Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Chapter 5)
Lecture Materials
for
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
Suffolk County Community College
Eastern Campus
Primary Source for figures and content:
Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction 8th, 9th, 10th ed. San Francisco: Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, 2004, 2007, 2010.
Enzyme Nomenclature
-most end in - ase
-6 classes based on type of reaction:
1. Oxidoreductase
oxidation/reduction reactions
2. Transferase
transfer functional groups
3. Hydrolase
hydrolysis
4. Lyase
removal of atoms without hydrolysis
5. Isomerase
rearrangement of atoms in a molecule
6. Ligase
joining of two molecules
- typically named for reaction catalyzed and
substrate acted upon:
e.g. DNA ligase: functions to join two pieces
of DNA together
Enzyme Components:
2. pH
-enzymes have an optimal
pH that favors the native
conformation (correct
folding)
-pH that is too acidic or too
basic will denature the enzyme
3. Substrate concentration
! substrate conc = ! rxn rate
saturation
until saturation
-each enzyme has a
maximum turnover
number = top speed for
converting substrate into
product
-at saturation, the active site is always full: the
enzyme works at maximum speed
-addition of more substrate beyond the
saturation point will not increase the
reaction rate
4. Inhibitors
inhibitor = a substance that
blocks enzyme function
Three types:
A. Competitive inhibitors
-block the active site
-same shape as the substrate
-competes for the active site
thus blocking enzyme
reaction with the substrate
-some bind permanently thus
killing the enzyme =
irreversible competitive inhibitor
-some bind reversibly and just
slow the reaction rate =
reversible competitive inhibitor
B. Noncompetitive inhibitors
-does not bind the active site
-binds elsewhere
= the allosteric site
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
Metabolism overview
play Metabolism.mpg
Decarboxylation
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Fermentation
Light-independent reactions
Biochemical tests
-each organism produces a unique set of
enzymes that determine what type of
metabolic reactions it can carry out
-often a microbe can be identified based on the
substrates it can metabolize and the
products it generates
e.g. Escherichia and Enterobacter both
catabolize glucose but Escherichia will
produce mixed acids and Enterobacter
will produce butanediol (neutral)
Escherichia can ferment lactose into
acid plus gas, Salmonella cannot
ferment lactose
-results from lab assays can be compared to
known metabolic profiles (in Bergeys
Manual) to identify unknowns
Metabolic Diversity
Organisms classified by nutritional patterns:
Energy source:
Phototrophs = light
Chemotrophs = redox rxns
Carbon source:
Autotrophs = carbon dioxide
Heterotrophs = organic molecules
(handout)
Photoautotrophs
-light for energy
(non-cyclic photophosphorylation)
-CO2 for carbon
(Calvin-Benson cycle)
-e.g. most photosynthetic bacteria, algae,
plants
- can be:
Oxygenic: H from H2O used to reduce
CO2 producing O2 as waste e.g.
Cyanobacteria, algae, plants
Anoxygenic: no O2 produced, other
molecules like H2S used to reduce CO2
e.g. green and purple sulfur bacteria
Photoheterotrophs
-light for energy
(cyclic photophosphorylation)
- organics for carbon (respiration)
- e.g. green and purple non-sulfur bacteria
- always anoxygenic
Chemoautotrophs
- electrons from inorganics for energy (redox)
- CO2 for carbon (Calvin-Benson cycle)
- compounds used for oxidative
phosphorylation: H2S, S, NH3, NO2-, H2,
Fe2+, CO
(electron acceptor in respiration)
- e.g. Few bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas
Chemoheterotrophs
- electrons from H in organics for energy
(redox reactions)
- C from same organics for carbon
(respiration)
- compounds used for oxidative
phosphorylation: O2, organics, inorganics
- classified based on source of organics:
saprophytes - dead organics
parasites - nutrients from living host
- e.g. most bacteria, all fungi, all protozoa, all
animals (including humans)
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis
- catabolism/hydrolysis of carbohydrates,
lipids and amino acids can provide carbon
for glucose synthesis
-glucose is bonded into polysaccharides via
dehydration synthesis with ATP
- carbs used for: glycocalyx, cell walls,
complex molecules (e.g. glycoproteins),
and energy storage
Lipid Biosynthesis
-many different lipids, different structures
-e.g. triglyceride (fat) = glycerol + 3 fatty
acids
- glycerol derived from a 3-carbon glycolysis
intermediate
- fatty acids = hydrocarbon chains, built by
linking acetyl molecules (via dehydration
synthesis with ATP)
Integration of Metabolism
Amphibolic pathways - can function in both
anabolic and catabolic reactions
- e.g. Krebs Cycle:
catabolism - ATP production
anabolism - intermediates used to
synthesize amino acids