0.25
Preface5 Restriction Device Sizing

5.1.6.2.2 Calculate Critical Pressure Ratio and define whether the flow is critical.
Fttp
k 1 / k 1
k 2
4
1
0
2 k 1
DPrat
P1 DPloss
Fttp P1
k / k 1
2
A
k 1
A DPrat
If
5.1.7
then the flow is critical. If not, the flow is Sub-Critical.

Calculate - ratio.
Case A. Liquid / Water Critical flow
A1
Calculate DP.
DP P1 Pv
A2
Calculate first estimate for

For Venturi tubes:
- ratio
Wn2
0
7
4
2
. 10 D DPn RO Wn
123
0.25
Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn RO Wn
A3
A4
A5
A6
0.25
Eps = 1.
Calculate new - ratio:
2847.05 W 1 4
n
0
2
D Eps Fs C DPn RO
Calculate the relative change in - ratio:

0

; 0
0. 5
A7
Paragraphs A4 A6 are repeated until the relative change in the - ratio is less than 0.0001.
Case B. Gas / Steam Critical flow
B1
Calculate Gas expansion factor
k
Eps
Z
B2
k 1
k 1 / k 1
1/ 2
Sizing Equations 27

B3
- ratio (Wn[lb/h], T[R], P1[psi-a], D[in]):

Wn T
aa
2195.591 C ( M / 28.9625) P1 D 4 Eps
k 2
am aa
2 k 1
k 1 / k 1
cm aa D 4
d2
1 1 4 am cm
2 am
d2
B4
Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature:
B5
Calculate Bore Reynolds number at normal flow rate:
d D
Re n
1.2732 10 3 Wn
d
B6
B7
Calculate new - ratio in accordance with equations in paragraph B3.
Case C. Sub-Critical flow
C1
First estimate for DPn:
DPn0 DPloss
C2

For Venturi tubes:
- ratio
Wn2
0
7
4
2
1.23 10 D DPn0 RO Wn
0.25
Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn0 RO Wn
C3
0.25
Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquids/Water, Eps = 1)

For Venturi tubes and Nozzles:
2
K Q K
Eps
K 1
where
For Orifice Plates:
4
1 0
2

4
1 0 Q K
K 1
1 Q K
1 Q
( DP
28 Sizing Equations
0.5
P1 DPn
P1
Eps 1 0.41 0.35 0

C4
/ P1 ) K 1

C5
Calculate new
- ratio:
2847.05 W 1 4
n
0
2
D Eps Fs C DPn RO
C6
0. 5
Calculate new DP
For Classical Venturi Tube:
DP
DPloss
0.218 0.42 0.38 2
DP
DPloss
1 0.014 2.06 2 1.18 3
For Nozzles:
For Orifice Plates:
DP
C7
DPloss 1 4 C 2
4 0.5
C 2
Calculate new DPn:
W
DPn DP n
Wmax
C8
0.5
Calculate the relative change in DPn:
DPn
DPn0 DPn
; DPn0 DPn ; 0
DPn0
Paragraphs C3 C8 are repeated until the relative change in the DPn is less
than 0.0001
Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature:
C9
5.1.8
5.1.9
d D
Calculate Orifice diameter at ambient temperature.

d0
1 pe
For Orifice Plates:
d0 d
d
T T0
1 0.55 Dbh d
1 pe T T0
Sizing Equations 29
5.2 Calculation of Flow Rate

5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3

D D0 1 p T T0
Fs 1 0.0074 S t
d d 0 1 pe T T0
For Orifice Plates:
d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0
5.2.4
Calculate - ratio:
5.2.5
d
D
Checking for Critical flow and some initial calculations.

5.2.5.1 Liquid / Water case
5.2.5.1.1 Calculate downstream pressure:
P2 P1 DPloss
5.2.5.1.2 Identify Critical flow:
P2 Pv
If
then the flow is critical. If not, the flow is Sub-Critical
5.2.5.1.3 Calculate Differential Pressure to be used in Flow Rate calculation.
For Critical flow:
DP P1 Pv
For Sub-Critical flow:
Classical Venturi Tube:
DPloss
0.218 0.42 0.38 2
DPloss
DP
1 0.014 2.06 2 1.18 3
DP
Nozzles:
Orifice Plates:
DP
DPloss 1 4 C 2
0.5
4 0.5
C 2
5.2.5.1.4 Calculate first estimate for Flow Rate (W0 [kg/s]):
W0 2.107 10 4 d 2
30 Sizing Equations
DP RO
1 4

5.2.5.2 Gas/Steam case
5.2.5.2.1 Calculate Critical Pressure Ratio and define whether the flow is critical.
Fttp
DPrat
k 1 / k 1
k 2
1
4
2 k 1
P1 DPloss
Fttp P1
k / k 1
2
A
k 1
A DPrat
If
then the flow is critical. If not, the flow is Sub-Critical

5.2.5.2.2 Initial calculations for Critical flow.
Gas expansion factor:
k 2 k 1 / k 1
Eps
Z k 1
1/ 2
First estimate for Flow Rate (W0 [lb/h], T[R], D[in], P1[psi-a]):
W0 2195.591 d
28.9625 T
0.5
P1 Eps Fttp
5.2.5.2.3 Initial calculations for Sub-Critical flow.

Differential Pressure to be used in Flow Rate calculation:
For Classical Venturi Tube:
DP
DPloss
0.218 0.42 0.38 2
For Nozzles:
DP
DPloss
1 0.014 2.06 2 1.18 3
For Orifice Plates:
DP
DPloss 1 4
4 0.5
0.5
C 2
C 2
Gas expansion factor:

2
K Q K
Eps
K 1
where Q
1 4
4
1 Q K
P1 DP
P1
1 Q KK1
1 Q
0.5
Sizing Equations 31

For Orifice Plates:
Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1
First estimate for Flow Rate (W0 [kg/s]):
W0 2.107 10 4 d 2
5.2.6
DP RO
1 4
Calculate Reynolds number.

For Gas / Steam Critical flow (Bore Reynolds number):
Re
1.2732 103 W0
d
For Liquid / Water and Gas / Steam Sub-Critical flow (Pipe Reynolds number):
1.2732 10 3 W0
Re
D
5.2.7
5.2.8

For Orifices in the case of Gas / Steam Sub-Critical flow, calculate DP and Gas Expansion factor:
DP
DPloss 1 4 C 2
0.5
4 0.5
C 2
Eps 1 0.41 0.35 ( DP / P1 ) K 1

4
5.2.9
Calculate new Flow rate:

For Gas / Steam at Critical flow:
W 2195.591 C d 2
28.9625 T
0.5
P1 Eps Fttp
For other cases (W [kg/s]):
W 35124
.
10 4 C Fs Eps d 2
DP RO
1 4
5.2.10 Calculate the relative change in Flow rate:
W 0 W
W0
;W 0 W
5.2.11 Paragraphs 5.2.6 5.2.10 are repeated until the relative change in the Flow rate is less
than 0.0001.
32 Sizing Equations
5.3 Calculation of Pressure Loss

5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3

D D0 1 p T T0
Fs 1 0.0074 S t
d d 0 1 pe T T0
For Orifice plates:
d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0
5.3.4
Calculate Pipe Reynolds number (W [kg/s]):
Re
5.3.5
12732
.
10 3 W
Calculate - ratio.
5.3.6
5.3.7
d
D

Calculate Critical flow rate.
For Liquid / Water:
DP P1 Pv
Wcr 3.5124 10 4 C Fs Eps d 2
DP RO
1 4
For Gas / Steam
k 2 k 1 / k 1
Eps
Z k 1
1/ 2
Wcr 2195.591 C d
28.9625 T
2
5.3.8
0.5
P1 Eps Fttp
Checking for Critical flow and Pressure Loss calculation.

Case A. Critical flow: W>0.999*Wcr and W<1.001*Wcr.
For this case, Pressure Loss:
DPloss P1 Pv
Case B. Wrong data: W=>1.001*Wcr.
Flow rate cannot be achieved. User has to check his data.
Case C. Sub-Critical flow: W<=0.999*Wcr
C1
First estimate for Differential range:
DP0 P1 Pv
C2
C3

Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquid and Water,
Eps 1 ).
Sizing Equations 33

2
K Q K
Eps
K 1
where Q
1 4
2

4
1 Q K
P1 DP0
P1
K 1
1 Q K
1 Q
0.5
For Orifice Plates:
Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP0 / P1 ) K 1
C4
Calculate new Differential range (W [kg/s]):

2
W 1 4
RO 1
DP
2
4
3.5124 10 C Eps D Fs
C5
Calculate the relative change in Differential range:
DP
C6
C7
DP 0 DP
DP 0
; DP 0 DP
Paragraphs C3 C5 are repeated until the relative change in the DP is less

than 0.0001.
Calculate Pressure Loss
DPloss
34 Sizing Equations
DP 1 4 C 2
0.5
4 0.5
C2
Preface6 Relief Valve Sizing
6 Relief Valve Sizing

6.1 Blocked Flow: Liquid Relief
6.1.1
Requiring ASME capacity certification

6.1.1.1 Calculate Total back pressure:
Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3
6.1.1.2 Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.65 (if K d is not entered by user).
6.1.1.3 Determine Correction factor for back pressure.
6.1.1.3.1 For Conventional and Pilot operated valves,
Kw 1 .
6.1.1.3.2 For Bellows valve:
Case Pb / Ps 016
. :
Kw 1
Case 016
. Pb / Ps 0.5 :
Case Pb / Ps 0.5 :
6.1.1.4 Calculate Upstream relieving pressure:
*Pup [psi-g]
Kw 1152
.
0.95 Pb / Ps
Kw 0.677
Pup 1 0.01 Pover Ps
6.1.1.5 Estimate Required effective discharge area:

*W [US gal/min], Pup [psi-g]
A0
38 K d KW
Gf
pup pb
6.1.1.6 Calculate Reynolds number:

*W [US gal/min], [cP]
Re
2800 W G f
A0
6.1.1.7 Calculate Correction factor for viscosity:
Y ln Re / ln10
Case Re 35 :
Case 35 Re 100 :
Kv 0.3
Kv 0.62838 Y 0.6611
Case:
Case Re 50000 :
6.1.1.8 Calculate Required effective discharge area.
6.1.1.8.1 With Rupture disk:
A A0 / Kv K cc
6.1.1.8.2 Without Rupture disk:
A A0 / Kv
6.1.2
Not requiring ASME capacity certification

6.1.2.1 Calculate Total back pressure:
Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3
Sizing Equations 35

6.1.2.2 Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.62 (if K d is not
entered by user).
6.1.2.3 Determine Correction factor for back pressure.
6.1.2.3.1 For Conventional and Pilot operated valves,
Kw 1 .
6.1.2.3.2 For Bellows valve:
Case Pb / Ps 016
. :
Kw 1
Case 016
. Pb / Ps 0.5 :
Case Pb / Ps 0.5 :
6.1.2.4 Calculate correction factor for overpressure:
Kw 1152
.
0.95 Pb / Ps
Kw 0.677
Y Pover / 10
Case
K p 0.2 Y 2 0.8 Y
Y 1:
1 Y 2.5 :
Case 2.5 Y 5 :
Case Y 5 :
Case
K p 0.037641 Y 3 0.30196 Y 2 0.95464 Y 0.08544

K p 0.034664 Y 0.91334
K p 1086
.
6.1.2.5 Estimate Required effective discharge area:

*W [US gal/min]
A0
Gf
W
38 Kd KW K p 125
. ps pb
6.1.2.6 Calculate Reynolds number:

*W [US gal/min], [cP]
Re
2800 W G f
A0
6.1.2.7 Calculate Correction factor for viscosity:
Y ln Re / ln10
Case Re 35 :
Kv 0.3
Case 35 Re 100 :
Kv 0.62838 Y 0.6611
Case 100 Re 50000 :
Kv 0.023362 Y 4 0.35578 Y 3 2.037 Y 2 5.2507 Y 4.2228
Case Re 50000 :
Kv 1.
6.1.2.8 Calculate Required effective discharge area.
6.1.2.8.1 With Rupture disk:
A A0 / Kv Kcc
6.1.2.8.2 Without Rupture disk:
A A0 / Kv
6.2 Blocked Flow: Gas Relief

6.2.1
Calculate Upstream relieving pressure:

*Pa [psi-a]
Pup 1 0.01 Pover Ps Pa
36 Sizing Equations

6.2.2
Calculate Total back pressure:
Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3
6.2.3
Calculate Critical flow throat pressure:
2
Pcf Pup
K 1
K / K 1
6.2.4
Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.975 .
6.2.5
The condition
Pb Pcf (Pb [psi-a] ) determines:
Case A - Critical flow.

A1
Calculate Coefficient for critical flow equation:
Case K 101
. :
Cr 317
K 1
Case 101
. K 2:
2 K 1
Cr 520 K
K 1
Cr 400
Case K 2 :
A2
Calculate Capacity correction factor due to back
pressure (if Kb is not entered by user).
A2.1
For Conventional and Pilot operated valves, Kb 1 .
A2.2
For Bellows valve:
A2.2.1 Y Pb / Ps
Y 0.315 :
Case Y 0.315 :
A2.2.3 Case Y 0.325 :
Case Y 0.325 :
A2.2.4 Case Pover 20 :
Case 10 Pover 20 :
Case Pover 10 :
A2.2.2 Case
A3
Estimate Required effective discharge area:

*W [lb/h], T [R]
A0
Case B ( Pb
B1
Kb10 153
. 168
. Y
Kb10 1.
Kb20 114
. 0.43 Y
Kb20 1.
Kb Kb 20
Kb Kb10 01
. Pover 10 Kb20 Kb10
Kb Kb10
W
TZ
Cr K d Pup Kb
M
Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Bellows valve.

Calculate Cr:
. :
Case K 101
Cr 317
K 1
Case 101
. K 2:
B2
2 K 1
Cr 520 K
K 1
Cr 400
Case K 2 :
If Capacity correction factor due to back pressure is
not entered by user, Kb 1 .
Sizing Equations 37

B3

*W [lb/h], T [R]
A0
Case C ( Pb
Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Conventional and Pilot operated valves.
C1
Calculate Coefficient for subcritical flow equation:

*Pb [psi-a]
C1.1
R Pb / Pup
C1.2
K 2/ K
F2
R
K 1
C2
1 R K 1 / K
1 R

*W [lb/h], Pb [psi-a], T [R]
A0
6.2.6
W
TZ
Cr K d Pup Kb
M
735 F2 K d
TZ
M Pup Pup Pb
For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge area:
A A0 / K cc
6.3 Blocked Flow: Steam Relief

6.3.1

*Pa [psi-a]
6.3.2
6.3.3
Calculate Correction factor for Napier equation:

Case Pup 1515 :
Kn 1
Case
1515 Pup 3215 :
K n 01916
.
Pup 1000 / 0.2292 Pup 1061
Case
Pup 3215 :
Kn 1
Calculate Superheat steam correction factor:
Y1 T 27316
. 18
. 32 / 1000
6.3.3.2 Y 2 Pup / 1000
6.3.3.1
6.3.3.3
K sh 0.201 Y12 Y 2 2 0168

.
Y12 Y 2 0.291 Y12 0.389 Y1 Y 2 2 0.256 Y1 Y 2
6.3.4
6.3.5
0.838 Y1 0164
.
Y 2 2 0.025Y 2 1276
.
*W [lb/h]
A0
6.3.6
W
515
. Pup Kd K n K sh
For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge area:
A A0 / K cc
38 Sizing Equations
6.4 Fire Case: Gas Expansion

6.4.1

*Pa [psi-a]
6.4.2

Case K 101
. :
Cr 317
K 1
2 K 1
Cr 520 K
K 1
Cr 400
Case 101
. K 2:
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
Case K 2 :
If Heat absorption factor is entered, go to paragraph 6.4.8.
If Normal pressure is not entered or Normal temperature is not entered, a message appears: Please enter
Heat absorption factor or Normal pressure and Normal temperature.
Calculate Gas temperature at relieving conditions:
*Pa [psi-a], T [R]
T1 T
Pup
P
6.4.6
If Vessel Wall temperature is not entered, the following message appears:

Please enter Heat absorption factor or Vessel wall temperature.
6.4.7
Calculate Heat absorption factor:

T [R]
F1 01406
.
6.4.8
Tw T11.25
Cr K d T10.6506

*W [lb/h], T [R]
A0
F1 A1
Pup
6.4.9
If Normal pressure is not entered or Normal temperature is not entered

or Molecular Mass is not entered or Vessel wall temperature is not
entered, a message appears: Maximum discharge cannot be calculated
because Normal pressure or Normal temperature or Molecular Mass or
Vessel wall temperature is not entered. Then go to paragraph 6.4.11.
6.4.10
Calculate Maximum discharge:

*Pa [psi-a], W[lb/h]
W 01406
.
A1
6.4.11
M P
up
Tw T11.25
T11.1506
For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge

area:
A A0 / K cc
Sizing Equations 39
6.5 Fire Case: Liquid Filled Vessel

6.5.1
Calculate Maximum discharge:

*HV [Btu/lb], W[lb/h]
W 21000
6.5.2
F A1
0.82
HV

*Pa [psi-a]
6.5.3
Calculate Total back pressure:
Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3
6.5.4
Calculate Critical flow throat pressure:
2
Pcf Pup
K 1
K / K 1
6.5.5
6.5.6
The condition
Pb Pcf (Pb [psi-a] ) determines:
Case A - Critical flow.

A1
Case K 101
. :
Cr 317
K 1
Case 101
. K 2:
2 K 1
Cr 520 K
K 1
Cr 400
Case K 2 :
Calculate Capacity correction factor due to back
pressure (if Kb is not entered by user).
A2.1
For Conventional and Pilot operated valves, Kb 1 .
A2.2
For Bellows valve:
A2.2.1 Y Pb / Ps
A2
Y 0.315 :
Case Y 0.315 :
A2.2.3 Case Y 0.325 :
Case Y 0.325 :
A2.2.4 Case Pover 20 :
Case 10 Pover 20 :
Case Pover 10 :
A2.2.2 Case
A3

*W [lb/h], T [R]
A0
Case B ( Pb
Kb10 153
. 168
. Y
Kb10 1.
Kb20 114
. 0.43 Y
Kb20 1.
Kb Kb 20
Kb Kb10 01
. Pover 10 Kb20 Kb10
Kb Kb10
W
TZ
Cr K d Pup Kb
M
Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Bellows valve.
B1
40 Sizing Equations
Calculate Cr:
Case K 101
. :
Cr 317

K 1
Case 101
. K 2:
Case K 2 :
If Capacity correction factor due to back pressure is
not entered by user, Kb 1 .
B2
B3

*W [lb/h], T [R]
A0
Case C ( Pb
Calculate Coefficient for subcritical flow equation:

*Pb [psi-a]
C1.1
R Pb / Pup
C1.2
K 2/ K
F2
R
K 1
1 R K 1 / K
1 R

*W [lb/h], Pb [psi-a], T [R]
A0
6.5.7
W
TZ
Cr K d Pup Kb
M
Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Conventional and Pilot operated valves.
C1
C2
2 K 1
Cr 520 K
K 1
Cr 400
735 F2 K d
TZ
M Pup Pup Pb
For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge

area:
A A0 / K cc
Sizing Equations 41
7 Thermowell Calculation
7.1 ASME PTC 1974
7.1.1
7.1.2
Define Initial Value of
Kf
If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
then
Constant:
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
=2.075
=2.445
=3.02
=3.40
=3.965
Calculate Ratio of Frequency at Fluid Temperature to Frequency at 70 F:

* T[F]
For Austenitic steel,
R f 0.99996 - 0.0000036111 T - 0.0000000742 T 2

For Ferrite steel,
7.1.3
R f 1.0101 - 0.000138 T + 0.000000267 T 2 - 0.000000000336 T 3
Calculate Maximum Thermowell Length Based on Vibration Limitation:

* ROmaterial[lb/in3]
L1 ( R K f E B R f ) /( 2.64 ROmaterial V )
7.1.4
Define
Kf
Constant:
Case L 3.5
If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
then
Case 3.5<L 6
If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
then
Case 6<L 9
If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
42 Sizing Equations
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
=2.06
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
=2.07
=2.42
=2.97
=3.32
=3.84
=2.45
=3.01
=3.39
=3.96
K f =2.08
K f =2.46
Preface7 Thermowell Calculation

If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
then
Case 9<L 13.25

If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
then
Case 13.25<L 20
If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
Case 20<L
If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
then
then
K f =3.05
K f =3.44
K f =4.03
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
=2.09
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
=2.09
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
=2.09
=2.47
=3.06
=3.46
=4.06
=2.47
=3.07
=3.47
=4.08
=2.47
=3.07
=3.48
=4.09
7.1.5
Paragraphs 7.1.3 - 7.1.4 are repeated until current
7.1.6
Calculate Natural Frequency for L=L1
Kf
value equals previous
K f value
* ROmaterial[lb/in3]
fn
7.1.7
2
1
K f E Rf
ROmaterial
Calculate Wake Frequency
fW 2.64
V
B
Sizing Equations 43
7.1.8
Calculate Magnification Factor for L1(R 0.8)
FM
7.1.9
7.1.10
fw
fn
R2
2
1 R 2
fw
1
f
n
Define
K1 , K 2 , K 3 constants
If Dt =1/4
then
If Dt =3/8
then
If Dt =9/16
then
If Dt =11/16
then
If Dt =7/8
then
{ K1 =0.412;
K 2 =37.5;
{ K1 =0.334; K 2 =42.3;
{ K1 =0.223; K 2 =46.8;
{ K1 =0.202; K 2 =48.7;
{ K1 =0.155; K 2 =50.1;
K 3 =0.116}
K 3 =0.205}
K 3 =0.389}
K 3 =0.548}
K 3 =0.864}
Calculate Maximum Allowable Static Gage Pressure

*Pmax [psi-g]. Convert from UOM used for pressure.
*S [psi-g]
P max K1 S
7.1.11
Calculate Maximum thermowell length based on Steady State Stress Consideration

*L2 [inch]
*ROfluid [lb/ft3]
*P [psi-g] operating pressure
L2
K2
44 Sizing Equations
S K 3 P
ROfluid 1 FM
7.2 ASME PTC 2010

7.2.1
Calculate Mounting factor

*L [m]
7.2.1.1 Threaded connection: H c
1 0.9
Ad
L
7.2.1.2 Other connection types:
H c 1 0.61
7.2.2
Ad / L
[1 1.5 (b / Ad )]2
Calculate Reynolds number

*B [m]
Re U B RO /
7.2.3
Calculate Strouhal number

7.2.3.1 Re < 1,300
N s 0.22 (1 22 / Re)
7.2.3.2 Re > 500,000
N s 0.22
7.2.3.3 1,300 Re 500,000
N s 0.213 0.0248 [ Log10 (Re/ 1300]2 0.0095 [ Log10 (Re/ 1300]3

7.2.4
Calculate Natural frequency

*L [m], B[m], E[Pag]
7.2.4.1 Calculate average outside diameter
7.2.4.1.1
Tapered thermowell:
Da ( Ad B) / 2
7.2.4.1.2
Other thermowells:
Da Ad
7.2.4.2 Calculate approximate natural frequency
I 3.1416 ( Da d b ) / 64
4
m 3.1416 ROm ( Da d b ) / 4
2
1.867 2
E I 0.5 1
fa
(
) 2
2 3.1416
m
L
7.2.4.3 Calculate correction factor Hf
7.2.4.3.1 Tapered and straight thermowell:
Sizing Equations 45
Hf
0.99 [1 (1 B / Ad ) (1 B / Ad ) 2 ]
1 1.1 ( Da / L) 3[10.8( db / Da )]
7.2.4.3.2 Stepped thermowell:

Case A: db = 0.66 cm
Case A1: B = 2.22cm:
c1=1.41, c2=-0.949, c3=-0.091, c4=1.132, c5=-1.714, c6=0.865, c7=0.861,
c8=1.00, c9=9.275, c10=-7.466
Case A2: B = 1.27cm:
c1=1.407, c2=-0.839, c3=-0.022, c4=1.022, c5=-2.228, c6=1.594, c7=1.313,
c8=0.362, c9=8.299, c10=-5.376
For both A1 and A2:
y1 [c1 ( Ad / B) c2 ] ( Ls / L) [c3 ( Ad / B) c4 ]
y2 [c5 ( Ad / B) c6 ] ( Ls / L) [c7 ( Ad / B) c8 ]
Bet [c9 ( Ad / B) c10 ]
H f ( y1
Bet
y2
Bet
) 1/ Bet
Case A3: Other values of db:
H f 1
Case B: Other values of B: H f
7.2.4.4 Calculate correction factor Haf
H af 1
RO
2 ROm
7.2.4.5 Calculate correction factor Has
H as 1
ROs
1
[
]
2 ROm ( Da / d b ) 2 1
7.2.4.6 Calculate natural frequency with ideal support
f n 0 f a H f H af H as
7.2.4.7 Calculate natural frequency of the mounted thermowell
f n f n0 H c
7.2.5
Calculate Vortex shedding frequency

*B[m]
f s N s U / B
46 Sizing Equations

7.2.6
Calculate Scruton number

*B [m]
N sc 3.1416 2 ( ROm / RO) [1 (d b / B) 2 ]

7.2.7.
Calculate miscellaneous parameters

*B [m], L[m], E[Pag]
7.2.7.1 Parameter Gsp
7.2.7.1.1 Tapered and straight thermowell:
Gsp
16 L2 (1 2 B / Ad )
2
3 3.1416 Ad [1 (d b / Ad ) 4 ]
7.2.7.1.2 Stepped thermowell:
Gsp
16 L2 [ B / Ad (1 B / Ad ) (1 Ls / L) 2 ]
2
3.1416 Ad [1 (d b / Ad ) 4 ]
7.2.7.2 Parameter Grd (for stepped thermowell only):
16 Ls
3.1416 B 2 [1 (d b / B) 4 ]
2
Grd
7.2.7.3 Stress concentration factor

7.2.7.3.1 Threaded connections:
K t 2.3
7.2.7.3.2 Other connections
Case A: b is unknown or Ad/b > 33:
K t 2.2
Case B: b is known and Ad/b 33:
K t 1.1 0.033 Ad / b
7.2.7.4 Stress concentration factor at support plane (for stepped thermowell only)
Case A: bs is unknown or B/bs > 33:
K t1 2.2
Sizing Equations 47
Case B: bs is known and B/bs 33:
K t1 1.1 0.033 B / bs
7.2.7.5 Temperature de-rating factor:
Ft E / Eref
7.2.8
Calculate Frequency Limit

7.2.8.1 Low density gases: Nsc > 2.5 and Re < 100000
FrL 0.8 f n
7.2.8.2 General case: other values of Nsc and Re
FrL 0.4 f n
7.2.9
Compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement

7.2.9.1 Initial evaluation of compliance
7.2.9.1.1 The thermowell is in compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement, if
f s FrL
Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.1.2 The thermowell is in non-compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement if
f s FrL and
( N sc 2.5)and (Re 100000)
Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.2 Evaluate compliance with Cyclic Stress Limit for General case
7.2.9.2.1 Calculate velocity for in-line resonance
7.2.9.2.1.1
VR
7.2.9.2.1.2
Re < 1,300
B fn
22
22
(1
)
2 Ns
B RO U
B RO
1,300 Re < 500,000
R Log10 (Re/ 1300)

aR 0.0285 R 2 0.0496 R
VR
48 Sizing Equations
B fn
B fn
aR
[1
Log10 (
)]
2 Ns
Ns
2 N s U

7.2.9.2.1.3
VR
Re 500,000
B fn
2 Ns
7.2.9.2.2 Calculate cyclic drag stress at the root
Fm 1/( 2 )
Pd 0.05 RO VR 2
Sd Gsp Fm Pd
7.2.9.2.3 Calculate combined drag and lift stresses
S max K t Sd
7.2.9.2.4 Calculate fatigue stress limit
Limit Ft Fe S f
7.2.9.2.5 Compliance with cyclic stress limit
7.2.9.2.5.1
Tapered and straight thermowell
7.2.9.2.5.1.1
Not complied with the cyclic stress limit and frequency limit if
S max Limit
Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.2.5.1.2
Complied with the cyclic stress limit if

Set new frequency limit: FrL1
S max Limit
0.8 f n
Go to 7.2.9.3
7.2.9.2.5.2
Stepped thermowell
7.2.9.2.5.2.1
S max Limit
Go to 7.2.10
S max Limit
7.2.9.2.5.2.2
Case
7.2.9.2.5.2.2.1
Calculate:
Sd1 Grd Fm Pd
S max 1 K t1 Sd1
Sizing Equations 49
7.2.9.2.5.2.2.2
S max 1 Limit
Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.2.5.2.2.3
Complied with the cyclic stress limit if

Set new frequency limit: FrL1
S max 1 Limit
0.8 f n
Go to 7.2.9.3
7.2.9.3 Re-evaluate compliance with the frequency limit requirement if cyclic stress is acceptable
7.2.9.3.1 The thermowell is in compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement, if
f s FrL1
7.2.9.3.2 The thermowell is in non-compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement if
f s FrL1
7.2.10
Compliance with the Static Stress Limit requirement

*B [m], P[Pag], S[Pag]
7.2.10.1 Calculate radial, tangential, and axial stresses due to the external pressure:
Sr P
St P
Sa
1 (d b / Ad ) 2
1 (d b / Ad ) 2
P
1 (d b / Ad ) 2
7.2.10.2 Calculate steady-state drag stress at the root:
PD 0.7 RO U 2
7.2.10.3 Calculate steady-state stress due to the drag force:
Sd Gsp PD
7.2.10.4 Calculate maximum stress
S max Sd Sa
7.2.10.5 Calculate left-hand side of the Von Mises criteria:
LHS
0.5 [(S max Sr ) 2 ( S max St ) 2 ( St Sr ) 2
7.2.10.6 Calculate right-hand side of the Von Mises criteria:
RHS 1.5 S
50 Sizing Equations

7.2.10.7 Compliance
7.2.10.7.1
7.2.10.7.1.1
Not complied with the static stress limit if
LHS RHS
7.2.10.7.1.2
Complied with the static stress limit if
LHS RHS
7.2.10.7.2
Stepped thermowell
7.2.10.7.2.1
LHS RHS
Go to 7.2.11
7.2.10.7.2.2
Case
7.2.10.7.2.2.1
LHS RHS
Calculate:
St1 P
Sa1
1 (d b / B) 2
1 (d b / B) 2
P
1 (d b / B) 2
Sd1 Grd PD
S max 1 Sd1 Sa1
LHS1
7.2.10.7.2.2.2
0.5 [(S max 1 Sr ) 2 ( S max 1 St1) 2 ( St1 Sr ) 2
LHS1 RHS
7.2.10.7.2.2.3
Complied with the static stress limit if
LHS1 RHS
Sizing Equations 51
7.2.11
Compliance with the Dynamic Stress Limit requirement

7.2.11.1 Calculate parameters:
r fs / fn
Fm1
1
1 r 2
r1 2 f s / f n
Fm 2
1
1 r12
7.2.11.2 Calculate drag and lift stresses at the root:
PD1 0.05 RO U 2
P1 0.5 RO U 2
Sd Gsp Fm2 PD1
S1 Gsp Fm1 P1
7.2.11.3 Calculate combined drag and lift stresses:
S max K t Sd 2 S12
7.2.11.4 Calculate fatigue stress limit:
Limit Ft Fe S f
7.2.11.5 Compliance
7.2.11.5.1
7.2.11.5.1
Not complied with the dynamic stress limit if
S max Limit
7.2.11.5.2
Complied with the dynamic stress limit if
S max Limit
7.2.11.5.2
Stepped thermowell
7.2.11.5.1
S max Limit
Go to 7.2.12
52 Sizing Equations

7.2.11.5.2
Case
7.2.11.5.2.1
S max Limit
Calculate:
Sd1 Grd Fm2 PD1

S11 Grd Fm1 P1
S max 1 K t1 Sd12 S112
7.2.11.5.2.2
S max 1 Limit
7.2.11.5.2.3
Complied with the dynamic stress limit if
S max 1 Limit
7.2.12
Compliance with the Hydrostatic Pressure Limit requirement

*B [m], P[Pag], S[Pag]
7.2.12.1 Calculate pressure rating for the shank:
Pc 0.66 S [
2.167
0.0833]
2 B /( B d b )
7.2.12.2 Calculate external pressure rating for the tip:
Pt
S
t
( )2
0.13 d b
7.2.12.3 Calculate pressure rating of the thermowell:
Pr ating MIN ( Pc, Pt )

7.2.12.4 Compliance
7.2.12.4.1
Not complied with the hydrostatic pressure limit if
Pr ating P
7.2.12.4.2
Complied with the hydrostatic pressure limit if
Pr ating P
Sizing Equations 53
8 Standards
8 Standards
8.1 Control Valve Sizing
ISA S75.01 (1995)
IEC 60534-2-1 (1998)
8.2 Noise Calculation

Masoneilan OZ 3000E (1984) - Hydrodynamic Noise
ISA S75.17 (1991) - Aerodynamic Noise
IEC 534-8-3 (1995)
IEC 534-8-4 (1994)
8.3 Flow Meter Sizing

8.3.1 Square Edge Orifice
Standard
Flange Tappings
ISO*/ Miller**
Corner Tappings
ISO / Miller
Radius Tappings
ISO / Miller
Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Corner Tappings
Miller
Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Flange Tappings
Miller
Pipe Tappings (2.5D & 8D)
Miller
AGA Report 3 (Flange Tappings)
AGA Rep.3***
AGA Report 3 (Pipe Tappings)
AGA Rep.3
8.3.2 Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) Orifice
Flange Tappings
BS 1042****
Corner Tappings
BS 1042
Radius Tappings
BS 1042
8.3.3 Conical Entrance Orifice
Miller
8.3.4 Lo-Loss Tube
Miller
8.3.5 Venturi Tube
Classical venturi tube with an as cast convergent section
ISO / Miller
Classical venturi tube with a machined convergent section
ISO / Miller
Classical venturi tube with a rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section
ISO / Miller
Universal Venturi Tube
Miller
8.3.6 Nozzle
ISO Long Radius Nozzle
ISO
ASME Long Radius Nozzle
Miller
ISA 1932 Nozzle
ISO / Miller
Venturi Nozzle
ISO / Miller
8.3.7 Eccentric Orifice
Diametrically Opposite Flange Tappings
Miller
Side (90) Flange Tappings
Miller
Diametrically Opposite Vena Contracta Tappings
Miller
Side (90) Vena Contracta Tappings
Miller
54 Sizing Equations
Preface8 Standards
8.3.8 Segmental Orifice
Flange Tappings
Miller
Vena Contracta Tappings
Miller
Note: *
ISO 5167-1 (1991), ISO 5167-1 (1998), or ISO 5167 (2003)
**
Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook by R.W. Miller, 3rd edition
(1996)
***
ANSI/API 2530 (1991) [AGA Report 3]
****
British standard 1042. Section 1.2 (1989)
8.4 Relief Valve Sizing

API RP 520, seventh edition (January 2000)
8.5 Thermowell Calculation

ASME PTC 19.3 (1974)
ASME PTC 19.3 TW (2010)
Sizing Equations 55
9 Appendix
9 Appendix
Formulae for Discharge Coefficient
Notation
B
- ratio
C
Discharge Coefficient
D
Internal Pipe Diameter, mm
Di
Internal Pipe Diameter, inch
Re
Pipe Reynolds Number at Normal Flow Rate
Rd
Bore Reynolds Number at Normal Flow Rate
9.1 Square Edge Orifice

9.1.1
Flange Tappings
9.1.1.1 ISO 5167-1 (1991) and Miller
If D<58.62
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75-0.85598*B^3/D+
0.039*B^4/(1-B^4)
Else
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75-0.85598*B^3/D+
2.286*B^4/(D*(1-B^4))
9.1.1.2 ISO 5167-1 (1998) and ISO 5167 (2003)
If D<71.12
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*25.4/D)-0.123*exp(-7*25.4/D))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*25.4/D/(1-B)-0.8*(2*25.4/D/(1B))^1.1)*B^1.3+0.011*(0.75-B)*(2.8-D/25.4)
Else
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*25.4/D)-0.123*exp(-7*25.4/D))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*25.4/D/(1-B)-0.8*(2*25.4/D/(1B))^1.1)*B^1.3
9.1.2
Corner Tappings
9.1.2.1 ISO 5167-1 (1991) and Miller
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75
9.1.2.2ISO 5167-1 (1998) and ISO 5167 (2003)
If D<71.12
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080-0.123)*(1- 0.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1B^4))-0.031*(2*0/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0/(1-B))^1.1)*B^1.3+0.011*(0.75-B)*(2.8-D/25.4)
Else
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080-0.123)*(1- 0.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1B^4))-0.031*(2*0/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0/(1-B))^1.1)*B^1.3
9.1.3
Radius Tappings
9.1.3.1 ISO 5167-1 (1991) and Miller
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75+0.039*B^4/(1-B^4)0.015839*B^3
9.1.3.2 ISO 5167-1 (1998) and ISO 5167 (2003)
If D<71.12
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*1)-0.123*exp(-7*1))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*0.47/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0.47/(1B))^1.1)*B^1.3+0.011*(0.75-B)*(2.8-D/25.4)
56 Sizing Equations
Preface9 Appendix
Else
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
9.1.7
9.1.8
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*1)-0.123*exp(-7*1))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*0.47/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0.47/(1-B))^1.1)*B^1.3
Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Corner Tappings

C = (0.5991+0.0044/Di+(0.3155+0.0175/Di)*(B^4+2^B^16)+(0.52/Di-0.192+
(16.48-1.16/Di)*(B^4+4*B^16))*(Re^(-0.5)))*((1-B^4)^0.5)
Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Flange Tappings
C = (0.5980+0.468*(B^4+10^B^12)+(0.87+8.1*B^4)*(Re^(-0.5)))*((1-B^4)^0.5)
Pipe Tappings (2.5D & 8D)
C = 0.5959+0.461*B^2.1+0.48^B^8+0.039*B^4/(1-B^4)+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75
AGA Report 3 (Flange Tappings)
A0 = 830-5000*B+9000*B^2-4200*B^3+530/Di^0.5
A1 = 0.5993+0.007/Di+(0.364+0.076/Di^0.5)*B^4
A2 = 0
If B<(0.07+0.5/Di)
A2 = 0.4*(1.6-1/Di)^5*(0.07+0.5/Di-B)^(5/2)
A3 = 0
If B<0.5
A3 = (0.5-B)^(3/2)*(0.009+0.034/Di)
A4 = 0
If B>0.7
A4 = (B-0.7)^(5/2)*(65/Di^2+3)
K0 = (A1+A2-A3+A4)/(1+0.000015*A0)
EF = A0*Di*B
C = (1-B^4)^0.5*K0*(1+EF*B/Re)
AGA Report 3 (Pipe Tappings)
A0 = 905-5000*B+9000*B^2-4200*B^3+875/Di
A1 = 0
If B<0.25
A1 = (0.25-B)^(5/2)*(1.43/Di^0.5)
K0 = 0.5925+0.0182/Di+(0.440-0.06/Di)*B^2+(0.935+0.225/Di)*B^5+1.35*B^14+A1
EP = A0*Di*B
C = (1-B^4)^0.5*K0*(1+EP*B/Re)
9.2 Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) Orifice

C = 0.73823+0.3309*B-1.1615^B^2+1.5084*B^3
9.3 Conical Entrance Orifice

If Re5000*B
Else
C = 0.734
C = 0.730
9.4 Lo-Loss Tube

C = 1.005-0.471*B+0.564^B^2-0.514*B^3
9.5 Venturi Tube

9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4
Classical venturi tube with an as cast convergent section

C = 0.984
Classical venturi tube with a machined convergent section
C = 0.995
Classical venturi tube with a rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section
C = 0.985
Universal Venturi Tube
C = 0.9797
Sizing Equations 57
9 Appendix
9.6 Nozzle
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3
9.6.4
ISO Long Radius Nozzle

C = 0.9965-0.00653*(B^0.5)*(10^6/Re)^0.5
C = 0.9975-6.53*B^0.5*Re^-0.5
ISA 1932 Nozzle
C = 0.99-0.2262*B^4.1-( 0.00175*B^2-0.0033*B^4.15)*(10^6/Re)^1.15
Venturi Nozzle
C = 0.9558-0.196*B^4.5
9.7 Eccentric Orifice

9.7.1
9.7.2
9.7.3
9.7.4
Diametrically Opposite Flange Tappings

If D 100
C = 0.5875+0.3813*B^2.1+0.6898^B^8-0.1963*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.3366*B^3+
(7.3-15.7*B+170.8^B^2-399.7*B^3+332.2*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Else
C = 0.5949+0.4078*B^2.1+0.0547^B^8+0.0955*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.5608*B^3+
(-139.7+1328.8*B-4228.2^B^2+5691.9*B^3-2710.4*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Side (90) Flange Tappings
If D 100
C = 0.6284+0.1462*B^2.1-0.8464^B^8+0.2603*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.2886*B^3+
(69.1-469.4*B+1245.6^B^2-1287.5*B^3+486.2*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Else
C = 0.6276+0.0828*B^2.1+0.2739^B^8-0.0934*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.1132*B^3+
(-103.2+898.3*B-2557.3^B^2+2977*B^3-1131.3*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Diametrically Opposite Vena Contracta Tappings
If D 100
Dp1 100
DC = 0.6261+0.1851*Bet0^2.1-0.2879*Bet0^8+0.1170*Bet0^4/(1Bet0^4)- 0.2845*Bet0^3+(23.3 - 207*Bet0+821.5*Bet0^21388.6*Bet0^3+900.3*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75
Else
DC = 0.6276+0.0828*Bet0^2.1+0.2739*Bet0^8-0.0934*Bet0^4/(1-Bet0^4)0.1132*Bet0^3+( 55.7-471.4*Bet0+1721.8*Bet0^2-2722.6*Bet0^3+
1569.4*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75
Side (90) Vena Contracta Tappings
If D 100
DC = 0.5917+0.3061*Bet0^2.1+0.3406*Bet0^8-0.1019*Bet0^4/(1-Bet0^4)0.2715*Bet0^3+(-69.3+556.9*Bet0-1332.2*Bet0^2+1303.7*Bet0^3394.8*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75
Else
DC = 0.6016+0.3312*Bet0^2.1-1.5581*Bet0^8+0.6510*Bet0^4/(1-Bet0^4)0.7308*Bet0^3+( 52.8-434.2*Bet0+1571.2*Bet0^2-2460.9*Bet0^3+
1420.2*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75
9.8 Segmental Orifice

9.8.1
9.8.2
Flange Tappings
If D 100
C = 0.5866+0.3917*B^2.1+0.7586^B^8-0.2273*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.3343*B^3
Else
C = 0.6037+0.1598*B^2.1-0.2918^B^8+0.0244*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.0790*B^3
Vena Contracta Tappings
If D 100
C = 0.5925+0.3380*B^2.1+0.4016^B^8-0.1046*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.3212*B^3
Else
C = 0.5922+0.3932*B^2.1+0.3412^B^8-0.0569*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.4628*B^3
9.9 Restriction Device

9.9.1
Critical Flow
58 Sizing Equations
Preface9 Appendix
9.9.1.1
9.9.1.2
9.9.1.3
9.9.1.4
9.9.1.5
9.9.1.6
Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water)

C = 0.6
Thick Plate Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water) C = 0.899
Classical Venturi Tube
C = 0.985
Square Edge Orifice (Gas/Steam)
C = 0.83932
Toroidal Throat Venturi Nozzle
C = 0.99354 - 1.525/Rd^0.5
Cylindrical Throat Venturi Nozzle
If Rd<3.5*10^5
C = 1 - 7.21/Rd^0.5
If 3.5*10^5<=Rd<2.5*10^6
C = 0.9887
If 2.5*10^6<Rd
C = 1 - 0.222/Rd^0.2
9.9.1.7 ASME Long Radius Nozzle
If Rd<3.5*10^5
C = 1 - 7.21/Rd^0.5
If 3.5*10^5<=Rd<2.5*10^6
C = 0.9887
If 2.5*10^6<Rd
C = 1 - 0.222/Rd^0.2
9.9.2
Sub-Critical Flow
9.9.2.1 Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water), Thick Plate Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water) , and Square
Edge Orifice (Gas/Steam)
L1 = 25.4/D
L2 = 25.4/D
A = (19000 * B/Re)^0.8
M = 2 * L2 / (1 - B)
C = 0.5961 + 0.0261*B^2 - 0.216 *B^8 + 0.000521*(1000000*B/Re)^0.7 +
(0.0188+0.0063*A) * B^3.5 * (1000000/Re)^0.3 + (0.043+0.080*exp(-10*L1) 0.123*exp(-7*L1)) * (1 - 0.11*A)*(B^4/(1 - B^4)) - 0.031*(M - 0.8*M^1.1)*B^1.3.
IF
D < 71.12 THEN C = C +0.011*(0.75 - B) * (2.8 - Di)
9.9.2.2
9.9.2.3
9.9.2.4
9.9.2.5
Classical Venturi Tube

Toroidal Throat Venturi Nozzle
Cylindrical Throat Venturi Nozzle
C = 0.984
C = 0.9558-0.196*B^4.5
C = 0.9558-0.196*B^4.5
C = 0.9975-6.53*(B^0.5)*(1/Re)^0.5
Sizing Equations 59

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Hydrodynamic Noise: Masoneilan Standard .......................................................... 11

4 Flow Meter Sizing ..................................................................................................20

Calculation of Beta Ratio ....................................................................................... 20

5 Restriction Device Sizing .......................................................................................26

Calculation of Beta Ratio ....................................................................................... 26

6 Relief Valve Sizing .................................................................................................35

Blocked Flow: Liquid Relief .................................................................................. 35

7 Thermowell Calculation .........................................................................................42

Define Initial Value of

Paragraphs 7.1.3 - 7.1.4 are repeated until current

value equals previous K f value

7.1.9 Define K1 , K 2 , 3 constants .............................................................................. 44

Calculate Scruton number .................................................................................... 47

Control Valve Sizing .............................................................................................. 54

Square Edge Orifice ............................................................................................... 56

Radius of upstream profile of Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifice, mm

Control Valve Sizing

Control Valve Sizing

2.1 Liquid, Water

Calculate effective velocity head coefficients:

Calculate first value of CV:

Control Valve Sizing

Case A - Cavitation and Flashing

Case B ( P1 P2 DPA ) - Usual

Control Valve Sizing

Calculate the relative change in the CV:

2.2 Gas, Steam

Calculate effective velocity head coefficients:

The condition X FK X TP determines:

Case A - Critical flow

Control Valve Sizing

Calculate the relative change in CV:

Paragraphs 2.2.6 - 2.2.9 are repeated until the relative change in CV

Calculate outlet Max number:

Preface3 Noise Calculation

Calculate dPi , dPC :

Calculate hydrodynamic noise.

La 10 log CV 20 log DP 30 log( wall ) 705

3.1.2.3 Case DP dPC and P2 PV - Cavitation Noise:

70.7 - [5 log(DP + 0.07 - dPC ) + 6]

3.2 Hydrodynamic Noise: IEC Standard

*D2 [m], P1 [Pa-a], P2 [Pa-a], Pv [Pa-a], Pc [Pa-a], W[kg/s]

Calculate Characteristic pressure ratio

Calculate Differential pressure ratio

Calculate Ring frequency

Calculate Internal sound power level

Lwi 120 10 log( E f ) 10 log(W ) 10 log( P1 P2) 10 log( RO)

3.2.5.2 Case Xf => Xfz - Cavitating flow

3.2.5.2.3 Calculate Lwi.

Lwi 120 10 log( E f ) 10 log(W ) 10 log( P1 P2 ) 10 log( RO)

Preface3 Noise Calculation

Calculate Un-weighted external sound power levels

Lwi1 Lwi 2.9

Lwi 2 Lwi 10 log2 2.9

Lwi 3 Lwi 10 log4 2.9

Lwi 4 Lwi 10 log8 2.9

Lwi 5 Lwi 10 log16 2.9

Calculate External A-weighted sound power level

Calculate External A-weighted sound pressure level

La Lwae 10 log 31416

3.3 Aerodynamic Noise: ISA Standard